Patent Application
20230216266
The present invention relates to the field of long lasers and distributed laser resonators using retroreflectors and phase conjugate mirrors and, more specifically to long resonator, mode-locked phase-conjugate lasers for wireless transmission of laser power and secure communications to portable opto-electronic devices.
The related art pertains to long laser systems for secure communications, and to spatially distributed laser resonators for remote powering of portable devices. The related art also pertains to mode-locked lasers and phase conjugate laser systems. This art may be of interest to the reader when reviewing this description of the present technology.
Long laser systems have been investigated over 40 years ago, with application to secure communications, remote sensing and remote powering. These systems typically involve long laser cavities over 10s of meters to many kilometers in length, with single retroreflector elements placed at one or both ends of the cavity. Early investigations and demonstrations involved the use of xenon as well as Nd:YAG laser gain media as the active element in the resonator, and, involved the use of corner cube retroreflectors to complete the laser resonator, with intracavity telescopes to define the field of view of the systems.
Moreover, these systems are not secure in that a third party can impose a retroreflector in the field of view of the extended cavity and, if the threshold condition is met, undesirable laser oscillation can commence between the third party retroreflector and the master laser transceiver module. The known art does not address this downside. Furthermore, in the early art, no provision for optical power transmission from the master to the slave modules is taught.
In the more recent art, as shown in
As before, it has been shown that an isolated retroreflector compensates for tilt errors (relative platform motion, beam wander), but does not compensate for all even and other odd orders of phase or wavefront errors. Hence, this prior art is limited to tilt error compensation and not to general wavefront errors such as atmospheric and underwater propagation errors, turbulence, turbid media, laser gain media distortions and guided-wave structure modal dispersion. This shortcoming renders the prior-art approach impractical under these real-world conditions.
Moreover, the security of this system is limited in that third party retroreflectors within the FOV of the system can intercept power from the master laser transceiver. As before, the prior art does not address this major drawback. Furthermore, no provision for secure laser communication amongst the cavity modules is taught.
Hence, the prior art is limited in its security capabilities, including third party interception, detection, as well as secure optical communication and power transfer. In these systems, an undesirable target within the FOV can still result in undesirable energy deposition onto it and/or communication with it, instead of the desired target.
Another drawback of the prior art in long lasers and spatially distributed resonators is that retroreflectors do not yield a diffraction-limited link. The action of a retroreflector is to compensate for beam wander, relative platform motion and tilt errors. However, they do not result in a diffraction limited beam to be formed within the long resonator. One result of this drawback is that the FOV is not minimized, so that the system is more readily exposed to third party interception, as well as undesirable scattering of the cavity mode.
In the present invention, one or both of the cavity reflectors is in the form of a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) instead of a corner cube or cat's eye retroreflector. The presence of a PCM assures diffraction-limited beam formation within the resonator cavity the of the system, minimizing the FOV, thereby lowering the probability of interception, as well as minimizing scattering, thereby lowering the probability of detection. The PCM can be configured to compensate for depolarization effects using techniques known in the art.
Phase-conjugate systems in the prior art enable the formation of diffraction-limited illumination and directed energy transfer to a glint feature, which can be in the form of a retroreflector within the field of view (FOV) of the system. Examples of known-art applications that utilize phase conjugation to this end include inertial confinement systems, laser countermeasure systems, directed energy systems and industrial applications, the latter that require precision laser machining or lithography.
However, such phase conjugate or adaptive optical systems do not distinguish between a desired target and an undesirable object to illuminate. That is, other dominate glint reflections in the FOV can result in the directed energy beam illuminating it as opposed to a desired target within the FOV, the latter of which may not necessarily possess a dominate glint return beam.
Moreover, in these prior art systems, a separate, cooperative, stand-alone illumination laser is required to establish a link between the adaptive optical processor and the target. The presence of a laser illuminator is undesirable in that it adds complexity to the system and reveals the location of the laser illuminator and, in some cases, also the location of the laser power transmitter. The requirement of an illumination laser defeats the purpose and intent of the present invention. That is, the present invention teaches against the use of such an illumination laser, nor is such an auxiliary laser desirable.
