Species-specific, genus-specific and universal DNA probes and amplification primers to rapidly detect and identify common bacterial and fungal pathogens and associated antibiotic resistance genes from clinical specimens for diagnosis in microbiology laboratories

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Classical Methods for the Identification and Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria

[0002] Bacteria are classically identified by their ability to utilize different substrates as a source of carbon and nitrogen through the use of biochemical tests such as the API20E™ system (bioMérieux). For susceptibility testing, clinical microbiology laboratories use methods including disk diffusion, agar dilution and broth microdilution. Although identifications based on biochemical tests and antibacterial susceptibility tests are cost-effective, at least two days are required to obtain preliminary results due to the necessity of two successive overnight incubations to identify the bacteria from clinical specimens as well as to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. There are some commercially available automated systems (i.e. the MicroScan system from Dade Diagnostics Corp. and the Vitek system from bioMérieux) which use sophisticated and expensive apparatus for faster microbial identification and susceptibility testing (Stager and Davis, 1992, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 5:302-327). These systems require shorter incubation periods, thereby allowing most bacterial identifications and susceptibility testing to be performed in less than 6 hours. Nevertheless, these faster systems always require the primary isolation of the bacteria as a pure culture, a process which takes at least 18 hours for a pure culture or 2 days for a mixed culture. The fastest identification system, the autoSCAN-Walk-Away™ system (Dade Diagnostics Corp.) identifies both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species from standardized inoculum in as little as 2 hours and gives susceptibility patterns to most antibiotics in 5.5 hours. However, this system has a particularly high percentage (i.e. 3.3 to 40.5%) of non-conclusive identifications with bacterial species other than Enterobacteriaceae (Croizé J., 1995, Lett. Infectiol. 10:109-113; York et al., 1992, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2903-2910). For Enterobacteriaceae, the percentage of non-conclusive identifications was 2.7 to 11.4%.

[0003] A wide variety of bacteria and fungi are routinely isolated and identified from clinical specimens in microbiology laboratories. Tables 1 and 2 give the incidence for the most commonly isolated bacterial and fungal pathogens from various types of clinical specimens. These pathogens are the most frequently associated with nosocomial and community-acquired human infections and are therefore considered the most clinically important.

[0004] Clinical Specimens Test d in Clinical Microbiology Laboratories

[0005] Most clinical specimens received in clinical microbiology laboratories are urine and blood samples. At the microbiology laboratory of the Centre Hospitalier de I'Université Laval (CHUL), urine and blood account for approximately 55% and 30% of the specimens received, respectively (Table 3). The remaining 15% of clinical specimens comprise various biological fluids including sputum, pus, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and others (Table 3). Infections of the urinary tract, the respiratory tract and the bloodstream are usually of bacterial etiology and require antimicrobial therapy. In fact, all clinical samples received in the clinical microbiology laboratory are tested routinely for the identification of bacteria and susceptibility testing.

[0006] Conventional Pathogen Identification from Clinical Specimens

[0007] Urine Specimens

[0008] The search for pathogens in urine specimens is so preponderant in the routine microbiology laboratory that a myriad of tests have been developed. However, the gold standard remains the classical semi-quantitative plate culture method in which 1 μL of urine is streaked on plates and incubated for 18-24 hours. Colonies are then counted to determine the total number of colony forming units (CFU) per liter of urine. A bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is normally associated with a bacterial count of 107 CFU/L or more in urine. However, infections with less than 107 CFU/L in urine are possible, particularly in patients with a high incidence of diseases or those catheterized (Stark and Maki, 1984, N. Engl. J. Med. 311:560-564). Importantly, approximately 80% of urine specimens tested in clinical microbiology laboratories are considered negative (i.e. bacterial count of less than 107 CFU/L; Table 3). Urine specimens found positive by culture are further characterized using standard biochemical tests to identify the bacterial pathogen and are also tested for susceptibility to antibiotics. The biochemical and susceptibility testing normally require 18-24 hours of incubation.

[0009] Accurate and rapid urine screening methods for bacterial pathogens would allow a faster identification of negative specimens and a more efficient treatment and care management of patients. Several rapid identification methods (Uriscreen™, UTIscreen™, Flash Track™ DNA probes and others) have been compared to slower standard biochemical methods, which are based on culture of the bacterial pathogens. Although much faster, these rapid tests showed low sensitivities and poor specificities as well as a high number of false negative and false positive results (Koening et al., 1992, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:342-345; Pezzlo et al., 1992, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:640-684).

[0010] Blood Specimens

[0011] The blood specimens received in the microbiology laboratory are always submitted for culture. Blood culture systems may be manual, semi-automated or completely automated. The BACTEC system (from Becton Dickinson) and the BacTAlert system (from Organon Teknika Corporation) are the two most widely used automated blood culture systems. These systems incubate blood culture bottles under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Bacterial growth is monitored continuously to detect early positives by using highly sensitive bacterial growth detectors. Once growth is detected, a Gram stain is performed directly from the blood culture and then used to inoculate nutrient agar plates. Subsequently, bacterial identification and susceptibility testing are carried out from isolated bacterial colonies with automated systems as described previously. The bottles are normally reported as negative if no growth is detected after an incubation of 6 to 7 days. Normally, the vast majority of blood cultures are reported negative. For example, the percentage of negative blood cultures at the microbiology laboratory of the CHUL for the period February 1994-January 1995 was 93.1% (Table 3).

[0012] Other Clinical Samples

[0013] Upon receipt by the clinical microbiology laboratory, all body fluids other than blood and urine that are from normally sterile sites (i.e. cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, pericardial and others) are processed for direct microscopic examination and subsequent culture. Again, most clinical samples are negative for culture (Table 3).

[0014] Regarding clinical specimens which are not from sterile sites such as sputum or stool specimens, the laboratory diagnosis by culture is more problematic because of the contamination by the normal flora. The bacterial pathogens potentially associated with the infection are purified from the contaminants and then identified as described previously. Of course, the universal detection of bacteria would not be useful for the diagnosis of bacterial infections at these non sterile sites. On the other hand, DNA-based assays for species or genus detection and identification as well as for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes from these specimens would be very useful and would offer several advantages over classical identification and susceptibility testing methods.

[0015] DNA-Based Assays with any Clinical Specimens

[0016] There is an obvious need for rapid and accurate diagnostic tests for bacterial detection and identification directly from clinical specimens. DNA-based technologies are rapid and accurate and offer a great potential to improve the diagnosis of infectious diseases (Persing et al., 1993, Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.). The DNA probes and amplification primers which are objects of the present invention are applicable for bacterial or fungal detection and identification directly from any clinical specimens such as blood cultures, blood, urine, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, pus and other type of specimens (Table 3). The DNA-based tests proposed in this invention are superior in terms of both rapidity and accuracy to standard biochemical methods currently used for routine diagnosis from any clinical specimens in microbiology laboratories. Since these tests are performed in around only one hour, they provide the clinicians with new diagnostic tools which should contribute to increase the efficiency of therapies with antimicrobial agents. Clinical specimens from organisms other than humans (e.g. other primates, birds, plants, mammals, farm animals, livestock and others) may also be tested with these assays.

[0017] A High Percentage of Culture Negative Specimens

[0018] Among all the clinical specimens received for routine diagnosis, approximately 80% of urine specimens and even more (around 95%) for other types of clinical specimens are negative for the presence of bacterial pathogens (Table 3). It would also be desirable, in addition to identify bacteria at the species or genus level in a given specimen, to screen out the high proportion of negative clinical specimens with a test detecting the presence of any bacterium (i.e. universal bacterial detection). Such a screening test may be based on the DNA amplification by PCR of a highly conserved genetic target found in all bacteria. Specimens negative for bacteria would not be amplified by this assay. On the other hand, those that are positive for bacteria would give a positive amplification signal with this assay.

[0019] Towards the Development of Rapid DNA-Based Diagnostic Tests

[0020] A rapid diagnostic test should have a significant impact on the management of infections. DNA probe and DNA amplification technologies offer several advantages over conventional methods for the identification of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes from clinical samples (Persing et al., 1993, Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.; Ehrlich and Greenberg, 1994, PCR-based Diagnostics in Infectious Disease, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, Mass.). There is no need for culture of the bacterial pathogens, hence the organisms can be detected directly from clinical samples, thereby reducing the time associated with the isolation and identification of pathogens. Furthermore, DNA-based assays are more accurate for bacterial identification than currently used phenotypic identification systems which are based on biochemical tests. Commercially available DNA-based technologies are currently used in clinical microbiology laboratories, mainly for the detection and identification of fastidious bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterum tuberculosis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as for the detection of a variety of viruses (Podzorski and Persing, Molecular detection and identification of microorganisms, In: P. Murray et al., 1995, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, ASM press, Washington D.C.). There are also other commercially available DNA-based assays which are used for culture confirmation assays.

[0021] Others have developed DNA-based tests for the detection and identification of bacterial pathogens which are objects of the present invention: Staphylococcus spp. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,978), Neisseda spp. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,199 and European patent publication No. EP 0 337 896 131) and Listeria monocytogenes (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,389,513 and 5,089,386). However, the diagnostic tests described in these patents are based either on rRNA genes or on genetic targets different from those described in the present invention.

[0022] Although there ar diagnostic kits or methods already used in clinical microbiology laboratories, there is still a need for an advantageous alternative to the conventional culture identification methods in order to improve the accuracy and the speed of the diagnosis of commonly encountered bacterial infections. Besides being much faster, DNA-based diagnostic tests are more accurate than standard biochemical tests presently used for diagnosis because the bacterial genotype (e.g. DNA level) is more stable than the bacterial phenotype (e.g. metabolic level).

[0023] Knowledge of the genomic sequences of bacterial and fungal species continuously increases as testified by the number of sequences available from databases. From the sequences readily available from databases, there is no indication therefrom as to their potential for diagnostic purposes. For determining good candidates for diagnostic purposes, one could select sequences for DNA-based assays for (i) the species-specific detection and identification of commonly encountered bacterial or fungal pathogens, (ii) the genus-specific detection and identification of commonly encountered bacterial or fungal pathogens, (iii) the universal detection of bacterial or fungal pathogens and/or (iv) the specific detection and identification of antibiotic resistance genes. All of the above types of DNA-based assays may be performed directly from any type of clinical specimens or from a microbial culture.

[0024] In WO 96/08502 patent publication, we described DNA sequences suitable for (i) the species-specific detection and identification of 12 clinically important bacterial pathogens, (ii) the universal detection of bacteria, and (iii) the detection of 17 antibiotic resistance genes. This co-pending application described proprietary DNA sequences and DNA sequences selected from databases (in both cases, fragments of at least 100 base pairs), as well as oligonucleotide probes and amplification primers derived from these sequences. All the nucleic acid sequences described in this patent application enter the composition of diagnostic kits and methods capable of a) detecting the presence of bacteria, b) detecting specifically the presence of 12 bacterial species and 17 antibiotic resistance genes. However, these methods and kits need to be improved, since the ideal kit and method should be capable of diagnosing close to 100% of microbial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes. For example, infections caused by Enterococcus faecium have become a clinical problem because of its resistance to many antibiotics. Both the detection of these bacteria and the evaluation of their resistance profiles are desirable. It is, worthwhile noting that the French patent publication FR-A-2,699,539 discloses the sequence of vancomycin B gene, which gene may be derived from Enterococcus faecium strains resistant to this antibiotic. Besides that, novel DNA sequences (probes and primers) capable of recognizing the same and other microbial pathogens or the same and additional antibiotic resistance genes are also desirable to aim at detecting more target genes and complement our earlier patent application.

STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION

[0025] It is an object of the present invention to provide a specific, ubiquitous and sensitive method using probes and/or amplification primers for determining the presence and/or amount of nucleic acids:

[0026] from specific microbial species or genera selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus species, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus species, Enterococcus faecium, Neisseria species, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida species and Candida albicans

[0027] from an antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blatem, blarob, blashv, blaoxa, blaZ, aadB, aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, aacA4, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermnB, ermC, mecA, vanA, vanB, vanC, satA, aac(6′)-aph(2″), aad(6′), vat, vga, msrA, sul and int, and optionally,

[0028] from any bacterial species

[0029] in any sample suspected of containing said nucleic acids,

[0030] wherein each of said nucleic acids or a variant or part thereof comprises a selected target region hybridizable with said probe or primers;

[0031] said method comprising the steps of contacting said sample with said probes or primers and detecting the presence and/or amount of hybridized probes or amplified products as an indication of the presence and/or amount of said any bacterial species, specific microbial species or genus and antibiotic resistance gene.

[0032] In a specific embodiment, a similar method directed to each specific microbial species or genus detection and identification, antibiotic resistance genes detection, and universal bacterial detection, separately, is provided.

[0033] In a more specific embodiment, the method makes use of DNA fragments (proprietary fragments and fragments obtained from databases), selected for their capacity to sensitively, specifically and ubiquitously detect the targeted bacterial or fungal nucleic acids.

[0034] In a particularly preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides of at least 12 nucleotides in length have been derived from the longer DNA fragments, and are used in the present method as probes or amplification primers.

[0035] The proprietary oligonucleotides (probes and primers) are also another object of the invention.

[0036] Diagnostic kits comprising probes or amplification primers for the detection of a microbial species or genus selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus species, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus species, Enterococcus faecium, Neisseria species, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida species and Candida albicans are also objects of the present invention.

[0037] Diagnostic kits further comprising probes or amplification primers for the detection of an antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blatem, blarob, blashv, blaoxa, blaZ, aadB, aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, aacA4, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, mecA, vanA, vanB, vanC, satA, aac(6′)-aph(2″), aad(6′), vat, vga, msrA, sul and int are also objects of this invention.

[0038] Diagnostic kits further comprising probes or amplification primers for the detection of any bacterial or fungal species, comprising or not comprising those for the detection of the specific microbial species or genus listed above, and further comprising or not comprising probes and primers for the antibiotic resistance genes listed above, are also objects of this invention.

[0039] In a preferred embodiment, such a kit allows for the separate or the simultaneous detection and identification of the above-listed microbial species or genus, antibiotic resistance genes and for the detection of any bacterium.

[0040] In the above methods and kits, amplification reactions may include a) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), b) ligase chain reaction, c) nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, d) self-sustained sequence replication, e) strand displacement amplification, f) branched DNA signal amplification, g) transcription-mediated amplification, h) cycling probe technology (CPT) i) nested PCR, or j) multiplex PCR.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment, a PCR protocol is used as an amplification reaction.

[0042] In a particularly preferred embodiment, a PCR protocol is provided, comprising, for each amplification cycle, an annealing step of 30 seconds at 45-55° C. and a denaturation step of only one second at 95° C., without any time allowed specifically for the elongation step. This PCR protocol has been standardized to be suitable for PCR reactions with all selected primer pairs, which greatly facilitates the testing because each clinical sample can be tested with universal, species-specific, genus-specific and antibiotic resistance gene PCR primers under uniform cycling conditions. Furthermore, various combinations of primer pairs may be used in multiplex PCR assays.

[0043] We aim at developing a rapid test or kit to discard rapidly all the samples which are negative for bacterial cells and to subsequently detect and identify the above bacterial and/or fungal species and genera and to determine rapidly the bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Although the sequences from the selected antibiotic resistance genes are available from databases and have been used to develop DNA-based tests for their detection, our approach is unique because it represents a major improvement over current gold standard diagnostic methods based on bacterial cultures. Using an amplification method for the simultaneous bacterial detection and identification and antibiotic resistance genes detection, there is no need for culturing the clinical sample prior to testing. Moreover, a modified PCR protocol has been developed to detect all target DNA sequences in approximately one hour under uniform amplification conditions. This procedure will save lives by optimizing treatment, will diminish antibiotic resistance because less antibiotics will be prescribed, will reduce the use of broad spectrum antibiotics which are expensive, decrease overall health care costs by preventing or shortening hospitalizations, and decrease the time and costs associated with clinical laboratory testing.

[0044] In the methods and kits described herein below, the oligonucleotide probes and amplification primers have been derived from larger sequences (i.e. DNA fragments of at least 100 base pairs). All DNA fragments have been obtained either from proprietary fragments or from databases. DNA fragments selected from databases are newly used in a method of detection according to the present invention, since they have been selected for their diagnostic potential.

[0045] It is clear to the individual skilled in the art that other oligonucleotide sequences appropriate for (i) the universal bacterial detection, (ii) the detection and identification of the above microbial species or genus and (iii) the detection of antibiotic resistance genes other than those listed in Annex VI may also be derived from the proprietary fragments or selected database sequences. For example, the oligonucleotide primers or probes may be shorter or longer than the ones we have chosen; they may also be selected anywhere else in the proprietary DNA fragments or in the sequences selected from databases; they may be also variants of the same oligonucleotide. If the target DNA or a variant thereof hybridizes to a given oligonucleotide, or if the target DNA or a variant thereof can be amplified by a given oligonucleotide PCR primer pair, the converse is also true; a given target DNA may hybridize to a variant oligonucleotide probe or be amplified by a variant oligonucleotide PCR primer. Alternatively, the oligonucleotides may be designed from any DNA fragment sequences for use in amplification methods other than PCR. Consequently, the core of this invention is the identification of universal, species-specific, genus-specific and resistance gene-specific genomic or non-genomic DNA fragments which are used as a source of specific and ubiquitous oligonucleotide probes and/or amplification primers. Although the selection and evaluation of oligonucleotides suitable for diagnostic purposes requires much effort, it is quite possible for the individual skilled in the art to derive, from the selected DNA fragments, oligonucleotides other than the ones listed in Annex VI which are suitable for diagnostic purposes. When a proprietary fragment or a database sequence is selected for its specificity and ubiquity, it increases the probability that subsets thereof will also be specific and ubiquitous.

