Sphinogosine-1 -phosphate receptor modulators for treatment of cardiopulmonary disorders

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 11034691
  • Patent Number
    11,034,691
  • Date Filed
    Tuesday, June 11, 2019
    5 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, June 15, 2021
    3 years ago
Abstract
The invention provides compounds effective as sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators for treatment of cardiopulmonary diseases, such as hypertension (including malignant hypertension), angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, dysrhythmias, cardiomyothopy (including hypertropic cardiomyothopy), heart failure, cardiac arrest, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, croup, emphysema, pleurisy, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, mesothelioma, ventricular conduction abnormalities, complete heart block, adult respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, prevention of keloid formation, or cirrhosis.
Description
BACKGROUND

Antagonism of the subtype 3 of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) is proposed to have therapeutic utility in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, as well as additional therapeutic utilities based upon receptor expression and the effects of pharmacological antagonism of gene deletion. Five high affinity G-protein coupled receptors for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are identified (1) and the crystal structure of S1PR1 has been solved (2). This cluster of receptors is medically important because the non-selective S1PR agonist fingolimod is an effective oral therapy for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by altering lymphocyte function. Various S1P receptor subtypes that differ in spatial distribution, coupling and function can singly or in combination, play complex roles in embryonic formation of the arterial media, blood pressure regulation and cardiac function. FTY720 (fingolimod) in man is associated with significant sinus bradycardia, heart block and a prolongation of QTc interval (3, 4). Atropine reversal of the sinus bradycardia (5) and the demonstration of sinus bradycardia with S1PR1-selective agonists in man (6) as well as rodents (2) suggested that sino-atrial (SA) node effects and those events resulting from alterations in ventricular conduction are distinctly regulated. Mice deficient in S1PR3 are resistant to a variety of pharmacological effects produced by agonists of S1PR3 including pulmonary and cardiac fibrosis (8-10), cardiac arrhythmias (11) as well as being resistant to complex pathologies such as cytokine storm and sepsis syndrome.


Sepsis syndrome, a consequence of infection and characterized by a state of uncontrolled systemic inflammation, kills approximately 200,000 people per year in the US (12, 13). According to global estimates, the incidence of sepsis is believed to range from 140-240 cases per 100,000, with fatality rates as high as 30%. If associated with circulatory collapse and end-organ failures, fatality rates remain in 50-80% range (14, 15). The 1979-2000 epidemiologic sepsis study estimated a 17 billion annual cost of sepsis care in the US (16), a value that is likely to be higher today due to the increased cost of healthcare. Although early intervention and modern supportive care practices in sepsis have slightly increased in overall sepsis survival rates, to 37 to 30% (17-21), there is still an obvious unmet medical need that requires development of new therapeutic strategies to combat this healthcare burden.


Despite measures to alter pathogen burden, and intensive supportive care, sepsis syndrome has high morbidity, mortality and a significant cost burden, reflecting imbalance between pro-inflammatory cytokines and elements of inflammation essential for host protection (22). Recent work defining the signature for key elements regulating systemic inflammation, has defined new, chemically tractable targets for therapeutic intervention that are genetically validated in animal models. Our recent work has demonstrated that blunting not abolishing host responses and cytokine storm provides important protection from immunopathology while sparing antiviral immune responses (23-25). In bacterial infections we have now demonstrated by both genetic deletion of receptor (26), as well as with the use of early selective, neutral antagonists, that S1P signaling via S1PR3 on dendritic cells (DC) exacerbates systemic inflammation and lethality in stringent models of sepsis, i.e. both LPS-induced inflammation and in cecal ligation puncture (CLP) models.


Sepsis syndrome is a significant unmet medical need, as no effective treatment options exist beyond antimicrobial therapies and supportive intensive care. Behind this medical challenge lie multiple, complex pathological endpoints that coalesce in final common pathways of end-organ failure, and prospective identification of patient subsets is a work in progress. None-the-less, the importance of the unmet medical need, coupled with new mechanistic insights into shared critical pathways, offers new opportunities for mechanism-based interventions. Characteristic pathological symptoms of severe sepsis include profound inflammation, dysregulated coagulation, tissue microvascular edema, cardiovascular collapse, renal dysfunction and ultimately death. An additional long-term consequence is pulmonary fibrosis. These symptoms result primarily from the hyper-activation of the host's immune system reacting to the pathogen's invasion (27, 28). Understanding the factor(s) regulating the onset and progression of the host's immune overactivation is relevant for designing novel effective therapies for sepsis. Multiple lines of evidence support crucial roles for S1PRs in the control of immune cell trafficking and cardiovascular functions in physiology and disease (29, 30). S1P, a circulating bioactive lysophospholipid derived from the ceramide pathway binds to and activates five closely related G-protein coupled receptors, referred to as S1PR1-5. Interestingly, human diseases with an active inflammatory component, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), coronary atherosclerosis, and lupus, have elevated plasma or local S1P levels 31-34). In the case of sepsis, there is even plasma elevation of a major S1P carrier lipoprotein, Apoprotein M, in disease subjects, and is now a risk factor for poor prognosis (5, 36). Thus it is likely that S1P signaling tone is consequently altered in septicemia. Since discontinuation of Xigris (37), an intended target of the endothelial components of sepsis, and since immunosuppressive corticosteroidal therapy can be controversial due to adrenal insufficiency occurring in sepsis (8, 39), there is a limited arsenal to combat sepsis. Inhibiting, with a systemic selective small molecule antagonist, S1PR3 on DCs, on vascular smooth muscle, coronary artery smooth muscle and bronchial smooth muscle can contribute to improving the therapeutic outcome in multiple clinical syndromes characterized by bronchoconstriction, pulmonary fibrosis, coronary artery constriction, cytokine amplification by dendritic cells, as well as the generation of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, based upon data showing that S1PR3 signaling contributes to pro-inflammatory signals, fibrosis and to poor sepsis outcome.


Previous findings indicated that S1PR3 deficient DCs (taken from S1PR3 knockouts), significantly enhanced the survival of mice administered with a 90% lethal dose (LD90) of LPS or in mice following the Cecal Ligation Puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis (26). Most importantly, the study pointed out that treatment with AUY954, a selective S1P1 agonist that sequesters B- and T-lymphocytes from the blood (40), and is useful for dampening inflammation in animal models of localized inflammation (41), did not infer any protection in the same study. Another report using similar transfer methods has just shown that S1PR3-deficiency in DCs significantly blunted pro-inflammatory mediators in renal ischemia/reperfusion studies and lowered kidney immunopathology in mice (42). Interesting, the authors further implicated IL-4 signaling as a downstream mediator of the S1PR3 deficiency benefits in renal ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of S1PR3 in bone marrow derived DCs (BMDC) greatly reduced transwell DC migration, and migration to the mesenteric lymph node (43), suggesting that S1PR3 is directly involved in DC migration. Overall, the available evidence strongly suggests that down-modulating S1PR3 DC signaling, as proposed with a systemic S1PR3 antagonist, may open a new therapeutic opportunity in sepsis syndrome. These data strongly suggest that an S1PR3 antagonist may be valuable during the early management period of sepsis care, characterized as the critical therapeutic window with potential for boosting survival (44) (455).


SUMMARY

The invention provides, in various embodiments, a compound of formula (I)




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wherein each of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is independently selected (C6-C10)aryl ring system or a (5- to 10-membered) heteroaryl ring system, wherein any aryl or heteroaryl ring system of Ar1, Ar2, or Ar3 is optionally fused with a cycloalkyl or a heterocyclyl ring; wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of Ar1, Ar2, or Ar3 is each optionally independently mono- or multi-substituted with up to three substituents selected from the group consisting of (C1-C4)alkyl, (C2-C4)alkenyl, halo, halo(C1-C4)alkyl, OH, monohydroxy(C1-C4)alkyl, dihydroxy(C2-C4)alkyl, monohydroxy(C1-C4)alkoxy, dihydroxy(C2-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2-C6)acyl, (C1-C6)alkoxycarbonyl(CH2)0-2, carboxy(CH2)0-2, oxo, cyano, NR2(CH2)0-2, NR2C(═O)(CH2)0-2, NR2C(═O)(CH2)0-2O(CH2)0-2, (C1-C4)C(═O)N(R), (C1-C4)OC(═O)N(R), C═NOR, (C3-C10)cycloalkyl, (5- to 10-membered)heterocyclyl, (C6-C10)aryl, and (5- to 10-membered) heteroaryl; wherein any cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl substituent of Ar1, Ar2, or Ar3 is itself optionally substituted with up to three secondary substituents selected from the group consisting of (C1-C4)alkyl, (C2-C4)alkenyl, halo, halo(C1-C4)alkyl, OH, monohydroxy(C1-C4)alkyl, dihydroxy(C2-C4)alkyl, monohydroxy(C1-C4)alkoxy, dihydroxy(C2-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2-C6)acyl, (C1-C6)alkoxycarbonyl(CH2)0-2, carboxy(CH2)0-2, oxo, cyano, NR2(CH2)0-2, NR2C(═O)(CH2)0-2, NR2C(═O)(CH2)0-2O(CH2)0-2, (C1-C4)C(═O)N(R), (C1-C4)OC(═O)N(R), and C═NOR;


each R is independently H, (C1-C4)alkyl, hydroxy(C2-C4)alkyl, cyano, or ((C1-C4)alkyl-O)1-2(C1-C4)alkyl, or two R groups together with an atom to which they are both joined can form a ring;


each R′ is independently H, (C1-C4)alkyl, hydroxy(C2-C4)alkyl, (CH2)0-2C(═O)O(C1-C4)alkyl, or (C3-C6)cycloalkyl;


X is a bond, (CH2)1-2, (CH2)0-2N(R)(CH2)0-2, (CH2)0-2O(CH2)0-2, (CH2)0-2N(R)C(═O)(CH2)0-2, (CH2)0-2C(═O)N(R)(CH2)0-2, (CH2)0-2N(R)C(═O)O(CH2)0-2, or (CH2)0-2OC(═O)N(R)(CH2)0-2;


L is a bond, NR, C(═O), SO2, C(═NR), C(═O)CR2, C(═O)CH(N(R)C(═O)(C1-C4)alkyl, C(═O)CH(N(R)C(═O)O(C1-C4)alkyl, C(═O)CH(NR2), C(═O)CR(halo), or is




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wherein wavy lines indicate points of bonding,


or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.


For example, the compound can be of formula (IA)




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wherein each of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is independently selected aryl; X, L, R, and R′ are as defined herein.


For example, the compound can be of formula (IB)




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wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected aryl and Ar3 is heteroaryl; X, L, R, and R′ are as defined herein.


For example, the compound can be of formula (IC)




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wherein


Ar1 is aryl, Ar2 and Ar3 are independently selected heteroaryl; X, L, R, and R′ are as defined herein.


For example, the compound can be of formula (ID)




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wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are independently selected aryl, and Ar2 is heteroaryl; X, L, R, and R′ are as defined herein.


For example, the compound can be of formula (IE)




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wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are independently selected heteroaryl, and Ar2 is aryl; X, L, R, and R′ are as defined herein.


In various embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.