The prior art teaches a laser resonator, comprised of a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) on one end of a cavity to compensate for intracavity distortions, such as laser amplifier aberrations. However, this approach involves the use of a nonlinear medium as the phase-conjugate mirror (stimulated Brillouin scattering [SBS], three-wave mixing [TWM], four-wave mixing [FWM], photon echoes [PE], etc.). In some embodiments, an auxiliary laser is required to initiate the process (TWM, FWM, PE), which is highly undesirable in the present invention. In other cases, a nonlinear threshold condition must be satisfied for the PCM to function (SBS), which is also highly undesirable. In the present invention, the laser resonator is self-starting and does not require a stand-alone laser to initiate the laser action. In the prior art, the intracavity laser mode is frequency shifted (e.g., using a SBS interaction), which defeats the mode-locking aspect of the present invention. In addition, in some cases, the prior art involves a PCM using an atomic or molecular resonance medium, thereby resulting in a narrowband system. A narrowband PCM defeats the mode-locking characteristic of the present invention, limiting the pulse parameters and the laser cavity power. In the present invention, there is no frequency shifting involved. Moreover, the phase-conjugate mirror in the present case is a broadband linear device, does not involve any frequency shifts and does not require a nonlinear threshold condition to function.
When configured in a servo-controlled closed-loop adaptive optics system (discussed below with respect to
In an exemplary embodiment of this invention, during operation, this PCM enables long laser cavity oscillation to commence using the passive retroreflecting property of the device, followed by a bootstrapping of the spatial phase modulator in a closed-loop servo-controlled configuration, to initiate true wavefront reversal, as shown below (schematically) in
A unique feature of this class of PCM is that a retroreflecting array (a pseudoconjugator) is involved in the initiation of a phase-conjugate long-laser oscillation, as opposed to an isolated single retroreflector of the known art. (Recall, that the PCM is comprised of a SPM integrated with a retroreflecting array.) The presence of an array of retroreflectors enables compensation for odd-order phase error beyond the lowest odd-order phase error (tilt). This feature results in a lower threshold condition and reduced optical scattering as the overall closed-loop PCM servo converges. Once initiated, a bootstrapping modality is realized as the closed-loop servo system simultaneously configures the multi-pixel, phase-shifting array of the spatial phase modulator (SPM) of the PCM in the presence of the passive retroreflector array. This approach—a closed-loop SPM adaptive optical system integrated with a passive pseudoconjugator—has not been considered or anticipated by those skilled in the art.
Mode-locked laser systems have been in existence for over 40 years, with application to laser spectroscopy, medical and industrial applications and communication systems. Myriad techniques have been employed to phase lock the longitudinal modes of a laser, including passive and active techniques. In the former case, a saturable medium is placed in a cavity. In the latter case, active mode-locking techniques include intracavity gain switching, as well as PM or AM intracavity modulation. Most mode-locked systems involve ring resonators, including laser gyroscopes. Ring resonators are not amenable to the present invention; linear cavity configurations are required.
Phase conjugation techniques have been employed to realize and/or augment mode-locked lasers, with application to cavity stability and compensation for intracavity distortions. However, in the known art, an existing, stand-along oscillating mode-locked laser is required to provide a functional laser output to initialize the phase-conjugate return, which is highly undesirable in the present case. In a different case, a cooperative phase conjugator at the receiving location using the laser transmitter to initialize it is required, which is also highly undesirable. In the present invention, mode-locked laser oscillation requires a cooperative master transceiver and slave transceiver to initiate laser action; no initiation laser is required or desirable.
In addition, a long-laser system that employs mode-locking to initiate the process has not been considered. Furthermore, mode-locking of multiple laser cavities, each with a different intracavity modulation frequency, that also involves phase conjugation (without the need for a threshold condition to be met or coherent pump waves to be present), has not been considered. Moreover, a mode-locked laser with a pair of intracavity modulators (one at each end of the cavity), and modulating at one-half the round-trip time, has not been discussed in the literature. Finally, a phase-conjugate mirror that employs a passive retroreflecting array to initiate long-resonator oscillation—after which a true wavefront reversal function is realized—has not been considered. A true wavefront reversal function enhances the performance of the system and minimizes undesirable scattering of the phase-conjugate beam. These considerations, which are not anticipated or obvious, are described with respect to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
Hence, there exists a need for a secure spatially and spectrally distributed long laser cavity architecture, which overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned disadvantages and limitations of prior art systems and methods.