[0046] Since a high percentage of clinical specimens are negative for bacteria (Table 3), DNA fragments having a high potential for the selection of universal oligonucleotide probes or primers were selected from proprietary and database sequences. The amplification primers were selected from a gene highly conserved in bacteria and fungi, and are used to detect the presence of any bacterial pathogen in clinical specimens in order to determine rapidly (approximately one hour) whether it is positive or negative for bacteria. The selected gene, designated tuf, encodes a protein (EF-Tu) involved in the translational process during protein synthesis. The tuf gene sequence alignments used to derive the universal primers include both proprietary and database sequences (Example 1 and Annex I). This strategy allows the rapid screening of the numerous negative clinical specimens (around 80% of the specimens received, see Table 3) submitted for bacteriological testing. Tables 4, 5 and 6 provide a list of the bacterial or fungal species used to test the specificity of PCR primers and DNA probes. Table 7 gives a brief description of each species-specific, genus-specific and universal amplification assays which are objects of the present invention. Tables 8, 9 and 10 provide some relevant information about the proprietary and database sequences selected for diagnostic puposes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Development of Species-Specific, Genus-Specific, Universal and Antibiotic Resistance Gene-Specific DNA Probes and Amplification Primers for Microorganisms

[0047] Selection from Databases of Sequences Suitable for Diagnostic Purposes

[0048] In order to select sequences which are suitable for species-specific or genus-specific detection and identification of bacteria or fungi or, alternatively, for the universal detection of bacteria, the database sequences (GenBank, EMBL and Swiss-Prot) were chosen based on their potential for diagnostic purposes according to sequence information and computer analysis performed with these sequences. Initially, all sequence data available for the targeted microbial species or genus were carefully analyzed. The gene sequences which appeared the most promising for diagnostic purposes based on sequence information and on sequence comparisons with the corresponding gene in other microbial species or genera performed with the Genetics Computer Group (GCG, Wisconsin) programs were selected for testing by PCR. Optimal PCR amplification primers were chosen from the selected database sequences with the help of the Oligo™ 4.0 primer analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth, Minn.). The chosen primers were tested in PCR assays for their specificity and ubiquity for the target microbial species or genus. In general, the identification of database sequences from which amplification primers suitable for species-specific or genus-specific detection and identification were selected involved the computer analysis and PCR testing of several candidate gene sequences before obtaining a primer pair which is specific and ubiquitous for the target microbial species or genus. Annex VI provides a list of selected specific and ubiquitous PCR primer pairs. Annexes I to V and Examples 1 to 4 illustrate the strategy used to select genus-specific, species-specific and universal PCR primers from tuf sequences or from the recA gene.

[0049] Oligonucleotide Primers and Probes Design and Synthesis

[0050] The DNA fragments sequenced by us or selected from databases (GenBank and EMBL) were used as sources of oligonucleotides for diagnostic purposes. For this strategy, an array of suitable oligonucleotide primers or probes derived from a variety of genomic DNA fragments (size of more than 100 bp) selected from databases were tested for their specificity and ubiquity in PCR and hybridization assays as described later. It is important to note that the database sequences were selected based on their potential for being species-specific, genus-specific or universal for the detection of bacteria or fungi according to available sequence information and extensive analysis and that, in general, several candidate database sequences had to be tested in order to obtain the desired specificity, ubiquity and sensitivity.

[0051] Oligonucleotide probes and amplification primers derived from species-specific fragments selected from database sequences were synthesized using an automated DNA synthesizer (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Applied Biosystems Division). Prior to synthesis, all oligonucleotides (probes for hybridization and primers for DNA amplification) were evaluated for their suitability for hybridization or DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by computer analysis using standard programs (i.e. the Genetics Computer Group (GCG) programs and the primer analysis software Oligo™ 4.0). The potential suitability of the PCR primer pairs was also evaluated prior to the synthesis by verifying the absence of unwanted features such as long stretches of one nucleotide and a high proportion of G or C residues at the 3′ end (Persing et al., 1993, Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, American Society. for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.).

[0052] The oligonucleotide primers or probes may be derived from either strand of the duplex DNA. The primers or probes may consist of the bases A, G, C, or T or analogs and they may be degenerated at one or more chosen nucleotide position(s). The primers or probes may be of any suitable length and may be selected anywhere within the DNA sequences from proprietary fragments or from selected database sequences which are suitable for (i) the universal detection of bacteria, (ii) the species-specific detection and identification of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neissedia meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans (iii) the genus-specific detection of Streptococcus species, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus species and Neisseria species or (iv) the detection of the 26 above-mentioned clinically important antibiotic resistance genes.

[0053] Variants for a given target bacterial gene are naturally occurring and are attributable to sequence variation within that gene during evolution (Watson et al., 1987, Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th ed., The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, Calif.; Lewin, 1989, Genes IV, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.). For example, different strains of the same bacterial species may have a single or more nucleotide variation(s) at the oligonucleotide hybridization site. The person skilled in the art is well aware of the existence of variant bacterial or fungal DNA sequences for a specific gene and that the frequency of sequence variations depends on the selective pressure during evolution on a given gene product. The detection of a variant sequence for a region between two PCR primers may be demonstrated by sequencing the amplification product. In order to show the presence of sequence variants at the primer hybridization site, one has to amplify a larger DNA target with PCR primers outside that hybridization site. Sequencing of this larger fragment will allow the detection of sequence variation at this site. A similar strategy may be applied to show variants at the hybridization site of a probe. Insofar as the divergence of the target sequences or a part thereof does not affect the specificity and ubiquity of the amplification primers or probes, variant bacterial DNA is under the scope of this invention. Variants of the selected primers or probes may also be used to amplify or hybridize to a variant DNA.

[0054] Sequencing of Tuf Sequences from a Variety of Bacterial and Fungal Species

[0055] The nucleotide sequence of a portion of tuf genes was determined for a variety of bacterial and fungal species. The amplification primers SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, which amplify a tuf gene portion of approximately 890 bp, were used for the sequencing of bacterial tuf sequences. The amplification primers SEQ ID NOs: 109 and 172, which amplify a tuf gene portion of approximately 830 bp, were used for the sequencing of fungal tuf sequences. Both primer pairs can amplify tufA and tufB genes. This is not surprising because these two genes are nearly identical. For example, the entire tufA and tufB genes from E. coli differ at only 13 nucleotide positions (Neidhardt et al., 1996, Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed., American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, D.C.). These amplification primers are degenerated at several nucleotide positions and contain inosines in order to allow the amplification of a wide range of tuf sequences. The strategy used to select these amplification primers is similar to that illustrated in Annex I for the selection of universal primers. The amplification primers SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108 could be used to amplify the tuf genes from any bacterial species. The amplification primers SEQ ID NOs: 109 and 172 could be used to amplify the tuf genes from any fungal species.

[0056] The tuf genes were amplified directly from bacterial or yeast cultures using the following amplification protocol: One μL of cell suspension was transferred directly to 19 μL of a PCR reaction mixture containing 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 0.1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 1 μM of each of the 2 primers, 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs, 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.). PCR reactions were subjected to cycling using a MJ Research PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research Inc., Watertown, Mass.) as follows: 3 min at 96° C. followed by 30-35 cycles of 1 min at 95° C. for the denaturation step, 1 min at 30-50° C. for the annealing step and 1 min at 72° C. for the extension step. Subsequently, twenty microliters of the PCR-amplified mixture were resolved by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel. The gel was then visualized by staining with methylene blue (Flores et al., 1992, Biotechniques, 13:203-205). The size of the amplification products was estimated by comparison with a 100-bp molecular weight ladder. The band corresponding to the specific amplification product (i.e. approximately 890 or 830 bp for bacterial or fungal tuf sequences, respectively) was excised from the agarose gel and purified using the QIAquick™ gel extraction kit (QIAGEN Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.). The gel-purified DNA fragment was then used directly in the sequencing protocol. Both strands of the tuf genes amplification product were sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing method by using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA sequencer (model 373A) with their PRISM™ Sequenase® Terminator Double-stranded DNA Sequencing Kit (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Applied Biosystems Division, Foster City, Calif.). The sequencing reactions were all performed by using the amplification primers (SEQ ID NOs: 107 to 109 and 172) and 100 ng per reaction of the gel-purified amplicon. In order to ensure that the determined sequence did not contain errors attributable to the sequencing of PCR artefacts, we have sequenced two preparations of the gel-purified tuf amplification product originating from two independent PCR amplifications. For all target microbial species, the sequences determined for both amplicon preparations were identical. Furthermore, the sequences of both strands were 100% complementary thereby confirming the high accuracy of the determined sequence. The tuf sequences determined using the above strategy are all in the Sequence Listing (i.e. SEQ ID NOs:118 to 146). Table 13 gives the originating microbial species and the source for each tuf sequence in the Sequence Listing.

[0057] The alignment of the tuf sequences determined by us or selected from databases reveals clearly that the length of the sequenced portion of the tuf genes is variable. There may be insertions or deletions of several amino acids. This explains why the size of the sequenced tuf amplification product was variable for both bacterial and fungal species. Among the tuf sequences determined by our group, we found insertions and deletions adding up to 5 amino acids or 15 nucleotides. Consequently, the nucleotide positions indicated on top of each of Annexes I to V do not correspond for tuf sequences having insertions or deletions.

[0058] It should also be noted that the various tuf sequences determined by us occasionally contain degenerescences. These degenerated nucleotides correspond to sequence variations between tufA and tulB genes because the amplification primers amplify both tuf genes. These nucleotide variations were not attributable to nucleotide misincorporations by the taq DNA polymerase because the sequence of both strands were identical and also because the sequences deternined with both preparations of the gel-purified tuf amplicons were identical.

[0059] The Selection of Amplification Primers from tuf Sequences

[0060] The tuf sequences determined by us or selected from databases were used to select PCR primers for (i) the universal detection of bacteria, (ii) the genus-specific detection and identification of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. and (iii) the species-specific detection and identification of Candida albicans. The strategy used to select these PCR primers was based on the analysis of multiple sequence alignments of various tuf sequences. For more details about the selection of PCR primers from tuf sequences, please refer to Examples 1 to 3 and Annexes I to IV.

[0061] The Selection of Amplification Primers from recA

[0062] The comparison of the nucleotide sequence for the recA gene from various bacterial species including 5 species of streptococci allowed the selection of Streptococcus-specific PCR primers. For more details about the selection of PCR primers from recA, please refer to Example 4 and Annex V.

[0063] DNA Fragment Isolation from Staphylococcus Saprophyticus by Arbitrarily Primed PCR

[0064] DNA sequences of unknown coding potential for the species-specific detection and identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus were obtained by the method of arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR).

[0065] AP-PCR is a method which can be used to generate specific DNA probes for microorganisms (Fani et al., 1993, Mol. Ecol. 2:243-250). A description of the AP-PCR protocol used to isolate a species-specific genomic DNA fragment from Staphylococcus saprophyticus follows. Twenty different oligonucleotide primers of 10 nucleotides in length (all included in the AP-PCR kit OPAD (Operon Technologies, Inc., Alameda, Calif.)) were tested systematically with DNAs from 3 bacterial strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus (all obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): numbers 15305, 35552 and 43867) as well as with DNA from four other staphylococcal species (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Staphylococcus haemolyticus ATCC 29970 and Staphylococcus hominis ATCC 35982). For all bacterial species, amplification was performed from a bacterial suspension adjusted to a standard 0.5 McFarland which corresponds to approximately 1.5×108 bacteria/mL. One μL of the standardized bacterial suspension was transferred directly to 19 μL of a PCR reaction mixture containing 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 0.1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 1.2 μM of only one of the 20 different AP-PCR primers OPAD, 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs and 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.). PCR reactions were subjected to cycling using a MJ Research PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research Inc.) as follows: 3 min at 96° C. followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 95° C. for the denaturation step, 1 min at 32° C. for the annealing step and 1 min at 72° C. for the extension step. A final extension step of 7 min at 72° C. was made after the 35 cycles to ensure complete extension of PCR products. Subsequently, twenty microliters of the PCR amplified mixture were resolved by electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel containing 0.25 kg/mL of ethidium bromide. The size of the amplification products was estimated by comparison with a 50-bp molecular weight ladder.

[0066] Amplification patterns specific for Staphylococcus saprophyticus were observed with the AP-PCR primer OPAD-9 (SEQ ID NO: 25). Amplification with this primer consistently showed a band corresponding to a DNA fragment of approximately 450 bp for all Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains tested but not for any of the four other staphylococcal species tested. This species-specific pattern was confirmed by testing 10 more clinical isolates of S. saprophyticus selected from the culture collection of the microbiology laboratory of the CHUL as well as strains selected from the gram-positive bacterial species listed in Table 5.

[0067] The band corresponding to the approximately 450 bp amplicon which was specific and ubiquitous for S. saprophyticus based on AP-PCR was excised from the agarose gel and purified using the QIAquick™ gel extraction kit (QIAGEN Inc.). The gel-purified DNA fragment was cloned into the T/A cloning site of the pCR 2.1™ plasmid vector (Invitrogen Inc.) using T4 DNA ligase (New England BioLabs). Recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells using standard procedures. Plasmid DNA isolation was done by the method of Birnboim and Doly (Nucleic Acids Res. 7:1513-1523) for small-scale preparations. All plasmid DNA preparations were digested with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease to ensure the presence of the approximately 450 bp AP-PCR insert into the recombinant plasmids. Subsequently, a large-scale and highly purified plasmid DNA preparation was performed from two selected clones shown to carry the AP-PCR insert by using the QIAGEN plasmid purification kit. These plasmid preparations were used for automated DNA sequencing.

[0068] Both strands of the AP-PCR insert from the two selected clones were sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing method with SP6 and T7 sequencing primers, by using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA sequencer as described previously. The analysis of the obtained sequences revealed that the DNA sequences for both strands from each clone were 100% complementary. Furthermore, it showed that the entire sequence determined for each clone were both identical. These sequencing data confirm the 100% accuracy for the determined 438 bp sequence (SEQ ID NO: 29). Optimal amplification primers have been selected from the sequenced AP-PCR Staphylococcus saprophyticus DNA fragment with the help of the primer analysis software Oligom™ 4.0. The selected primer sequences have been tested in PCR assays to verify their specificity and ubiquity (Table 7). These PCR primers were specific since there was no amplification with DNA from bacterial species other than S. saprophyticus selected from Tables 4 and 5. Furthermore, this assay was ubiquitous since 245 of 260 strains of S. saprophyticus were efficiently amplified with this PCR assay. When used in combination with another S. saprophyticus-specific PCR assay, which is an object of our co-pending U.S. (Ser. No. 08/526,840) and PCT (PCT/CA/95/00528) patent applications, the ubiquity reaches 100% for these 260 strains.

[0069] DNA Amplification

[0070] For DNA amplification by the widely used PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method, primer pairs were derived from proprietary DNA fragments or from database sequences. Prior to synthesis, the potential primer pairs were analyzed by using the Oligo™ 4.0 software to verify that they are good candidates for PCR amplification.

[0071] During DNA amplification by PCR, two oligonucleotide primers binding respectively to each strand of the heat-denatured target DNA from the bacterial genome are used to amplify exponentially in vitro the target DNA by successive thermal cycles allowing denaturation of the DNA, annealing of the primers and synthesis of new targets at each cycle (Persing et al, 1993, Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.).

[0072] Briefly, the PCR protocols were as follow: Treated clinical specimens or standardized bacterial or fungal suspensions (see below) were amplified in a 20 μL PCR reaction mixture containing 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.4 μM of each primer, 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs and 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega) combined with the TaqStar™ antibody (Clontech Laboratories Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). The TaqStar™ antibody, which is a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to Taq DNA polymerase, was added to all PCR reactions to enhance the specificity and the sensitivity of the amplifications (Kellogg et al., 1994, Biotechniques 16:1134-1137). The treatment of the clinical specimens varies with the type of specimen tested, since the composition and the sensitivity level required are different for each specimen type. It consists in a rapid protocol to lyse the bacterial cells and eliminate the PCR inhibitory effects (see example 11 for urine specimen preparation). For amplification from bacterial or fungal cultures, the samples were added directly to the PCR amplification mixture without any pre-treatment step (see example 10). Primer sequences derived from highly conserved regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene were used to provide an internal control for all PCR reactions. Alternatively, the internal control was derived from sequences not found in microorganisms or in the human genome. The internal control was integrated into all amplification reactions to verify the efficiency of the PCR assays and to ensure that significant PCR inhibition was absent. The internal control derived from rRNA was also useful to monitor the efficiency of bacterial lysis protocols.

[0073] PCR reactions were then subjected to thermal cycling (3 min at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles of 1 second at 95° C. for the denaturation step and 30 second at 55° C. for the annealing-extension step) using a PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research Inc.) and subsequently analyzed by standard ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel electrophoresis. The number of cycles performed for the PCR assays varies according to the sensitivity level required. For example, the sensitivity level required for microbial detection directly from clinical specimens is higher for blood specimens than for urine specimens because the concentration of microorganisms associated with a septicemia can be much lower than that associated with a urinary tract infection. Consequently, more sensitive PCR assays having more thermal cycles are required for direct detection from blood specimens. Similarly, PCR assays performed directly from bacterial or fungal cultures may be less sensitive than PCR assays performed directly from clinical specimens because the number of target organisms is normally much lower in clinical specimens than in microbial cultures.

[0074] It is clear that other methods for the detection of specific amplification products, which may be faster and more practical for routine diagnosis, may be used. Such methods may be based on the detection of fluorescence after amplification (e.g. TaqMan™ system from Perkin Elmer or Amplisensor™ from Biotronics). Methods based on the detection of fluorescence are particularly promising for utilization in routine diagnosis as they are very rapid, quantitative and can be automated (Example 14).

[0075] Microbial pathogens detection and identification may also be performed by solid support or liquid hybridization using species-specific internal DNA probes hybridizing to an amplification product. Such probes may be generated from any species-specific or genus-specific DNA amplification products which are objects of the present invention. Alternatively, the internal probes for species or genus detection and identification may be derived from the amplicons produced by the universal amplification assay. The oligonucleotide probes may be labeled with biotin or with digoxigenin or with any other reporter molecules.

