Patent Application
20250140265
The present disclosure is directed to speech coded based generative methods for speech enhancement in adverse conditions.
Enhancing speech signal quality in adverse acoustic environments is a persistent challenge in speech processing. Existing deep learning based enhancement methods often struggle to effectively remove background noise and reverberation in real-world scenarios, hampering listening experiences.
In real-world scenarios, speech signals are often degraded by background noise and room reverberation, leading to diminished clarity and comprehensibility. The main aim of speech enhancement is to mitigate the impact of such environmental disturbances. The development of deep neural networks (DNN) has greatly advanced speech enhancement research. DNNs have shown remarkable proficiency in suppressing background noise and reverberation, yielding enhancement results. DNN-based enhancement techniques primarily focus on direct speech signal representations, aiming to establish mappings from noisy inputs to their corresponding clean targets. These representations include magnitude, complex spectrograms, waveforms, or a fusion of these features which are all intrinsically associated with the signals. However, performance often notably deteriorates in real-world complicated scenarios.
In attempts at addressing these challenges, recent studies have aimed to leverage the potential of pre-trained models. Some researchers utilized diffusion models to refine speech, employing them to regenerate clean speech based on enhanced priors acquired through pre-trained discriminative models. Another avenue of investigation involves employing speech vocoders for speech resynthesis. For instance, VoiceFixer was proposed to address general speech restoration. It employs an enhancement model on-spectrograms and subsequently utilizes the HifiGAN vocoder to resynthesize the clean speech. Similarly, it has been proposed to use masked autoencoders for speech restoration and to employ mel-to-mel mapping during pretraining to restore masked audio signals.
The majority of existing research related to speech codecs is primarily centered around text-to-speech tasks, relying heavily on text embeddings to ensure input stability. Furthermore, a relevant contribution by Wav2code has also introduced the utilization of codebooks to enhance the resilience of speech representations. Notably, Wav2code focuses more on improving robust automatic speech recognition and operates on self-supervised learning (SSL) embeddings.
Nonetheless, despite effectiveness of powerful enhancement baselines, their performance often notably deteriorates in real-world complicated scenarios. For example, the enhanced speech obtained by supervised learning based models in such challenging scenarios may retain strong noise or reverberation, and be accompanied by distortions and artifacts. And for any of those reasons there is therefore a desire for technical solutions to such problems that arose in computer audio technology.
There is included a method and apparatus comprising memory configured to store computer program code and a processor or processors configured to access the computer program code and operate as instructed by the computer program code. The computer program is configured to cause the processor implement receiving code configured to cause the at least one processor to receive an audio signal obtained from a microphone; inputting code configured to cause the at least one processor to input the audio signal into a neural-network pipeline, the neural-network pipeline comprising a convolutional network that receives the audio signal and provides a first output of the convolutional network to an enhancer, the enhancer comprising a deep complex convolutional recurrent network that receives the first output along with a mel spectrogram of the audio signal and outputs a second output to at least one of a vocoder and a decoder; and controlling code configured to cause the at least one processor to control an output of an enhanced audio signal from the at least one of the vocoder and the decoder.
According to aspects of the disclosure, the vocoder may be a HifiGAN vocoder.
According to aspects of the disclosure, the first output may be based on a WavLM-Large variant of an WavLM model which extracts a learnable weighted sum of layered results and produces a 1024-dimension self-supervised learning (SSL) features from which SSL embeddings of 256 dimensions are extracted by an SSL conditioner of the neural-network pipeline.
According to aspects of the disclosure, the SSL conditioner may include a three-layer 1-dimensional convolutional network, as the convolutional network, comprising upsampling, rectified linear unit activation, instance normalization, and a dropout of 0.5.
According to aspects of the disclosure, the deep complex convolutional recurrent network may include an encoder-decoder with a long short-term memory (LSTM) bottleneck, and
According to aspects of the disclosure, the encoder-decoder may include a six-layer convolutional network.
According to aspects of the disclosure, the neural-network pipeline may include a model trained on utterances from multiple languages.
According to aspects of the disclosure, the utterances may include augmentations of simulated noise and reverberations.
According to aspects of the disclosure, encoder embeddings and the mel spectrogram may be inputs to the model during training of the model.