The aforementioned state-of-the-art in distributed laser cavities, long lasers, phase-conjugate systems and mode-locked lasers includes, for example, (i) U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,689, entitled “Laser secure communications system,” (ii) U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,571, entitled “Laser having a nonlinear phase conjugating reflector,” (iii) U.S. Pat. No. 6,115,123, entitled “Holographic laser aimpoint selection and maintenance,” (iv) U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,960, entitled “Robust infrared countermeasure system and method,” (v) U.S. Pat. No. 9,905,988, entitled “Spatially distributed laser resonator,” (vi) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/643,348, entitled “Wavefront reversal device using a MEMS spatial phase modulator integrated with a retroreflector array,” (vii) WO 2007/036937 A3, entitled “Directional light transmitter and receiver,” (viii) WO 2009/083990 A3, entitled “Wireless laser power transmitter,” (ix) G. J. Linford, et al., “Very long lasers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 13, pp. 379-390 (1974), (x) G. J. Linford, et al., “Nd:YAG long lasers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 13, pp. 1387-1394 (1974), (xi) Vanherzeele, et al., “Mode-locked laser oscillation using self-pumped phase-conjugate reflection,” Opt. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 467-469 (1981), and (xii) Gray, et al., “Mode locking in semiconductor lasers by phase-conjugate optical feedback,” Opt. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 1295-1297 (1995).
The disclosures of each of the publications mentioned in this section and in other sections of the specification are hereby incorporated by reference, each in its entirety.
It is an attempt in creating the present invention to establish a communications link between a master laser amplifier transceiver module and a slave laser transceiver module within the field of view (FOV) of the system to relay power or to communication with the slave laser module over a secure link. The present invention provides for this secure communications link by selective laser oscillation between the master laser power module and the slave receiver module of choice via selective mode-locked operation so that only the receiver of choice participates in the mode-locked process (the conditions for mode-locking are highly dependent on the modulation frequency and the range, or distance, between the modules).
It is a further attempt in creating the present invention to provide link security between the maser and slave modules so that third party detection and interception are minimized. This is accomplished by establishing a long laser cavity between the laser transmitter module and the slave receiver of choice over a relatively narrow field of view. This architecture obviates the need for a laser illuminator to initially locate the position of the slave receiver and, thus avoid revealing the presence of either the laser power transmitter and/or the slave laser receiver. Thus, laser oscillation only proceeds once the link is established by external means. In one embodiment, a broadband, yet encrypted, rf link provides unique information (such as mode-locked frequency and range parameters), with handshake initiation, between both ends of the link to initiate mode-locked oscillation.
It is yet a further attempt in creating the present invention to establish the desired link over path distortions, including, but not limited to, atmospheric turbulence, laser amplifier distortions, underwater turbidity, modal dispersion in guided-wave structures, relative platform motion, beam wander, patient motion (in medical applications), and vibrations (due to industrial environments and airborne mechanical vibrations).
The prior art in long lasers involves single retroreflectors, such as corner cubes and cat's eye retroreflectors and, as such, only compensates for relative platform motion and tilt errors. The present invention establishes a communications channel in the face of all even and odd orders of wavefront phase errors (within the FOV of the system). This is accomplished by utilizing phase-conjugate mirrors at one or both ends of the link.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a unique class of PCM is utilized that combines a passive retroreflective array (otherwise known as a pseudoconjugator) with an active spatial phase control, the latter using a spatial light modulator (SLM), configured as a spatial phase modulator (SPM), with wavefront phase-control capability. In this case, the passive retroreflection establishes the initial communications channel—as in the prior art of long-laser cavities, but, now, with a retroreflecting array instead of a single corner cube. The present invention configures the retroreflector array so that it is then “bootstrapped” with the adaptive optical, closed-loop spatial phase modulator property of the SLM for enhanced signal-to-noise link operation. This device is comprised of a phase-only MEMS spatial light modulator (SLM) array, known as a spatial phase modulator (SPM), integrated with a specific class of pseudoconjugator (a cat's eye retroreflective array), all on a pixel-by-pixel basis. That is, the device involves one cat's-eye retro reflector integrated with each phase-only MEMS SLM pixel—resulting in an array of such compensated pixels, all in a compact, planar, lightweight device. This PCM does not require coherent pump beams to function, does not require a threshold condition to operate and does not result in frequency-shifted reversed wavefronts. The composite device performs the operation of a “true” phase-conjugation (true “time reversal”) of the wavefronts of an incident optical beam.