[0076] To assure PCR efficiency, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or other related solvents can be used to increase the sensitivity of the PCR and to overcome problems associated with the amplification of a target DNA having a high GC content or forming strong secondary structures (Dieffenbach and Dveksler, 1995, PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). The concentration ranges for glycerol and DMSO are 5-15% (v/v) and 3-10% (v/v), respectively. For the PCR reaction mixture, the concentration ranges for the amplification primers and MgCl2 are 0.1-1.5 μM and 1.5-3.5 mM, respectively. Modifications of the standard PCR protocol using external and nested primers (i.e. nested PCR) or using more than one primer pair (i.e. multiplex PCR) may also be used (Persing et al., 1993, Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.). For more details about the PCR protocols and amplicon detection methods, see Examples 9 to 14.

[0077] The person skilled in the art of DNA amplification knows the existence of other rapid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), self-sustained sequence replication (3SR), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), branched DNA (bDNA) and cycling probe technology (CPT) (Lee et al., 1997, Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies: Application to Disease Diagnosis, Eaton Publishing, Boston, Mass.; Persing et al., 1993, Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.). The scope of this invention is not limited to the use of amplification by PCR, but rather includes the use of any rapid nucleic acid amplification method or any other procedure which may be used to increase rapidity and sensitivity of the tests. Any oligonucleotide suitable for the amplification of nucleic acids by approaches other than PCR and derived from the species-specific, genus-specific and universal DNA fragments as well as from selected antibiotic resistance gene sequences included in this document are also under the scope of this invention.

[0078] Hybridization Assays with Oligonucleotide Probes

[0079] In hybridization experiments, single-stranded oligonucleotides (size less than 100 nucleotides) have some advantages over DNA fragment probes for the detection of bacteria, such as ease of synthesis in large quantities, consistency in results from batch to batch and chemical stability. Briefly, for the hybridizations, oligonucleotides were 5′ end-labeled with the radionucleotide γ-32P(dATP) using T4 polynucleotide kinase (Pharmacia) (Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The unincorporated radionucleotide was removed by passing the labeled oligonucleotide through a Sephadex G-50™ column. Alternatively, oligonucleotides were labeled with biotin, either enzymatically at their 3′ ends or incorporated directly during synthesis at their 5′ ends, or with digoxigenin. It will be appreciated by the person skilled in the art that labeling means other than the three above labels may be used.

[0080] Each oligonucleotide probe was then tested for its specificity by hybridization to DNAs from a variety of bacterial and fungal species selected from Tables 4, 5 and 6. All of the bacterial or fungal species tested were likely to be pathogens associated with common infections or potential contaminants which can be isolated from clinical specimens. Each target DNA was released from bacterial cells using standard chemical treatments to lyse the cells (Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Subsequently, the DNA was denatured by conventional methods and then irreversibly fixed onto a solid support (e.g. nylon or nitrocellulose membranes) or free in solution. The fixed single-stranded target DNAs were then hybridized with the oligonucleotide probe cells (Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Pre-hybridization conditions were in 1 M NaCl+10% dextran sulfate+1% SDS+100 μg/mL salmon sperm DNA at 65° C. for 15 min. Hybridization was performed in fresh pre-hybridization solution containing the labeled probe at 65° C. overnight. Post-hybridization washing conditions were as follows: twice in 3×SSC containing 1% SDS, twice in 2×SSC containing 1% SDS and twice in 1×SSC containing 1% SDS (all of these washes were at 65° C. for 15 min), and a final wash in 0.1×SSC containing 1% SDS at 25° C. for 15 min. Autoradiography of washed filters allowed the detection of selectively hybridized probes. Hybridization of the probe to a specific target DNA indicated a high degree of similarity between the nucleotide sequence of these two DNAs because of the high stringency of the washes.

[0081] An oligonucleotide probe was considered specific only when it hybridized solely to DNA from the species or genus from which it was isolated. Oligonucleotide probes found to be specific were subsequently tested for their ubiquity (i.e. ubiquitous probes recognized most or all isolates of the target species or genus) by hybridization to microbial DNAs from clinical isolates of the species or genus of interest including ATCC strains. The DNAs from strains of the target species or genus were denatured, fixed onto nylon membranes and hybridized as described above. Probes were considered ubiquitous when they hybridized specifically with the DNA from at least 80% of the isolates of the target species or genus.

[0082] Specificity and Ubiquity Tests for Oligonucleotide Primers and Probes

[0083] The specificity of oligonucleotide primers and probes, derived either from the DNA fragments sequenced by us or selected from databases, was tested by amplification of DNA or by hybridization with bacterial or fungal species selected from those listed in Tables 4, 5 and 6, as described in the two previous sections. Oligonucleotides found to be specific were subsequently tested for their ubiquity by amplification (for primers) or by hybridization (for probes) with bacterial DNAs from isolates of the target species or genus. Results for specificity and ubiquity tests with the oligonucleotide primers are summarized in Table 7. The specificity and ubiquity of the PCR assays using the selected amplification primer pairs were tested directly from cultures (see Examples 9 and 10) of bacterial or fungal species.

[0084] The various species-specific and genus-specific PCR assays which are objects of the present invention are all specific. For the PCR assays specific to bacterial species or genus, this means that DNA isolated from a wide variety of bacterial species, other than that from the target species or genus and selected from Tables 4 and 5, could not be amplified. For the PCR assay specific to Candida albicans, it means there was no amplification with genomic DNA from the fungal species listed in Table 6 as well as with a variety of bacterial species selected from Tables 4 and 5.

[0085] The various species-specific and genus-specific PCR assays which are objects of the present invention are also all ubiquitous (Table 7). (i) The species-specific PCR assays for E. faecium, L. monocytogenes, S. saprophyticus, S. agalactiae and C. albicans amplified genomic DNA from all or most strains of the target species tested, which were obtained from various sources and which are representative of the diversity within each target species (Table 7). The species identification of all of these strains was based on classical biochemical methods which are routinely used in clinical microbiology laboratories. (ii) The genus-specific PCR assays specific for Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Neisseda spp. amplified genomic DNA from all or most strains of the target genus tested, which represent all clinically important bacterial species for each target genus. These strains were obtained from various sources and are representative of the diversity within each target genus. Again, the species identification of all of these strains was based on classical biochemical methods which are routinely used in clinical microbiology laboratories. More specifically, the four genus-specific PCR assays amplified the following species: (1) The Enterococcus-specific assay amplified efficiently DNA from all of the 11 enterococcal species tested including E. avium, E. casseliflavus, E. dispar, E. durans, E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. flavescens, E. gallinarum, E. hirae, E. mundtii and E. raffinosus. (2) The Neisseria-specific assay amplified efficiently DNA from all of the 12 neisserial species tested including N. canis, N. cinerea, N. elongata, N. flavescens, N. gonorrhoeae, N. lactamica, N. meningitidis, N. mucosa, N. polysaccharea, N. sicca, N. subflava and N. weaveri. (3) The Staphylococcus-specific assay amplified efficiently DNA from 13 of the 14 staphylococcal species tested including S. aureus, S. audcularis, S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. epidernidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. saprophyticus, S. schleifedi, S. simulans, S. wameri and S. xylosus. The staphylococcal species which could not be amplified is S. sciuri. (4) Finally, the Streptococcus-specific assay amplified efficiently DNA from all of the 22 streptococcal species tested including S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. constellatus, S. crista, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi, S. gordonii, S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. parasanguis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. sabrinus, S. suis, S. uberis, S. vestibularis and S. viridans. On the other hand, the Streptococcus-specific assay did not amplify 3 out of 9 strains of S. mutans and 1 out of 23 strains of S. salivarius, thereby showing a slight lack of ubiquity for these two streptococcal species.

[0086] All specific and ubiquitous amplification primers for each target microbial species or genus or antibiotic resistance gene investigated are listed in Annex VI. Divergence in the sequenced DNA fragments can occur, insofar as the divergence of these sequences or a part thereof does not affect the specificity of the probes or amplification primers. Variant bacterial DNA is under the scope of this invention.

[0087] The PCR amplification primers listed in Annex VI were all tested for their specificity and ubiquity using reference strains as well as clinical isolates from various geographical locations. The 351 reference strains used to test the amplification and hybridization assays (Tables 4, 5 and 6) were obtained from (i) the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): 85%, (ii) the Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec (LSPQ): 10%, (iii) the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 3%, (iv) the National Culture Type Collection (NCTC): 1% and (v) several other reference laboratories throughout the world: 1%. These reference strains are representative of (i) 90 gram-negative bacterial species (169 strains; Table 4), (ii) 97 gram-positive bacterial species (154 strains; Table 5) and (iii) 12 fungal species (28 strains; Table 6).

[0088] Antibiotic Resistance Genes

[0089] Antimicrobial resistance complicates treatment and often leads to therapeutic failures. Furthermore, overuse of antibiotics inevitably leads to the emergence of bacterial resistance. Our goal is to provide clinicians, in approximately one hour, the needed information to prescribe optimal treatments. Besides the rapid identification of negative clinical specimens with DNA-based tests for universal bacterial detection and the identification of the presence of a specific pathogen in the positive specimens with species- and/or genus-specific DNA-based tests, clinicians also need timely information about the ability of the bacterial pathogen to resist antibiotic treatments. We feel that the most efficient strategy to evaluate rapidly bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is to detect directly from the clinical specimens the most common and clinically important antibiotic resistance genes (i.e. DNA-based tests for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes). Since the sequence from the most important and common bacterial antibiotic resistance genes are available from databases, our strategy was to use the sequence from a portion or from the entire resistance gene to design specific oligonucleotide primers or probes which will be used as a basis for the development of rapid DNA-based tests. The sequence from each of the bacterial antibiotic resistance genes selected on the basis of their clinical relevance (i.e. high incidence and importance) is given in the Sequence Listing. Tables 9 and 10 summarize some characteristics of the selected antibiotic resistance genes. Our approach is unique because the antibiotic resistance genes detection and the bacterial detection and identification are performed simultaneously in multiplex assays under uniform PCR amplification conditions (Example 13).

[0090] Annex VI provides a list of all amplification primers selected from 26 clinically important antibiotic resistance genes which were tested in PCR assays. The various PCR assays for antibiotic resistance genes detection and identification were validated by testing several resistant bacterial isolates known to carry the targeted gene and obtained from various countries. The testing of a large number of strains which do not carry the targeted resistance gene was also performed to ensure that all assays were specific. So far, all PCR assays for antibiotic resistance genes are highly specific and have detected all control resistant bacterial strains known to carry the targeted gene. The results of some clinical studies to validate the array of PCR assays for the detection and identification of antibiotic resistance genes and correlate these DNA-based assays with standard antimicrobials susceptibility testing methods are presented in Tables 11 and 12.

[0091] Universal Bacterial Detection

[0092] In the routine microbiology laboratory, a high percentage of clinical specimens sent for bacterial identification are negative by culture (Table 4). Testing clinical samples with universal amplification primers or universal probes to detect the presence of bacteria prior to specific identification and screen out the numerous negative specimens is thus useful as it saves costs and may rapidly orient the clinical management of the patients. Several amplification primers and probes were therefore synthesized from highly conserved portions of bacterial sequences from the tuf genes (Table 8). The universal primer selection was based on a multiple sequence alignment constructed with sequences determined by us or selected from available database sequences as described in Example 1 and Annex I.

[0093] For the identification of database sequences suitable for the universal detection of bacteria, we took advantage of the fact that the complete genome sequences for two distant microorganisms (i.e. Mycoplasma genitalium and Haemophilus influenzae) are available. A comparison of the amino acid sequence for all proteins encoded by the genome of these two distant microorganisms led to the identification of highly homologous proteins. An analysis of these homologous proteins allowed to select some promising candidates for the development of universal DNA-based assays for the detection of bacteria. Since the complete nucleotide sequence of several other microbial genomes are presently available in databases, a person skilled in the art could arrive to the same conclusions by comparing genomes sequences other than those of Mycoplasma genitalium and Haemophilus influenzae. The selected tuf gene encodes a protein (EF-Tu) involved in the translation process during protein synthesis. Subsequently, an extensive nucleotide sequence analysiswas performed with the tuf gene sequences available in databases as well as with novel tuf sequences which we have determined as described previously. All computer analysis of amino acid and nucleotide sequences were performed by using the GCG programs. Subsequently, optimal PCR primers for the universal amplification of bacteria were selected with the help of the Oligo™ program. The selected primers are degenerated at several nucleotide positions and contain several inosines in order to allow the amplification of all clinically relevant bacterial species (Annex I). Inosine is a nucleotide analog able to specifically bind to any of the four nucleotides A, C, G or T. Degenerated oligonucleotides consist of an oligonucleotide mix having two or more of the four nucleotides A, C, G or T at the site of mismatches. The inclusion of inosine and/or of degenerescences in the amplification primers allow mismatch tolerance thereby permitting the amplification of a wider array of target nucleotide sequences (Dieffenbach and Dveksler, 1995 PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

[0094] The amplification conditions with the universal primers were identical to those used for the species- and genus-specific amplification assays except that the annealing temperature was 50° C. instead of 55° C. This universal PCR assay was specific and nearly ubiquitous for the detection of bacteria. The specificity for bacteria was verified by amplifying genomic DNA isolated from the 12 fungal species listed in Table 6 as well as genomic DNA from Leishmania donovani, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human lymphocytes. None of the above eukaryotic DNA preparations could be amplified by the universal assay, thereby suggesting that this test is specific for bacteria. The ubiquity of the universal assay was verified by amplifying genomic DNAs from 116 reference strains which represent 95 of the most clinically relevant bacterial species. These species have been selected from the bacterial species listed in Tables 4 and 5. We found that 104 of these 116 strains could be amplified. The bacterial species which could not be amplified belong to the following genera: Corynebactedum (11 species) and Stenotrophomonas (1 species). Sequencing of the tuf genes from these bacterial species has been recently performed. This sequencing data has been used to select new universal primers which may be more ubiquitous. These primers are in the process of being tested. We also observed that for several species the annealing temperature had to be reduced to 45° C. in order to get an efficient amplification. These bacterial species include Gemella morbilbrum, Listeria spp. (3 species) and Gardnerella vaginalis. It is important to note that the 95 bacterial species selected from Tables 4 and 5 to test the ubiquity of the universal assay include all of the most clinically relevant bacterial species associated with a variety of human infections acquired in the community or in hospitals (nosocomial infections). The most clinically important bacterial and fungal pathogens are listed in Tables 1 and 2.

EXAMPLES AND ANNEXES

[0095] The following examples and annexes are intended to be illustrative of the various methods and compounds of the invention, rather than limiting the scope thereof.

[0096] The various annexes show the strategies used for the selection of amplification primers from tuf sequences or from the recA gene: (i) Annex I illustrates the strategy used for the selection of the universal amplification primers from tuf sequences. (ii) Annex II shows the strategy used for the selection of the amplification primers specific for the genus Enterococcus from tuf sequences. (iii) Annex III illustrates the strategy used for the selection of the amplification primers specific for the genus Staphylococcus from tuf sequences. (iv) Annex IV shows the strategy used for the selection of the amplification primers specific for the species Candida albicans from tuf sequences. (v) Annex V illustrates the strategy used for the selection of the amplification primers specific for the genus Streptococcus from recA sequences. (vi) Annex VI gives a list of all selected primer pairs. As shown in these annexes, the selected amplification primers may contain inosines and/or degenerescences. Inosine is a nucleotide analog able to specifically bind to any of the four nucleotides A, C, G or T. Alternatively, degenerated oligonucleotides which consist of an oligonucleotide mix having two or more of the four nucleotides A, C, G or T at the site of mismatches were used. The inclusion of inosine and/or of degenerescences in the amplification primers allow mismatch tolerance thereby permitting the amplification of a wider array of target nucleotide sequences (Dieffenbach and Dveksler, 1995 PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0097] Selection of universal PCR primers from tuf sequences. As shown in Annex I, the comparison of tuf sequences from a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic species allowed the selection of PCR primers which are universal for the detection of bacteria. The strategy used to design the PCR primers was based on the analysis of a multiple sequence alignment of various tuf sequences. This multiple sequence alignment includes tuf sequences from 38 bacterial species and 3 eukaryotic species either determined by us or selected from databases (Table 13). A careful analysis of this multiple sequence alignment allowed the selection of primer sequences which are conserved within eubacteria but which discriminate sequences from eukaryotes, thereby permitting the universal detection of bacteria. As shown in Annex I, the selected primers contain several inosines and degenerescences. This was necessary because there is a relatively high polymorphism among bacterial tuf sequences despite the fact that this gene is highly conserved. In fact, among the tuf sequences that we determined, we found many nucleotide variations as well as some deletions and/or insertions of amino acids. The selected universal primers were specific and ubiquitous for bacteria (Table 7). Of the 95 most clinically important bacterial species tested, 12 were not amplified. These species belong to the genera Corynebacterium (11 species) and Stenotrophomonas (1 species). The universal primers did not amplify DNA of non-bacterial origin, including human and other types of eukaryotic DNA.

Example 2

[0098] Selection of genus-specific PCR primers from tuf sequences. As shown in Annexes 2 and 3, the comparison of tuf sequences from a variety of bacterial species allowed the selection of PCR primers specific for Enterococcus spp. or for Staphylococcus spp. The strategy used to design the PCR primers was based on the analysis of a multiple sequence alignment of various tuf sequences. These multiple sequence alignments include the tuf sequences of four representative bacterial species selected from each target genus as well as tuf sequences from species of other closely related bacterial genera. A careful analysis of those alignments allowed the selection of oligonucleotide sequences which are conserved within the target genus but which discriminate sequences from other closely related genera, thereby permitting the genus-specific and ubiquitous detection and identification of the target bacterial genus.

[0099] For the selection of primers specific for Enterococcus spp. (Annex II), we have sequenced a portion of approximately 890 bp of the tuf genes for Enterococcus avium, E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. gallinarum. All other tuf sequences used in the alignment were either sequenced by us or selected from databases. The analysis of this sequence alignment led to the selection of a primer pair specific and ubiquitous for Enterococcus spp. (Table 7). All of the 11 enterococcal species tested were efficiently amplified and there was no amplification with genomic DNA from bacterial species of other genera.