The invention further provides, in various embodiments, a method of treatment of a cardiopulmonary disease in a patient afflicted therewith, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention. For instance, the disease can be asthma or a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; or, the disease can comprises sepsis; or, wherein the disease is coronary atherosclerosis. In various embodiments, the invention provides a method of treatment wherein the disease comprises a clinical syndrome characterized by bronchoconstriction, pulmonary fibrosis, coronary artery constriction, cytokine amplification by dendritic cells, or the generation of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. More specifically, the invention provides a method of treatment of a disease in a patient afflicted therewith wherein the disease comprises inflammation by influenza infection, or wherein the disease is cardiovascular disease, hypertension (including malignant hypertension), angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, dysrhythmias, cardiomyothopy (including hypertropic cardiomyothopy), heart failure, cardiac arrest, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, croup, emphysema, pleurisy, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, mesothelioma, ventricular conduction abnormalities, complete heart block, adult respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, prevention of keloid formation, or cirrhosis.


Accordingly, the invention provides, in various embodiments, a medical use comprising use of a compound of the invention, such as in a pharmaceutical composition, for treatment of any of the above-enumerated medical conditions.







DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.


The term “about” as used herein, when referring to a numerical value or range, allows for a degree of variability in the value or range, for example, within 10%, or within 5% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.


The term “disease” or “disorder” or “malcondition” are used interchangeably, and are used to refer to diseases or conditions wherein a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor plays a role in the biochemical mechanisms involved in the disease or malcondition or symptom(s) thereof such that a therapeutically beneficial effect can be achieved by acting on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, e.g. with an effective amount or concentration of a synthetic ligand of the invention. “Acting on” a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, or “modulating” a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, can include binding to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and/or inhibiting the bioactivity of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and/or allosterically regulating the bioactivity of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor in vivo.


The expression “effective amount”, when used to describe therapy to an individual suffering from a disorder, refers to the quantity or concentration of a compound of the invention that is effective to inhibit or otherwise act on a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor in the individual's tissues wherein the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor involved in the disorder, wherein such inhibition or other action occurs to an extent sufficient to produce a beneficial therapeutic effect.


“Treating” or “treatment” within the meaning herein refers to an alleviation of symptoms associated with a disorder or disease, or inhibition of further progression or worsening of those symptoms, or prevention or prophylaxis of the disease or disorder, or curing the disease or disorder. Similarly, as used herein, an “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the invention refers to an amount of the compound that alleviates, in whole or in part, symptoms associated with the disorder or condition, or halts or slows further progression or worsening of those symptoms, or prevents, or provides prophylaxis for, the disorder or condition. In particular, a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of compounds of the invention are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.


It is to be further understood that where descriptions of various embodiments use the term “comprising,” those skilled in the art would understand that in some specific instances, an embodiment can be alternatively described using language “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”


By “chemically feasible” is meant a bonding arrangement or a compound where the generally understood rules of organic structure are not violated; for example a structure within a definition of a claim that would contain in certain situations, e.g., a pentavalent carbon atom that would not exist in nature would be understood to not be within the claim. The structures disclosed herein, in all of their embodiments are intended to include only “chemically feasible” structures, and any recited structures that are not chemically feasible, for example in a structure shown with variable atoms or groups, are not intended to be disclosed or claimed herein.


When a substituent is specified to be an atom or atoms of specified identity, “or a bond”, a configuration is referred to when the substituent is “a bond” that the groups that are immediately adjacent to the specified substituent are directly connected to each other in a chemically feasible bonding configuration.


All single enantiomer, diastereomeric, and racemic forms of a structure are intended, unless a particular stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated. In several instances though an individual stereoisomer is described among specifically claimed compounds, the stereochemical designation does not imply that alternate isomeric forms are less preferred, undesired, or not claimed. Compounds used in the present invention can include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions, at any degree of enrichment. Both racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of the invention.


As used herein, the terms “stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent. Only stable compounds are contemplated herein.


When a group is recited, wherein the group can be present in more than a single orientation within a structure resulting in more than single molecular structure, e.g., a carboxamide group C(═O)NR, it is understood that the group can be present in any possible orientation, e.g., X—C(═O)N(R)—Y or X—N(R)C(═O)—Y, unless the context clearly limits the orientation of the group within the molecular structure.


Substituted ring groups such as substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl groups also include rings and fused ring systems in which a bond to a hydrogen atom is replaced with a bond to a carbon atom, or to a substituent group as defined above. Therefore, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl groups can also be substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, or with the substituent groups listed above or other substituent groups know to persons of ordinary skill in the art.


By a “ring system” as the term is used herein is meant a moiety comprising one, two, three or more rings, which can be substituted with non-ring groups or with other ring systems, or both, which can be fully saturated, partially unsaturated, fully unsaturated, or aromatic, and when the ring system includes more than a single ring, the rings can be fused, bridging, or spirocyclic.


Ring systems can be mono- or independently multi-substituted with substituents as are described above. By “spirocyclic” is meant the class of structures wherein two rings are fused at a single tetrahedral carbon atom, as is well known in the art.


As to any of the groups described herein, which contain one or more substituents, it is understood, of course, that such groups do not contain any substitution or substitution patterns which are sterically impractical and/or synthetically non-feasible. In addition, the compounds of this disclosed subject matter include all stereochemical isomers arising from the substitution of these compounds.


When a number of carbon atoms in a group, e.g., an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, etc., is specified as a range, each individual integral number representing the number of carbon atoms is intended. For example, recitation of a (C1-C4)alkyl group indicates that the alkyl group can be any of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl. It is understood that a specification of a number of carbon atoms must be an integer.


When a number of atoms in a ring is specified, e.g., a 3- to 9-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring, the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring can include any of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 atoms. A cycloalkyl ring is carbocyclic; a heterocyclyl ring can include atoms of any element in addition to carbon capable of forming two or more bonds, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and the like. The number of atoms in a ring is understood to necessarily be an integer.


Alkyl groups include straight chain and branched carbon-based groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and typically from 1 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of straight chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2-dimethylpropyl groups. As used herein, the term “alkyl” encompasses n-alkyl, isoalkyl, and anteisoalkyl groups as well as other branched chain forms of alkyl. Representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or more times with any of the substituent groups listed above, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups. Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched hydrocarbons of 1-6, 1-4, or 1-3 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C1-6alkyl, C1-4alkyl, and C1-3alkyl, respectively. Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, etc.


Cycloalkyl groups are groups containing one or more carbocyclic ring including, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group can have 3 to about 8-12 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 4, 5, 6, or 7. Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined above.


Alkenyl groups include straight and branched chain and cyclic alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkenyl groups have from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, and typically from 2 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to vinyl, —CH═CH(CH3), —CH═C(CH3)2, —C(CH3)CH2, —C(CH3)═CH(CH3), —C(CH2CH3)═CH2, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl among others. Exemplary alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, a straight or branched group of 2-6 or 3-4 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C2-6alkenyl, and C3-4alkenyl, respectively. Exemplary alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, etc.


Aryl groups are cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that do not contain heteroatoms in the ring. An aromatic compound, as is well-known in the art, is a multiply-unsaturated cyclic system that contains 4n+2 π electrons where n is an integer. Thus aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups. In some embodiments, aryl groups contain about 6 to about 14 carbons in the ring portions of the groups. Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, as defined above. Representative substituted aryl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-substituted phenyl or 2-8 substituted naphthyl groups, which can be substituted with carbon or non-carbon groups such as those listed above.


Aralkyl, also termed arylalkyl, groups are alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined above. Representative aralkyl groups include benzyl and phenylethyl groups and fused (cycloalkylaryl)alkyl groups such as 4-ethyl-indanyl. Aralkenyl group are alkenyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined above.


Heterocyclyl groups or the term “heterocyclyl” includes aromatic and non-aromatic ring compounds containing 3 or more ring members, of which one or more ring atom is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S. Thus a heterocyclyl can be a cycloheteroalkyl, or a heteroaryl, or if polycyclic, any combination thereof. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl groups include 3 to about 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to about 15 ring members. A heterocyclyl group designated as a C2-heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth. Likewise a C4-heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms. Ring sizes can also be expressed by the total number of atoms in the ring, e.g., a 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl group, counting both carbon and non-carbon ring atoms. A heterocyclyl ring can also include one or more double bonds. A heteroaryl ring is an embodiment of a heterocyclyl group. The term “heterocyclyl group” includes fused ring species including those comprising fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups. For example, a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system (methylenedioxyphenyl ring system) are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein. The term also includes polycyclic, e.g., bicyclo- and tricyclo-ring systems containing one or more heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl.


Heterocyclyl groups can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted as discussed above. Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Representative substituted heterocyclyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, piperidinyl or quinolinyl groups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-substituted, or disubstituted with groups such as those listed above.


Heteroaryl groups are aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S; for instance, heteroaryl rings can have 5 to about 8-12 ring members. A heteroaryl group is a variety of a heterocyclyl group that possesses an aromatic electronic structure, which is a multiply-unsaturated cyclic system that contains 4n+2 π electrons wherein n is an integer A heteroaryl group designated as a C2-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring (i.e., a 5-membered ring) with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring (i.e., a 6-membered ring) with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth. Likewise a C4-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms. Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted with substituent groups as is discussed above. Representative substituted heteroaryl groups can be substituted one or more times with independently selected groups such as those listed above.


Additional examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, indenyl, naphthyl (1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl), N-hydroxytetrazolyl, N-hydroxytriazolyl, N-hydroxyimidazolyl, anthracenyl (1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl, 3-anthracenyl), thiophenyl (2-thienyl, 3-thienyl), furyl (2-furyl, 3-furyl), indolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, fluorenyl, xanthenyl, isoindanyl, benzhydryl, acridinyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl (2-pyrrolyl), pyrazolyl (3-pyrazolyl), imidazolyl (1-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl), triazolyl (1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-2-yl 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl), oxazolyl (2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl), pyridyl (2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl), pyrimidinyl (2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl), pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl (3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl), quinolyl (2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, 6-quinolyl, 7-quinolyl, 8-quinolyl), isoquinolyl (1-isoquinolyl, 3-isoquinolyl, 4-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 6-isoquinolyl, 7-isoquinolyl, 8-isoquinolyl), benzo[b]furanyl (2-benzo[b]furanyl, 3-benzo[b]furanyl, 4-benzo[b]furanyl, 5-benzo[b]furanyl, 6-benzo[b]furanyl, 7-benzo[b]furanyl), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl (2-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 3-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 4-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 5-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 6-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 7-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), benzo[b]thiophenyl (2-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 4-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 5-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 6-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 7-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, (2-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 3-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 4-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 5-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 6-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 7-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), indolyl (1-indolyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 4-indolyl, 5-indolyl, 6-indolyl, 7-indolyl), indazole (1-indazolyl, 3-indazolyl, 4-indazolyl, 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 7-indazolyl), benzimidazolyl (1-benzimidazolyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 4-benzimidazolyl, 5-benzimidazolyl, 6-benzimidazolyl, 7-benzimidazolyl, 8-benzimidazolyl), benzoxazolyl (1-benzoxazolyl, 2-benzoxazolyl), benzothiazolyl (1-benzothiazolyl, 2-benzothiazolyl, 4-benzothiazolyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, 6-benzothiazolyl, 7-benzothiazolyl), carbazolyl (1-carbazolyl, 2-carbazolyl, 3-carbazolyl, 4-carbazolyl), 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-1-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-2-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-3-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-4-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl), 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-1-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-2-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-3-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-4-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl), and the like.


Any heterocyclyl or heteroaryl comprising nitrogen can be an N-oxide or N-metho salt or other N-quaternarized salt thereof; when a cationic N-quaternarized salt is present, it is understood that an anionic counterion is present for charge balance. Any heterocyclyl or heteroaryl comprising sulfur can be an sulfoxide or sulfone or an S-metho salt or other S-alkylated salt thereof; when a cationic S-alkylated salt is present, it is understood that an anionic counterion is present for charge balance.