According to aspects of the disclosure, neural-network pipeline may include a decoder comprising 12 transformer blocks characterized by an embedding dimension of 512.
According to aspects of the disclosure, a prediction layer of the neural-network pipeline may include projection of transformer outputs to 1024 dimensions as corresponding to a size of a codebook vocabulary of the neural-network pipeline.
Further features, nature, and various advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be more apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings in which:
The proposed features discussed below may be used separately or combined in any order. Further, the embodiments may be implemented by processing circuitry (e.g., one or more processors or one or more integrated circuits). In one example, the one or more processors execute a program that is stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium.
In
A streaming system may include a capture subsystem 203, that can include a video source 201, for example a digital camera, creating, for example, an uncompressed video sample stream 213. That sample stream 213 may be emphasized as a high data volume when compared to encoded video bitstreams and can be processed by an encoder 202 coupled to the video source 201, which may be for example a camera as discussed above. The encoder 202 can include hardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implement aspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detail below. The encoded video bitstream 204, which may be emphasized as a lower data volume when compared to the sample stream, can be stored on a streaming server 205 for future use. One or more streaming clients 212 and 207 can access the streaming server 205 to retrieve copies 208 and 206 of the encoded video bitstream 204. A client 212 can include a video decoder 211 which decodes the incoming copy of the encoded video bitstream 208 and creates an outgoing video sample stream 210 that can be rendered on a display 209 or other rendering device (not depicted). In some streaming systems, the video bitstreams 204, 206 and 208 can be encoded according to certain video coding/compression standards. Examples of those standards are noted above and described further herein.
A receiver 302 may receive one or more codec video sequences to be decoded by the decoder 300; in the same or another embodiment, one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each coded video sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. The coded video sequence may be received from a channel 301, which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encoded video data. The receiver 302 may receive the encoded video data with other data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams, that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted). The receiver 302 may separate the coded video sequence from the other data. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory 303 may be coupled in between receiver 302 and entropy decoder/parser 304 (“parser” henceforth). When receiver 302 is receiving data from a store/forward device of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from an isosynchronous network, the buffer 303 may not be needed, or can be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as the Internet, the buffer 303 may be required, can be comparatively large and can advantageously of adaptive size.
The video decoder 300 may include a parser 304 to reconstruct symbols 313 from the entropy coded video sequence. Categories of those symbols include information used to manage operation of the decoder 300, and potentially information to control a rendering device such as a display 312 that is not an integral part of the decoder but can be coupled to it. The control information for the rendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser 304 may parse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence received. The coding of the coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video coding technology or standard, and can follow principles well known to a person skilled in the art, including variable length coding, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser 304 may extract from the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters for at least one of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based upon at least one parameters corresponding to the group. Subgroups can include Groups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, Coding Units (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) and so forth. The entropy decoder/parser may also extract from the coded video sequence information such as transform coefficients, quantizer parameter values, motion vectors, and so forth.
The parser 304 may perform entropy decoding/parsing operation on the video sequence received from the buffer 303, so to create symbols 313. The parser 304 may receive encoded data, and selectively decode particular symbols 313. Further, the parser 304 may determine whether the particular symbols 313 are to be provided to a Motion Compensation Prediction unit 306, a scaler/inverse transform unit 305, an Intra Prediction Unit 307, or a loop filter 311.
Reconstruction of the symbols 313 can involve multiple different units depending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (such as: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors. Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroup control information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by the parser 304. The flow of such subgroup control information between the parser 304 and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.
Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, decoder 300 can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units as described below. In a practical implementation operating under commercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with each other and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However, for the purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, the conceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.
A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit 305. The scaler/inverse transform unit 305 receives quantized transform coefficient as well as control information, including which transform to use, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices, etc. as symbol(s) 313 from the parser 304. It can output blocks comprising sample values, that can be input into aggregator 310.
In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform 305 can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not using predictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but can use predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of the current picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intra picture prediction unit 307. In some cases, the intra picture prediction unit 307 generates a block of the same size and shape of the block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructed information fetched from the current (partly reconstructed) picture 309. The aggregator 310, in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the prediction information the intra prediction unit 307 has generated to the output sample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit 305.