It is to be appreciated that the specific PCM employed in the present invention is unique: The PCM is comprised of a passive retroreflecting array (pseudoconjugator), integrated with a closed-loop adaptive optical spatial phase modulator, SPM. Every individual retroreflector in the array is associated with an individual optical phase shifting control element.
The passive pseudoconjugator of the PCM initiates laser oscillation basically at the speed of light through the system. Thus, even prior to the closed-loop system converging, laser oscillation is realized, which is key to the functionality of the system. Once laser oscillation has begun, then the closed-loop adaptive optical system (via the SPM) initiates convergence of resulting in a “true” phase-conjugate beam in real time. Hence, a “bootstrapping” operation is realized. The pseudoconjugator functions, as the closed-loop adaptive optical processor converges. Once converged, the true phase-conjugate beam then improves the efficiency of the system, narrows the FOV and minimizes undesirable scattering. It is this unique combination of PCM operations—simultaneous passive pseudoconjugation and closed-loop adaptive optical wavefront reversal—without a nonlinear threshold condition to be met, without frequency shifts and without an auxiliary (pump) laser required—that enables this system to function at a high level of stability, low threshold and robustness. These functionalities in a single PCM, as well as a phase-conjugate laser resonator, are not obvious nor are anticipated by those skilled in the art. The PCM can also be configured to compensate for depolarization effects using techniques known in the art.
Also note that, in addition to the reduced FOV resulting from the PCMs that comprise the laser resonator, the present invention overcomes the prior art limitations of the probability of interception and detection by employing a set of two or more parallel, mode-locked, phase-conjugate resonators, each with a different intracavity precise required modulation frequency. That is a third party would necessarily have to be situated within the narrow FOV of the system, and, additionally, be positioned at the precise range for mode-locking to occur (and, in a further embodiment, also possess a modulator at the precise frequency for mode-locking at a single-pass inverse transit time, which is not typical of mode-locked systems).
The system is configured as a two-way communications link or power transmission channel, with a master power laser amplifier transceiver module at one end of the link and one of a set of slave laser transceiver modules at the second end of the link.
The goal of this system is six-fold: (1) to deliver optical power from the master module to one or more of the slave modules, one slave module at a time; (2) to exchange intelligence information from the master module to one of more slave modules; (3) to perform this operation at long ranges (10s of meters to kms); (4) to compensate for propagation distortions beyond tilt errors (turbulent atmospheres, turbid water, guided-wave structures, laser amplifier aberrations, thermal distortions, etc.), as well as to compensate for depolarization effects; (5) to minimize the FOV and the optical scattering of the system; and (6) to realize these operations in a secure manner, minimizing the probability of detection and interception, even if the third party interrogator is within the FOV of the system.
The components of the system employ a master laser power amplifier transceiver module—comprised of a laser power amplifier or amplifiers, a phase-conjugate mirror, and a modulator and demodulator—and a spatially and spectrally distributed set of slave transceiver modules—each slave module comprised of a phase-conjugate mirror, a modulator and demodulator, a photovoltaic detector and an optional laser pre-amplifier. A rf transceiver placed at each end of the link provides secure link information—such as mode-locked frequency information and range information—to initiate a secure optical communications channel and a secure optical power transfer operation of choice.
The laser master module can service any of the slave transceiver modules, as determined via mode-locked frequency selectivity, so long as the desired slave receiver is within the field of view of the master laser module and the modulation frequency is correctly and precisely set (for a given range). These necessary requirements add to the security and selectivity of the present invention.
Two unique properties of the present invention minimize the probability of third party interference, detection and interception. The first feature of the present invention is that one or both ends of the link employ phase-conjugate mirrors, PCMs. This guarantees that a diffraction-limited beam will connect the ends of the link, minimizing the FOV of the system, as well as minimizing undesirable scattering. Recall that the prior art utilizes conventional retroreflectors (single corner cube reflectors or cat's eye retros) at both ends of the link. This limits the performance of the system in that a diffraction-limited beam is not realized. Hence, the FOV for the system is not minimized, and, moreover, deleterious off axis scattering is possible, as well as the inability of the system to compensate for path distortions other than tilt, beam wander or relative platform motion. Specifically, higher order aberrations such as atmospheric turbulence, scattering due to turbid liquids, laser amplifier distortions, thermal aberrations, etc. are not compensated via the use of single retroreflector elements. On the other hand, phase-conjugate mirrors at one or both end of the link assures compensation for these deleterious distortions, within the FOV of the system (which is fundamentally minimized).
