Spatially stable high brightness fiber

Abstract

Optical fibers that provide stable output beam sizes have core refractive indices that decrease non-monotonically from a core center to a core/cladding interface. A maximum refractive index of the core is situated at a radius of between about ½ and ¾ of the core radius so that a core center has a depressed refractive index. Such fibers are included in diode pumped solid state lasers to deliver pump laser power to a laser medium.

Description

FIELD

The disclosure pertains to fiber optic beam delivery systems and fibers for use in such systems.

BACKGROUND

Optical fibers permit convenient delivery of optical beams in a variety of applications. The flexibility of optical fibers enables access to difficult locations, and fiber optic connectors permit fiber replacement without complex optical system realignments that are especially challenging in installed equipment. Optical fibers are inexpensive, and many different fiber designs are commercially available.

Optical fiber-based beam delivery systems tend to produce output beam variations such an unstable beam size, divergence angle, beam position, or beam power. FIGS. 1A-1C are refractive index profiles of several fiber types that can be used. Step index fibers (FIG. 1A) tend to exhibit relatively small variations in output beam diameter but up to about 20% variation in beam divergence. In addition, step index fibers typically provide 20-30% less output power than that available with a gradient index design such as those of FIGS. 1B-1C. Fibers having a refractive index profile similar to that of FIG. 1C tend to produce higher power output beams that vary in position, divergence, and diameter. For example, beam size variations of 20% are possible.

In many applications, output power from an optical fiber must be focused to a particular diameter at a particular location with a particular beam divergence. Variation in diameter, power, or position can result in unacceptable power losses or power variations. In high power applications, such variability can result in optically induced damage to one or more optical components. For these reasons, improved beam delivery methods and apparatus are needed.

SUMMARY

Optical fibers are configured to provide reduced variation in output beam spot size in response to offset errors at a fiber input surface. In some examples, optical fibers comprise a core having a refractive index that decreases from a maximum value at a core radial coordinate r_max to a core center and to a core radius r_core, and a cladding is situated about the core. A refractive index difference associated with the radial coordinate r_max and the core center is less than about 0.01, and r_max is between 0.25 r_core and 0.75 r_core. In typical examples, a refractive index difference associated with the radial coordinate r_max and the core center is less than about 0.007, and r_max is between 0.5 r_core and 0.65 r_core. According to some examples, the refractive index difference associated with the radial coordinate r_max and the core center is less than about 0.005, and the core radius is between 12.5 μm and 500 μm or between 150 μm and 250 μm. In other embodiments, an absolute value of a refractive index gradient at a core/cladding interface is greater than 0.05/r_core or 0.2/r_core. In yet other examples, a refractive index in a central core cross sectional area having a radius of at least ¼ or ½ of the core radius is less than a maximum core refractive index.

Solid optical waveguides comprise a core and a cladding surrounding the core, wherein a core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from a core center to a core/cladding interface. In some examples, the core has a rectangular cross section having a length to width ratio of between 1 and 5. In representative examples, the core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from the core center to the core/cladding interface along a direction parallel to a length or width of the rectangular cross section. In some examples, a total variation in core refractive index is less than 0.05. In some examples, the core and cladding are silica, and the core refractive index decreases monotonically from a core center to a maximum at between 0.5 and 0.75 times a width or length of the rectangular cross-section. In other examples, the core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from the core center to a core/cladding interface so as to form a spot-stabilized waveguide with respect to input beam displacements along at least one axis.

Diode pumped solid state lasers comprise a pump laser array configured to produce a pump beam and a spot-stabilized fiber configured to receive the pump beam and direct the pump beam to a solid state laser material. According to some examples, a beam shaping optical system is configured to receive the pump beam from the spot-stabilized fiber and direct the shaped pump beam to the solid state laser material. In further examples, at least one fiber optic connector is configured to retain the spot-stabilized fiber so as to receive the pump beam or couple the pump beam to the beam shaping optical system. In still further examples, the spot-stabilized fiber has a core diameter of 125 μm to 500 μm, and a refractive index difference associated with a radial coordinate r_max and the core center is less than about 0.01, and r_max is between 0.25 r_core and 0.75 r_core, wherein r_core is a core radius. In other examples, the spot-stabilized fiber has a cladding surrounding a core, and a core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from a core center to a core/cladding interface.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed technology will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C are graphs of refractive index as a function of radial coordinate for three types of optical fibers.

FIG. 2 is a graph of refractive index as a function of radial coordinate for three spot-stabilized fibers and a fiber such as that of FIG. 1B.

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating variation in beam spot size at a fiber output surface as a function of beam offset at an input surface for a variety of fiber types based on measurements or model data.

FIG. 4 illustrates power loss as a function of beam offset for an elongated beam along a fast axis (FA) and a slow axis (SA).

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a diode pumped solid state laser (DPSSL) that includes a spot-stabilized fiber configured to deliver pump power to a laser cavity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure is presented in the context of representative embodiments that are not to be construed as being limiting in any way. This disclosure is directed toward all novel and non-obvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in various combinations and sub-combinations with one another. The disclosed methods, apparatus, and systems are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combination thereof, nor do the disclosed embodiments require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved.