[0100] For the selection of primers specific for Staphylococcus spp. (Annex III), we have also sequenced a portion of approximately 890 bp of the tuf genes for Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus and S. simulans. All other tuf sequences used in the alignment were either sequenced by us or selected from databases. The analysis of this sequence alignment led to the selection of two primer pairs specific and ubiquitous for Staphylococcus spp. (Table 7). Annex III shows the strategy used to select one of these two PCR primer pairs. The same strategy was used to select the other primer pair. Of the 14 staphylococcal species tested, one (S. sciuri) could not be amplified by the Staphylococcus-specific PCR assays using either one of these two primer pairs. For PCR assays using either one of these two primer pairs, there was no amplification with DNA from species of other bacterial genera.

Example 3

[0101] Selection from tuf sequences of PCR primers specific for Candida albicans. As shown in Annex IV, the comparison of tuf sequences from a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic species allowed the selection of PCR primers specific for Candida albicans. The strategy used to design the PCR primers was based on the analysis of a multiple sequence alignment of various tuf sequences. This multiple sequence alignment includes tuf sequences of five representative fungal species selected from the genus Candida which were determined by our group (i.e. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) as well as tuf sequences from other closely related fungal species. tuf sequences from various bacterial species were also included. A careful analysis of this sequence alignment allowed the selection of primers from the C. albicans tuf sequence; these primers discriminate sequences from other closely related Candida species and other fungal species, thereby permitting the species-specific and ubiquitous detection and identification of C. albicans (Table 7). All of 88 Candida albicans strains tested were efficiently amplified and there was no amplification with genomic DNA from other fungal or bacterial species.

Example 4

[0102] Selection of PCR primers specific for Streptococcus from recA. As shown in Annex V, the comparison of the various bacterial recA gene sequences available from databases (GenBank and EMBL) was used as a basis for the selection of PCR primers which are specific and ubiquitous for the bacterial genus Streptococcus. Since sequences of the recA gene are available for many bacterial species including five species of streptococci, it was possible to choose sequences well conserved within the genus Streptococcus but distinct from the recA sequences for other bacterial genera. When there were mismatches between the recA gene sequences from the five Streptococcus species, an inosine residue was incorporated into the primer (Annex V). The selected primers, each containing one inosine and no degenerescence, were specific and ubiquitous for Streptococcus species (Table 7). This PCR assay amplified all of the 22 streptococcal species tested. However, the Streptococcus-specific assay did not amplify DNA from 3 out of 9 strains of S. mutans and 1 out of 3 strains of S. salivarius. There was no amplification with genomic DNA from other bacterial genera (Table 7).

Example 5

[0103] Nucleotide sequencing of DNA fragments. The nucleotide sequence of a portion of the tuf genes from a variety of bacterial or fungal species was determined by using the dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing method (Sanger et al., 1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:5463-5467). The sequencing was performed by using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA sequencer (model 373A) with their PRISM™ Sequenase™ Terminator Double-stranded DNA Sequencing Kit (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Applied Biosystems Division, Foster City, Calif.). The sequencing strategy does not discriminate tufA and tufB genes because the sequencing primers hybridize efficiently to both bacterial tuf genes. These DNA sequences are shown in the sequence listing (SEQ ID Nos: 118 to 146). The presence of several degenerated nucleotides in the various tuf sequences determined by our group (Table 13) corresponds to sequence variations between tufA and tufB.

[0104] Oligonucleotide primers and probes selection. Oligonucleotide probes and amplification primers were selected from the given proprietary DNA fragments or database sequences using the Oligo™ program and were synthesized with an automated ABI DNA synthesizer (Model 391, Perkin-Elmer Corp., Applied Biosystems Division) using phosphoramidite chemistry.

Example 6

[0105] Labeling of oligonucleotides for hybridization assays. Each oligonucleotide was 5′ end-labeled with γ32P (dATP) by the T4 polynucleotide kinase (Pharmacia) as described earlier. The label could also be non-radioactive.

[0106] Specificity test for oliqonucleotide probes. All labeled oligonucleotide probes were tested for their specificity by hybridization to DNAs from a variety of bacterial and fungal species selected from Tables 4, 5 and 6 as described earlier. Species-specific or genus-specific probes were those hybridizing only to DNA from the microbial species or genus from which it was isolated. Oligonucleotide probes found to be specific were submitted to ubiquity tests as follows.

[0107] Ubiquity test for oligonucleotide probes. Specific oligonucleotide probes were then used in ubiquity tests with strains of the target species or genus including reference strains and other strains obtained from various countries and which are representative of the diversity within each target species or genus. Chromosomal DNAs from the isolates were transferred onto nylon membranes and hybridized with labeled oligonucleotide probes as described for specificity tests. The batteries of isolates constructed for each target species or genus contain reference ATCC strains as well as a variety of clinical isolates obtained from various sources. Ubiquitous probes were those hybridizing to at least 80% of DNAs from the battery of clinical isolates of the target species or genus.

Example 7

[0108] Same as example 6 except that a pool of specific oligonucleotide probes is used for microbial identification (i) to increase sensitivity and assure 100% ubiquity or (ii) to identify simultaneously more than one microbial species and/or genus. Microbial identification could be performed from microbial cultures or directly from any clinical specimen.

Example 8

[0109] Same as example 6 except that bacteria or fungi were detected directly from clinical samples. Any biological sample was loaded directly onto a dot blot apparatus and cells were lysed in situ for bacterial or fungal detection and identification. Blood samples should be heparizined in order to avoid coagulation interfering with-their convenient loading on a dot blot apparatus.

Example 9

[0110] PCR amplification. The technique of PCR was used to increase the sensitivity and the rapidity of the assays. The sets of primers were tested in PCR assays performed directly from bacterial colonies or from a standardized bacterial suspension (see Example 10) to determine their specificity and ubiquity (Table 7). Examples of specific and ubiquitous PCR primer pairs are listed in Annex VI.

[0111] Specificity and ubiquity tests for amplification primers. The specificity of all selected PCR primer pairs was tested against DNAs from a variety of bacterial and fungal species selected from Tables 4, 5 and 6 as described earlier. Primer pairs found specific for each species or genus were then tested for their ubiquity to ensure that each set of primers could amplify at least 90% of DNAs from a battery of isolates of the target species or genus. The batteries of isolates constructed for each species contain reference ATCC strains and various clinical isolates from around the world which are representative of the diversity within each species or genus.

[0112] Standard precautions to avoid false positive PCR results should be taken (Kwok and Higuchi, 1989, Nature, 239:237-238). Methods to inactivate PCR amplification products such as the inactivation by uracil-N-glycosylase may be used to control PCR carryover.

Example 10

[0113] Amplification directly from bacterial or yeast cultures. PCR assays were performed either directly from a bacterial colony or from a bacterial suspension, the latter being adjusted to a standard McFarland 0.5 (corresponds to approximately 1.5×108 bacteria/mL). In the case of direct amplification from a colony, a portion of a colony was transferred using a plastic rod directly into a 20 μL PCR reaction mixture containing 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 0.1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.4 μM of each primer, 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs and 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega) combined with the TaqStar™ antibody (Clontech Laboratories Inc.). For the bacterial suspension, 1 μL of the cell suspension was added to 19 μL of the same PCR reaction mixture. For the identification from yeast cultures, 1 μL of a standard McFarland 1.0 (corresponds to approximately 3.0×108 bacteria/mL) concentrated 100 times by centrifugation was added directly to the PCR reaction. This concentration step for yeast cells was performed because a McFarland 0.5 for yeast cells has approximately 200 times fewer cells than a McFarland 0.5 for bacterial cells.

[0114] PCR reactions were then subjected to thermal cycling (3 min at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles of 1 second at 95° C. for the denaturation step and 30 seconds at 55° C. for the annealing-extension step) using a PTC-200 thermal cycler. PCR amplification products were then analyzed by standard agarose gel (2%) electrophoresis. Amplification products were visualized in agarose gels containing 0.25 μg/mrL of ethidium bromide under UV at 254 nm. The entire PCR assay can be completed in approximately one hour.

[0115] Primer sequences derived from highly conserved regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene were used to provide an internal control for all PCR reactions. Alternatively, the internal control was derived from sequences not found in microorganisms or in the human genome. The internal control was integrated into all amplification reactions to verify the efficiency of the PCR assays and to ensure that significant PCR inhibition was absent. The internal control derived from rRNA was also useful to monitor the efficiency of the bacterial lysis protocols. The internal control and the species-specific or genus-specific amplifications were performed simultaneously in multiplex PCR assays.

Example 11

[0116] Amplification directly from urine specimens. For PCR amplification performed directly from urine specimens, 1 μL of urine was mixed with 4 μL of a lysis solution containing 500 mM KCl, 100 mM tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 1% triton X-100. After incubation for at least 15 minutes at room temperature, 1 μL of the treated urine specimen was added directly to 19 μL of the PCR reaction mixture. The final concentration of the PCR reagents was 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris (pH 9.0), 0.1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.4 μM of each primer, 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs. In addition, each 20 μL reaction contained 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega) combined with the TaqStart™ antibody (Clontech Laboratories Inc.).

[0117] Strategies for the internal control, PCR amplification and agarose gel detection of the amplicons are as previously described in example 10.

Example 12

[0118] Detection of antibiotic resistance genes. The presence of specific antibiotic resistance genes which are frequently encountered and clinically relevant is identified using the PCR amplification or hybridization protocols described previously. Specific oligonucleotides used as a basis for the DNA-based tests are selected from the antibiotic resistance gene sequences. These tests, which allow the rapid evaluation of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents, can be performed either directly from clinical specimens, from a standardized bacterial suspension or from a bacterial colony and should complement diagnostic tests for the universal detection of bacteria as well as for the species-specific and genus-specific microbial detection and identification.

Example 13

[0119] Same as examples 10 and 11 except that assays were performed by multiplex PCR (i.e. using several pairs of primers in a single PCR reaction) to reach an ubiquity of 100% for the specific targeted pathogen(s). For more heterogeneous microbial species or genus, a combination of PCR primer pairs may be required to detect and identify all representatives of the target species or genus.

[0120] Multiplex PCR assays could also be used to (i) detect simultaneously several microbial species and/or genera or, alternatively, (ii) to simultaneously detect and identify bacterial and/or fungal pathogens and detect specific antibiotic resistance genes either directly from a clinical specimen or from bacterial cultures.

[0121] For these applications, amplicon detection methods should be adapted to differentiate the various amplicons produced. Standard agarose gel electrophoresis could be used because it discriminates the amplicons based on their sizes. Another useful strategy for this purpose would be detection using a variety of fluorescent dyes emitting at different wavelengths. The fluorescent dyes can be each coupled with a specific oligonucleotide linked to a fluorescence quencher which is degraded during amplification to release the fluorescent dyes (e.g. TaqMan™, Perkin Elmer).

Example 14

[0122] Detection of amplification products. The person skilled in the art will appreciate that alternatives other than standard agarose gel electrophoresis (Example 10) may be used for the revelation of amplification products. Such methods may be based on fluorescence polarization or on the detection of fluorescence after amplification (e.g. Amplisensor™, Biotronics; TaqMan™, Perkin-Elmer Corp.) or other labels such as biotin (SHARP Signal™ system, Digene Diagnostics). These methods are quantitative and may be automated. One of the amplification primers or an internal oligonucleotide probe specific to the amplicon(s) derived from the species-specific, genus-specific or universal DNA fragments is coupled with the fluorescent dyes or with any other label. Methods based on the detection of fluorescence are particularly suitable for diagnostic tests since they are rapid and flexible as fluorescent dyes emitting at different wavelengths are available.

Example 15

[0123] Species-specific, genus-specific, universal and antibiotic resistance gene amplification primers can be used in other rapid amplification procedures such as the ligase chain reaction (LCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), self-sustained sequence replication (3SR), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), cycling probe technology (CPT) and branched DNA (bDNA) or any other methods to increase the sensitivity of the test. Amplifications can be performed from isolated bacterial cultures or directly from any clinical specimen. The scope of this invention is therefore not limited to the use of the DNA sequences from the enclosed Sequence Listing for PCR only but rather includes the use of any procedures to specifically detect bacterial DNA and which may be used to increase rapidity and sensitivity of the tests.

Example 16

[0124] A test kit would contain sets of probes specific for each microbial species or genus as well as a set of universal probes. The kit is provided in the form of test components, consisting of the set of universal probes labeled with non-radioactive labels as well as labeled species- or genus-specific probes for the detection of each pathogen of interest in specific types of clinical samples. The kit will also include test reagents necessary to perform the pre-hybridization, hybridization, washing steps and hybrid detection. Finally, test components for the detection of known antibiotic resistance genes (or derivatives therefrom) will be included. Of course, the kit will include standard samples to be used as negative and positive controls for each hybridization test.

[0125] Components to be included in the kits will be adapted to each specimen type and to detect pathogens commonly encountered in that type of specimen. Reagents for the universal detection of bacteria will also be included. Based on the sites of infection, the following kits for the specific detection of pathogens may be developed:

[0126] A kit for the universal detection of bacterial or fungal pathogens from all clinical specimens which contains sets of probes specific for highly conserved regions of the microbial genomes.

[0127] A kit for the detection of microbial pathogens retrieved from urine samples, which contains 5 specific test components (sets of probes for the detection of Enterococcus faecium, Enteroccus species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus species and Candida albicans).

[0128] A kit for the detection of respiratory pathogens which contains 3 specific test components (sets of probes for the detection of Staphylococcus species, Enterococcus species and Candida albicans).

[0129] A kit for the detection of pathogens retrieved from blood samples, which contains 10 specific test components (sets of probes for the detection of Streptococcus species, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus species, Enterococcus faecium, Neisseria species, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans). This kit can also be applied for direct detection and identification from blood cultures.

[0130] A kit for the detection of pathogens causing meningitis, which contains 5 specific test components (sets of probes for the detection of Streptococcus species, Listedia monocytogenes, Neisseda meningitidis, Neisseda species and Staphylococcus species).

[0131] A kit for the detection of clinically important antibiotic resistance genes which contains sets of probes for the specific detection of at least one of the 26 following genes associated with antibiotic resistance: blatem, blarob, blashv, blaoxa, blaZ, aadB, aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, aacA4, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, mecA, vanA, vanB, vanC, satA, aac(6′)-aph(2″), aad(6′), vat, vga, msrA, sul and int.

[0132] Other kits adapted for the detection of pathogens from skin, abdominal wound or any other clinically relevant infections may also be developed.

Example 17

[0133] Same as example 16 except that the test kits contain all reagents and controls to perform DNA amplification assays. Diagnostic kits will be adapted for amplification by PCR (or other amplification methods) performed directly either from clinical specimens or from microbial cultures. Components required for (i) universal bacterial detection, (ii) species-specific and genus-specific bacterial and/or fungal detection and identification and (iii) detection of antibiotic resistance genes will be included.

[0134] Amplification assays could be performed either in tubes or in microtitration plates having multiple wells. For assays in plates, the wells will contain the specific amplification primers and control DNAs and the detection of amplification products will be automated. Reagents and amplification primers for universal bacterial detection will be included in kits for tests performed directly from clinical specimens. Components required for species-specific and genus-specific bacterial and/or fungal detection and identification as well as for the simultaneous antibiotic resistance genes detection will be included in kits for testing directly from bacterial or fungal cultures as well as in kits for testing directly from any type of clinical specimen.

[0135] The kits will be adapted for use with each type of specimen as described in example 16 for hybridization-based diagnostic kits.

Example 18

[0136] It is understood that the use of the probes and amplification primers described in this invention for bacterial and/or fungal detection and identification is not limited to clinical microbiology applications. In fact, we feel that other sectors could also benefit from these new technologies. For example, these tests could be used by industries for quality control of food, water, air, pharmaceutical products or other products requiring microbiological control. These tests could also be applied to detect and identify bacteria or fungi in biological samples from organisms other than humans (e.g. other primates, birds, plants, mammals, farm animals, livestock and others). These diagnostic tools could also be very useful for research purposes including clinical trials and epidemiological studies.

[0137] This invention has been described herein above, and it is readily apparent that modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit of this invention. These modifications are under the scope of this invention, as defined in the appended claims.

1TABLE 1Distribution (%) of nosocomial pathogens for various humaninfections in USA (1990-1992)1.PathogenUTI2SSI3BSI4PneumoniaCSF5Escherichia coli279542Staphylococcus aureus22117212Staphylococcus epidermidis262001Enterococcus faecalis1612920Enterococcus faecium11000Pseudomonas aeruginosa1293180Klebsiella pneumoniae73490Proteus mirabilis53120Streptococcus pneumoniae003118Group B Streptococci11216Other Streptococci35213Haemophilus influenzae000645Neisseria meningitidis000014Listeria monocytogenes00003Other Enterococci11000Other Staphylococci281320Candida albicans93550Other Candida21310Enterobacter spp.574122Acinetobacter spp.11242Citrobacter spp.21110Serratia marcescens11131Other Klebsiella11121Others064501Data recorded by the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) from 80 hospitals (Emori and Gaynes, 1993, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 6: 428-442). 2Urinary tract infection. 3Surgical site infection. 4Bloodstream infection. 5Cerebrospinal fluid.

[0138]

2

TABLE 2

Distribution (%) of bloodstream infection pathogens in

Quebec (1995), Canada (1992), UK (1969-1988) and USA

(1990-1992).

UK3

Community-

USA4 Hospital-

Organism
Quebec1
Canada2
acquired
Hospital-acquired
acquired

E. coil

15.6
53.8
24.8
20.3
5.0

S. epidermidis

25.8

NI6
0.5
7.2
31.0

and other CoNS5

S. aureus

9.6
NI
9.7
19.4
16.0

S. pneumoniae

6.3
NI
22.5
2.2

NR7

E. faecalis

3.0
NI
1.0
4.2
NR

E. faecium

2.6
NI
0.2
0.5
NR

Enterococcus
NR
NI
NR
NR
9.0

spp.

H. influenzae

1.5
NR
3.4
0.4
NR

P. aeruginosa

1.5
8.2
1.0
8.2
3.0

K. pneumoniae

3.0
11.2
3.0
9.2
4.0

P. mirabilis

NR
3.9
2.8
5.3
1.0

S. pyogenes

NR
NI
1.9
0.9
NR

Enterobacter spp.
4.1
5.5
0.5
2.3
4.0

Candida spp.
8.5
NI
NR
1.0
8.0

Others
18.5
17.48
28.7
18.9
19.0

1
Data obtained for 270 isolates collected at the Centre Hospitalier de I'Universite Laval (CHUL) during a 5 month period (May to October 1995).