The term “alkoxy” or “alkoxyl” refers to an oxygen atom connected to an alkyl group, including a cycloalkyl group, as are defined above. Examples of linear alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, and the like. Examples of branched alkoxy include but are not limited to isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentyloxy, isohexyloxy, and the like. Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxy groups of 1-6 or 2-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C1-6alkoxy, and C2-6 alkoxy, respectively. Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, etc.


An alkoxy group can include one to about 12-20 carbon atoms bonded to the oxygen atom, and can further include double or triple bonds, and can also include heteroatoms. For example, an allyloxy group is an alkoxy group within the meaning herein. A methoxyethoxy group is also an alkoxy group within the meaning herein, as is a methylenedioxy group in a context where two adjacent atoms of a structures are substituted therewith.


The terms “halo” or “halogen” or “halide” by themselves or as part of another substituent mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom, preferably, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine.


A “haloalkyl” group includes mono-halo alkyl groups, poly-halo alkyl groups wherein all halo atoms can be the same or different, and per-halo alkyl groups, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by the same or differing halogen atoms, such as fluorine and/or chlorine atoms. Examples of haloalkyl include trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, 1,3-dibromo-3,3-difluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, and the like.


An “acyl” group as the term is used herein refers to a group containing a carbonyl moiety wherein the group is bonded via the carbonyl carbon atom. The carbonyl carbon atom is also bonded to another carbon atom, which can be part of an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl group or the like. In the special case wherein the carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom, the group is a “formyl” group, also an example of an acyl group as the term is defined herein. An acyl group can include 0 to about 12-20 additional carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl group. An acyl group can include double or triple bonds within the meaning herein. An acryloyl group is an example of a double bond-containing acyl group. An acyl group can also include heteroatoms within the meaning here. A nicotinoyl group (pyridyl-3-carbonyl) group is an example of an acyl group within the meaning herein. Other examples include acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl, pyridylacetyl, cinnamoyl, and acryloyl groups and the like. When the group containing the carbon atom that is bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom contains a halogen, the group is termed a “haloacyl” group. An example is a trifluoroacetyl group.


The term “amine” includes primary, secondary, and tertiary amines having, e.g., the formula N(group)3 wherein each group can independently be H or non-H, such as alkyl, aryl, and the like. Amines include but are not limited to R—NH2, wherein R is a carbon-based moiety, for example, alkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines; R2NH wherein each R is independently selected carbon-based moiety, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines, heterocyclylamines and the like; and R3N wherein each R is independently selected carbon-based moiety, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines, alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like. The term “amine” as used herein also includes positively charged (cationic) forms such as amine salts and quaternarized amines.


An “amino” group is a substituent group of the form —NH2, —NHR, —NR2, or —NR3+, wherein each R is an independently selected carbon-based group, and protonated forms of each, except for —NR3+, which cannot be protonated. Accordingly, any compound substituted with an amino group can be viewed as an amine. An “amino group” within the meaning herein can be a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amino group. An “alkylamino” group includes a monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and trialkylamino (trialkylammonium) group.


An “ammonium” ion includes the unsubstituted ammonium ion NH4+, but unless otherwise specified, it also includes any protonated or quaternarized forms of amines. Thus, trimethylammonium hydrochloride and tetramethylammonium chloride are both ammonium ions, and amines, within the meaning herein.


The term “amide” (or “amido”) includes C- and N-amide groups, i.e., —C(O)NR2, and —NRC(O)R groups, respectively. Amide groups therefore include but are not limited to primary carboxamide groups (—C(O)NH2) and formamide groups (—NHC(O)H). A “carboxamido” group is a group of the formula C(O)NR2, wherein R can be H, alkyl, aryl, etc.


Standard abbreviations for chemical groups such as are well known in the art are used; e.g., Me=methyl, Et=ethyl, i-Pr=isopropyl, Bu=butyl, t-Bu=tert-butyl, Ph=phenyl, Bn=benzyl, Ac=acetyl, Bz=benzoyl, and the like.


A “salt” as is well known in the art includes an organic compound such as a carboxylic acid, a sulfonic acid, or an amine, in ionic form, in combination with a counterion. For example, acids in their anionic form can form salts with cations such as metal cations, for example sodium, potassium, and the like; with ammonium salts such as NH4+ or the cations of various amines, including tetraalkyl ammonium salts such as tetramethylammonium, or other cations such as trimethylsulfonium, and the like. A “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically acceptable” salt is a salt formed from an ion that has been approved for human consumption and is generally non-toxic, such as a chloride salt or a sodium salt. A “zwitterion” is an internal salt such as can be formed in a molecule that has at least two ionizable groups, one forming an anion and the other a cation, which serve to balance each other. For example, amino acids such as glycine can exist in a zwitterionic form. A “zwitterion” is a salt within the meaning herein. The compounds of the present invention may take the form of salts. The term “salts” embraces addition salts of free acids or free bases which are compounds of the invention. Salts can be “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts.” The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to salts which possess toxicity profiles within a range that affords utility in pharmaceutical applications. Pharmaceutically unacceptable salts may nonetheless possess properties such as high crystallinity, which have utility in the practice of the present invention, such as for example utility in process of synthesis, purification or formulation of compounds of the invention.


“Pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” include molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate. For human administration, preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, and general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.


Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, β-hydroxybutyric, salicylic, galactaric and galacturonic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically unacceptable acid addition salts include, for example, perchlorates and tetrafluoroborates.


If a value of a variable that is necessarily an integer, e.g., the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl group or the number of substituents on a ring, is described as a range, e.g., 0-4, what is meant is that the value can be any integer between 0 and 4 inclusive, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.


In various embodiments, the compound or set of compounds, such as are used in the inventive methods, can be any one of any of the combinations and/or sub-combinations of the above-listed embodiments.


In various embodiments, a compound as shown in any of the Examples, or among the exemplary compounds, is provided. Provisos may apply to any of the disclosed categories or embodiments wherein any one or more of the other above disclosed embodiments or species may be excluded from such categories or embodiments.


The compounds described herein can be prepared in a number of ways based on the teachings contained herein and synthetic procedures known in the art. In the description of the synthetic methods described below, it is to be understood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, can be chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, unless otherwise indicated. It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule should be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed. Substituents not compatible with the reaction conditions will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and alternate methods are therefore indicated. The starting materials for the examples are either commercially available or are readily prepared by standard methods from known materials. All commercially available chemicals were obtained from Aldrich, Alfa Aesare, Wako, Acros, Fisher, Fluka, Maybridge or the like and were used without further purification, except where noted. Dry solvents are obtained, for example, by passing these through activated alumina columns.


The present invention further embraces isolated compounds of the invention. The expression “isolated compound” refers to a preparation of a compound of the invention, or a mixture of compounds the invention, wherein the isolated compound has been separated from the reagents used, and/or byproducts formed, in the synthesis of the compound or compounds. “Isolated” does not mean that the preparation is technically pure (homogeneous), but it is sufficiently pure to compound in a form in which it can be used therapeutically. Preferably an “isolated compound” refers to a preparation of a compound of the invention or a mixture of compounds of the invention, which contains the named compound or mixture of compounds of the invention in an amount of at least 10 percent by weight of the total weight. Preferably the preparation contains the named compound or mixture of compounds in an amount of at least 50 percent by weight of the total weight; more preferably at least 80 percent by weight of the total weight; and most preferably at least 90 percent, at least 95 percent or at least 98 percent by weight of the total weight of the preparation.


The compounds of the invention and intermediates may be isolated from their reaction mixtures and purified by standard techniques such as filtration, liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, distillation, recrystallization or chromatography, including flash column chromatography, or HPLC.


Tautomerism


Within the present invention it is to be understood that a compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof may exhibit the phenomenon of tautomerism whereby two chemical compounds that are capable of facile interconversion by exchanging a hydrogen atom between two atoms, to either of which it forms a covalent bond. Since the tautomeric compounds exist in mobile equilibrium with each other they may be regarded as different isomeric forms of the same compound. It is to be understood that the formulae drawings within this specification can represent only one of the possible tautomeric forms. However, it is also to be understood that the invention encompasses any tautomeric form, and is not to be limited merely to any one tautomeric form utilized within the formulae drawings. The formulae drawings within this specification can represent only one of the possible tautomeric forms and it is to be understood that the specification encompasses all possible tautomeric forms of the compounds drawn not just those forms which it has been convenient to show graphically herein. For example, tautomerism may be exhibited by a pyrazolyl group bonded as indicated by the wavy line. While both substituents would be termed a 4-pyrazolyl group, it is evident that a different nitrogen atom bears the hydrogen atom in each structure.




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Such tautomerism can also occur with substituted pyrazoles such as 3-methyl, 5-methyl, or 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles, and the like. Another example of tautomerism is amido-imido (lactam-lactim when cyclic) tautomerism, such as is seen in heterocyclic compounds bearing a ring oxygen atom adjacent to a ring nitrogen atom. For example, the equilibrium:




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is an example of tautomerism. Accordingly, a structure depicted herein as one tautomer is intended to also include the other tautomer.


Optical Isomerism


It will be understood that when compounds of the present invention contain one or more chiral centers, the compounds may exist in, and may be isolated as single and substantially pure enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms or as racemic mixtures. The present invention therefore includes any possible enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates or mixtures thereof of the compounds of the invention.


The compounds of the invention, or compounds used in practicing methods of the invention, may contain one or more chiral centers and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers. The term “stereoisomers” when used herein consist of all enantiomers or diastereomers. These compounds may be designated by the symbols “(+),” “(−),” “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the stereogenic carbon atom, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly. The present invention encompasses various stereoisomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers may be designated “(±)” in nomenclature, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.


The compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more double bonds and, therefore, exist as geometric isomers resulting from the arrangement of substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond. The symbol custom character denotes a bond that may be a single, double or triple bond as described herein. Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond are designated as being in the “Z” or “E” configuration wherein the terms “Z” and “E” are used in accordance with IUPAC standards. Unless otherwise specified, structures depicting double bonds encompass both the “E” and “Z” isomers. Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond alternatively can be referred to as “cis” or “trans,” where “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the double bond and “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the double bond.


Compounds of the invention, or compounds used in practicing methods of the invention, may contain a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring and therefore, exist as geometric isomers resulting from the arrangement of substituents around the ring. The arrangement of substituents around a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are designated as being in the “Z” or “E” configuration wherein the terms “Z” and “E” are used in accordance with IUPAC standards. Unless otherwise specified, structures depicting carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings encompass both “Z” and “E” isomers. Substituents around a carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings may also be referred to as “cis” or “trans”, where the term “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the plane of the ring and the term “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the plane of the ring. Mixtures of compounds wherein the substituents are disposed on both the same and opposite sides of plane of the ring are designated “cis/trans.”


Individual enantiomers and diastereomers of contemplated compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or stereogenic centers, or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary, (2) salt formation employing an optically active resolving agent, (3) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral liquid chromatographic columns or (4) kinetic resolution using stereoselective chemical or enzymatic reagents. Racemic mixtures can also be resolved into their component enantiomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase liquid chromatography or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent. Stereoselective syntheses, a chemical or enzymatic reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during the creation of a new stereocenter or during the transformation of a pre-existing one, are well known in the art. Stereoselective syntheses encompass both enantio- and diastereoselective transformations, and may involve the use of chiral auxiliaries. For examples, see Carreira and Kvaerno, Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2009.