Although the operations of the disclosed methods are described in a particular, sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement of the operations, unless a particular ordering is required by specific language set forth below. For example, operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed systems, methods, and apparatus can be used in conjunction with other things and methods.

This disclosure sometimes uses terms like “produce,” “generate,” “select,” “receive,” “exhibit,” and “provide” to describe the disclosed methods. These terms are high-level abstractions of the actual operations that are performed. The actual operations that correspond to these terms may vary depending on the particular implementation and are readily discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “includes” means “comprises.” Unless the context dictates otherwise, the term “coupled” means mechanically, electrically, or electromagnetically connected or linked and includes both direct connections or direct links and indirect connections or indirect links through one or more intermediate elements not affecting the intended operation of the described system.

Certain terms may be used such as “up,” “down,” “upper,” “lower,” and the like. These terms are used, where applicable, to provide some clarity of description when dealing with relative relationships. But, these terms are not intended to imply absolute relationships, positions, and/or orientations.

The term “or” refers to a single element of stated alternative elements or a combination of two or more elements, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Other features of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description and the claims.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, percentages, temperatures, times, and so forth, as used in the specification or claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about” or “approximately.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, implicitly or explicitly, the numerical parameters set forth are approximations that may depend on the desired properties sought and/or limits of detection under standard test conditions/methods. When directly and explicitly distinguishing embodiments from discussed prior art, the embodiment numbers are not approximates unless the word “about” is recited.

Disclosed herein are fiber beam delivery systems based on spot-stabilized fibers in which beam shape and size at a fiber output tend to be more stable than designs such as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. Such fibers are typically intended for use at wavelengths between about 500 nm and 2000 nm, 600 nm and 1600 nm, or 750 nm and 1200 nm.

Representative refractive index profiles (DB001-DG003) for spot-stabilized fibers having 400 μm core diameters are illustrated in FIG. 2 along with a parabolic profile similar to that of FIG. 1B. The parabolic profile has a monotonically decreasing refractive index as a function of radial coordinate. The spot-stabilized profiles DG001-DG003 have refractive indices that increase and then decrease as a function of radial coordinate. A maximum refractive index for such a fiber having a core radius r_core occurs at r_max, wherein r_max is between 0.25r_core and 0.75r_core, 0.4r_core and 0.7r_core, 0.5r_core and 0.65r_core, or 0.55r_core and 0.6r_core. Total refractive index difference between r=0 and r_max is less than about 0.01, 0.007, 0.005, 0.003, 0.002, or 0.001 in fibers with an average refractive index of between 1.4 and 1.6. Cladding refractive indices and index differences with respect to core refractive index at a core/cladding interface can be the same or similar to those of FIGS. 1A-1C.

The refractive index profiles of FIG. 2 are shown as continuously varying, but step-wise variations can be used, with varying numbers of steps so as to approximate the continuous profiles. Other core diameters can be used with similar refractive index profiles, and a 400 μm core diameter is only a representative example.

FIG. 3 illustrates variation in beam spot size at a fiber output surface as a function of input beam offset at a fiber input surface for 400 μm core diameters including fibers DG001-DG003 shown in FIG. 2. Beam spot size variations are predicted or measured based on an elongated laser beam as shown in the inset of FIG. 4. FIG. 4 also shows asymmetry in power loss as a function of offsets along a fast axis and a slow axis. Power loss is greater for offsets along the slow axis due to laser beam extension in this direction.

As shown in FIG. 3, fibers DG001-DG003 exhibit reduced beam spot size variation in comparison to other fibers. For example, the fiber DG002 has a total beam spot size variation of less than about 3.5 μm for the entire 0-80 μm offset range. The fibers DG001, DG003 have total beam spot size variations of less than 9 μm and 7 μm, respectively. In contrast, even the best of the other fiber designs (parabolic profile PAR031) exhibits about a 22 μm variation in beam spot size, with beam spot size variations for other fibers being as large as about 42 μm. Thus, the index profiles (DG001-DG003) of FIG. 2 can produce beam spot size variations of less than about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% for beam coupling offsets ranging up to 40% of a core radius.

FIG. 5 illustrates a representative application of a spot-stabilized fiber. A diode pumped solid state laser (DPSSL) 500 includes a laser diode pump array 502 that is situated to couple a pump beam into a spot-stabilized fiber 504. The pump beam exits the spot-stabilized fiber 504 at a fiber end surface 506 and is coupled to a lens 508 or other beam shaping optical elements so as to direct the pump beam into a laser cavity 510 so as to produce optical gain in a laser medium. In other examples, the pump beam is directed to an active material situated to serve as an optical amplifier, and an optical cavity is not used.

For convenient assembly and service, the spot-stabilized fiber 504 is coupled to the laser diode pump array 502 and the lens 508 with fiber optic connectors 512, 514. With fiber designs other than spot-stabilized designs, pump power coupling can vary unacceptably with fiber replacement, and fiber connectors generally do not provide acceptably repeatable coupling. In addition, some portions of a high power, miscoupled pump beam can produce damage in one or more components. Typical spot-stabilized fibers for use in the DPSSL 500 have core diameters that range from 25 μm to 1 mm, and a 400 μm core diameter is typical. Fiber length can be selected as convenient, but typically is less than 10 m.