In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit 305 can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensated block. In such a case, a Motion Compensation Prediction unit 306 can access reference picture memory 308 to fetch samples used for prediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordance with the symbols 313 pertaining to the block, these samples can be added by the aggregator 310 to the output of the scaler/inverse transform unit (in this case called the residual samples or residual signal) so to generate output sample information. The addresses within the reference picture memory form where the motion compensation unit fetches prediction samples can be controlled by motion vectors, available to the motion compensation unit in the form of symbols 313 that can have, for example X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation also can include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the reference picture memory when sub-sample exact motion vectors are in use, motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.
The output samples of the aggregator 310 can be subject to various loop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit 311. Video compression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies that are controlled by parameters included in the coded video bitstream and made available to the loop filter unit 311 as symbols 313 from the parser 304, but can also be responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding of previous (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded video sequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed and loop-filtered sample values.
The output of the loop filter unit 311 can be a sample stream that can be output to the render device 312 as well as stored in the reference picture memory 557 for use in future inter-picture prediction.
Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used as reference pictures for future prediction. Once a coded picture is fully reconstructed and the coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, for example, parser 304), the current reference picture 309 can become part of the reference picture buffer 308, and a fresh current picture memory can be reallocated before commencing the reconstruction of the following coded picture.
The video decoder 300 may perform decoding operations according to a predetermined video compression technology that may be documented in a standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specified by the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sense that it adheres to the syntax of the video compression technology or standard, as specified in the video compression technology document or standard and specifically in the profiles document therein. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity of the coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of the video compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrict the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstruction sample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximum reference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in some cases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled in the coded video sequence.
In an embodiment, the receiver 302 may receive additional (redundant) data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as part of the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by the video decoder 300 to properly decode the data and/or to more accurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can be in the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forward error correction codes, and so on.
Embodiments herein may be applied in such environments, such as 2 or more dimensional video conferencing, or hearing aids or karaoke environments or theatre environments or the like that may experience acoustic deterioration.
Considering that deep learning is powerful at modeling complex nonlinear relationships and has been successfully introduced to suppress acoustic deterioration, embodiments herein employ deep learning to also serve as a powerful tool.
where NL(⋅) denotes the nonlinear distortion introduced by the loudspeaker, h(t) represents the acoustic path from loudspeaker to microphone, and * denotes linear convolution.
where n(t) represents the background noise, Δt denotes the system delay from microphone to loudspeaker, and G the gain of amplifier. The recursive relationship between y(t) and y(t−Δt) causes re-amplifying of playback signal and leads to a feedback loop that results in an annoying, high-pitched sound, which is known as a form of acoustic deterioration.
With that being said, howling is generated in a recurrent manner rather than instantaneously. That is, howling starts as multiple playback signals and gradually forms a shrill sound after being amplified to a certain extent.
As a note acoustic howling is different from another form of acoustic deterioration, acoustic echo, even though inappropriately handled acoustic echo (leakage) could also result in howling. Major differences between acoustic howling and acoustic echo include that both are essentially playback signals, while howling is generated gradually, and the playback signal that leads to howling is generated from the same source as that of the target signal whereas acoustic echo is usually generated from a different source (far-end speaker), which makes the suppression of howling more challenging.
However, to achieve acoustic deterioration suppression using deep learning considering the characteristics of acoustic deterioration, a most crucial problem is that acoustic deterioration is generated adaptively, and the current input depends on the previous outputs. Specifically, the existence of distortion/leakage in the current processed signal as shown in signal flow 403, will affect the playback signal received at the microphone in the next loop d(t+Δt). Ideally, there may be training of a deep learning model in an adaptive way by updating its parameters on a sample level. However, this requires a huge amount of computation and is hard to be realized in real applications.
As such, embodiments herein employ Deep learning to train a model for acoustic deterioration suppression using teacher-forced learning. Assuming that once the model is properly trained, it should attenuate the playback signal in the microphone and send only target speech to the loudspeaker. During model training, embodiments take the target speech, s(t), as the teacher signal to replace the actual output ŝ(t) in the subsequent computation of the network, as shown in signal flow 403.
