Spinal fixation system

Abstract

A spinal fixation implant system for correction and fixation of the human spine to facilitate an anatomically correct fusion. The spinal fixation system may include a connector, a spinal rod, a spinal fixation component, and a fastener. The spinal fixation component preferably includes a fixation device such as a hook or screw for securing the spinal rod to vertebrae of the thoracic or lumbar spine. The connector preferably includes a threaded end adapted to receive the fastener and a receiving end adapted to receive the spinal rod. The fixation component may include a body having a tapered cavity for engaging the receiving end of the connector. Tightening of the fastener preferably draws the connector through the tapered cavity which compresses the receiving end about the spinal rod to fixably connect the spinal rod and the spinal fixation component.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to spinal fixation systems and the like. More particularly, an embodiment of the invention relates to a spinal implant system for correction, fixation, and stabilization of the human spine to allow the development of a solid spinal fusion.

2. Description of the Related Art

Spinal fixation, such as lumbar sacral fusion and the correction of spinal deformities such as scoliotic curves, is a well known and frequently used medical procedure. Pedicle, lateral, and oblique mounting devices may be used to secure corrective spinal instrumentation to a portion of the spine that has been selected to be fused by arthrodesis.

A spinal fixation system typically includes corrective spinal instrumentation that is attached to selected vertebrae of the spine by screws, hooks, and clamps. The corrective spinal instrumentation includes spinal rods or plates that are generally parallel to the patient's back. The corrective spinal instrumentation may also include transverse connecting rods that extend between neighboring spinal rods. Spinal fixation systems are used to correct problems in the lumbar and thoracic portions of the spine, and are often installed posterior to the spine on opposite sides of the spinous process and adjacent to the transverse process.

Various types of screws, hooks, and clamps have been used for attaching corrective spinal instrumentation to selected portions of the patient's spine. Examples of pedicle screws and other types of attachments are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,763,644; 4,805,602; 4,887,596; 4,950,269; and 5,129,388. Each of these patents is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

An eyebolt assembly of the TSRH® spinal system sold by Danek Medical Inc. is illustrated in FIG. 1 . The eyebolt assembly 2 encircles spinal rod 4 such that assembly mass completely surrounds the spinal rod. The spinal rod must be inserted through the eyebolt, which rests within the yoke of spinal hook 8 . The spinal hook attaches the spinal rod to a bony element of the spine. A nut 6 is threaded onto a post of the eyebolt assembly to fixably secure the rod within the yoke. The nut is tightened so that the assembly resists axial, torsional, and shear forces to inhibit motion of the spinal rod relative to the assembly in the directions indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1 . Further details of the TSRH® spinal system are provided in the TSRH® Spinal Implant System Surgical Technique Manual and the TSRH® Crosslink Surgical Technique Manual. Both of these publications are available from Danek Medical Inc. and are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

Manual insertion of a spinal rod through the bores of a number of spaced-apart eyebolts within a surgical wound tends to be difficult. The bore axis of each eyebolt must be properly aligned along a common axis, which is difficult since the corrective procedure requires that the spinal rod initially be placed under stress to resist deforming forces of the spine. Therefore, the use of systems such as the TSRH® spinal system may require that a predetermined number of screws or hooks be pre-loaded onto the spinal rod in a particular order and spacing prior to the insertion of the spinal rod into the surgical wound. After insertion of the spinal system into the surgical wound, however, it is often necessary to add, delete, or reposition one or more hooks or screws. Before such modifications can be made, the spinal system typically must be removed from the surgical wound and at least partially disassembled.

To overcome such problems, some spinal fixation systems include “open back” hooks or screws to allow a spinal rod to be dropped into the open back of the hook or screw and secured within the open back by a separate component and a set screw. Such a system is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,412 to Rogozinski, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Such systems tend to be susceptible to fatigue stress failure and require assembly within the surgical wound. In addition, adding a hook or screw to the construct tends to require that the spinal rod first be repositioned. A further disadvantage of this approach is that component mass completely surrounds the spinal rod, resulting in an increase in the profile width of the device and greater impingement of the device upon the fusion mass. A low profile width is generally desired to minimize sinus formation and soft tissue irritation from hardware prominence.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,445 to Ashman relates to a “split eyebolt” assembly for adding eyebolts to an assembled spinal fixation construction. Attaching the split eyebolt to a spinal rod requires a special crimping tool to crimp the split eyebolt over the rod. The crimping tool tends to be difficult to operate within the surgical wound. Furthermore, the threads of the opposing sides of the split eyebolt are often misaligned after crimping, making it difficult or impossible to thread a nut onto the split eyebolt. The split eyebolt also completely encircles the spinal rod thereby increasing the impingement of the construct upon the fusion mass.

It is therefore desirable that an improved spinal fixation system be derived that facilitates assembly and surgical implantation by allowing the spinal rod to be positioned within the surgical wound (a) after the fixation components (e.g., screws, hooks) have been implanted, (b) without modifying the fixation components, and (c) whereby fixation components may be subsequently added, deleted, and/or repositioned without disassembling the system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a spinal fixation system is provided that largely eliminates or reduces the aforementioned disadvantages of conventional spinal fixation constructions. An embodiment of the invention relates to an implant system for fixation of the human spine that includes a spinal rod, a fixation component, a connector, and a fastener.