Another feature of the present invention that improves the security of the system in the face of third parties is the fact that the link is mode-locked during operation. Mode-locking of a laser is based critically on the distance between the end points of the cavity and on the precise intracavity AM or PM modulation frequencies. Hence, unless a third party is privy to this precise frequency and precise range of operation, the probability of interception is greatly reduced.
To further enhance the security of the system, a second, unique mode-locking modality is implemented, that of placing a modulator at each end of the cavity and applying a modulation frequency with a period equal to one-half the round-trip cavity time (typical mode-locked laser employ a single modulator at a frequency with a period equal to the round-trip time of the cavity mode).
The combination of these two factors—phase-conjugate operation (with a retroreflective array for initiation) and mode-locking—dramatically improve the security of the long laser system to undesirable third party interception and interference, which is not anticipated or obvious in the known art. These conditions enable secure and efficient and secure power transfer from the power laser master module to the slave module as well as establishing a secure and efficient communications channel amongst the modules.
As an example, even if a third party is within the (minimal) FOV of the system, it will not be able to intercept the communications channel information or derive optical power from the master laser transceiver, since it must also have precise information as to the mode-locked parameters of the system, which is highly precise in frequency and range of the basic communications link, and, which can be modified by the rf link that exchanges information between the master and slave modules. Finally, the prior art does not employ a closed-loop adaptive optical system, integrated with a retroreflecting array on a pixel-by-pixel basis to realize a long laser resonator.
In summary, spatially separated phase-conjugate mirrors (PCMs) define a long-laser resonator cavity. The PCMs define, respectively, a secure power transmitting unit (master), and a power receiving unit (slave), as well as providing a secure two-way communications link between the units. The long-laser is mode-locked, minimizing third-party interception and detection. A wavefront-reversal device, using a MEMS spatial phase modulator, integrated with a retroreflector array, provides a true phase-conjugate (time-reversed) replica of the beam at each end of the system, providing auto-alignment, diffraction-limited performance, compensation for static and dynamic phase and polarization distortions, minimizing the FOV and scattering losses. The retroreflecting array initiates the oscillation mode. The SPM adaptive optical system bootstraps the retro array by forming a simultaneous closed-loop system. The PCM emulates a deformable mirror with an integrated cat's eye retro array, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, equivalent to a true wave-front reversal device at each end of the system.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the disclosure, are only illustrative embodiments of the invention serve to better understand the principles of the invention in conjunction with this description.
The known art, which is reviewed above (
Turing now to
The link is comprised of a long optical cavity, bounded on each end by a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) 326/326′; an intracavity master transceiver gain medium, 310; an optional intracavity slave gain medium, 310′; and an intracavity telescope/iris, 311/311′, the latter to define the field of view (FOV) of the system.
The gain media (310, 310′) can be in the form of a bulk gain medium, a guided-wave medium, the latter including, but not limited to a diode-laser-pumped multimode optical fiber gain medium, a stimulated scattering gain medium (such as stimulated Raman or Brillouin scattering medium), a hollow-core, gas-filled gain medium, photonic crystal, semiconductor gain medium, etc.
The use of a PCM at each end of the resonator assures diffraction-limited operation, hence minimizing the FOV of the system and also compensates for dynamic path aberrations, 301 (e.g., atmospheric turbulence, turbid media, laser amplifier aberrations, fiber modal dispersion, intracavity distortions, beam wander, vibrations, relative platform motion, etc.), upon each pass, thereby reducing scattering, lowering the laser threshold condition, improving efficiency, and minimizing third-party detection and interception.
The long laser is also comprised of an intracavity amplitude or phase modulator 327/327′ (for mode-locking); a second modulator to encode information 329/329′ with a master signal 330 (Min), and a slave signal 308′/308″ (Sin); and a demodulator 315/315′ to receive signals from the slave to the master 317 (Sout), and signals from the master to the slave 305′/305″ (Mout), respectively. The slave transceiver also possess a photovoltaic cell 309′ to derive optical power 332′/332″ (Pout) from the master power laser transceiver.