By using teacher forced learning, the playback signal d(t) is then a determined signal influenced only by s(t), and the repeating summation of multiple playback signals in Eq. (2) can be simplified to a one-time playback. The corresponding microphone signal for model training can be written as:
The microphone signal during teacher forced learning is a mixture of the target signal, background noise, and a determined one-time playback signal. And the overall problem can thus be formulated as a speech separation problem. Training Deep in a teacher-forced learning way not only simplifies the overall problem but also possible to diminish the uncertainty introduced in the adaptive process of acoustic deterioration suppression and results in a robust howling suppression solution.
According to exemplary embodiments, different training strategies have been explored according to embodiments herein. An example of a straightforward embodiment is to directly use the microphone signal in Eq. (3) as input at S501 and set the corresponding s(t) as the training target at S504. Such training strategy may be employed as the model trained at S506 without using a reference signal (“w/o Ref”).
Another embodiment involves extracting more information at S502 from input and using that additional extracted information as a reference signal during model training. Therefore, embodiments use a delayed microphone signal as additional input at S503 with the amount of delay estimated during an initial stage. Considering that the playback signal can be regarded as a delayed, scaled, nonlinear version of s(t), using a delayed microphone signal helps the model to better differentiate the target signal from playback. Such embodiment of a training strategy may be referred to as “w Ref”.
In addition, there may be situations where there is always a mismatch during offline training and real-time application considering the leakage existed in(t). To incorporate the mismatch and better approximate the real scenarios, embodiments employ another strategy that works by fine-tuning at S505 and S507 the model using pre-processing signals, denoted as “Fine-tuned”. Then, the microphone signal for offline training is a modified version of Eq. (3):
where d′(t) is the distorted playback signal generated using estimated target ŝ(t−Δt). To be specific, there may be pre-processing of all the training data using a pre-trained model and then the enhanced output may be fed through the audio system to get the corresponding playback d′(t). Finally, there may be fine-tuning of the model using y′(t) as input. As such, the mismatch mentioned previously would be reduced slightly given that the model has seen the distortion during training.
By any of the above-described embodiments, acoustic deterioration suppression of a signal may be achieved, to varying degrees, at S508 depending on one or more of those embodiments.
Details of a network structure are illustrated and described with the example 700 of
the network consists of three parts, where the first part 701 employs a gated recurrent unit (GRU) layer with 257 hidden units and two 1D convolution layers to estimate a complex-valued filter for playback suppression and playback estimation, respectively, at S801. The estimates are then applied at S802 on the microphone signal Y to obtain the corresponding outputs, denoted as and {circumflex over (D)}.
The LPS of these outputs, together with the fused feature for the first part, are concatenated at S803 and fused to serve as the inputs for the second part 702. Another GRU layer and two 1D convolution layers are utilized to estimate two filters for estimating the playback/noise and target speech from input channels Y, , and {circumflex over (D)}. The covariance matrix of playback/noise {circumflex over (Φ)}NN and target speech {circumflex over (Φ)}SS are then calculated at S806 for the third part 703.
The third part 703 is for enhancement filter estimation, which is motivated by the idea of multi-channel signal processing. Embodiments regard the input Y and two estimates , and {circumflex over (D)} as three-channel inputs and train a self-attentive RNN to estimate the speech enhancement filters W∈
F×T×3. These filters are then applied on the input channels to get the enhanced target speech ŝ. Finally an inverse STFT (iSTFT) is used to get waveform ŝ(t).
The loss function for model training is defined as a combination of scale-invariance signal-to-distortion ratio (SI-SDR) in the time domain and mean absolute error (MAE) of spectrum magnitude in the frequency domain:
where λ is set to 10,000 to balance the value range of the two losses.
Since there may always be a mismatch between the offline training and inference stage of the Deep model. A streaming inference method, in which the output of the processor is looped back and added to the input in the following time steps, is therefore implemented to evaluate the performance of the Deep model in a realistic and recurrent mode. Details of this streaming inference are shown in the example 900 of
As such, embodiments of this disclosure provide for a deep learning approach to acoustic deterioration suppression. The embodiments address acoustic deterioration suppression by extracting the target signal from microphone recording using an attention based recurrent neural network with properly designed features. With the idea of teacher-forced learning, the Deep model is trained offline using teacher signals and evaluated in both offline and streaming manners to show its performance for acoustic deterioration suppression.