The isomers resulting from the presence of a chiral center comprise a pair of non-superimposable isomers that are called “enantiomers.” Single enantiomers of a pure compound are optically active, i.e., they are capable of rotating the plane of plane polarized light. Single enantiomers are designated according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system. The priority of substituents is ranked based on atomic weights, a higher atomic weight, as determined by the systematic procedure, having a higher priority ranking. Once the priority ranking of the four groups is determined, the molecule is oriented so that the lowest ranking group is pointed away from the viewer. Then, if the descending rank order of the other groups proceeds clockwise, the molecule is designated as having an (R) absolute configuration, and if the descending rank of the other groups proceeds counterclockwise, the molecule is designated as having an (S) absolute configuration. In the example in the Scheme below, the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog ranking is A>B>C>D. The lowest ranking atom, D is oriented away from the viewer. The solid wedge indicates that the atom bonded thereby projects toward the viewer out of the plane of the paper, and a dashed wedge indicates that the atom bonded thereby projects away from the viewer out of the plan of the paper, i.e., the plane “of the paper” being defined by atoms A, C, and the chiral carbon atom for the (R) configuration shown below.




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A carbon atom bearing the A-D atoms as shown above is known as a “chiral” carbon atom, and the position of such a carbon atom in a molecule is termed a “chiral center.” Compounds of the invention may contain more than one chiral center, and the configuration at each chiral center is described in the same fashion.


There are various conventions for depicting chiral structures using solid and dashed wedges. For example, for the (R) configuration shown above, the following two depictions are equivalent:




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The present invention is meant to encompass diastereomers as well as their racemic and resolved, diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure forms and salts thereof. Diastereomeric pairs may be resolved by known separation techniques including normal and reverse phase chromatography, and crystallization.


“Isolated optical isomer” or “isolated enantiomer” means a compound which has been substantially purified from the corresponding optical isomer(s) of the same formula. Preferably, the isolated isomer is at least about 80%, more preferably at least 90% enantiomerically pure, even more preferably at least 98% enantiomerically pure, most preferably at least about 99% enantiomerically pure, by weight. By “enantiomeric purity” is meant the percent of the predominant enantiomer in an enantiomeric mixture of optical isomers of a compound. A pure single enantiomer has an enantiomeric purity of 100%.


Isolated optical isomers may be purified from racemic mixtures by well-known chiral separation techniques. According to one such method, a racemic mixture of a compound of the invention, or a chiral intermediate thereof, is separated into 99% wt. % pure optical isomers by HPLC using a suitable chiral column, such as a member of the series of DAICEL® CHIRALPAK® family of columns (Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The column is operated according to the manufacturer's instructions.


Another well-known method of obtaining separate and substantially pure optical isomers is classic resolution, whereby a chiral racemic compound containing an ionized functional group, such as a protonated amine or carboxylate group, forms diastereomeric salts with an oppositely ionized chiral nonracemic additive. The resultant diastereomeric salt forms can then be separated by standard physical means, such as differential solubility, and then the chiral nonracemic additive may be either removed or exchanged with an alternate counter ion by standard chemical means, or alternatively the diastereomeric salt form may retained as a salt to be used as a therapeutic agent or as a precursor to a therapeutic agent.


Another aspect of an embodiment of the invention provides compositions of the compounds of the invention, alone or in combination with another medicament. As set forth herein, compounds of the invention include stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and mixtures thereof. Compositions containing a compound of the invention can be prepared by conventional techniques, e.g. as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th Ed., 1995, or later versions thereof, incorporated by reference herein. The compositions can appear in conventional forms, for example capsules, tablets, aerosols, solutions, suspensions or topical applications.


The compounds of the invention can be administered to a mammal, especially a human in need of such treatment, prevention, elimination, alleviation or amelioration of a malcondition. Such mammals include also animals, both domestic animals, e.g. household pets, farm animals, and non-domestic animals such as wildlife.


The compounds of the invention are effective over a wide dosage range. For example, in the treatment of adult humans, dosages from about 0.05 to about 5000 mg, preferably from about 1 to about 2000 mg, and more preferably between about 2 and about 2000 mg per day can be used. A typical dosage is about 10 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In choosing a regimen for patients it can frequently be necessary to begin with a higher dosage and when the condition is under control to reduce the dosage. The exact dosage will depend upon the activity of the compound, mode of administration, on the therapy desired, form in which administered, the subject to be treated and the body weight of the subject to be treated, and the preference and experience of the physician or veterinarian in charge.


Generally, the compounds of the invention are dispensed in unit dosage form including from about 0.05 mg to about 1000 mg of active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier per unit dosage.


Usually, dosage forms suitable for oral, nasal, pulmonal or transdermal administration include from about 125 μg to about 1250 mg, preferably from about 250 μg to about 500 mg, and more preferably from about 2.5 mg to about 250 mg, of the compounds admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.


Dosage forms can be administered daily, or more than once a day, such as twice or thrice daily. Alternatively dosage forms can be administered less frequently than daily, such as every other day, or weekly, if found to be advisable by a prescribing physician.


Evaluations

It is within ordinary skill to evaluate any compound disclosed and claimed herein for effectiveness in inhibition of a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and in the various cellular assays using the procedures described above or found in the scientific literature. Accordingly, the person of ordinary skill can prepare and evaluate any of the claimed compounds without undue experimentation.


Any compound found to be an effective inhibitor of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor can likewise be tested in animal models and in human clinical studies using the skill and experience of the investigator to guide the selection of dosages and treatment regimens.


In various embodiments, the compound is any of those shown in Tables 1, 2, or 3, below. Such compounds can be prepared by synthetic methods disclosed herein in combination with the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis, including the use of appropriately selected precursors, intermediates, reagents, and reaction mechanisms.


While the invention has been described and exemplified in sufficient detail for those skilled in this art to make and use it, various alternatives, modifications, and improvements will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims.


All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference herein to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.


The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.


DESCRIPTION

Although published tool compounds provide for a valuable proof-of-concept, sphingolipid analogs that are amino-phosphate esters, in general do not have the necessary kinetics and stability for optimal usefulness. Our recent publications have documented key aspects separating the S1PR1 from S1PR3 binding pockets, (7, 46). Although the systemic “immunosuppressive” actions of S1PR1 modulators would be theoretically useful to dampen inflammation in localized environments, eg inflammation of the CNS in EAE or lung inflammation by influenza infection (25, 47), S1PR1 agonists would likely pose risks in sepsis because of bradycardia (6, 7) and their potential to increase lung microvascular permeability (48) (49). Thus, dampening systemic inflammation in sepsis with selective S1PR3 antagonist devoid of S1P1 affinity is desired.


Recently, (Jo et al, 2012 and references therein) we described a model of S1PR3 based upon our published X-ray structure of the very similar S1PR1 subtype (2). Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, ligand competition binding, functional assays, and molecular modeling, we demonstrated that the endogenous pan-S1P receptor agonist, S1P binds to the orthosteric site as expected (50), that the novel S1PR3 selective agonist CYM-5541 binds to an allosteric site and is therefore an allosteric agonist and that the S1PR3 selective antagonist, SPM-242 competes for binding to both the orthosteric and allosteric sites and is said to be “bitopic’. The S1PR3 selectivity of SPM-242 and CYM-5541, was concluded to come from binding to the less conserved, (non-orthosteric) regions of the S1P receptor family. In our quest for a drug-like S1PR3 antagonist, we chose to use the allosteric agonist CYM-5541 as our starting point. We hypothesize that by attaching other “drug-friendly’ functional groups (—OH, —NR2, etc) onto the relatively low molecular weight CYM-5541 scaffold, we should be able to pick up accessory binding groups on the receptor such as hydrogen bonding to the peptide backbone or nearby side-chains such as Asn-95, Ser-99, Gln-281, Glu-115 and Arg-114, resulting is a new bitopic ligand with enhanced solubility characteristics.