2
Data from 10 hospitals throughout Canada representing 941 gram-negative bacterial isolates. (Chamberland et al., 1992, Clin. Infect. Dis., 15: 615-628).

3
Data from a 20-year study (1969-1988) for nearly 4000 isolates (Eykyn et al., 1990, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., Suppl. C, 25: 41-58).

4
Data recorded by the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) from 80 hospitals (Emori and Gaynes, 1993, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 6: 428-442).

5
Coagulase-negative staphylococci.

6
NI, not included. This survey included only gram-negative species.

7
NR, incidence not reported for these species or genera.

8
In this case, 17.4 stands for other gram-negative bacterial species.

[0139]

3

TABLE 3

Distribution of positive and negative clinical specimens tested at

the microbiology laboratory of the CHUL (February 1994 -January

1995).

Clinical specimens
No. of samples
% of positive
% of negative

and/or sites
tested (%)
specimens
specimens

Urine
17,981 (54.5)
19.4
80.6

Blood culture/marrow
10,010 (30.4)
6.9
93.1

Sputum
1,266 (3.8)
68.4
31.6

Superficial pus
1,136 (3.5)
72.3
27.7

Cerebrospinal fluid
553 (1.7)
1.0
99.0

Synovial fluid
523 (1.6)
2.7
97.3

Respiratory tract
502 (1.5)
56.6
43.4

Deep pus
473 (1.4)
56.8
43.2

Ears
289 (0.9)
47.1
52.9

Pleural and pericardial
132 (0.4)
1.0
99.0

fluid

Peritoneal fluid
101 (0.3)
28.6
71.4

Total:
32,966 (100.0)
20.0
80.0

[0140]

4

TABLE 4

Gram-negative bacterial species (90) used to test the specificity of

PCR primers and DNA probes (continues on next page).

Number of

reference

strains

Bacterial species
testeda

Acinetobacter baumannii

1

Acinetobacter lwoffii

3

Actinobacillus lignieresii

1

Alcaligenes faecalis

1

Alcaligenes odorans

1

Alcaligenes xylosoxydans

1

subsp. denitrificans

Bacteroides distasonis

1

Bacteroides fragilis

1

Bacteroides ovatus

1

Bacteroides

1

thetaiotaomicron

Bacteroides vulgatus

1

Bordetella bronchiseptica

1

Bordetella parapertussis

1

Bordetella pertussis

2

Burkholderia cepacia

1

Citrobacter amalonaticus

1

Citrobacter diversus

2

subsp. koseri

Citrobacter freundii

1

Comamonas acidovorans

1

Enterobacter aerogenes

1

Enterobacter

1

agglomerans

Enterobacter cloacae

1

Escherichia coil

9

Escherichia fergusonii

1

Escherichia hermannii

1

Escherichia vulneris

1

Flavobacterium

1

meningosepticum

Flavobacterium

1

indologenes

Flavobacterium odoratum

1

Fusobacterium

2

necrophorum

Gardnerella vaginalis

1

Haemophilus

1

haemolyticus

Haemophilus influenzae

12

Haemophilus

1

parahaemolyticus

Haemophilus

2

parainfluenzae

Hafnia alvei

1

Kingella indologenes

1

subsp. suttonella

Kingella kingae

1

Klebsiella ornithinolytica

1

Klebsiella oxytoca

1

Klebsiella pneumoniae

8

Moraxella atlantae

1

Moraxella catarrhalis

5

Moraxella lacunata

1

Moraxella osloensis

1

Moraxella phenylpyruvica

1

Morganella morganii

1

Neisseria animalis

1

Neisseria canis

1

Neisseria caviae

1

Neisseria cinerea

1

Neisseria cuniculi

1

Neisseria elongata

1

subsp. elongata

Neisseria elongata

1

subsp. glycoytica

Neisseria flavescens

1

Neisseria flavescens

1

Branham

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

18

Neisseria lactamica

1

Neisseria meningitidis

4

Neisseria mucosa

2

Neisseria polysaccharea

1

Neisseria sicca

3

Neisseria subflava

3

Neisseria weaveri

1

Ochrobactrum antropi

1

Pasteurella aerogenes

1

Pasteurella multocida

1

Prevotella melaninogenica

1

Proteus mirabilis

3

Proteus vulgaris

1

Providencia alcalifaciens

1

Providencia rettgeri

1

Providencia rustigianii

1

Providencia stuartii

1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

14

Pseudomonas fluorescens

2

Pseudomonas stutzeri

1

Salmonella arizonae

1

Salmonella choleraesuis

1

Salmonella gallinarum

1

Salmonella typhimurium

3

Serratia liquefaciens

1

Serratia marcescens

1

Shewanella putida

1

Shigella boydii

1

Shigella dysenteriae

1

Shigella flexneri

1

Shigella sonnei

1

Stenotrophomonas

1

maltophilia

Yersinia enterocolitica

1

a
Most reference strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The other reference strains were obtained from (i) the Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec (LSPQ), (ii) the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and (iii) the National Culture Type Collection (NCTC).

[0141]

5

TABLE 5

Gram-positive bacterial species (97) used to test the specificity of

PCR primers and DNA probes (continues on next page).

Number of

reference

strains

Bacterial species
testeda

Abiotrophia adiacens

1

Abiotrophia defectiva

1

Actinomyces israelii

1

Clostridium perfringens

1

Corynebacterium accolens

1

Corynebacterium

1

aquaticum

Corynebacterium bovis

1

Corynebacterium cervicis

1

Corynebacterium

6

diphteriae

Corynebacterium

1

flavescens

Corynebacterium

6

genitalium

Corynebacterium jeikeium

1

Corynebacterium kutcheri

1

Corynebacterium

1

matruchotii

Corynebacterium

1

minutissimum

Corynebacterium

1

mycetoides

Corynebacterium

1

pseudodiphtheriticum

Corynebacterium

6

pseudogenitalium

Corynebacterium renale

1

Corynebacterium striatum

1

Corynebacterium ulcerans

1

Corynebacterium

1

urealyticum

Corynebacterium xerosis

1

Enterococcus avium

1

Enterococcus

1

casseliflavus

Enterococcus cecorum

1

Enterococcus dispar

1

Enterococcus durans

1

Enterococcus faecalis

6

Enterococcus faecium

3

Enterococcus flavescens

1

Enterococcus gallinarum

3

Enterococcus hirae

1

Enterococcus mundtii

1

Enterococcus

1

pseudoavium

Enterococcus raffinosus

1

Enterococcus

1

saccharolyticus

Enterococcus solitarius

1

Eubacterium lentum

1

Gemella haemolysans

1

Gemella morbillorum

1

Lactobacillus acidophilus

1

Listeria innocua

1

Listeria ivanovii

1

Listeria grayi

1

Listeria monocytogenes

3

Listeria murrayi

1

Listeria seeligeri

1

Listeria welshimeri

1

Micrococcus kristinae

1

Micrococcus luteus

1

Micrococcus lylae

1

Micrococcus roseus

1

Micrococcus varians

1

Peptococcus niger

1

Peptostreptococcus

1

anaerobius

Peptostreptococcus

1

asaccharolyticus

Staphylococcus aureus

10

Staphylococcus auricularis

1

Staphylococcus capitis

1

subsp. urealyticus

Staphylococcus cohnii

1

Staphylococcus epidermidis

2

Staphylococcus

2

haemolyticus

Staphylococcus hominis

2

Staphylococcus

1

lugdunensis

Staphylococcus

3

saprophyticus

Staphylococcus schleiferi

1

Staphylococcus sciuri

1

Staphylococcus simulans

1

Staphylococcus wameri

1

Staphylococcus xylosus

1

Streptococcus agalactiae

6

Streptococcus anginosus

2

Streptococcus bovis

2

Streptococcus constellatus

1

Streptococcus crista

1

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

1

Streptococcus equi

1

Streptococcus gordonii

1

Group C Streptococci
1

Group D Streptococci
1

Group E Streptococci
1

Group F Streptococci
1

Group G Streptococci
1

Streptococcus intermedius

1

Streptococcus mitis

2

Streptococcus mutans

1

Streptococcus oralis

1

Streptococcus parasanguis

1

Streptococcus pneumoniae

6

Streptococcus pyogenes

3

Streptococcus salivarius

2

Streptococcus sanguis

2

Streptococcus sobrinus

1

Streptococcus suis

1

Streptococcus uberis

1

Streptococcus vestibularis

1

a
Most reference strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The other reference strains were obtained from (i) the Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec (LSPQ), (ii) the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and (iii) the National Culture Type Collection (NCTC).

[0142]

6

TABLE 6

Fungal species (12) used to test the specificity of PCR primers and

DNA probes.

Number of reference

Fungal species
strains testeda

Candida albicans

12

Candida glabrata

1

Candida guilliermondii

1

Candida kefyr

3

Candida krusei

2

Candida lusitaniae

1

Candida parapsilosis

2

Candida tropicalis

3

Rhodotorula glutinis

1

Rhodotorula minuta

1

Rhodotorula rubra

1

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1

a
Most reference strains were obtained from (i) the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and (ii) the Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec (LSPQ).

[0143]

7

TABLE 7

PCR assays developed for several clinically important bacterial

and fungal pathogens (continues on next page).

Primer Paira
Amplicon

DNA amplification from

Organism
SEQ ID NO
size (bp)
Ubiquityb
culturec
specimensd

Enterococcus faecium

1-2
216
79/80
+
+

Listeria monocytogenes

3-4
130
164/168e
+
+

Neisseria meningitidis

5-6
177
258/258
+
+

Staphylococcus

7-8
149
245/260
+
NT

saprophyticus

Streptococcus

9-10
154
29/29
+
+

agalactiae

Candida albicans

11-12
149
88/88
+
NT

Enterococcus
13-14
112
87/57
+
NT

spp. (11 species)f

Neisseria spp.
15-16
103
321/321
+
+

(12 species)f

Staphylococcus spp.
17-18
192
13/14
+
NT

(14 species)
19-20
221
13/14
+
NT

Streptococcus spp.
21-22
153
210/214g
+
+

(22 species)f

Universal detectionh
23-24
309
104/116i
+
+

(95 species)i

a
All primer pairs are specific in PCR assays since no amplification was observed with DNA from the bacterial and fungal species other than the species of interest listed in Tables 4, 5 and 6.

b
Ubiquity was tested by using reference strains as well as strains from throughout the world, which are representatite of the diversity within each target species or genus.

c
For all primer pairs, PCR amplifications performed directly from a standardized microbial suspension (MacFarland) or from a colony were all specific and ubiquitous.

d
PCR assays performed directly from blood cultures, urine specimens or cerebrospinal fluid. NT, not tested.

e
The four L. monocytogenes strains undetected are not clinical isolates. These strains were isolated from food and are not associated with a human infection.

f
The bacterial species tested include all those clinically relevant for each genus (Tables 4 and 5). All of these species were efficiently amplified by their respective genus-specific PCR assay, except for the Staphylococcus-specific assay, which does not amplify S. sciuri.

g
The Streptococcus-specific PCR assay did not amplify 3 out of 9 strains of S. mutans and 1 out of 3 strains of S. salivarius.

h
The primers selected for universal bacterial detection do not amplify DNA of non-bacterial origin, including human and other types of eukaryotic genomic DNA.

i
For the universal amplification, the 95 bacterial species tested represent the most clinically important bacterial species listed in Tables 4 and 5. The 12 strains not amplified are representatives of genera Corynebacterium (11 species) and Stenotrophomonas (1 species).

[0144]

8

TABLE 8

Target genes for the various genus-specific, species-specific and

universal amplification assays.

Microorganisms
Gene
Protein encoded

Candida albicans

tuf
translation elongation factor EF-Tu

Enterococcus faecium

ddl
D-alanine:D-alanine ligase

Listeria monocytogenes

actA
actin-assembly inducing protein

Neisseria meningitidis

omp
outer membrane protein

Streptococcus agalactiae

cAMP
cAMP factor

Staphylococcus

unknown
unknown

saprophyticus

Enterococcus spp.
tuf
translation elongation factor EF-Tu

Neisseria spp.
asd
ASA-dehydrogenase

Staphylococcus spp.
tuf
translation elongation factor EF-Tu

Streptococcus spp.
recA
RecA protein

Universal detection
tuf
translation elongation factor EF-Tu

[0145]

9

TABLE 9

Antibiotic resistance genes selected for diagnostic purposes.

SEQ ID NOs

selected
originating

Genes
primers
fragment
Antibiotics
Bacteriaa

blaoxa
49-50
110
β-lactams
Enterobacteriaceae,

Pseudomonadaceae

blaZ
51-52
111
β-lactams
Enterococcus spp.

aac6′-IIa
61-64
112
Amino-
Pseudomonadaceae

glycosides

ermA
91-92
113
Macrolides
Staphylococcus spp.

ermB
93-94
114
Macrolides
Staphylococcus spp.

ermC
95-96
115
Macrolides
Staphylococcus spp.

vanB
71-74
116
Vancomycin
Enterococcus spp.

vanC
75-76
117
Vancomycin
Enterococcus spp.

aad(6′)
173-174
—
Streptomycin
Enterococcus spp.

a
Bacteria having high incidence for the specified antibiotic resistance genes. The presence of these antibiotic resistance genes in other bacteria is not excluded.

[0146]

10

TABLE 10

Antibiotic resistance genes from our co-pending US (N.S.

08/526840) and PCT (PCT/CA/95/00528) patent applications for

which we have selected PCR primer pairs.

SEQ ID NOs

Genes
of selected primers
Antibiotics
Bacteriaa

blatem
37-40
β-lactams
Enterobacteriaceae,

Pseudomonadaceae,

Haemophilus spp.,

Neisseria spp.

blarob
45-48
β-lactams
Haemophilus spp.,

Pasteurella spp.

blashv
41-44
β-lactams
Klebsiella spp.

and other

Enterobacteriaceae

aadB
53-54
Aminoglycosides
Enterobacteriaceae,

aacC1
55-56

Pseudomonadaceae

aacC2
57-58

aacC3
59-60

aacA4
65-66

mecA
97-98
β-lactams
Staphylococcus spp.

vanA
67-70
Vancomycin
Enterococcus spp.

satA
81-82
Macrolides
Enterococcus spp.

aac(6′)-
83-86
Aminoglycosides
Enterococcus spp.,

aph(2″)

Staphylococcus spp.

vat
87-88
Macrolides
Staphylococcus spp.

vga
89-90
Macrolides
Staphylococcus spp.

msrA
77-80
Erythromycin
Staphylococcus spp.

int
99-102
β-lactams,
Enterobacteriaceae,

trimethoprim,

sul
103-106
aminoglycosides,
Pseudomonadaceae

antiseptic,

chloramphenicol

a
Bacteria having high incidence for the specified antibiotic resistance genes. The presence of these antibiotic resistance genes in other bacteria is not excluded.

[0147]

11

TABLE 11

Correlation between disk diffusion and PCR amplification of

antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus speciesa.

Disk diffusion

(Kirby-Bauer)b

Antibiotic
Phenotype
PCR
Resistant
Intermediate
Sensitive

Penicillin
b/aZ
+
165
0
0

−
0
0
31

Oxacillin
mecA
+
51
11
4

−
2
0
128

Gentamycin
aac(6′)
+
24
18
6

aph(2″)
−
0
0
148

Erythromycin
ermA
+
15
0
0

ermB
+
0
0
0

ermC
+
43
0
0

msrA
+
4
0
0

−
0
1
136

a
The Staphylococcus strains studied include S. aureus (82 strains), S. epidermidis (83 strains), S. hominis (2 strains), S. capitis (3 strains), S. haemolyticus (9 strains), S. simulans (12 strains) and S. warneri (5 strains), for a total of 196 strains.

b
Susceptibility testing was performed by the method of Kirby-Bauer according to the protocol reccommended by the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).

[0148]

12

TABLE 12

Correlation between disk diffusion profiles and PCR amplification

of antibiotic resistance genes in Enterococcus speciesa.

Disk diffusion

(Kirby-Bauer)b

Antibiotic
Phenotype
PCR
Resistant
Sensitive

Ampicillin
blaZ
+
0
2

−
1
30

Gentamycin
aac(6′)aph(2″)
+
51
1

−
3
38

Streptomycin
aad(6′)
+
26
15

−
6
27

Vancomycin
vanA
+
36
0

vanB
+
26
0

−
0
40

a
The Enterococcus strains studied include E. faecalis (33 strains) and E. faecium (69 strains), for a total of 102 strains.

b
Susceptibility testing was performed by the method of Kirby-Bauer according to the protocol reccommended by the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).

[0149]

13

TABLE 13

Origin of tuf sequences in the Sequence Listing (continues on next

page).

SEQ ID NO
Bacterial or fungal species
Source

118

Abiotrophia adiacens

This patent

119

Abiotrophia defectiva

This patent

120

Candida albicans

This patent

121

Candida glabrata

This patent

122

Candida krusei

This patent

123

Candida parapsilosis

This patent

124

Candida tropicalis

This patent

125

Corynebacterium accolens

This patent

126

Corynebacterium diphteriae

This patent

127

Corynebacterium genitalium

This patent

128

Corynebacterium jeikeium

This patent

129

Corynebacterium

This patent

pseudotuberculosis

130

Corynebacterium striatum

This patent

131

Enterococcus avium

This patent

132

Enterococcus faecalis

This patent

133

Enterococcus faecium

This patent

134

Enterococcus gallinarum

This patent

135

Gardnerella vaginalis

This patent

136

Listeria innocua

This patent

137

Listeria ivanovii

This patent

138

Listeria monocytogenes

This patent

139

Listena seeligeri

This patent

140

Staphylococcus aureus

This patent

141

Staphylococcus epidermidis

This patent

142

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

This patent

143

Staphylococcus simulans

This patent

144

Streptococcus agalactiae

This patent

145

Streptococcus pneumoniae

This patent

146

Streptococcus salivarius

This patent

147

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Database

148

Bacillus subtilis

Database

149

Bacteroides fragilis

Database

150

Borrelia burgdorferi

Database

151

Brevibacterium linens

Database

152

Burkholderia cepacia

Database

153

Chlamydia trachomatis

Database

154

Escherichia coli

Database

155

Fibrobacter succinogenes

Database

156

Flavobacterium ferrugineum

Database

157

Haemophilus influenzae

Database

158

Helicobacter pylori

Database

159

Micrococcus luteus

Database

160

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Database

161

Mycoplasma genitalium

Database

162

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Database

163

Rickettsia prowazekii

Database

164

Salmonella typhimurium

Database

165

Shewanella putida

Database

166

Stigmatella aurantiaca

Database

167

Streptococcus pyogenes

Database

168

Thiobacillus cuprinus

Database

169

Treponema pallidum

Database

170

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Database

171

Wolinella succinogenes

Database

[0150]

14

ANNEX I:

Strategy for the selection from tuf sequences of the universal

amplification primers (continues on pages 49 to 51).