In addition, a mode-locking amplitude modulator (AM) or phase modulator (PM) is located in the master transceiver 327 and, also, in the slave transceivers 327′. The function of these modulators (327, 327′) is to mode-lock the long laser, for security purposes, as the specific mode-lock modulation frequency is a strong function of the specific range (distance) between the master and the slave transceivers. A wireless (rf) link between the master 301 and the slave transceivers 302′/302″ is utilized to set the respective frequencies (f,f′1,2) of the AM or PM modulators (327, 327′), via rf link 331 and 306′/306″, respectively. The AM mode-locking modulator is typically utilized in the case of an inhomogeneously broadened laser gain medium; whereas, a PM mode-locking modulator is typically utilized in the case of a homogeneously broadened laser gain medium.
There are two different mode-locking modulation modalities, both highly dependent on the distance between the master and the slave transceivers (the effective long laser cavity length, nL), necessary to mode-lock the long laser. In the first mode, the frequency (f), 325, of the master AM or PM modulator, 327, is set to f=c/2 nL, where L is the length (range) of the cavity and n is the effective refractive index of the propagation path and the intracavity elements. In this first mode, only the master transceiver is modulated at f=c/2 nL. In this case, the frequencies, 303/303′, of the slave transceiver modulators, 327′, are set to zero (f′1,2=0).
In the second modality (the latter case), both the master and the slave modulators (327 and 327′, respectively) are modulated at a frequency (325 and 303/303′, respectively) equal to c/nL (i.e., f=f′1,2=c/nL); twice the frequency of the former case.
In both cases, the long laser becomes mode-locked, with a pulse rate equal to the respective modulation frequency (the pulse width is typically a function of the number of longitudinal modes, as is known in the art). The choice of modality is a function of the specific scenario, the presence of potential third-party detectors, and the range. The ability to mode-lock the system minimizes the probability of third party interception, as the modulation frequency is a very strong function of the specific range, or distance between the given slave and the master transceivers.
The desired slave transceiver (302′/302″) to be communication with is dictated by its precise range and deterministic mode-locking frequency, as well as its presence within the FOV of the system. The FOV is dictated by the setting of the respective telescope/iris in the master (311) and the slave (311′) transceivers, 301 and 302′/302″, respectively. This information (range, FOV) is relayed via a rf link between the master transceiver (331) and the slave transceivers (306′/306″).
Turning now to
It is assumed that an incident beam is distorted by path aberrations 301 (beam wander, relative platform motion, vibrations, turbulent atmosphere, laser gain distortion, fiber modal dispersion, turbid media, etc.). The distorted beam can be decomposed into an array of piecewise beamlets 201, with each beamlet described by a tilted planar wavefront 401. The distorted composite wave is incident upon the PCM device 200, where it encounters a retroreflecting array and a set of optical phase shifters (as described in
The PCM device performs a “bootstrapping” function. The retroreflecting array component of the device 200 initially retroreflects the incident beam at the speed of light through the device, passively compensating for tilt errors and odd-order phase errors (e.g., a pseudoconjugator operation). At the same time, and simultaneously, the closed-loop servo controls the spatial array of phase shifters, driving the remaining phase errors (even-order phase errors, etc.) to near-zero.
The result of this combined operation is that the incident beam is perfectly wavefront-inverted (limited by the gain and resolution of the system), resulting in a true wavefront reversed replica (or, “time-reversed” replica) of the incident wave. The time-reversed replica compensates for the path distortions 301 upon its reverse transit through the system. The PCM does not require an optical threshold condition to be met (not to be confused with the fundamental long-laser oscillation threshold condition, which is required), does not frequency-shift the incident beam and does not require any other laser beam to initiate operation. These characteristics are typical of a nonlinear optical PCM; the present PCM is a linear device. The PCM of
Turing now to
Turning now to
The beam encounters two paths via beam splitter 312. One path, 328, constitutes the high-power long-laser intracavity counterpropagating beam. The other path, 329, is the output signal beam from the long laser. The signal beam 329 serves a multipurpose function: (1) it is modulated by 313 to generate an error signal for proper setting of the optical path length and the optimal mode-locked modulation frequency; (2) it is demodulated by sensor 315 to provide the secure communication link from the slave to the master transceiver; and (3) it is detected by a sensor to generate the necessary error signal for a servo-controlled feedback loop and passes through telescope 314 after which it is detected by detector 315 (details to be discussed below).