TABLE 1







Specific Compounds of the Invention








Cpd. ID
Structure





CYM-52146 not I


embedded image







CYM-52147 not I


embedded image







CYM-52148 not I


embedded image







CYM-52149 not I


embedded image







CYM52150 IA


embedded image







CYM52151 not I


embedded image







CYM52152 not I


embedded image







CYM52153 not I


embedded image







CYM 52154 not I


embedded image







CYM 52155 not I


embedded image







CYM 52156 not I


embedded image







CYM 52157 not I


embedded image







CYM 52158 not I


embedded image







CYM 52159 not I


embedded image







CYM 52160 not I


embedded image







CYM 52161 not I


embedded image







CYM 52162 not I


embedded image







CYM 52163 not I


embedded image







CYM 52164 not I


embedded image







CYM 52165 not I


embedded image







CYM 52166 not I


embedded image







CYM 52167 IB


embedded image







CYM 52184 not I


embedded image







CYM 52197 not I


embedded image







CYM 52198 not I


embedded image







CYM 52199 not I


embedded image







CYM 52200 not I


embedded image







CYM 52201 not I


embedded image







CYM 52202 not I


embedded image







CYM 52203 not I


embedded image







CYM 52204 not I


embedded image







CYM 52205 IB


embedded image







CYM 52206 not I


embedded image







CYM 52207 IB


embedded image







CYM 52208 not I


embedded image







CYM 52209 not I


embedded image







CYM 52210 not I


embedded image







CYM 52211 not I


embedded image







CYM 52212 not I


embedded image







CYM 52213 not I


embedded image







CYM 52214 not I


embedded image







CYM 52215 not I


embedded image







CYM 52216 not I


embedded image







CYM 52217 not I


embedded image







CYM 52218 not I


embedded image







CYM 52219 not I


embedded image







CYM 52246 IB


embedded image







CYM 52247 IB


embedded image







CYM 52248 IB


embedded image







CYM 52249 IB


embedded image







CYM 52250 IB


embedded image







CYM 52251 IB


embedded image







CYM 52252 IA


embedded image







CYM 52253 IA


embedded image







CYM 52254 IA


embedded image







CYM 52255 IB


embedded image







CYM 52256 IB


embedded image







CYM 52257 IB


embedded image







CYM 52258 IB


embedded image







CYM 52259 60 IA


embedded image







CYM 52260 not I


embedded image







CYM 52264 IB


embedded image







CYM 52266 IB


embedded image







CYM 52267 IB


embedded image







CYM 52268 IB


embedded image







CYM 52269 not I


embedded image







CYM 52270 not I


embedded image







CYM 52271 not I


embedded image







CYM 52272 not I


embedded image







CYM 52273 not I


embedded image







CYM 52274 IB


embedded image







CYM 52276 IB


embedded image







CYM 52289 IB


embedded image







CYM 52290 not I


embedded image







CYM 52291 not I


embedded image







CYM 52294 IB


embedded image







CYM 52295 not I


embedded image







CYM 52296 IB


embedded image







CYM 52297 IB


embedded image







CYM 52298 IB


embedded image







CYM 52299 IB


embedded image







CYM 52300 IB


embedded image







CYM 52301 IB


embedded image







CYM 52302 IB


embedded image







CYM 52303 not I


embedded image







CYM 52304 IB


embedded image







CYM 52305 IB


embedded image







CYM 52306 IB


embedded image







CYM 52307 IC


embedded image







CYM 52308 IB


embedded image







CYM 52309 IC


embedded image







CYM 52310 IB


embedded image







CYM 52311 IB


embedded image







CYM 52312 IB


embedded image







CYM 52313 IB


embedded image







CYM 52314 IB


embedded image







CYM 52315 IC


embedded image







CYM 52316 IC


embedded image







CYM 52317 IC


embedded image







CYM 52318 not I


embedded image







CYM 52319 not I


embedded image







CYM 52320 IB


embedded image







CYM 52321 IB


embedded image







CYM 52322 IC


embedded image







CYM 52323 IB


embedded image







CYM 52324 not I


embedded image







CYM 52325 IB


embedded image







CYM 52326 IB


embedded image







CYM 52327 not I


embedded image







CYM 52328 not I


embedded image







CYM 52329 IB


embedded image







CYM 52330 IB


embedded image







CYM 52331 IB


embedded image







CYM 52332 IB


embedded image







CYM 52333 IB


embedded image







CYM 52334 IB


embedded image







CYM 52335 IB


embedded image







CYM 52336 IB


embedded image







CYM 52337 IC


embedded image







CYM 52338 IC


embedded image







CYM 52339 IC


embedded image







CYM 52340 not I


embedded image







CYM 52341 not I


embedded image







CYM 52342 not I


embedded image







CYM 52343 IB


embedded image







CYM 52344 IB


embedded image







CYM 52345 not I


embedded image







CYM 52346 not I


embedded image







CYM 52347 not I not I


embedded image







CYM 52348 not I


embedded image







CYM 52349 not I


embedded image







CYM 52350 not I


embedded image







CYM 52351 IC


embedded image







CYM 52352 IC


embedded image







CYM 52353 IB


embedded image







CYM 52354 IC


embedded image







CYM 52355 IB


embedded image







CYM 52356 IB


embedded image







CYM 52357 not I


embedded image







CYM 52358 not I


embedded image







CYM 52359 IB


embedded image







CYM 52360 not I


embedded image







CYM 52361 not I


embedded image







CYM 52362 not I


embedded image







CYM 52363 not I


embedded image







CYM 52364 IB


embedded image







CYM 52365 IB


embedded image







CYM 52366 IC


embedded image







CYM 52367 IC


embedded image







CYM 52368 IC


embedded image







CYM 52369 IC


embedded image







CYM 52370 IC


embedded image







CYM 52371 IC


embedded image







CYM 52372 IB


embedded image







CYM 52373 IC


embedded image







CYM 52374 IC


embedded image







CYM 52375 IB


embedded image







CYM 52376 IB


embedded image







CYM 52377 IB


embedded image







CYM 52378 IB


embedded image







CYM 52379 IB


embedded image







CYM 52380 IB


embedded image







CYM 52381 IB


embedded image







CYM 52382 IB


embedded image







CYM 52383 IB


embedded image







CYM 52384 IC


embedded image







CYM 52385 not I


embedded image







CYM 52386 not I


embedded image







CYM 52387 IB


embedded image







CYM 52388 IB


embedded image







CYM 52389 IB


embedded image







CYM 52390 IB


embedded image







CYM 52391 IB


embedded image







CYM 52392 IB


embedded image







CYM 52393 IC


embedded image







CYM 52394 IB


embedded image







CYM 52395 IB


embedded image







CYM 52396 IB


embedded image







CYM 52397 IB


embedded image







CYM 52398 IB


embedded image







CYM 52399 IB


embedded image







CYM 52400 IB


embedded image







CYM 52401 IB


embedded image







CYM 52402 IB


embedded image







CYM 52403 IB


embedded image







CYM 52404 IB


embedded image







CYM 52405 IB


embedded image







CYM 52406 IB


embedded image







CYM 52407 IB


embedded image







CYM 52408 IB


embedded image







CYM 52409 IB


embedded image







CYM 52410 IB


embedded image







CYM 52411 IB


embedded image







CYM 52412 IB


embedded image







CYM 52413 IB


embedded image







CYM 52414 IB


embedded image







CYM 52415 IC


embedded image







CYM 52416 IC


embedded image







CYM 52417 IB


embedded image







CYM 52418 IB


embedded image







CYM 52419 IB


embedded image







CYM 52420 IB


embedded image







CYM 52421 IB


embedded image







CYM 52422 not I


embedded image







CYM 52423 IE


embedded image







CYM 52424 IE


embedded image







CYM 52425 IE


embedded image







CYM 52426 IB


embedded image







CYM 52427 IB


embedded image







CYM 52428 IB


embedded image







CYM 52429 IB


embedded image







CYM 52430 IB


embedded image







CYM 52431 IB


embedded image







CYM 52432 IB


embedded image







CYM 52433 IB


embedded image







CYM 52434 IB


embedded image







CYM 52435 IB


embedded image







CYM 52436 IB


embedded image







CYM 52437 IB


embedded image







CYM 52438 IB


embedded image







CYM 52439 IB


embedded image







CYM 52440 IB


embedded image







CYM 52441 IC


embedded image







CYM 52442 IB


embedded image







CYM 52443 IB


embedded image







CYM 52444 IB


embedded image







CYM 52445 IB


embedded image







CYM 52446 IC


embedded image







CYM 52447 IB


embedded image







CYM 52448 IB


embedded image







CYM 52449 IB


embedded image







CYM 52450 IB


embedded image







CYM 52451 IB


embedded image







CYM 52452 IB


embedded image







CYM 52453 IB


embedded image







CYM 52454 IB


embedded image







CYM 52455 IB


embedded image







CYM 52456 IB


embedded image







CYM 52457 IB


embedded image







CYM 52458 IB


embedded image







CYM 52459 IB


embedded image







CYM 52460 IB


embedded image







CYM 52461 IC


embedded image







CYM 52462 IC


embedded image







CYM 52463 IB


embedded image







CYM 52464 IB


embedded image







CYM 52465 IB


embedded image







CYM 52466 IC


embedded image







CYM 52467 IC


embedded image







CYM 52468 IC


embedded image







CYM 52469 IB


embedded image







CYM 52470 IB


embedded image







CYM 52471 IB


embedded image







CYM 52472 IB


embedded image







CYM 52473 IB


embedded image







CYM 52474 IB


embedded image







CYM 52475 IB


embedded image







CYM 52476 IA


embedded image







CYM 52477 IB


embedded image







CYM 52478 IB


embedded image







CYM 52479 IB


embedded image







CYM 52480 IB


embedded image







CYM 52481 IB


embedded image







CYM 52482 IB


embedded image







CYM 52483 IB


embedded image







CYM 52484 IB


embedded image







CYM 52485 IC


embedded image







CYM 52486 IB


embedded image







CYM 52487 IB


embedded image







CYM 52488 IB


embedded image







CYM 52489 IC


embedded image







CYM 52490 IB


embedded image







CYM 52491 IB


embedded image







CYM 52492 IB


embedded image







CYM 52493 IB


embedded image







CYM 52494 IB


embedded image







CYM 52495 IB


embedded image







CYM 52496 IB


embedded image







CYM 52497 IB


embedded image







CYM 52498 IB


embedded image







CYM 52499 IB


embedded image







CYM 52500 IB


embedded image







CYM 52501 IB


embedded image







CYM 52502 IB


embedded image







CYM 52503 IB


embedded image







CYM 52504 IB


embedded image







CYM 52505 IB


embedded image







CYM 52506 IB


embedded image







CYM 52507 IB


embedded image







CYM 52508 IB


embedded image







CYM 52509 IB


embedded image







CYM 52510 IB


embedded image







CYM 52511 IC


embedded image







CYM 52512 IB


embedded image







CYM 52513 not I


embedded image







CYM 52514 IB


embedded image







CYM 52515 IB


embedded image







CYM 52516 IB


embedded image







CYM 52517 IC


embedded image







CYM 52518 IC


embedded image







CYM 52519 IB


embedded image







CYM 52520 IB


embedded image







CYM52521 IB


embedded image







CYM52522 IB


embedded image







CYM52523 IB


embedded image







CYM52524 IB


embedded image







CYM52525 IB


embedded image







CYM52526 IB


embedded image







CYM52527 IB


embedded image







CYM52528 IB


embedded image







CYM52529 IB


embedded image







CYM52530 IB


embedded image







CYM52531 IC


embedded image







CYM52532 IB


embedded image







CYM 52533 IB


embedded image







CYM 52534 IB


embedded image







CYM 52535 IB


embedded image







CYM 52536 IC


embedded image







CYM 52542 IB


embedded image







CYM 52543 IB


embedded image







CYM 52544 IB


embedded image







CYM 52545 IB


embedded image







CYM 52546 IB


embedded image







CYM 52547 IB


embedded image







CYM 52548 IB


embedded image







CYM 52549 IB


embedded image







CYM 52550 IB


embedded image







CYM 52551 IB


embedded image







CYM 52552 IB


embedded image







CYM 52553 IB


embedded image







CYM 52554 IC


embedded image







CYM 52555 IB


embedded image







CYM 52556 IB


embedded image







CYM 52557 IB


embedded image







CYM 52558 IB


embedded image







CYM 52559 IB


embedded image







CYM 52560 IB


embedded image







CYM 52561 not I


embedded image







CYM 52562 IB


embedded image







CYM 52563 IB


embedded image







CYM 52564 IB


embedded image







CYM 52565 IB


embedded image







CYM 52566 IB


embedded image







CYM 52567 IB


embedded image







CYM 52568 IC


embedded image







CYM 52569 IB


embedded image







CYM 52570 IB


embedded image







CYM 52571 IB


embedded image







CYM 52572 IB


embedded image







CYM 52573 IB


embedded image







CYM 52574 IB


embedded image







CYM 52575 IB


embedded image







CYM 52576 IB


embedded image







CYM 52577 IB


embedded image







CYM 52578 IB


embedded image







CYM 52579 IB


embedded image







CYM 52580 IB


embedded image







CYM 52581 IB


embedded image







CYM 52582 IB


embedded image







CYM 52583 IB


embedded image







CYM 52584 IB


embedded image







CYM 52585 IB


embedded image







CYM 52586 IB


embedded image







CYM 52587 IB


embedded image







CYM 52588 IB


embedded image







CYM 52589 IB


embedded image







CYM 52590 IB


embedded image







CYM 52591 IB