SEQ

491 517...776 802
ID NO

Abiotrophia

CAACTGTAAC TGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCTGGT GATAACGTAA
118

adiacens

Abiotrophia

CTACCGTTAC CGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCAGGC GACAACGTAC
119

defectiva

Agrobacterium

CGACTGTTAC CGGCGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGC GACAACGTCA
147

tumefaciens

Bacillus

CAACTGTTAC AGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGA GATAACACTG
148

subtilis

Bacteroides

CAGTTGTAAC AGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCGGGT GATAACGTAA
149

fragilis

Borrelia

CTACTGTTAC TGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGT GATAATGTTG
150

burgdorferi

Brevibacterium

CGACTGTCAC CGCTATCGAG ATGTTCC...AGATGGT CATGCCCGGC GACACCACCG
151

linens

Burkholderia

CGACCTGCAC GGGCGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT CATGCCGGGC GACAACGTGT
152

cepacia

Chlamydia

CGATTGTTAC TGGGGTTGAA ATGTTCA...AGATGGT CATGCCTGGG GATAACGTTG
153

trachomatis

Corynebacterium

CCACCGTTAC CGGTATCGAG ATGTTCC...AGATGGT CATGCCTGGC GACAACGTCG
126

diphteriae

Corynebacterium

CCACCGTTAC CTCCATCGAG ATGTTCA...AGATGGT TATGCCGGGC GACAACGTTG
127

genitalium

Corynebacterium

CCACCGTTAC CTCCATCGAG ATGTTCA...AGATGGT TATGCCGGGC GACAACGTTG
128

jeikeium

Enterococcus

CAACYGTTAC AGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCTGGT GATAACGTTG
132

faecalis

Enterococcus

CAACAGTTAC TGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT CATGCCCGGT GACAACGT..
133

faecium

Esch richia

CTACCTGTAC TGGCGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AGATGGT AATGCCGGGC GACAACATCA
154

coli

Fibrobacter

ACGTCATCAC CGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TACTCCGGGT GACACGGTCA
155

succinogenes

Flavobacterium

CTACCGTTAC AGGTGTTGAG ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGT GATAACACCA
156

ferrugineum

Gardnerella

CCACCGTCAC CTCTATCGAG ACCTTCC...AAATGGT TCAGCCAGGC GATCACGCAA
135

vaginalis

Haemophilus

CTACTGTAAC GGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCAGGC GATAACATCA
157

influenzae

Helicobacter

CGACTGTAAC CGGTGTAGAA ATGTTTA...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGC GATAATGTGA
158

pylori

Listeria

TAGTAGTAAC TGGAGTAGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AAYGCCTGGT GATAACATTG
138

monocytogenes

Micrococcus

CCACTGTCAC CGGCATCGAG ATGTTCC...AGATGGT CATGCCCGGC GACAACACCG
159

luteus

Mycobacterium

CCACCGTCAC CGGTGTGGAG ATGTTCC...AGATGGT GATGCCCGGT GACAACACCA
160

tuberculosis

Mycoplasma

CAGTTGTTAC TGGAATTGAA ATGTTCA...AAATGGT TCTACCTGGT GATAATGCTT
161

genitalium

Neisseria

CCACCTGTAC CGGCGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCGGGT GAGAACGTAA
162

gonorrhoeae

Rickettsia

CGACTTGTAC AGGTGTAGAA ATGTTCA...AGATGGT TATGCCTGGA GATAATGCTA
163

prowazekii

Salmonella

CTACCTGTAC TGGCGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AGATGGT AATGCCGGGC GACAACATCA
164

typhimurium

Shewanella

CAACGTGTCA TGGTGTAGAA ATGTTCC...AGATGGT AATGCCAGGC GATAACATCA
165

putida

Stigmatella

CGGTCATCAC GGGGGTGGAG ATGTTCC...AGATGGT GATGCCGGGA GACAACATCG
166

aurantiaca

Staphylococcus

CAACTGTTAC AGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCTGGT GATAACGTTG
140

aureus

Staphylococcus

CAACTGTTAC TGGTGTAGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGC GACAACGTTG
141

epidermidis

Streptococcus

CAGTTGTTAC TGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGT GATAACGTTA
144

agalactiae

Streptococcus

CAGTTGTTAC TGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT AATGCCTGGT GATAACGTGA
145

pneumoniae

Streptococcus

CTGTTGTTAC TGGTGTTGAA ATGTTCC...AAATGGT TATGCCTGGT GATAACGTGA
167

pyogenes

Thiobacillus

CCACCTGCAC CGGCGTGGAA ATGTTCA...AAATGGT CATGCCCGGC GATAATGTGA
168

cuprinus

Treponema

CAGTGGTTAC TGGCATTGAG ATGTTTA...ACATGGT GAAGCCGGGG GATAACACCA
169

pallidum

Ureaplasma

CTGTTGTTAC AGGAATTGAA ATGTTTA...ATTTGGT TATGCCAGGT GATGACGTTG
170

urealyticum

Wolniella

CAACCGTAAC TGGCGTTGAG ATGTTCC...AGATGGT TATGCCTGGT GACAACGTTA
171

succinogenes

Candida

GTGTTACCAC TGAAGTCAAR TCCGTTG...AGRAATT GGAAGAAAAT CCAAAATTCG
120

albicans

Schizo-

GTGTCACTAC CGAAGTCAAG TCTGTTG...AGAAGAT TGAGGAGTCC CCTAAGTTTG

saccharomyces

pombe

Human
TGACAGGCAT TGAGATGTTC CACAAGA...AGAAGGAGCTTGCCATG CCCGGGGAGG

Selecteda
ACIKKIAC IGGIGTIGAR ATGTT ATGGT IATGCCIGGI GAIAAYRT

equencesa

Selected
SEQ ID NO: 23 SEQ ID NO: 24b

universal
ACIKKIAC IGGIGTIGAR ATGTT AYRTT ITCICCIGGC ATIACCAT

primer

sequencesa:

The sequence numbering refers to the E. coli tuf gene fragment. Underlined nucleotides are identical to the selected sequence or match that sequence.

a
“I” stands for inosine which is a nucleotide analog that can bind to any of the four nucleotides A, C, G or T. “K”, “R” and “Y” designate nucleotide positions which are degenerated. “K” stands for T or G; “R” stands for A or G; “Y” stands for C or T.

b
This sequence is the reverse complement of the above tuf sequence.

[0151]

15

ANNEX II:

Strategy for the selection from tuf sequences of the amplification primers

specific for the genus Enterococcus (continues on pages 53 and 54).

SEQ

314 348 401 435
ID NO

Bacillus

CGCGACACTG AAAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTTGA...CGCGG ACAAGTTAAA GTCGGTGACG AAGTTGAAAT
148

subtillis

Bacteroides

CGCGATGTTG ATAAACCTTT CTTGATGCCG GTAGA...ACTGG TGTTATCCAT GTAGGTGATG AAATCGAAAT
149

fragilis

Burkholderia

CGTGCAGTTG ACGGCGCGTT CCTGATGCCG GTGGA...CGCGG CATCGTGAAG GTCGGCGAAG AAATCGAAAT
152

cepacia

Chlamydia

AGAGAAATTG ACAAGCCTTT CTTAATGCCT ATTGA...CGTGG AATTGTTAAA GTTTCCGATA AAGTTCAGTT
153

trachomatis

Corynebacterium

CGTGAGACCG ACAAGCCATT CCTCATGCCT ATCGA...CGTGG CTCCCTGAAG GTCAACGAGG ACGTCGAGAT
126

diphteriae

Enterococcus

CGTGATACTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTCGA...CGTGG ACAAGTTCGC GTTGGTGACG AAGTTGAAAT
131

avium

Enterococcus

CGTGATACTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTCGA...CGTGG TGAAGTTCGC GTTGGTGACG AAGTTGAAAT
132

faecalis

Enterococcus

CGTGACAACG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTTGA...CGTGG ACAAGTTCGC GTTGGTGACGAAGTTGAAGT
133

faecium

Enterococcus

CGTGATACTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTCGA...CGTGG ACAAGTTCGC GTTGGTGATG AAGTAGAAAT
134

gallinarum

Escherichia

CGTGCGATTG ACAAGCCGTT CCTGCTGCCG ATCGA...CGCGG TATCATCAAA GTTGGTGAAG AAGTTGAAAT
154

coli

Gardnerella

CACGATCTTG ACAAGCCATT CTTGATGCCA ATCGA...CGTGG TAAGCTCCCA ATCAACACCC CAGTTGAGAT
135

vaginalis

Haemophilus

CGTGCGATTG ACCAACCGTT CCTTCTTCCA ATCGA...CGAGG TATTATCCGT ACAGGTGATG AAGTAGAAAT
157

influenzae

Helicobacter

AGAGACACTG AAAAAACTTT CTTGATGCCG GTTGA...AGAGG CGTGGTGAAA GTAGGCGATG AAGTGGAAAT
158

pylori

Listeria

CGTGATACTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTTGA...CGTGG ACAAGTTAAA GTTGGTGACG AAGTAGAAGT
138

monocytogenes

Micrococcus

CGCGACAAGG ACAAGCCGTT·CCTGATGCCG ATCGA...CGCGG CACCCTGAAG ATCAACTCCG AGGTCGAGAT
159

lutu s

Mycobacterium

CGCGAGACCG ACAAGCCGTT CCTGATGCCG GTCGA...CGCGG CGTGATb CAAC GTGAACGAGG AAGTTGAGAT
160

tuberculosis

Mycoplasma

CGTGAAGTAG ATAAACCTTT CTTATTAGCA ATTGA...AGAGG TGAACTCAAA GTAGGTCAAG AAGTTGAAAT
161

g nitalium

Neisseria

CGTGCCGTGG ACAAACCATT CCTGCTGCCT ATCGA...CGAGG TATCATCCAC GTTGGTGACG AGATTGAAAT
162

gonorrhoeae

Salmonella

CGTGCGATTG ACAAGCCGTT CCTGCTGCCG ATCGA...CGCGG TATCATCAAA GTGGGCGAAG AAGTTGAAAT
164

typhimurium

Sh wanella

CGTGACATCG ATAAGCCGTT CCTACTGCCA ATCGA...CGTGG TATTGTACGC GTAGGCGACG AAGTTGAAAT
165

putida

Staphylococcus

CGTGATTCTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTTGA...CGTGG TCAAATCAAA GTTGGTGAAG AAGTTGAAAT
140

aureus

Staphylococcus

CGTGATTCTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTTGA...CGTGG TCAAATCAAA GTWGGTGAAG AAGTTGAAAT
141

epidermidis

Staphylococcus

CGTGATTCTG ACAAACCATT CATGATGCCA GTTGA...CGTGG TCAAATCAAA GTCGGTGAAG AAATCGARAT
142

saprophyticus

Streptococcus

CGTGATACTG ACAAACCTTT ACTTCTTCCA GTTGA...CGTGG TACTGTTCGT GTCAACGACG10 AAGTTGAAAT
144

agalactiae

Streptococcus

CGTGACACTG ACAAACCATT GCTTCTTCCA GTCGA...CGTGG TATCGTTAAA GTCAACGACG AAATCGAAAT
145

pneumonia

Streptococcus

CGCGACACTG ACAAACCATT GCTTCTTCCA GTCGA...CGTGG TACTGTTCGT GTCAACGACG AAATCGAAAT
167

pyogenes

Ur aplasma

CGTAGTACTG ACAAACCATT CTTATTAGCA ATTGA...CGTGG TGTATTAAAA GTTAATGATG AGGTTGAAAT
170

urealyticum

Selected
TACTG ACAAACCATT CATGATG GTTCGC GTTGGTGACG AAGTT

sequences

Selected
SEQ ID NO: 13 SEQ ID NO: 14a

genus-specific
TACTG ACAAACCATT CATGATG AACTTC GTCACCAACG CGAAC

primer

sequences:

The sequence numbering refers to the E. faecalis tuf gene fragment. Underlined nucleotides are identical to the selected sequence or match that sequence.

a
This sequence is the reverse complement of the above tuf sequence.

NOTE:

The above primers also amplify tuf sequences from Abiotrophia species; this genus has recently been related to the Enterococcus genus by 16S rRNA analysis.

[0152]

16

ANNEX III:

Strategy for the selection from tuf sequences of the amplification primers

specific for the genus Staphylococcus (continues on pages 56 and 57).

SEQ

385 420.....579 611
ID NO

Bacillus

TGGCCGTGTA GAACGCGGAC AAGTTAAAGT CGG.....TTG CTAAACCAGG TACAATCACT CCACACAGCA
148

subtillis

Bacteroides

AGGTCGTATC GAAACTGGTG TTATCCATGT AGG.....TTT GTAAACCGGG TCAGATTAAA CCTCACTCTA
149

fragilis

Burkholderia

GGGTCGTGTC GAGCGCGGCA TCGTGAAGGT CGG.....TGG CGAAGCCGGG TTCGATCACG CCGCACACGC
152

cepacia

Chlamydia

TGGACGTATT GAGCGTGGAA TTGTTAAAGT TTC.....TTT GCTTGCCAAA CAGTGTTAAA CCTCATACAC
153

trachomatis

Corynebacterium

CGGCCGTGTT GAGCGTGGCT CCCTGAAGGT CAA.....TTG TTAAGCCAGG CGCTTACACC CCTCACACCG
126

diphteriae

Enterococcus

AGGACGTGTT GAACGTGGTG AAGTTCGCGT TGG.....TAG CTAAACCAGC TACAATCACT CCACACACAA
132

fa calis

Enterococcus

AGGTCGTGTT GAACGTGGAC AAGTTCGCGT TGG.....TAG CTAAACCAGG TACAATCACA CCTCRTACAA
133

faecium

Escherichia

CGGTCGTGTA GAACGCGGTA TCATCAAAGT TGG.....TGG CTAAGCCGGG CACCATCAAG CCGCACACCA
154

coli

Gardnerella

CGGTCGTGTT GAGCGTGGTA AGCTCCCAAT CAA.....TGG CTGCTCCAGG TTCTGTGACT CCACACACCA
135

vaginalis

Haemophilus

AGGTCGTGTA GAACGAGGTA TTATCCGTAC AGG.....TAG CGAAACCAGG TTCAATCACA CCACACACTG
157

influenzae

Helicobacter

AGGTAGGATT GAAAGAGGCG TGGTGAAAGT AGG.....TAT GCAAACCAGG TTCTATCACT CCGCACAAGA
158

pylori

Listeria

TGGACGTGTT GAACGTGGAC AAGTTAAAGT TGG.....TAG CTAAACCAGG TTCGATTACT CCACACACTA
138

monocytogenes

Micrococcus

CGGTCGCGCC GAGCGCGGCA CCCTGAAGAT CAA.....TGG TGGAGCCGGG CTCCATCACC CCGCACACCA
159

luteus

Mycobacterium

CGGACGTGTG GAGCGCGGCG TGATCAACGT GAA.....TCA CCAAGCCCGG CACCACCACG CCGCACACCG
160

tuberculosis

Mycoplasma

AGGAAGAGTT GAAAGAGGTG AACTCAAAGT AGG.....TAG CAAAACCAGG CTCTATTAAA CCGCACAAGA
161

genitalium

Neisseria

CGGCCGTGTA GAGCGAGGTA TCATCCACGT TGG.....TGG CCAAACGGGG TACTATCACT CCTCACACCA
162

gonorrhoeae

Salmonella

CGGTCGTGTA GAGCGCGGTA TCATCAAAGT GGG.....TGG CTAAGCCGGG CACCATCAAG CCGCACACCA
164

typhimurium

Shewanella

AGGTCGTGTT GAGCGTGGTA TTGTACGCGT AGG.....TAG CGAAGCCAGG TTCAATCAAC CCACACACTA
165

putida

Staphylococcus

AGGCCGTGTT GAACGTGGTC AAATCAAAGT TGG.....TAG CTGCTCCTGG TTCAATTACA CCACATACTG
140

aureus

Staphylococcus

AGGCCGTGTT GAACGTGGTC AAATCAAAGT WGG.....TAG CTGCTCCTGG TTCTATTACA CCACACACAA
141

epidermidis

Staphylococcus

AGGCCGTGTT GAACGTGGTC AAATCAAAGT CGG.....TAG CTGCTCCTGG TACTATCACA CCACATACAA
142

saprophyticus

Staphylococcus

AGGCCGTGTT GAACGTGGTC AAATCAAAGT CGG.....TAG CAGCTCCTGG CTCTATTACT CCACACACAA
141

simulans

Streptococcus

AGGACGTATC GACCGTGGTA CTGTTCGTGT CAA.....TTG CTAAACCAGG TTCAATCAAC CCACACACTA
144

agalactiae

Streptococcus

AGGACGTATC GACCGTGGTA TCGTTAAAGT CAA.....TCG CTAAACCAGG TTCAATCAAC CCACACACTA
145

pneumoniae

Ureaplasma

TGGACGTGTT GAACGTGGTG TATTAAAAGT TAA.....TTG TAAAACCAGG ATCAATTAAA CCTCACCGTA
170

urealyticum

Selected
CCGTGTT GAACGTGGTC AAATCAAA GCTCCTGG YWCWATYACA CCACAYA

sequences

Selected
SEQ ID NO: 17 SEQ ID NO: 18b

genus-specific
CCGTGTT GAACGTGGTC AAATCAAA TRTGTGGT GTRATWGWRC CAGGAGC

primer

sequences*:

The sequence numbering refers to the S. aureus tuf gene fragment. Underlined nucleotides are identical to the selected sequence or match that sequence.

a
“R”, “W” and “Y” designate nucleotide positions which are degenerated. “R” stands for A or G; “W”, for A or T; “Y”, for C or T.

b
This sequence is the reverse complement of the above tuf sequence.