The counterpropagating high-power intracavity beam 328 propagates through modulators 329 and 327 (discussed below), and through telescope 332 (typically a compound lens system, such as a telecentric), after which it encounters the PCM 326 (recall
Returning to the intracavity beam 328, upon reflection from beam splitter 312, and prior to the PCM, the beam passes through modulator 329, where it is encoded with master transceiver signal information 330 (Min) for transfer to the slave transceiver(s).
Also prior to the PCM, the beam 328 passes through modulator 334. The modulator, 334, phase-shifts the entire beam (307′ or 307″) by δφ=2πLδn/λ+2πnδL/λ, where λ is the wavelength of light and L is the cavity length (range) and δn is the electro-optical induced index of refraction (in the case of an electro-optical or liquid crystal phase shifter) and δL is the change in length, in the case of an optical fiber phase shifter (e.g., a fiber wrapped around a PZT cylinder). The function of this phase shifter is to match the frequency to the range (path length) for mode-locked operation—that is, f=c/[(n+δn)(L+δL)] or f=c/2[(n+δn)(L+δL)]—depending on the desired mode-locked modality, as discussed with respect to
Immediately prior to the PCM 326, the intracavity beam 328 passes through modulator 327. The modulator is driven by frequency f1 (via signal generator 319) or f2 (via signal generator 321) to mode-lock the laser over path 307′ or 307″, respectively for communication with Slave1 unit (302′) or Slave2 unit (302″), respectively. The specific frequency is determined by the distance (range) from the master PCM (326) to the slave PCM (326′) and is selected by switch 320. Frequency information for f1 and f2 is provided by the wireless duplex system 331 that communicates with the Slave1 unit (302′) via wireless link 306′ or with the Slave2 unit (302″) via wireless link 306″. The mode-locked frequency is dictated via adder 335 (labelled “ac”). Minor frequency error correction signals are provided by the output of mixer 323 through adder 335 (labelled “dc”). The adder drives the frequency generators 319 and 321, which, through selector switch 320, drives the optical modulator 327.
Returning to
As is known in the art, the servo loop is comprised a control processor 323 that mixes the f0 modulated frequency, 324, with the detected signal beam 322 (after passage through a bandpass filter 336), from the laser detector (315) to form the error signal for a hill-climbing servo operation. The processor provides the necessary error correcting phase-shift to drive the intracavity modulator 334, via processor 323. In addition, the processor 323 provides the necessary error modulation frequency information 318 to the signal generators (319, 321) via adder 335 (the “dc” input).
The choice of slave transceiver to form the long laser is controlled by switch 320, which selects slave transceiver, and, hence, the necessary mode-locked frequency, f1 or f2, based on the range and FOV, the latter, as determined by the telescope-iris 311.
A wireless rf link 331 communicates with the slave transceivers (via 306′ and 306″) to determine the range (via signal 336), and, hence, the required mode-locked frequency, f1 or f2, for the slave transceivers, which also modulates the high-power intracavity laser beam 328 by modulator 327. This information is also utilized to set the frequencies, 303′ and 303″ (f′1 and f′2, respectively) of the respective slave transceivers 302′ and 302″ for mode-locking of the long-laser cavity for enhanced security.
Finally, the long-laser output beam 329 is detected by detector 315, the output of which 332 passes through bandpass filter 316, where the secure communication signal beam 317 (Sout) from the slave transceiver is recovered.
Turning now to
The beam encounters two paths via beam splitter 312′. One path, 328′, is the high-power long-laser intracavity counterpropagating beam. The other path, 329′, is the output signal beam. The signal beam 329′ is comprised of two components. One component is the master transceiver secure communications link information, which is detected by sensor 315′, revealing the secure link information 305′/305″ (Mout), after passage through bandpass filter 316′. The second component of the beam 329′ passes through telescope 314′ after which it is detected by a photovoltaic (or equivalent) cell 309′, whose output is the master transceiver optical power to be relayed from the maser power laser transceiver 301 (of
Returning to
Returning to the intracavity beam 328′: upon reflection from beam splitter 312′, and prior to the PCM (326′), the beam passes through modulator 329′, where it is encoded with slave transceiver secure signal information 308′/308″ (S1n) for transfer to the master transceiver.