embedded image







CYM 52592 IB


embedded image







CYM 52593 IB


embedded image







CYM 52594 IB


embedded image







CYM 52595 IB


embedded image







CYM 52596 IB


embedded image







CYM 52597 IB


embedded image







CYM52598 IB


embedded image







CYM 52599 IB


embedded image







CYM 52600 IB


embedded image







CYM 52601 IB


embedded image







CYM 52602 IB


embedded image







CYM 52603 IB


embedded image







CYM 52604 IB


embedded image







CYM 52605 IB


embedded image







CYM 52606 IB


embedded image







CYM 52607 IB


embedded image







CYM 52608 IB


embedded image







CYM 52609 IB


embedded image







CYM 52610 IB


embedded image







CYM 52611 IA


embedded image







CYM 52612 IB


embedded image







CYM 52613 IC


embedded image







CYM 52614 IB


embedded image







CYM 52615 IC


embedded image







CYM 52616 IB


embedded image







CYM 52617 IB


embedded image







CYM 52618 IB


embedded image







CYM 52619 IB


embedded image







CYM 52620 IB


embedded image







CYM 52621 IB


embedded image







CYM 52622 IB


embedded image







CYM 52623 IB


embedded image







CYM 52624 IB


embedded image







CYM 52625 IA


embedded image







CYM 52626 IA


embedded image







CYM 52627 IB


embedded image







CYM 52628 IB


embedded image







CYM 52629 IB


embedded image







CYM 52630 IB


embedded image







CYM 52631 IB


embedded image







CYM 52632 IB


embedded image







CYM 52633 IB


embedded image







CYM 52634 IB


embedded image







CYM 52635 IC


embedded image







CYM 52636 IB


embedded image







CYM 52637 IB


embedded image







CYM 52638 IE


embedded image







CYM 52639 IE


embedded image







CYM 52640 IB


embedded image







CYM 52641 IA


embedded image







CYM 52642 ID


embedded image







CYM 52643 IB


embedded image







CYM 52644 IC


embedded image







CYM 52645 IC


embedded image







CYM 52646 IC


embedded image







CYM 52647 IC


embedded image







CYM 52648 IB


embedded image







CYM 52649 IB


embedded image







CYM 52650 IB


embedded image







CYM 52651 IB


embedded image







CYM 52652 IB


embedded image







CYM 52653 IB


embedded image







CYM 52654 IE


embedded image







CYM 52655 IE


embedded image







CYM 52656 IB


embedded image







CYM 52657 IB


embedded image







CYM 52658 IB


embedded image







CYM 52659 IB


embedded image







CYM 52660 IE


embedded image







CYM 52661 IE


embedded image







CYM 52662 IE


embedded image







CYM 52663 IB


embedded image







CYM 52664 IB


embedded image







CYM 52665 IB


embedded image







CYM 52666 IB


embedded image







CYM 52667 IB


embedded image







CYM 52668 IA


embedded image







CYM 52669 IA


embedded image







CYM 52670 IB


embedded image







CYM 52671 IB


embedded image







CYM 52672 IB


embedded image







CYM 52673 IB


embedded image







CYM 52674 IB


embedded image







CYM 52675 IB


embedded image







CYM 52676 IB


embedded image







CYM 52677 IB


embedded image







CYM 52678 IB


embedded image







CYM 52679 IB


embedded image







CYM 52680 IA


embedded image







CYM 52681 IA


embedded image







CYM 52682 IA


embedded image







CYM 52683 IB


embedded image







CYM 52684 IB


embedded image







CYM 52685 IB


embedded image







CYM 52686 IB


embedded image







CYM 52687 IA


embedded image







CYM 52688 IA


embedded image







CYM 52689 IB


embedded image







CYM 52690 IB


embedded image







CYM 52691 IB


embedded image







CYM 52692 IB


embedded image







CYM 52693 IB


embedded image







CYM 52694 IB


embedded image







CYM 52695 IB


embedded image







CYM 52696 IB


embedded image







CYM 52697 IB


embedded image







CYM 52698 IB


embedded image







CYM 52699 IB


embedded image







CYM 52700 IB


embedded image







CYM 52701 Isomer 2 IB


embedded image







CYM 52702 IB


embedded image







CY 52703 IB


embedded image







CYM 52704 not I


embedded image







CYM 52705 IB


embedded image







CYM-52706 IB


embedded image







CYM-52707 IB


embedded image







CYM-52708 IB


embedded image







CYM-52709 IB


embedded image







CYM-52710 IB


embedded image







CYM-52711 IB


embedded image







CYM-52712 IA


embedded image







CYM-52713 IC


embedded image







CYM-52714 ID OR IB


embedded image







CYM-52715 IB


embedded image







CYM52716 IB


embedded image







CYM52717 IB


embedded image







CYM52718 IB


embedded image







CYM52719 isomer I IB


embedded image







CYM52720 isomer 2 IB


embedded image







CYM 52721 IB


embedded image







CYM 52722 IB


embedded image







CYM 52723 IB


embedded image







CYM 52724 IB


embedded image







CYM 52725 IB


embedded image







CYM 52726 IA


embedded image







CYM 52727 IB


embedded image







CYM 52728 IA


embedded image







CYM 52729 IB


embedded image







CYM 52730 IB


embedded image







CYM 52731 IB


embedded image







CYM 52732 IB


embedded image







CYM 52733 IA


embedded image







CYM 52734 IB


embedded image







CYM 52735 IB


embedded image







CYM 52736 IB


embedded image







CYM 52737 IB


embedded image







CYM 52738 not I


embedded image







CYM 52739 IB


embedded image







CYM 52740 IB


embedded image







CYM 52741 IA


embedded image







CYM 52742 IA


embedded image







CYM 52743 IA


embedded image







CYM 52744 IB


embedded image







CYM 52745 IA


embedded image







CYM 52746 IB


embedded image







CYM 52747 IB


embedded image







CYM 52748 IB


embedded image







CYM52749 IC


embedded image







CYM52750 IB


embedded image







CYM52751 IA


embedded image







CYM52752 IB


embedded image







CYM52753 not I


embedded image







CYM52754 IB


embedded image







CYM52755 IC


embedded image







CYM 52756 IA


embedded image







CYM 52757 IA


embedded image







CYM 52758 IC


embedded image







CYM 52759 IC


embedded image







CYM 52760 IC


embedded image







CYM 52761 IC


embedded image







CYM 52762 IC


embedded image







CYM 52763 IB


embedded image







CYM 52764 IC


embedded image







CYM 52765 not I


embedded image







CYM 52766 IC


embedded image







CYM 52767 IC


embedded image







CYM 52768 IC


embedded image







CYM 52769 IC


embedded image







CYM 52770 IC


embedded image







CYM 52771 IC


embedded image







CYM 52772 ID


embedded image







CYM 52773 ID


embedded image







CYM 52774 IC


embedded image







CYM 52775 IB


embedded image







CYM 52776 IC


embedded image







CYM 52777 ID


embedded image







CYM 52778 IC


embedded image







CYM 52779 IC


embedded image







CYM 52780 IB


embedded image







CYM 52781 IB


embedded image







CYM 52782 IC


embedded image







CYM 52783 IC


embedded image







CYM 52784 IC


embedded image







CYM 52785 IC


embedded image







CYM 52786 IC


embedded image







CYM 52787 IC


embedded image







CYM 52788 IC


embedded image







CYM 52789 IC


embedded image







Boc = t-butoxycarbonyl






DOCUMENTS CITED



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  • 11. Sanna M G, et al. (2004) Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor subtypes S1P1 and S1P3, respectively, regulate lymphocyte recirculation and heart rate. The Journal of biological chemistry 279(14):13839-13848.

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  • 13. Kumar G, et al. (2011) Nationwide trends of severe sepsis in the 21st century (2000-2007). Chest 140(5):1223-1231.

  • 14. Levy M M, et al. (2010) The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 36(2):222-231.

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  • 17. Gaieski D F, et al. (2010) Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med 38(4): 1045-1053.

  • 18. Kumar A (2009) Optimizing antimicrobial therapy in sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Clin 25(4):733-751, viii.

  • 19. Puskarich M A, et al. (2011) Association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol. Crit Care Med 39(9):2066-2071.

  • 20. Rivers E, et al. (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. The New England journal of medicine 345(19): 1368-1377.

  • 21. Boyd J H, Forbes J, Nakada T A, Walley K R, & Russell J A (2011) Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 39(2):259-265.

  • 22. Novotny A R, et al. (2012) Mixed antagonist response and sepsis severity-dependent dysbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses at the onset of postoperative sepsis. Immunobiology 217(6):616-621.

  • 23. Walsh K B, Teijaro J R, Rosen H, & Oldstone M B (2011) Quelling the storm: utilization of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling to ameliorate influenza virus-induced cytokine storm. Immunol Res 51(1):15-25.

  • 24. Walsh K B, et al. (2011) Suppression of cytokine storm with a sphingosine analog provides protection against pathogenic influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(29):12018-12023.

  • 25. Teijaro J R, et al. (2011) Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell 146(6):980-991.

  • 26. Niessen F, et al. (2008) Dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 signalling couples coagulation and inflammation. Nature 452(7187):654-658.

  • 27. Castellheim A, Brekke O L, Espevik T, Harboe M, & Mollnes T E (2009) Innate immune responses to danger signals in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Scand J Immunol 69(6):479-491.

  • 28. Cavaillon J M & Annane D (2006) Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response in sepsis and SIRS. J Endotoxin Res 12(3):151-170.

  • 29. Rosen H, Sanna M G, Cahalan S M, & Gonzalez-Cabrera P J (2007) Tipping the gatekeeper: S1P regulation of endothelial barrier function. Trends Immunol 28(3):102-107.

  • 30. Rosen H, et al. (2008) Modulating tone: the overture of S1P receptor immunotherapeutics. Immunol Rev 223:221-235.

  • 31. Sattler K J, et al. (2010) Sphingosine 1-phosphate levels in plasma and HDL are altered in coronary artery disease. Basic Res Cardiol 105(6):821-832.

  • 32. Graler M H (2010) Targeting sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) levels and S1P receptor functions for therapeutic immune interventions. Cell Physiol Biochem 26(1):79-86.

  • 33. Kulakowska A, et al. (2010) Intrathecal increase of sphingosine 1-phosphate at early stage multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 477(3): 149-152.

  • 34. Watson L, et al. (2012) Increased serum concentration of sphingosine-1-phosphate in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol 32(5): 1019-1025.

  • 35. Christoffersen C, et al. (2011) Endothelium-protective sphingosine-1-phosphate provided by HDL-associated apolipoprotein M. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(23):9613-9618.

  • 36. Christoffersen C & Nielsen L B (2012) Apolipoprotein M—a new biomarker in sepsis. Crit Care 16(3):126.

  • 37. Dolgin E (2012) Trial failure prompts soul-searching for critical-care specialists. Nat Med 18(7):1000.

  • 38. Annane D (2011) Corticosteroids for severe sepsis: an evidence-based guide for physicians. Ann Intensive Care 1(1):7.

  • 39. Annane D (2008) Adrenal insufficiency in sepsis. Curr Pharm Des 14(19):1882-1886.

  • 40. Pan S, et al. (2006) A monoselective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 agonist prevents allograft rejection in a stringent rat heart transplantation model. Chem Biol 13(11):1227-1234.

  • 41. Zhang Z Y, et al. (2009) AUY954, a selective S1P(1) modulator, prevents experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 216(1-2):59-65.

  • 42. Bajwa A, et al. (2012) Dendritic cell sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-3 regulates Th1-Th2 polarity in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Immunol 189(5):2584-2596.

  • 43. Rathinasamy A, Czeloth N, Pabst O, Forster R, & Bernhardt G (2010) The origin and maturity of dendritic cells determine the pattern of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors expressed and required for efficient migration. J Immunol 185(7):4072-4081.

  • 44. Kuehn B M (2013) Guideline promotes early, aggressive sepsis treatment to boost survival. JAMA 309(10):969-970.

  • 45. Oliveira C F, et al. (2008) Time- and fluid-sensitive resuscitation for hemodynamic support of children in septic shock: barriers to the implementation of the American College of Critical Care Medicine/Pediatric Advanced Life Support Guidelines in a pediatric intensive care unit in a developing world. Pediatr Emerg Care 24(12):810-815.

  • 46. Schurer S C, et al. (2008) Ligand-binding pocket shape differences between sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors S1P1 and S1P3 determine efficiency of chemical probe identification by ultrahigh-throughput screening. ACS chemical biology 3(8):486-498.

  • 47. Gonzalez-Cabrera P J, et al. (2012) S1P(1) receptor modulation with cyclical recovery from lymphopenia ameliorates mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Molecular pharmacology 81(2):166-174.

  • 48. Sanna M G, et al. (2006) Enhancement of capillary leakage and restoration of lymphocyte egress by a chiral S1P1 antagonist in vivo. Nature chemical biology 2(8):434-441.

  • 49. Clemens J J, Davis M D, Lynch K R, & Macdonald T L (2005) Synthesis of 4(5)-phenylimidazole-based analogues of sphingosine-1-phosphate and FTY720: discovery of potent S1P1 receptor agonists. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 15(15):3568-3572.