[0153]

17

ANNEX IV:

Strategy for the selection from eut sequences of the amplification primers

specific for the species Candida albicans (continues on pages 59 and 60).

SEQ

58 90 181 213
ID NO

Candida

CGTCAAGAAG GTTGGTTACA ACCCAAAGAC TGT...CAA ATCCGGTAAA GTTACTGGTA AGACCTTGTT
120

albicans

Candida

CATCAAGAAG GTCGGTTACA ACCCAAAGAC TGT...CAA GGCTGGTGTC GTCAAGGGTA AGAYCTTGTT
121

glabrata

Candida

CATCAAGAAG GTTGGTTACA ACCCAAAGAC TGT...CAA GGCAGGTGTT GTTAAGGGTA AGACCTTATT
122

krusei

Candida

CGTCAAGAAG GTTGGTTACA ACCCTAAAGC TGT...TAA AGCTGGTAAG GTTACCGGTA AGACCTTGTT
123

parapsilosis

Candida

CGTCAAGAAG GTTGGTTACA ACCCTAAGGC TGT...CAA GGCTGGTAAG GTTACCGGTA AGACTTTGTT
124

tropicalis

Schizo-

CATCAAGAAG GTCGGTTTCA ACCCCAAGAC CGT...CAA GGCTGGTGTC GTCAAGGGTA AGACTCTTTT

saccharomyces

pombe

Human
GGAGATCCGG GAGCTGCTCA CCGAGTTTGG CTA...GTT AGGCCTGAAG TCTGTGCAGA AGCTACTGGA

Chlamydia

GGAGCT

G

CGC
GAGCTGCTCA GCAAGTACGG CTT...CAA ATG...... ..TATTCTGG AGCTGATGAA
153

trachomatis

Corynebacterium

GGAGATCCRT GAGCTGCTCG CTGAGCAGGA TTA...GAA GTGGACCCAG TCCATCATCG ACCTCATGCA
126

diphteriae

Enterococcus

GGAAGTTCGT GACTTATTAT CAGAATACGA TTT...... ...TGAAGAA AAAATCTTAG AATTAATGGC
132

faecalis

Escherichia

GGAAGTTCGT GAACTTCTGT CTCAGTACGA CTT...... ..GGGAAGCG AAAATCCTGG AACTGGCTGG
154

coli

Flavobacterium

CGAGGTTCGC GAAGAACTGA CTAAACGCGG TTT...... ..GGGTTAAA GAAATTGAAA ACCTGATGGA
156

ferrugineum

Gardnerella

AGAGGTCCGT GACCTCCTCG AAGAAAACGG CTT...CAA GTGGGTAGAG ACCGTCAAGG AACTCATGAA
135

vaginalis

Haemophilus

GGAAGTTCGT GAACTTCTAT CTCAATATGA CTT...... ..GGGAAGAA AAAATCCTTG AGTTAGCAAA
157

influenzae

Listeria

GGAAATTCGT GATCTATTAA CTGAATATGA ATT...... ..GGGAAGCT AAAATTGACG AGTTAATGGA
138

monocytogenes

Micrococcus

GGAAGTCCGT GAGTTGCTGG CTGCCCAGGA ATT...CAA GTGGGTCGAG TCTGTCACAC AGTTGATGGA
159

luteus

Neisseria

GGAAATCCGC GACCTGCTGT CCAGCTACGA CTT...... ..ACGAAGAA AAAATCTTCG AACTGGCTAC
162

gonorrhoeae

Salmonella

GGAAGTTCGC GAACTGCTGT CTCAGTACGA CTT...... ..GGGAACGC AAAATCATCG +E,una AACTGGCTGG
164

typhimurium

Staphylococcus

GGAAGTTCGT GACTTATTAA GCGAATATGA CTT...... ...CGAAGAA AAAATCTTAG AATTAATGGA
140

aureus

Streptococcus

GGAAATCCGT GACCTATTGT CAGAATACGA CTT...... ...CGAAGAC ATCGTTATGG AATTGATGAA
145

pneumoniae

Treponema

AGAGGTGCGT GATGCGCTTG CTGGATATGG GTT...GGA GGATGCAGCT TGTATTGAGG AACTGCTTGC
169

pallidum

Selected
CAAGAAG GTTGGTTACA ACCCAAAGA ATCCGGTAAA GTTACTGGTA AGACCCT

sequences

Selected
SEQ ID NO: 11
SEQ ID NO: 12a

species-specific
CAAGAAG GTTGGTTACA ACCCAAAGA AGGTCTTACC AGTAACTTTAC CGGAT

primer

sequences:

The sequence numbering refers to the Candida albicans tuf gene fragment. Underlined nucleotides are identical to the selected sequence or match that sequence.

This sequence is the reverse-complement of the above tuf sequence.

[0154]

18

ANNEX V:

Strategy for the selection from the recA gene of the amplification primers

specific for the genus Streptococcus (continues on pages 62 and 63).

SEQ

415 449...540 574
ID NO

Bordetella

CTCGAGATCA CCGACGCGCT GGTGCGCTCG GGCTC...GGCCC GCCTGATGAG CCAGGCGCTG CGCAAGCTGA

pertussis

Burkholderia

CTCGAAATCA CCGATGCGCT GGTGCGCTCG GGCTC...GGCCC GCCTGATGTC GCAGGCGCTG CGCAAGCTGA

cepacia

Campylobacter

TTAGAAATTG TAGAAACTAT AGCAAGAAGT GGCGC...AGCAA GACTTATGTC TCAAGCTCTA AGAAAACTTA

jejuni

Chlamydia

TTGAGTATTG CAGAGCTCTT AGCGCGTTCT GGACG...AGCTC GCATGATGTC GCAGGCTCTA CGCAAATTAA

trachomatis

Clostridium

TTAGAAATAA CAGAAGCTTT AGTTAGATCA GGAGC...AGCTA GATTAATGTC ACAAGCCTTA AGAAAGTTAA

perfringens

Corynebacterium

CTGGAGATTG CAGATATGCT TGTTCGCTCT GGAGC...AGCGC GTTTGATGAG TCAGGCGCTG CGTAAGCTTG

pseudo-

tuberculosis

Enterobacter

CTGGAAATCT GTGATGCGCT GACCCGTTCA GGCGC...AGCTC GTATGATGAG CCAGGCGATG CGTAAGCTTG

agglomerans

Enterococcus

TTAGAGATTG CCGATGCCTT AGTTTCAAGT GGTGC...AGCTC GACTAATGTC TCAAGCACTA CGTAAATTAT

faecium

Escherichia

CTGGAAATCT GTGACGCCCT GGCGCGTTCT GGCGC...GGCAC GTATGATGAG CCAGGCGATG CGTAAGCTGG

coli

Haemophilus

GCGAACAGAA GAATAGAATT TTAATGCATT ACCGC...GACCT GTGAGTTTAC GCAAAGCTTG AGACATTAAA

influenzae

Helicobacter

TTAGAAATTT TAGAAACGAT CACCAGAAGC GGAGG...AGCAA GGCTTATGAG CCATGCGTTA AGAAAAATCA

pylori

Lactococcus

CTTCAAATTG CTGAAAAATT GATTACTTCT GGAGC...AGCAC GTATGATGTC ACAAGCCATG CGTAAACTTG

lactis

Legionella

CTGGAAATTA CTGATATGCT GGTGCGTTCT GCAGC...GGCAA GATTGATGTC GCAAGCCCTG CGTAAATTGA

pneumophila

Mycoplasma

TTTGCTCTTA TCGAATCATT AATTAAAACA AACAA...TGCAA GAATGATGTC AAAAGGTTTG CGAAGAATAC

genitalium

Neisseria

TTGGAAATCT GCGACACGCT CGTCCGTTCG GGCGG...GGCGC GCCTGATGAG TCAGGCTTTG CGCAAACTGA

gonorrhoeae

Proteus

CTGGAAATTT GTGATGCATT ATCTCGCTCT GGTGC...CGCAC GTATGATGAG CCAAGCTATG CGTAAACTAG

mirabilis

Pseudomonas

CTGGAAATCA CCGACATGCT GGTGCGCTCC AACGC...GGCAC GCCTGATGTC CCAGGCGCTG CGCAAGATCA

aeruginosa

Serratia

CTGGAAATCT GTGATGCGCT GACCCGCTCC GGCGC...GGCGC GCATGATGAG CCAGGCGATG CGTAAGCTGG

marcescens

Shigella

CTGGAAATCT GTGACGCCCT GGCGCGTTCT GGCGC...GGCAC GTATGATGAG CCAGGCGATG CGTAAGCTGG

flexneri

Staphylococcus

CTTGAAATCG CCGAAGCATT TGTTAGAAGT GGTGC...AGCTC GTTTAATGTC ACAAGCGTTA CGTAAACTTT

aureus

Streptococcus

TTAGAAATTG CAGGAAAATT GATTGACTCT GGGGC........ .......... .......... ..........
32

gordonii

Streptococcus

CTTGAAATTG CAGGGAAATT GATTGATTCT GGCGC...AGCAC GCATGATGAG TCAAGCGATG CGTAAATTAT
33

mutans

Streptococcus

CTTGAGATTG CGGGAAAATT GATTGACTCA GGTGC...GGCTC GTATGATGAG CCAGGCCATG CGTAAACTTG
34

pneumoniae

Streptococcus

CTTGAAATTG CAGGTAAATT GATTGATTCT GGTGC...AGCAC GTATGATGAG TCAGGCCATG CGTAAATTAT
35

pyogenes

Streptococcus

CTCAAATTG CAGGTAAGCT GATTGACTCT GGTGC...AGCGC GTATGATGAG TCAAGCCATG CGTAAACTTT
36

salivarius

Vibrio

CTGGAAATTT GTGATGCACT GGCTCGCTCT GGTGC...AGCGC GTATGTTGTC GCAAGCAATG CGTAAACTGA

cholerae

Yersinia CTGGAAATT

T
GTGATGCGCT GACTCGCTCT GGTGC...CGCGC GTATGATGAG CCAGGCTATG CGTAAGCTGG

pestis

Selected
GAAATTG CAGGIAAATT GATTGA ATGATGAG TCAIGCCATG CGTAA

sequencesa

Selected
SEQ ID NO: 21 SEQ ID NO: 22b

genus-specific
GAAATTG CAGGIAAATT GATTGA TTACGCAT GGCITGACTC ATCAT

primer

sequencesa:

The sequence numbering refers to the S. pneumoniae recA sequence. Underlined nucleotides are identical to the selected sequence or match that sequence.

a
“I” stands for inosine which is a nucleotide analog that can bind to any of the four nucleotides A, C, G or T.

b
This sequence is the reverse complement of the above recA sequence.

[0155]

19

Annex VI:

Specific and ubiquitous primers for DNA amplification

Originating

DNA fragment

SEQ

SEQ
Nucleotide

ID NO
Nucleotide sequence
ID NO
position

Bacterial species: Enterococcus faecium

1
5′-TGC TTT AGC AAC AGC CTA TCA G
26a
273-294

2b
5′-TAA ACT TCT TCC GGC ACT TCG
26a
468-488

Bacterial species: Listeria monocytogenes

3
5′-TGC GGC TAT AAA TGA AGA GGC
27a
339-359

4b
5′-ATC CGA TGA TGC TAT GGC TTT
27a
448-468

Bacterial species: Neisseria meningitidis

5
5′-CCA GCG GTA TTG TTT GGT GGT
28a
56-76

6b
5′-CAG GCG GCC TTT AAT AAT TTC
28a
212-232

Bacterial species: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

7
5′-AGA TCG AAT TCC ACA TGA AGG TTA TTA TGA
29c
290-319

8b
5′-TCG CTT CTC CCT CAA CAA TCA AAC TAT CCT
29c
409-438

Bacterial species: Streptococcus agalactiae

9
5′-TTT CAC CAG CTG TAT TAG AAG TA
30a
59-81

10b
5′-GTT CCC TGA ACA TTA TCT TTG AT
30a
190-212

Fungal species: Candida albicans

11
5′-CAA GAA GGT TGG TTA CAA CCC AAA GA
120c
61-86

12b
5′-AGG TCT TAC CAG TAA CTT TAC CGG AT
120c
184-209

a
Sequences from databases.

b
These sequences are from the opposite DNA strand of the sequence

of the originating fragment given in the Sequence Listing.

c
Sequences determined by our group.

Originating

DNA fragment

SEQ

SEQ
Nucleotide

ID NO
Nucleotide sequence
ID NO
position

Bacterial genus: Enterococcus

13
5′-TAC TGA CAA ACC ATT CAT GAT G
131-134a,b
319-340c

14d
5′-AAC TTC GTC ACC AAC GCG AAC
131-134a,b
410-430c

Bacterial genus: Neisseria

15
5′-CTG GCG CGG TAT GGT CGG TT
31e
21-40f

16d
5′-GCC GAC GTT GGA AGT GGT AAA G
31e
102-123f

Bacterial genus: Staphylococcus

17
5′-CCG TGT TGA ACG TGG TCA AAT CAA A
140-143a,b
391-415g

18d
5′-TRT GTG GTG TRA TWG WRC CAG GAG C
140-143a,b
584-608g

19
5′-ACA ACG TGG WCA AGT WTT AGC WGC T
140-143a,b
562-583g

20d
5′-ACC ATT TCW GTA CCT TCT GGT AAG T
140-143a,b
729-753g

Bacterial genus: Streptococcus

21
5′-GAA ATT GCA GGI AAA TTG ATT GA
32-36e
418-440h

22d
5′-TTA CGC ATG GCI TGA CTC ATC AT
32-36e
547-569h

Universal primers

23
5′-ACI KKI ACI GGI GTI GAR ARG TT
118-146a,b
493-515i

147-171a,e

24d
5′-AYR TTI TCI CCI GGC ATI ACC AT
118-146a,b
778-800i

147-171a,e

a
These sequences were aligned to derive the corresponding primer.

b
tuf sequences determined by our group.

c
The nucleotide positions refer to the E. faecalis tuf gene

fragment (SEQ ID NO: 132).

d
These sequences are from the opposite DNA strand of the sequence

of the originating fragment given in the Sequence Listing.

e
Sequences from databases.

f
The nucleotide positions refer to the N. meningitidis asd gene

fragment (SEQ ID NO: 31).

g
The nucleotide positions refer to the S. aureus tuf gene fragment

(SEQ ID NO: 140).

h
The nucleotide positions refer to the S. pneumoniae recA gene (SEQ

ID NO: 34).

i
The nucleotide positions refer to the E. coli tuf gene fragment

(SEQ ID NO: 154).

Originating

DNA fragment

SEQ

SEQ
Nucleotide

ID NO
Nucleotide sequence
ID NO
position

Antibiotic resistance gene: blatem

37
5′-CTA TGT GGC GCG GTA TTA TC
—
—

38
5′-CGC AGT GTT ATC ACT CAT GG
—
—

39
5′-CTG AAT GAA GCC ATA CCA AA
—
—

40
5′-ATC AGC AAT AAA CCA GCC AG
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: blashv

41
5′-TTA CCA TGA GCG ATA ACA GC
—
—

42
5′-CTC ATT CAG TTC CGT TTC CC
—
—

43
5′-CAG CTG CTG CAG TGG ATG GT
—
—

44
5′-CGC TCT GCT TTG TTA TTC GG
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: blarob

45
5′-TAC GCC AAC ATC GTG GAA AG
—
—

46
5′-TTG AAT TTG GCT TCT TCG GT
—
—

47
5′-GGG ATA CAG AAA CGG GAC AT
—
—

48
5′-TAA ATC TTT TTC AGG CAG CG
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: blaoxa

49
5′-GAT GGT TTG AAG GGT TTA TTA TAA G
110a
686-710

50b
5′-AAT TTA GTG TGT TTA GAA TGG TGA T
110a
802-826

Antibiotic resistance gene: blaZ

51
5′-ACT TCA ACA CCT GCT GCT TTC
111a
511-531

52b
5′-TGA CCA CTT TTA TCA GCA ACC
111a
663-683

Antibiotic resistance gene: aadB

53
5′-GGC AAT AGT TGA AAT GCT CG
—
—

54
5′-CAG CTG TTA CAA CGG ACT GG
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: aacC1

55
5′-TCT ATG ATC TCG CAG TCT CC
—
—

56
5′-ATC GTC ACC GTA ATC TGC TT
—
—

a
Sequences from databases.

b
These sequences are from the opposite DNA strand of the sequence

of the originating fragment given in the Sequence Listing.

Originating

DNA fragment

SEQ

SEQ
Nucleotide

ID NO
Nucleotide sequence
ID NO
position

Antibiotic resistance gene: aacC2

57
5′-CAT TCT CGA TTG CTT TGC TA
—
—

58
5′-CCG AAA TGC TTC TCA AGA TA

Antibiotic resistance gene: aacC3

59
5′-CTG GAT TAT GGC TAC GGA GT
—
—

60
5′-AGC AGT GTG ATG GTA TCC AG
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: aac6′-IIa

61
5′-GAC TCT TGA TGA AGT GCT GG
112a
123-142

62b
5′-CTG GTC TAT TCC TCG CAC TC
112a
284-303

63
5′-TAT GAG AAG GCA GGA TTC GT
112a
445-464

64b
5′-GCT TTC TCT CGA AGG CTT GT
112a
522-541

Antibiotic resistance gene: aacA4

65
5′-GAG TTG CTG TTC AAT GAT CC
—
—

66
5′-GTG TTT GAA CCA TGT ACA CG
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: aad(6′)

173
5′-TCT TTA GCA GAA CAG GAT GAA
—
—

174
5′-GAA TAA TTC ATA TCC TCC G
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: vanA

67
5′-TGT AGA GGT CTA GCC CGT GT
—
—

68
5′-ACG GGG ATA ACG ACT GTA TG
—
—

69
5′-ATA AAG ATG ATA GGC CGG TG
—
—

70
5′-TGC TGT CAT ATT GTC TTG CC
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: vanB

71
5′-ATT ATC TTC GGC GGT TGC TC
116a
22-41

72b
5′-GAC TAT CGG CTT CCC ATT CC
116a
171-190

73
5′-CGA TAG AAG CAG CAG GAC AA
116a
575-594

74b
5′-CTG ATG GAT GCG GAA GAT AC
116a
713-732

a
Sequences from databases.

b
These sequences are from the opposite DNA strand of the sequence

of the originating fragment given in the Sequence Listing.