In other examples, solid waveguides having other cross sections can be used, such as rectangular, ovoid, elliptical, or polygonal. Refractive index variations such as shown in FIG. 2 can be provided along one or more axes. For example, such index variations can be applied along one or both of a width or length of a rectangle. Refractive index profiles can be specified numerically or analytically with power series or other functions. Radially and azimuthally symmetric profiles are convenient, but asymmetric profiles can be used. The disclosed spot-stabilized fibers can be fabricated with suitably doped preforms made using direct nanoparticle deposition or other methods. In some examples, lengths of spot-stabilized fibers are combined with conventional gradient index or step index fibers, and the spot-stabilized fibers used at a beam input to reduce beam spot size variations caused by beam offsets.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An optical fiber, comprising: a core having a refractive index that decreases monotonically along a core radius from a maximum value at a core radial coordinate rmax to a core center and decreases monotonically along the core radius from the core radial coordinate rmax to a core/cladding interface having a radial coordinate rcore; anda cladding situated about the core.

2. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein a refractive index difference associated with the radial coordinate rmax and the core center is less than about 0.01, and rmax is between 0.25 rcore and 0.75 rcore.

3. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein a refractive index difference associated with the radial coordinate rmax and the core center is less than about 0.01, and rmax is between 0.05 rcore and 0.65 rcore.

4. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the refractive index difference associated with the radial coordinate rmax and the core center is less than about 0.005.

5. The optical fiber of claim 4, wherein the core radius is between 12.5 μm and 500 μm.

6. The optical fiber of claim 4, wherein the core radius is between 150 μm and 250 μm.

7. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein an absolute value of a refractive index gradient at a core/cladding interface is greater than 0.05/rcore or 0.2/rcore.

8. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein a refractive index in a central core cross section having a radius of at least ¼ of the core radius is less than a maximum core refractive index.

9. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein a refractive index in a central core cross section having a radius of at least ½ of the core radius is less than a maximum core refractive index.

10. A solid optical waveguide, comprising: a core; anda cladding surrounding the core, wherein a core refractive index increases continuously from a core center and then decreases continuously to a core/cladding interface.

11. The solid optical waveguide of claim 10, wherein the core has a rectangular cross section having an aspect ratio of between 1 and 5.

12. The solid optical waveguide of claim 10, wherein the core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from the core center to the core/cladding interface along a direction parallel to a length or width of the rectangular cross section.

13. The solid optical waveguide of claim 10, wherein a total variation in core refractive index is less than 0.05.

14. The solid optical waveguide of claim 10, wherein the core and cladding are silica.

15. The solid optical waveguide of claim 10, wherein the core refractive index decreases monotonically from a core center to a maximum at between 0.5 and 0.75 times a width or length of the rectangular cross-section.

16. The solid optical waveguide of claim 10, wherein the core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from the core center to a core/cladding interface so as to form a spot-stabilized waveguide with respect to input beam displacements along at least one axis.

17. A diode pumped solid state laser, comprising: a pump laser array configured to produce a pump beam; andthe optical fiber of claim 1 situated to receive the pump beam and direct the pump beam to a solid state laser material.

18. The diode pumped solid state laser of claim 17, further comprising a beam shaping optical system configured to receive the pump beam from the optical fiber and direct the shaped pump beam to the solid state laser material.

19. The diode pumped solid state laser of claim 18, further comprising at least one fiber optic connector configured to retain the optical fiber so as to receive the pump beam or couple the pump beam to the beam shaping optical system.

20. The diode pumped solid state laser of claim 18, wherein the optical fiber has a core diameter of 125 μm to 500 μm, and a refractive index difference associated with a radial coordinate rmax and the core center is less than about 0.01, and rmax is between 0.25 rcore and 0.75 rcore, wherein rcore is a core radius.

21. A solid optical waveguide, comprising: a core; anda cladding surrounding the core, wherein a core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from a core center to a core/cladding interface so as to form a spot-stabilized waveguide with respect to input beam displacements along at least one axis.

22. The solid optical waveguide of claim 21, wherein the core has a rectangular cross section having an aspect ratio of between 1 and 5.

23. The solid optical waveguide of claim 21, wherein the core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from the core center to the core/cladding interface along a direction parallel to a length or width of the rectangular cross section.

24. The solid optical waveguide of claim 21, wherein a total variation in core refractive index is less than 0.05.

25. The solid optical waveguide of claim 21, wherein the core and cladding are silica.

26. The solid optical waveguide of claim 21, wherein the core refractive index decreases monotonically from a core center to a maximum at between 0.5 and 0.75 times a width or length of the rectangular cross-section.

27. A solid optical waveguide, comprising: a core; anda cladding surrounding the core, wherein a core refractive index decreases continuously and non-monotonically from a core center to a core/cladding interface, wherein the core refractive index decreases non-monotonically from the core center to a core/cladding interface so as to form a spot-stabilized waveguide with respect to input beam displacements along at least one axis.