  • 50. Parrill A L, et al. (2000) Identification of Edg1 receptor residues that recognize sphingosine 1-phosphate. The Journal of biological chemistry 275(50):39379-39384.



EXAMPLES

Compounds are presented that selectively modify the action(s) of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors (S1P-R's) and therefore have potential for the treatment(s) of diseases or disorders of the cardiovascular and/or pulmonary systems. These diseases/disorders include but are not limited to:


Cardiovascular disease, hypertension (including malignant hypertension), angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, Coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, dysrhythmias, cardiomyothopy (including hypertropic cardiomyothopy), heart failure, cardiac arrest, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, croup, emphysema, pleurisy, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, mesothelioma, Ventricular Conduction abnormalities, Complete Heart Block Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Sepsis Syndrome, Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, prevention of keloid formation, cirrhosis.


Compounds of the invention below have been shown to demonstrate activity as antagonist/agonist of one or more of the known sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors with IC50/EC50 values lower than 10 micromolar. Representative examples are given in Tables 2 and 3, below.















TABLE 2





CYM








Generic

S1P1 AA
S1P2 AA
S1P3 AA
S1P4 AA
S1P5 AA


formula
Structure
IC50 μM
IC50 μM
IC50 μM
IC50 μM
IC50 μM





















52274 IB


embedded image




0.772
44.0






52276 IB


embedded image




17.2
>50






52296 IB


embedded image



39.7
10.3
35.4






52297 IB


embedded image



>50
1.9
>50






52298 IB


embedded image



>50
>50
>50






52299 IB


embedded image



29.7
2.2
39.1






52294 IB


embedded image



>50
1.6
5.7






52331 IB


embedded image



14.7
0.667
21.3






52332 IB


embedded image



15.9
1.5
17.9






52351 IC


embedded image



>50
4.2
>50






52355 IB


embedded image



>50
26
>50






52356 IB


embedded image



>50
9.8
>50






52394 IB


embedded image



1.0
0.246
0.873






52396 IB


embedded image



44.3
30.8
>50






52397 IB


embedded image



30.8
8.8
21.6






52398 IB


embedded image



21.7
3.1
12.7






52399 IB


embedded image



>50
8.4
28.2






52433 IB


embedded image



>50
0.649
15.1






52434 IB


embedded image



29.4
0.317
9.9






52435 IB


embedded image



32.2
1.6
8.2






52442 IB


embedded image



>50
0.07
9.3






52458 IB


embedded image



38.3
0.943
9.8






52459 IB


embedded image



24.6
0.236
8.2






52460 IB


embedded image



>50
0.09
8.8






52464 IB


embedded image



>50
0.022
8.3






52474 IB


embedded image


0.227
>50
0.014
>50






52475 IB


embedded image


37.2
37.3
0.082
>50






52476 IA


embedded image


>28
>50
0.906
>50






52483 IB


embedded image


0.91
>50
0.097
6.5






52484 IB


embedded image


9.3
43.8
0.826
11.5






52486 IB


embedded image


1.3
>50
0.028
>50






52487 IB


embedded image


0.347
>50
0.113
17.5






52488 IB


embedded image


0.197
>50
0.079
5.6






52489 IC


embedded image


2.7
>50
0.567
26.6






52491 IB


embedded image


>28
>50
3.9
30.6






52492 IB


embedded image


>28
>50
5.1
>50






52495 IB


embedded image


>28
15.6
9.8
>50






52504 IB


embedded image


2.8

0.152







52505 IB


embedded image


>50

0.576







52506 IB


embedded image


1.5

0.172







52507 IB


embedded image


2.2

0.112







52508 IB


embedded image


>50

0.796







52509 IB


embedded image


>50

2.5







52510 IB


embedded image


0.899

0.213







52511 IC


embedded image


6.4

0.308







52512 IB


embedded image


25.5

4.1







52514 IB


embedded image


>50

29.6







52520 IB


embedded image


0.22
>50
0.035
16.2






52522 IB


embedded image


3.6

0.39







52523 IB


embedded image


7.3

0.168







52524 IB


embedded image


>50

0.065







52525 IB


embedded image


2.0

0.076







52526 IB


embedded image


1.8
6.7
0.027
>50






52527 IB


embedded image


0.204

0.032







52528 IB


embedded image


1.4

0.063







52529 IB


embedded image


1.4
44.9
0.041
18.8






52530 IB


embedded image


0.333

0.040







52531 IC


embedded image


>50

2.7







52543 IB


embedded image


17.6

0.405







52544 IB


embedded image


>28

9.1







52545 IB


embedded image


3.5

0.792







52547 IB


embedded image


1.9

0.249







52548 IB


embedded image


3.2

0.13







52551 IB


embedded image


>28

0.964







52552 IB


embedded image


10.2

1.0







52553 IB


embedded image


0.574

0.147







52555 IB


embedded image


7.1
>50
0.057
8.5






52556 IB


embedded image


0.285

0.061







52558 IB


embedded image


1.4

0.057







52559 IB


embedded image


0.604
44.7
0.016
14.8






52560 IB


embedded image


2.3
19.9
0.038
22.1






52562 IB


embedded image


5.3
>50
0.042
20.9






52563 IB


embedded image


17.2

0.114







52564 IB


embedded image


>28

3.7







52566 IB


embedded image


>28

10.3







52568 IC


embedded image


6.3
14.1
0.052
10.3






52571 IB


embedded image


4.4
>50
0.29
25.4






52572 IB


embedded image


0.81
18.9
0.013
34.4






52573 IB


embedded image


1.1
40.0
0.032
28.8






52574 IB


embedded image


2.1

0.092







52575 IB


embedded image


1.5
24.3
0.034
21.4






52576 IB


embedded image


7.8

0.077







52577 IB


embedded image


>28
>50
0.026
>50






52578 IB


embedded image


1.7
32.6
0.029
13.6






52579 IB


embedded image


1.1
44.8
0.016
>50






52580 IB


embedded image


0.141
>50
0.007
24.8






52581 IB


embedded image


0.566
>50
0.009
14.1






52582 IB


embedded image


0.308
>50
0.018
27.6






52583 IB


embedded image


1.1
>50
0.032
23.1






52584 IB


embedded image


0.505
>50
0.02
38.9






52585 IB


embedded image


17.9

0.21







52586 IB


embedded image


10

0.154







52587 IB


embedded image


19

0.135







52589 IB


embedded image


31.8

1.1







52590 IB


embedded image


2.1

1.0







52591 IB


embedded image


1.4

1.5







52592 IB


embedded image


10.6

0.863







52593 IB


embedded image


9.3

1.8







52594 IB


embedded image


2.5

1.3







52595 IB


embedded image


2.7
44.8
0.012
16.5






52596 IB


embedded image


0.878
12.5
0.012
>50






52597 IB


embedded image


0.332
43.2
0.026
>50






52598 IB


embedded image


5.1

0.350







52599 IB


embedded image


23.3

3.5







52600 IB


embedded image


6.4

0.396







52601 IB


embedded image


1.4
13.5
0.03
26.8






52602 IB


embedded image


3.2

0.073







52603 IB


embedded image


0.389

0.048







52604 IB


embedded image


0.099
35.4
0.010
23.5






52605 IB


embedded image


0.4

0.228







52606 IB


embedded image


>28
12.0
0.157
>50






52607 IB


embedded image


0.452
12.0
0.021
>50






52608 IB


embedded image


>28

0.253







52609 IB


embedded image


>28
19.6
0.042
16.1






52610 IB


embedded image


5

0.647







52612 IB


embedded image


>28

0.456







52613 IC


embedded image


10.4

0.257







52614 IB


embedded image


>28

0.581







52615 IC


embedded image


1.4

0.098







52616 IB


embedded image


4.1

0.15







52617 IB


embedded image


4.1
17.3
0.031
11.7






52618 IB


embedded image


>28

3.2







52619 IB


embedded image


7

0.551







52620 IB


embedded image


>28

1.7







52621 IB


embedded image


>28

19.2







52622 IB


embedded image


>28

7.6







52624 IB


embedded image


>28

9.2







52625 IA


embedded image


>28

0.248







52626 IA


embedded image


>28

0.113







52627 IB


embedded image


>28
>50
0.104
>50






52628 IB


embedded image


4

0.036







52629 IB


embedded image


1.1

0.042







52630 IB


embedded image


>28

0.416







52631 IB


embedded image


1.6

0.042







52632 IB


embedded image


0.177

0.02







52633 IB


embedded image


1.6

0.026







52634 IB


embedded image


0.133

0.018







52635 IC


embedded image


8.1

0.122







52637 IB


embedded image


>28

32.3







52638 IB


embedded image


>28

0.645







52639 IB


embedded image


>28

0.4







52640 IB


embedded image


>28

1.7







52641 IA


embedded image


>28

0.113







52642 ID


embedded image


11.1

1.7







52646 IC


embedded image


2.5

0.329







52647 IC


embedded image


9.5

0.629







52649 IB


embedded image


>28

0.95







52650 IB


embedded image


>28

0.834







52651 IB


embedded image


>28

0.096







52652 IB


embedded image


3.7

0.137







52653 IB


embedded image


>28

1.6







52654 IE


embedded image


>28

2







52655 IE


embedded image


>28

2.3







52656 IB


embedded image


4.0

1.2







52657 IB


embedded image


4.5

0.439







52660 IE


embedded image


>28

0.442







52661 IE


embedded image


>28

0.345







52662 IC


embedded image


>28

1.1







52664 IB


embedded image


1.4

0.013







52665 IB


embedded image


>28

0.121







52666 IB


embedded image


0.528

0.028







52667 IB


embedded image


6.6

16.3







52668 IA


embedded image


>28

0.679







52669 IA


embedded image


27.5

2.8







52670 IB


embedded image


0.452

0.011







52671 IB


embedded image


1.8

0.011







52672 IB


embedded image


1.4

0.051







52673 IB


embedded image


3.3

0.076







52674 IB


embedded image


6.4

0.027







52675 IB


embedded image


>28

0.214







62676 IB


embedded image


12.0

0.301







52677 IB


embedded image


0.621

0.033







52678 IB


embedded image


1.5

0.023







52679 IB


embedded image


>28

3.1







52680 IA


embedded image


>28

0.037







52682 IA


embedded image


>28

0.672







52683 IB


embedded image


18.4

0.124







52684 IB


embedded image


>28

0.075







52685 IB


embedded image


3.3

0.056







52686 IB


embedded image


6.6

0.047







52687 IA


embedded image


22.4

0.426







52688 IA


embedded image


>28

3.3







52689 IB


embedded image


10.2

0.392







52690 IB


embedded image


>28

0.492







52691 IB


embedded image


>28

6.8







52692 IB


embedded image


>28

7.3







52693 IB


embedded image


>28

2.1







52694 IB


embedded image


>28

1.4







52695 IB


embedded image


>28

2.1







52696 IB


embedded image


>28

2.2







52697 IB


embedded image


>28

0.049







52698 IB


embedded image


4

0.063







52699 IB


embedded image


>28

0.447







52700 IB


embedded image


>28

0.627







52702 IB


embedded image


>28

0.542







52703 IB


embedded image


>28

0.641







52705 IB


embedded image


4.7

0.048







52706 IB


embedded image


4.5

0.153







52707 IB


embedded image


26.2

0.511







52708 IB


embedded image


>28

0.527







52709 IB


embedded image


3.7

0.035







52710 IB


embedded image


16.1

5.3







52711 IB


embedded image


5.3

0.04







52713 IC


embedded image


0.923

0.014







52715 IB


embedded image


>28

1.6







52716 IB


embedded image


0.21

0.018







52717 IB


embedded image


12.7

0.096







52718 IB


embedded image


0.86

0.006







 5271 IB


embedded image


>28

11.9







52720 IB


embedded image


5.1

0.211







52721 IB


embedded image


10

0.068







52722 IB


embedded image


2.6

0.057







52723 IB


embedded image


3.1

0.021







52724 IB


embedded image


1.3

0.033







52725 IB


embedded image


>28

1.0







52726 IA


embedded image


22.3

2.0







52727 IB


embedded image


3.6

0.057







52728 IA


embedded image


>28

0.304







52729 IB


embedded image


27.4

0.151







52730 IB


embedded image


9.5

0.039







52731 IB


embedded image


22.1

0.231







52732 IB


embedded image


0.886

1.1







52733 IA


embedded image


>28

3.1







52734 IB


embedded image


>28

1.5







52735 IB


embedded image


>28

20.4







52736 IB


embedded image


14.2

3.5







52737 IB


embedded image


13.5

12.1







52739 IB


embedded image


18.5

0.079







52740 IB


embedded image


10.1

0.927







52741 IA


embedded image


>28

0.396







52742 IA


embedded image


>28

0.342







52743 IA


embedded image


>28

0.33







52744 IB


embedded image


>28

0.349







52745 IA


embedded image


>28

2.2







52749


embedded image


0.199

0.019







52750


embedded image


4.3

0.046







52751


embedded image


>28

4.4







52752


embedded image


7.8

0.164







52754


embedded image


6.0

0.189







52755


embedded image


3.9

2.7







52756


embedded image


>28

0.489







52759


embedded image


0.352

0.027







52760


embedded image


>28

0.439







52761


embedded image


1.5

0.133







52763


embedded image


3.0

0.682







52764


embedded image


4.3

0.251







52766


embedded image


1.6

0.112







52767


embedded image


15.4

0.445







52768


embedded image


1.2

0.088







52770


embedded image


0.636

0.040







52771


embedded image


0.268

0.036







52772


embedded image


>28

1.2







52773


embedded image


>28

0.485







52774


embedded image


>28

1.1







52776


embedded image


0.858

3.5







52777


embedded image


3.2

3.2







52780


embedded image


5.6

0.091







52781


embedded image


0.939

0.105







52782