Originating

DNA fragment

SEQ

SEQ
Nucleotide

ID NO
Nucleotide sequence
ID NO
position

Antibiotic resistance gene: vanC

75
5′-GCC TTA TGT ATG AAC AAA TGG
117a
373-393

76b
5′-GTG ACT TTW GTG ATC CCT TTT GA
117a
541-563

Antibiotic resistance gene: msrA

77
5′-TCC AAT CAT TGC ACA AAA TC
—
—

78
5′-AAT TCC CTC TAT TTG GTG GT
—
—

79
5′-TCC CAA GCC AGT AAA GCT AA
—
—

80
5′-TGG TTT TTC AAC TTC TTC CA
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: satA

81
5′-TCA TAG AAT GGA TGG CTC AA
—
—

82
5′-AGC TAC TAT TGC ACC ATC CC
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: aac(6′)-aph(2″)

83
5′-CAA TAA GGG CAT ACC AAA AAT C
—
—

84
5′-CCT TAA CAT TTG TGG CAT TAT C
—
—

85
5′-TTG GGA AGA TGA AGT TTT TAG A
—
—

86
5′-CCT TTA CTC CAA TAA TTT GGC T
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: vat

87
5′-TTT CAT CTA TTC AGG ATG GG
—
—

88
5′-GGA GCA ACA TTC TTT GTG AC
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: vga

89
5′-TGT GCC TGA AGA AGG TAT TG
—
—

90
5′-CGT GTT ACT TCA CCA CCA CT
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: ermA

91
5′-TAT CTT ATC GTT GAG AAG GGA TT
113a
370-392

92b
5′-CTA CAC TTG GCT TAG GAT GAA A
113a
487-508

a
Sequences from databases.

b
These sequences are from the opposite DNA strand of the sequence

of the originating fragment given in the Sequence Listing.

Originating

DNA fragment

SEQ

SEQ
Nucleotide

ID NO
Nucleotide sequence
ID NO
position

Antibiotic resistance gene: ermB

93
5′-CTA TCT GAT TGT TGA AGA AGG ATT
114a
366-389

94b
5′-GTT TAC TCT TGG TTT AGG ATG AAA
114a
484-507

Antibiotic resistance gene: ermC

95
5′-CTT GTT GAT CAC GAT AAT TTC C
115a
214-235

96b
5′-ATC TTT TAG CAA ACC CGT ATT C
115a
382-403

Antibiotic resistance gene: mecA

97
5′-AAC AGG TGA ATT ATT AGC ACT TGT AAG
—
—

98
5′-ATT GCT GTT AAT ATT TTT TGA GTT GAA
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: int

99
5′-GTG ATC GAA ATC CAG ATC C
—
—

100
5′-ATC CTC GGT TTT CTG GAA G
—
—

101
5′-CTG GTC ATA CAT GTG ATG G
—
—

102
5′-GAT GTT ACC CGA GAG CTT G
—
—

Antibiotic resistance gene: sul

103
5′-TTA AGC GTG CAT AAT AAG CC
—
—

104
5′-TTG CGA TTA CTT CGC CAA CT
—
—

105
5′-TTT ACT AAG CTT GCC CCT TC
—
—

106
5′-AAA AGG CAG CAA TTA TGA GC
—
—

a
Sequences from databases.

b
These sequences are from the opposite DNA strand of the sequence

of the originating fragment given in the Sequence Listing.

[0156]

Claims

1. A method using probes and/or amplification primers which are specific, ubiquitous and sensitive for determining the presence and/or amount of nucleic acids: from a bacterial antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blatem, blashv blarob blaoxa blaZ, aadB, aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, aac6′-lla, aacA4, aad(6′), vanA, vanB, vanC, msrA, satA, aac(6′)-aph(2″), vat, vga, ermA, ermB, ermC, mecA, int and sul, and from specific bacterial and fungal species selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neissera meningitidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus genus, Neisseria genus, Staphylococcus genus, Streptococcus genus and Candida genus, in any sample suspected of containing said bacterial and/or fungal nucleic acids, wherein each of said nucleic acid or variant or part thereof comprises a selected target region hybridizable with said probes or primers; said method comprising the following steps: contacting said sample with said probes or primers under uniform conditions of hybridization or amplification, and detecting the presence and/or amount of hybridized probes or amplified products as an indication of the presence and/or amount of said specific bacterial and/or fungal species or genus simultaneously with said bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.
2. A method according to claim 1, which further makes use of probes and/or primers which are specific, ubiquitous and sensitive for simultaneously determining the presence and/or amount of nucleic acids from any bacterium or fungus.
3. The method of claim 1, which is performed directly from a test sample.
4. The method of claim 1, which is performed directly from a test sample consisting of a bacterial and/or fungal culture or suspension.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acids are amplified by a method selected from the group consisting of: a) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), b) ligase chain reaction (LCR), c) nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), d) self-sustained sequence replication (3SR), e) strand displacement amplification (SDA), f) branched DNA signal amplification (bDNA), g) transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), h) cycling probe technology (CPT), i) nested PCR, and j) multiplex PCR.
6. The method of claim 6, wherein said nucleic acids are amplified by PCR.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the PCR protocol achieves within one hour under uniform amplification conditions the determination of the presence of said nucleic acids by performing for each amplification cycle an annealing step of thirty seconds at 45-55° C. and a denaturation step of only one second at 95° C. without any time specifically allowed to an elongation step.
8. A method for the detection, identification and/or quantification of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseda meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseda species, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Candida species, directly from a test sample or from bacterial and/or fungal cultures, which comprises the following steps: a) depositing and fixing on an inert support or leaving in solution the said microorganism DNA of the sample or of a substantially homogeneous population of said microorganism isolated from this sample, or inoculating said sample or said substantially homogeneous population of microorganism isolated from this sample on an inert support, and lysing in situ said inoculated sample or said isolated microorganism to release the said microorganism DNA, said microorganism DNA being made in a substantially single-stranded form; b) contacting said single-stranded DNA with a probe, said probe comprising at least one single-stranded nucleic acid which nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 120, 131 to 134, 31, 140 to 143, 32 to 36, 120 to 124, a sequence complementary thereof, a part thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, and a variant thereof, which specifically and ubiquitously anneals with strains or representatives of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseda species, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Candida species, respectively, under conditions such that the nucleic acid of said probe can selectively hybridize with said microorganism DNA, whereby a hybridization complex is formed; and c) detecting the presence of said hybridization complex on said inert support or in said solution as an indication of the presence and/or amount of said microorganism, in said test sample.
9. A method for detecting the presence and/or amount of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseria species, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Candida species, in a test sample which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers having at least 12 nucleotides in length, one of said primers being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of said microorganism DNA that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template, said at least one pair of primers being chosen from a nucleotide sequence within the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,120, 131 to 134, 31, 140 to 143, 32 to 36, 120 to 124, respectively with regard to said microorganism, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence as an indication of the presence and/or amount of said microorganisms, in said test sample.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said pair of primers is defined in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, 7 and 8, 9 and 10, 11 and 12, 13 and 14, 15 and 16, 17 to 20, 21 and 22, respectively, for each of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseria species, Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species.
11. A method for detecting the presence and/or amount of any bacterium directly from a test sample or a bacterial culture, which comprises the following steps: a) depositing and fixing on an inert support or leaving in solution the bacterial DNA of the sample or of a substantially homogeneous population of bacteria isolated from this sample, or inoculating said sample or said substantially homogeneous population of bacteria isolated from this sample on an inert support, and lysing in situ said inoculated sample or isolated bacteria to release the bacterial DNA, said bacterial DNA being made in a substantially single-stranded form; b) contacting said single-stranded DNA with a probe, said probe comprising at least one single-stranded nucleic acid which nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118, 119, 125 to 171, a sequence complementary thereof, a part thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, and a variant thereof, which specifically and ubiquitously anneals with strains or representatives of any bacterial species, under conditions such that the nucleic acid of said probe can selectively hybridize with said bacterial DNA, whereby a hybridization complex is formed; and c) detecting the presence of said hybridization complex on said inert support or in said solution as an indication of the presence and/or amount of any bacterium in said test sample.
12. A method for detecting the presence and/or amount of any bacterium in a test sample which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers having at least 12 nucleotides in length, one of said primers being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of any bacterial DNA that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template, said at least one pair of primers being chosen from a nucleotide sequence within the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 118, 119, 125 to 171, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence as an indication of the presence and/or amount of any bacterium in said test sample.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said pair of primers is defined in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24.
14. A method for obtaining tuf sequences from any bacterium directly from a test sample or a bacterial culture, which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing a pair of primers having a sequence selected within the nucleotide sequences defined in SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, a part thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof, one of said primers being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of said bacterial tuf gene that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence; and d) determining the nucleotide sequence of the said amplified target sequence by using any DNA sequencing method.
15. A method for detecting the presence and/or amount of any fungus directly from a test sample or a fungal culture, which comprises the following steps: a) depositing and fixing on an inert support or leaving in solution the fungal DNA of the sample or of a substantially homogeneous population of fungi isolated from this sample, or inoculating said sample or said substantially homogeneous population of fungi isolated from this sample on an inert support, and lysing in situ said inoculated sample or isolated fungi to release the fungal DNA, said fungal DNA being made in a substantially single-stranded form; b) contacting said single-stranded DNA with a probe, said probe comprising at least one single-stranded nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 120 to 124, a sequence complementary thereof, a part thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, and a variant thereof, which specifically and ubiquitously anneals with strains or representatives of any fungus, under conditions such that the nucleic acid of said probe can selectively hybridize with said fungal DNA, whereby a hybridization complex is formed; and c) detecting the presence of said hybridization complex on said inert support or in said solution as an indication of the presence and/or amount of any fungus in said test sample.
16. A method for detecting the presence and/or amount of any fungus in a test sample which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers having at least 12 nucleotides in length, one of said primers being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of any fungal DNA that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template, said at least one pair of primers being chosen from a nucleotide sequence within the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 120 to 124, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence as an indication of the presence and/or amount of any fungus in said test sample.
17. A method for obtaining tuf sequences from any fungus directly from a test sample or a fungal culture, which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing a pair of primers having a sequence selected within the nucleotide sequence defined in SEQ ID NOs: 109 and 172, a part thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof, one of said primers being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of said fungal tuf gene that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence; and d) determining the nucleotide sequence of the said amplified target sequence by using any DNA sequencing method.
18. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8, which comprises the evaluation of the presence of a bacterial resistance mediated by a bacterial antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blaoxa, blaZ, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, vanB, vanC, directly from a test sample or a bacterial culture, which comprises the following steps: a) depositing and fixing on an inert support or leaving in solution the bacterial DNA of the sample or of a substantially homogeneous population of bacteria isolated from this sample, or inoculating said sample or said substantially homogeneous population of bacteria isolated from this sample on an inert support, and lysing in situ said inoculated sample or isolated bacteria to release the bacterial DNA, said bacterial DNA being made in a substantially single-stranded form; b) contacting said single-stranded DNA with a probe, said probe comprising at least one single-stranded nucleotide sequence having at least 12 nucleotide in length is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, 112, 113, 114 115, 116, 117, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof, which specifically hybridizes with said bacterial antibiotic resistance gene, respectively; and c) detecting the presence of a hybridization complex as an indication of a bacterial resistance mediated by said one of said bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.
19. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 7, 9 and 10, which comprises the evaluation of the presence of a bacterial resistance mediated by a bacterial antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blaoxa, blaZ, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, vanB, vanC, directly from a test sample or a bacterial culture, which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing at least one pair of primers having at least 12 nucleotides in length, one of said primers being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of said bacterial antibiotic resistance gene that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template, said at least one pair of primers being chosen from a nucleotide sequence within the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, respectively with regard to said bacterial antibiotic resistance gene, a sequence complementary thereof, and a variant thereof; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence as an indication of a bacterial resistance mediated by one of said bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.
20. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 7, 9 and 10, which comprises the evaluation of the presence of a bacterial resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blatem, blashv, blarob, blaoxa, blaZ, aadB, aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, aac6′-lla, aacA4, aad(6′), vanA, vanB, vanC, msrA, satA, aac(6′)-aph(2″), vat, vga, ermA, ermB, ermC, mecA, int and sul, directly from a test sample or a bacterial culture, which comprises the following steps: a) treating said sample with an aqueous solution containing at least one pair of primers having a sequence selected in the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 40, 41 to 44, 45 to 48, 49 and 50, 51 and 52, 53 and 54, 55 and 56, 57 and 58, 59 to 60, 61 to 64, 65 and 66, 173 and 174, 67 to 70, 71 to 74, 75 and 76, 77 to 80, 81 and 82, 83 to 86, 87 and 88, 89 and 90, 91 and 92, 93 and 94, 95 and 96, 97 and 98, 99 to 102, 103 to 106, a part thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, a sequence complementary thereof, a variant thereof, and mixtures thereof, one of said primers of said pair being capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the two complementary strands of its respective bacterial antibiotic resistance gene that contains a target sequence, and the other of said primers of said pairs being capable of hybridizing with the other of said strands so as to form an extension product which contains the target sequence as a template; b) synthesizing an extension product of each of said primers, said extension product containing the target sequence, and amplifying said target sequence, if any, to a detectable level; and c) detecting the presence and/or amount of said amplified target sequence as an indication of a bacterial resistance mediated by one of said bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.
21. A nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 26 to 36, 110 to 117, a part thereof, a sequence complementary thereof, and variant thereof which, when in single-stranded form, ubiquitously and specifically hybridizes with a target bacterial or fungal DNA as a probe or as a primer.
22. An oligonucleotide having the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 25, 37 to 71, 73 to 109 and 172 to 174, a part thereof, a sequence complementary thereof, and variant thereof, which ubiquitously and specifically hybridizes with a target bacterial or fungal DNA as a probe or as a primer.
23. A recombinant plasmid comprising a nucleic acid as defined in claim 22.
24. A recombinant host which has been transformed by a recombinant plasmid according to claim 23.
25. A recombinant host according to claim 24 wherein said host is Escherichia coli.
26. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any combination of the microbial species and/or genera selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseria species, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Candida species, comprising any suitable combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 26 to 36, 120 to 124, 131 to 134, 140 to 143, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
27. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any combination of the microbial species and/or genera selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseria species, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Candida species, comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 26 to 36, 120 to 124, 131 to 134, 140 to 143, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
28. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any combination of the microbial species and/or genera selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans, Enterococcus species, Neisseria species, Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species, comprising any suitable combination of primers selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 22, parts thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
29. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any combination of the bacterial resistance genes selected from the group consisting of blaoxa, blaZ, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, vanC, comprising any suitable combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110 to 115 and 117, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
30. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any combination of the bacterial resistance genes selected from the group consisting of blaoxa, blaZ, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, vanC, comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110 to 115 and 117, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
31. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus, comprising any combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected upon alignment of conserved nucleotides of at least two sequences of the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
32. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus, comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected upon alignment of conserved nucleotides of at least two sequences the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
33. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any bacterium, comprising a pair of primers having a sequence selected within the nucleotide sequence defined in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24, parts thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof.
34. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 26, further comprising any combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus.
35. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 27, further comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus.
36. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 28, further comprising a pair of primers having a sequence selected within the nucleotide sequence defined in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24, parts thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium.
37. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 26, further comprising any combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110 to 117, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterial antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blaoxa, blaZ, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, vanB, vanC.
38. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 27, further comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected withina nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110 to 117, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterial antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blasoxa, blaZ, aac6′-lla, ermA, ermB, ermC, vanb, vanC.
39. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 28, further comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37 to 106, 173 and 174, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterial antibiotic resistance gene selected from the group consisting of blatem, blarob, blashv, blaoxa, blaZ, aadB, aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, aacA4, aac6′-lla, aad(6′), ermA, ermB, ermC, mecA, vanA, vanB, vanC, satA, aac(6′)-aph(2″), vat, vga, msrA, sul and int.
40. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 29, further comprising any combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 116 and 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of vancomycin B gene and of any bacterium and/or fungus, respectively.
41. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 30, further comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 116 and 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of vancomycin B gene and of any bacterium and/or fungus, respectively.
42. A diagnostic kit for the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus, comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected upon alignment of conserved nucleotides of at least two sequences the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof and further comprising a pair of primers having a sequence selected within the nucleotide sequence defined in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24, parts thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium.
43. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 37, further comprising any combination of probes of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus.
44. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 38, further comprising any suitable combination of primers of at least 12 nucleotides in length selected within a nucleotide sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 118 to 171, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium and/or fungus.
45. A diagnostic kit, as defined in claim 39, further comprising a pair of primers having a sequence selected within the nucleotide sequence defined in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24, parts thereof having at least 12 nucleotides in length, sequences complementary thereof, and variants thereof, for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of nucleic acids of any bacterium.

Continuations (2)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	09989643	Nov 2001	US
Child	10753169	Jan 2004	US
Parent	09297539	May 1999	US
Child	09989643	Nov 2001	US

Species-specific, genus-specific and universal DNA probes and amplification primers to rapidly detect and identify common bacterial and fungal pathogens and associated antibiotic resistance genes from clinical specimens for diagnosis in microbiology laboratories

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Continuations (2)