Also, prior to the PCM, the intracavity beam passes through modulator 327′. The modulator imposes a modulation signal at frequency f′1,2 (via signal generator 319′/321′) to mode-lock the laser over path 307′ or 307″, respectively. Recall (
Returning to
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments disclosed were meant only to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications suited to the particular use contemplated.
As an example, in some scenarios, only one PCM may be required for first end of the link, whereas a retroreflector or retroreflector array (e.g., corner cubes or cat's eyes) may be required for the second end of the link. Moreover, other classes of phase-conjugate mirrors can be implemented, including, but not limited to four-wave and three-wave mixers, Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixers, SPMs with optical feedback as opposed to conventional wavefront sensors, photorefractive conjugators and loop conjugators. In addition to actively mode-locked modalities, passive mode-locked systems can be implemented, as well as hybrid mode-locked/Q-switched resonator configurations.
Furthermore, various classes of gain media can be implemented, such as diode-pumped single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber laser amplifiers, Raman and Brillouin gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber amplifiers, etc. Compact systems can be realized using metaoptical surfaces and elements in place of conventional optical telescopes and bulk optical trains.
Optical phase shifters such as tunable metasurface elements, single-mode and multi-mode waveguide phase shifters can be utilized, as well as metasurface optical phase shifters and other photonic devices, in place of conventional electro-optical and mechanical phase shifters (e.g., electro-optical crystals, liquid crystals, PZT-wound fiber phase shifters, etc.).
It is to be appreciated that the invention can be implemented to service a variety of beyond atmospheric compensation and adaptive optical systems. Examples include laser communication systems, compensation for telescope and microscope distortions, compact beam forming networks, guided-wave links, spectroscopy, medical applications such as optical coherence tomography and microscopy systems, robust Fabry-Perot cavities, stabilized single-mode and multi-mode lasers for compact operation, long laser concepts, remote sensing applications, LIDAR systems and laser scaling architectures. To this end, the teachings of this invention can apply to arrays of devices as well as to single-pixel SLM devices.
Similarly, when the distortion path that imposed the wave front distortions to be compensated is referred to as a dynamic atmosphere, it is to be understood that the teachings can also be applied, without loss of generality, to a correct for propagation-path distortions such as those experienced by imperfect optical elements, and static and/or dynamic distortions due to propagation through, or scattered from, ocular systems, skin tissue, clouds, turbid liquids, industrial environments, beam wander, platform motion, guided-wave distortions, and so on. The system is amenable to closed-loop and open loop optical compensation systems using, as example Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wave-front sensors.
It is also understood that the teachings herein can apply to guided-wave implementations of the present invention, given the state-of-the-art in optical fiber devices including, but not limited to, modulators, Faraday rotators and isolators, polarizers, sensors, fiber couplers and splitters, photonic crystal fibers, holey fibers, diode-pumped fiber lasers, amplifiers, Raman fiber amplifiers and MEMS devices. Fiber realizations can also be employed in place of bulk optical elements.
Furthermore, it is also to be understood that the teachings described herein can also apply to systems that operate in other regions of the electro-magnetic spectrum, from mm waves to the ultraviolet and beyond. As an example, precision compensated imaging over propagation-path distortions in the THz regime can be realized by employing appropriate THz detectors, sources, and beam forming components (THz sensors, imagers, diffraction gratings, photonic crystals, modulators, etc.) analogous to those in the optical embodiments. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the extension of the techniques taught herein can also apply to acoustic and ultrasonic beam forming systems through acoustic-based distortion paths.
The possibility of modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. No limitation is intended by the description of exemplary embodiments which may have included tolerances, feature dimensions, specific operating conditions, engineering specifications, or the like, and which may vary between implementations or with changes to the state of the art, and no limitation should be implied therefrom. Applicant has made this disclosure with respect to the current state of the art, but also contemplates advancements and that adaptations in the future may take into consideration of those advancements, namely in accordance with the then current state of the art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims as written and equivalents as applicable. Reference to a claim element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated. Moreover, no element, component, nor method or process step in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or step is explicitly recited in the Claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Section 112, as it exists on the date of filing hereof, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for . . . ” and no method or process step herein is to be construed under those provisions unless the step, or steps, are expressly recited using the phrase “comprising the step(s) of . . . .”
The foregoing Detailed Description of exemplary and preferred embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and disclosure in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form(s) described, but only to enable others skilled in the art to understand how the invention may be suited for a particular use or implementation.
The scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims.