embedded image


1.5

0.105







52783


embedded image


0.537

0.048







52784


embedded image


0.088

0.030







52785


embedded image


9.2

2.4







52786


embedded image


5.8

0.540







52787


embedded image


14.3

0.438







52789


embedded image


3.8

0.451
























TABLE 3





CYM








Generic

S1P1AA
S1P2AA
S1P3AA
S1P4AA
S1P5AA


formula
Structure
IC50 μM
IC50 μM
IC50 μM
IC50 μM
IC50 μM





















52167 IB


embedded image




0.7
5.2






52205 IB


embedded image




4.3
34






52207 IB


embedded image




1.3
30.4






52304 IB


embedded image


7.9
>50
1.2
7.8
21.8





52305 IB


embedded image


1.6
>50
0.521
>50
>50





52306 IB


embedded image


0.881
2.8
0.586
2.6
5.1





52307 IC


embedded image



>50
0.899
>50






52308 IB


embedded image


>50
>50
3.9
>50
>50





52310 IB


embedded image



>50
3.5
>50






52311 IB


embedded image



>50
2.3
30.2






52312 IB


embedded image



>50
3.1
>50






52313 IB


embedded image



>50
2.2
>50






52321 IB


embedded image



>50
2.4
39.7
>50





52325 IB


embedded image



>50
2.8
>50






52326 IB


embedded image



>50
3.4
>50






52333 IB


embedded image



>50
3.8
>50






52335 IB


embedded image


1.6
>50
0.415
>50
>50





52336 IB


embedded image



>50
1.7
>50






52337 IC


embedded image


7.3
>50
2.8
>50
25.1





52339 IC


embedded image



23.4
1.2
5.9






52341 IB


embedded image


1.8
>50
3.3
>50
>50





52346 IB


embedded image



5.2
5.7
5.1






52357 IB


embedded image


2.1
>50
2.8
12.9
>50





52364 IB


embedded image


17.5
>50
0.368
>50
>50





52365 IB


embedded image


>50
>50
0.214
14.3
>50





52379 IB


embedded image


>50
>50
2.9
>50
>50





52386 IB


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>50
43.7
5.7
21.6
12.4





52387 IB


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0.392
>50
0.229
>50
>50





52388 IB


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0.456
>50
0.104
5.2
5.1





52389 IB


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>50
5.3
>50






52390 IB


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>50
>50
1.1
>50
>50





52391 IB


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9.5
>50
0.278
30.5
16.1





52392 IB


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0.564
>50
0.108
>50
>50





52393 IC


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>50
6.4
>50






52401 IB


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>50
0.226
21.2






52402 IB


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>50
>50
0.214
>50
>50





52403 IB


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10.1
>50
0.39
>50
>50





52404 IB


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>50
0.376
37.9






52405 IB


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>50
2.0
>50






52406 IB


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>50
>50
0.406
>50
>50





52407 IB


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4.0
>50
0.219
>50
39.4





52408 IB


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>50
0.898
>50






52409 IB


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>50
0.381
>50






52412 IB


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>50
3.7
24.2






52415 IC


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>50
0.556
25.4






52416 IC


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>50
0.411
22.2






52419 IB


embedded image


0.823
>50
0.053
34.6
20





52420 IB


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0.426
>50
0.066
>50
>50





52421 IB


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2.7
>50
0.211
>50
>50





52426 IB


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>50
2.15
>50






52427 IB


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>50
0.111
17.5






52428 IB


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>50
0.198
23.3






52429 IB


embedded image


1.2
>50
0.076
38.5
16.2





52430 IB


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0.112
>50
0.033
>50
>50





52436 IB


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>50
0.264
>50






52438 IB


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9.6
>50
0.32
3.1
17.1





52439 IB


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>50
0.584
44.8






52440 IB


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>20
0.086
>50






52441 IB


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>30
2.5
20.3






52445 IB


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>50
1.5
17.1






52446 IC


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22.7
0.370
9.2






52447 IB


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>50
0.26
>50






52449 IB


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>50
0.219
16.3






52450 IB


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>50
0.184
19.2






52451 IB


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8.7
0.475
>50






52453 IB


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10.9
0.215
6.7






52454 IB


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>50
0.24
>50






52455 IB


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>50
0.091
12.4






52456 IB


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>50
0.201
38.4






52457 IB


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>50
0.06
>50






52461 IC


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>50
0.045
19.9






52462 IC


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35
6.6
42.3
29.5





52463 IB


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43.1
0.341
15.5






52465 IB


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44.5
0.175
8.6






52466 IC


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>50
1.1
28.7






52469 IB


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6.2
10.5
1.4
15.7






52470 IB


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20.1
>50
0.382
>50






52471 IB


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0.475
31.1
0.214
>50






52472 IB


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>28
>50
0.113
>50






52473 IB


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>28
>50
1.7
>50






52477 IB


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>28
>50
3.2
>50






52478 IB


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17.9
>50
1.1
>50






52479 IB


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1.2
>50
0.31
>50






52480 IB


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0.39
>50
0.147
>50






52481 IB


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1.5
>50
0.425
>50






52482 IB


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3.5
>50
0.319
>50






52485 IC


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3.5
>50
0.984
>50






52498 IB


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34.3

0.166







52499 IB


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40.5

0.429







52500 IB


embedded image


0.959

0.095







52501 IB


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22.2

0.839







52502 IB


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1.4

0.109







52503 IB


embedded image


0.527

0.147







52515 IB


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>50

0.685







52518 IC


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9.8

1.5







52519 IB


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>50

0.194







52532 IB


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2.0

0.405







52534 IB


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8.4

2.2







52536 IC


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>50

4.9







52569 IB


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>28

2.2







52636 IB


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1.9

0.098







52648 IB


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0.401

0.046







52588 IB


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0.392

0.047












Boc=t-butoxycarbonyl


Ph=phenyl


Rac=racemate; all compounds as shown include all stereoisomers unless otherwise indicated. Isomer 1, isomer 2; indicates separated stereoisomers of a structure, but absolute configuration unstated.


General Synthetic Schemes:




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A mixture of I, II and Ti(OEt)4 in a sealed tube was heated at 70° C. for 30 min. The mixture was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product III was used without further purification. To a solution of III in THF at −78° C. was slowly added aryl magnesium bromide IV and the reaction was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and the product extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo, followed by the purification of product V by column chromatography (CC) using hexanes/EtOAc. To a solution of V in MeOH was added a 4M solution of HCl in dioxane and the reaction was stirred for 30 min at room temperature (rt). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the product VI used without further purification. A solution of VI, the appropriated carboxylic acid, EDCI, HOBt and DIPEA in dichloromethane was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the product VII purified by HPLC.




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A mixture of the appropriate aryl chloride (VIII or X), VI and DIPEA in EtOH was heated with microwave irradiation at 130° C. for 30 minutes to afford the corresponding products (IX or XI) that were purified by HPLC.




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A mixture of XII, XIII and catalytic amount of formic acid in EtOH was heated at 60° C. overnight. The crude was concentrated and purified by CC using hexanes/EtOAc. To a solution of XIV in THF at 0° C. was added dropwise a solution of XV in Et2O; the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The mixture was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and the product extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product XVI was purified by CC using hexanes/EtOAc or HPLC.




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In a microwave vial a stirring solution of XVII in dioxane was treated with HOBt and EDCI at rt. The reaction was stirred for 10 minutes followed by the addition of XVIII. The reaction was stirred for additional 30 minutes at rt, then heated to 110° C. under microwave irradiation for 30 minutes. To the reaction was added brine and the product was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product XIX was purified by CC using hexanes/EtOAc. A solution of XIX in dichloromethane was stirred with TFA at rt for 20 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the product used without further purification. A solution of the TFA salt, the appropriate carboxylic acid, EDCI, HOBt and DIPEA in dichloromethane was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the product XX purified by HPLC.

Claims
  • 1. A method for the treatment of a patient afflicted with a disease selected from the group consisting of cardiopulmonary disease, sepsis, and systemic sclerosis, comprising administering to the patient a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (IB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • 3. The method of claim 1, herein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the following table:
  • 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is asthma or a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is coronary atherosclerosis.
  • 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease comprises a clinical syndrome characterized by bronchoconstriction, pulmonary fibrosis, coronary artery constriction, cytokine amplification by dendritic cells, or the generation of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
  • 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease comprises inflammation by influenza infection.
  • 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is selected from cardiovascular disease, hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, dysrhythmias, cardiomyothopy, heart failure, cardiac arrest, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, croup, emphysema, pleurisy, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, mesothelioma, ventricular conduction abnormalities, complete heart block, adult respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis syndrome, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the disease is hypertension that is malignant hypertension.
  • 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the disease is cardiomyothopy that is hypertropic cardiomyothopy.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The subject application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/514,891 filed Mar. 28, 2017, which is a national stage application of International Application No. PCT/US2015/039942, filed Jul. 10, 2015, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/056,946, filed Sep. 29, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant number MH084512 awarded by The National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

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Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20190300527 A1 Oct 2019 US
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
62056946 Sep 2014 US
Divisions (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 15514891 US
Child 16437007 US