As shown in
where NL(⋅) denotes the nonlinear distortion introduced by the loudspeaker, h(t) represents the acoustic path from loudspeaker to microphone, and * denotes linear convolution.
When the signal is not processed, the playback signal d(t) will re-enter the pickup repeatedly, the corresponding microphone signal can then be represented as:
where n(t) represents the background noise, Δt denotes the system delay from microphone to loudspeaker, and G the gain of amplifier. The recursive relationship between y(t) and y(t−Δt) causes re-amplifying of playback signal and leads to a feedback loop that results in an annoying, high-pitched sound.
In the example 1000 of
Further, despite effectiveness of powerful enhancement baselines, their performance often notably deteriorates in real-world complicated scenarios. For example, the enhanced speech obtained by supervised learning based models in such challenging scenarios may retain strong noise or reverberation, and be accompanied by distortions and artifacts. And for any of those reasons there is therefore a desire for technical solutions to such problems that arose in computer audio technology.
Drawing inspiration from a parallel study in computer vision, which addresses blind face restoration through the regeneration of code tokens within a learned discrete codebook, embodiments herein are motivated by its exceptional robustness against degradation in both synthetic and real-world datasets. Further, discrete representations stored in codebooks have been determined by embodiments herein to be more robust against various interference, and therefore embodiments employ speech codecs to perform speech enhancement.
For example, to address those challenges, embodiments herein provide a novel approach that uses pre-trained generative methods to resynthesize clean, anechoic speech from degraded inputs and leverage pre-trained vocoder and/or codec models to synthesize high-quality speech while enhancing robustness in challenging scenarios. It has been determined that embodiments herein employing generative methods effectively handle information loss in speech signals, resulting in regenerated speech that has improved fidelity and reduced artifacts. By harnessing the capabilities of pre-trained models, embodiments herein have achieve faithful reproduction of the original speech in adverse conditions. The generated speech exhibits enhanced audio quality, reduced background noise, and reverberation. Findings on these embodiments highlight the potential and usefulness of pre-trained generative techniques in speech processing, particularly in scenarios where traditional methods falter.
As depicted in the example 1100 of
Embodiments herein also provide, such as in example 1200 of
Initial attempts to predict tokens corresponding to clean speech encountered challenges. Firstly, feature encoders of existing codecs are not trained using degraded speech utterances. This inconsistency between the corrupted features of the codec input and the accurate derivation of code tokens by the codec led to instability in input code tokens, thereby yielding suboptimal enhancement outcomes. Furthermore, predicting speech embeddings (either pre-vector quantization or post-vector quantization) is comparatively simpler. However, the generated speech by the decoder may contain distortions, as the predicted embeddings may not align well with the pre-stored patterns in the codebooks, consequently affecting enhancement performance.
To address these issues, embodiments provide, a generalized codec architecture, such as in example 1200, involving a EnCodec trained on utterances from multiple languages retrieved from gigaspeech, LibriTTS, and VP10K and common voice, and augmented with 20% probabilities by simulated noise and reverberations. Additionally, encoder 1202 embeddings 1203 are employed as primary inputs during training, alongside mel-spectrograms, from conditioner 1204, of the input speech 1201 as auxiliary input. Given the importance of the first code index and the hierarchical architecture inherent in residual quantization, an architecture 1205 based on layer-wise modeling is adopted to enhance performance. The model architecture 1205 comprises a transformer decoder and a prediction layer. This transformer decoder integrates 12 transformer blocks, characterized by an embedding dimension of 512. The model input encompasses the codec embedding 1203 and the auxiliary input acoustic conditioner 1204 embedding. For the prediction of second to last code tokens, an additional embedding generated from preceding code tokens is incorporated. The prediction layer facilitates the projection of transformer outputs to 1024 dimensions, which corresponds to the size of the codebook 1207 vocabulary.
Accordingly, by those pipelines, there is provided leveraging of pre-trained generative methods for speech enhancement, use of vocoder and codec models for high-quality speech synthesis, and effectively handling of information loss in speech signals. According to embodiments, there is produces speech with improved fidelity and fewer artifacts and with focus on faithful reproduction of the original speech even in adverse conditions.
Embodiments herein provide for resynthesizing of clean, anechoic speech from degraded inputs along with use of pre-trained models to harness existing semantic or acoustic information while also processing a main input and an auxiliary input to enhance intermediate representations in any of two pipelines: vocoder and codec. Thereby, embodiments, employs an acoustic enhancer to transform noisy mel-spectrograms and embedding into clean mel-spectrogram or code and utilize the capabilities of generative methods to address situations with significant information loss in speech signals.
Embodiments herein are employed in situations where speech signals are degraded by background noise and room reverberation which present otherwise challenging scenarios where traditional speech enhancement methods falter and also real-world situations where there is a requirement for faithful reproduction of original speech.
Therefore, it is shown herein that embodiments provide an innovative approach that leverages pre-trained generative methods to address the longstanding challenges of enhancing speech signal quality in adverse acoustic environments. By employing established vocoder, codec, and self-supervised learning models, the embodiments herein effectively resynthesize clean and anechoic speech from degraded inputs, mitigating issues like background noise and reverberation. Through empirical evaluations in both simulated and real-world scenarios, the embodiments herein demonstrate superior subjective scores, showcasing its ability to improve audio fidelity, reduce artifacts, and superior robustness which highlights the potential of leveraging generative techniques in speech processing, especially in challenging scenarios where conventional methods fall short.
The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one or more computer-readable media or by a specifically configured one or more hardware processors. For example,
The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions that can be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-code execution, and the like, by computer central processing units (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.
The instructions can be executed on various types of computers or components thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of things devices, and the like.
The components shown in
Computer system 1300 may include certain human interface input devices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as: keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice, clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (not depicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capture certain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by a human, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images (such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still image camera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional video including stereoscopic video).
Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one of each depicted): keyboard 1301, mouse 1302, trackpad 1303, touch screen 1310, joystick 1305, microphone 1306, scanner 1308, camera 1307.
Computer system 1300 may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating the senses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output, sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by the touch-screen 1310, or joystick 1305, but there can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audio output devices (such as: speakers 1309, headphones (not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens 1310 to include CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, each with or without touch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedback capability-some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output through means such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (not depicted).
Computer system 1300 can also include human accessible storage devices and their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW 1320 with CD/DVD 1311 or the like media, thumb-drive 1322, removable hard drive or solid state drive 1323, legacy magnetic media such as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.
Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computer readable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosed subject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, or other transitory signals.
Computer system 1300 can also include interface 1399 to one or more communication networks 1398. Networks 1398 can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. Networks 1398 can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examples of networks 1398 include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks 1398 commonly require external network interface adapters that attached to certain general-purpose data ports or peripheral buses (1350 and 1351) (such as, for example USB ports of the computer system 1300; others are commonly integrated into the core of the computer system 1300 by attachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using any of these networks 1398, computer system 1300 can communicate with other entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbusto certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to other computer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces as described above.
Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storage devices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core 1340 of the computer system 1300.
The core 1340 can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) 1341, Graphics Processing Units (GPU) 1342, a graphics adapter 1317, specialized programmable processing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) 1343, hardware accelerators for certain tasks 1344, and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) 1345, Random-access memory 1346, internal mass storage such as internal non-user accessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like 1347, may be connected through a system bus 1348. In some computer systems, the system bus 1348 can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to the core's system bus 1348, or through a peripheral bus 1349. Architectures for a peripheral bus include PCI, USB, and the like.
CPUs 1341, GPUs 1342, FPGAs 1343, and accelerators 1344 can execute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM 1345 or RAM 1346. Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM 1346, whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage 1347. Fast storage and retrieval to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or more CPU 1341, GPU 1342, mass storage 1347, ROM 1345, RAM 1346, and the like.
The computer readable media can have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and computer code can be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.
As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system having architecture 1300, and specifically the core 1340 can provide functionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or more tangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be media associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above, as well as certain storage of the core 1340 that are of non-transitory nature, such as core-internal mass storage 1347 or ROM 1345. The software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by core 1340. A computer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices or chips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core 1340 and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM 1346 and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator 1344), which can operate in place of or together with software to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference to software can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to a computer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.
While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spirit and scope thereof.