The connector may be used to connect the spinal rod to the fixation component and preferably includes a receiving end and a fastening end. The receiving end may contain a first arm and a second arm that together form a substantially U-shaped borehole into which the spinal rod may be axially positioned. The receiving end preferably surrounds only part of the spinal rod such that the unsurrounded portion of the spinal rod is exposed from the borehole. The exposed portion of the spinal rod may extend out of an open end of the U-shaped borehole. The spinal rod may be circular and preferably includes a cross-section having a circumferential portion. The receiving end of the connector preferably surrounds and engages greater than about π radians and less than about 2π radians of the circumferential portion.

The receiving end of the connector preferably acts as a “pinch clamp” by exerting a clamping force on opposing sides of the spinal rod to secure the spinal rod within the borehole. The connector preferably contains a slot between the receiving end and the fastening end that enables the first arm and the second arm to be deflected relative to one another. The deflection of the arms allows the distance between a tip of the first arm and a tip of the second arm to be changed so that the spinal rod may be inserted through an open end of the U-shaped borehole that is defined between the tips of the arms.

The fixation component preferably includes a fixation device such as a bone screw or hook for engaging vertebrae of the thoracic or lumbar spine. The fixation component also preferably includes a body containing a cavity with an inner surface. The cavity is preferably sized to receive a portion of the connector. The connector is preferably partially disposed within the cavity such that at least a portion of the fastening end extends from the cavity, whereby the inner surface of the cavity engages an outer surface of the receiving end. The cavity of the body is preferably a tapered cavity that narrows in a direction from a first end of the cavity to a second end of the cavity. The tapered cavity preferably surrounds a portion of the receiving end and imparts a compressive force against the receiving end to secure the spinal rod within the borehole.

The fastener preferably engages both the body and the portion of the fastening end that extends from the cavity. The fastener may secure the connector and the fixation component together. The fastener is preferably a nut adapted to be threaded upon the fastening end. The fastener may be selectively tightened to allow an engagement between the connector and the spinal rod that may be overcome by the application of a distraction force to the connector. Rotation of the nut in a tightening direction about the fastening end preferably draws a portion of the receiving end through the tapered cavity, causing the inner surface of the cavity to compress the arms of the receiving end. In turn, the arms may exert a compressive force against the spinal rod to clamp it within the borehole. The magnitude of the compressive force against the spinal rod preferably varies as a function of the degree to which the nut is tightened. The open end of the U-shaped borehole preferably has a width that can be adjusted by tightening the fastener.

The fixation component may include a spacer located between the fastener and the spinal rod for laterally offsetting the fixation device a selected lateral distance from the spinal rod. The spacer may include a surface having a plurality of radially-spaced teeth. The fixation component may comprise a plurality of radially-spaced protrusions adapted to fit adjacent to the teeth on the surface of the spacer. The tightening of the nut preferably causes the spacer and the fixation component to become pressed together such that a complementary engagement between the teeth of the spacer and the protrusions of the fixation device is formed to inhibit rotation of the fixation device about the spacer.

The body may include a U-shaped yoke formed between a top section and a bottom section that each have an edge adjacent to the yoke. The tapered cavity preferably is formed between the top section and the bottom section and extends in a perpendicular direction relative to the U-shaped yoke. The fixation component is preferably adapted to pivot about the spinal rod in a substantially vertical plane. The edges of the top and bottom sections preferably contact the spinal rod during the pivoting of the fixation component to define the range of pivotal motion of the fixation component about the spinal rod. The edges are preferably curved in a direction away from the spinal rod to increase the range of pivotal motion of the fixation component.

The fixation component may include a transverse connector to maintain a fixed distance between the spinal rod and a neighboring spinal rod. The transverse connector may include a reduced section that has a width less than that of the body, allowing the reduced section to be more easily bent. The reduced section may be bent to shorten the lateral distance between the spinal rod and an adjacent spinal rod. The transverse connector may contain a beveled section between the body and the reduced section.

An advantage of the present invention relates to a fixation component that may be added to or deleted from a spinal fixation construct in a surgical wound without disassembling the construct.

Another advantage of the present invention relates to a spinal fixation system requiring minimal assembly within the surgical wound.

Yet another advantage of the present invention relates to a spinal fixation system having a relatively narrow profile width to reduce impingement upon the fusion mass.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art with the benefit of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a TSRH® spinal system eyebolt assembly;

FIG. 2 depicts a side view of an embodiment of a spinal fixation system connected to a vertebra;

FIG. 3 depicts a top view of the spinal fixation system of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 4 depicts a side view of a tapered connector constructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 depicts a side view of a tapered connector prior to assembly with a fixation component body and a spinal rod;

FIG. 6 depicts a side view of a tapered connector assembled with a spinal fixation component and a spinal rod;

FIG. 7 depicts a side view of a transverse connector disposed between a pair of spinal rods in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 depicts a front view and side view partially in section of a bone screw constructed according to teachings of the present invention;

FIG. 9 depicts a front view and side view partially in section of a bone screw having radially-spaced protrusions in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 10 depicts a front view and a side view partially in section of a reversible fixation component constructed according to teachings or the present invention; and

FIG. 11 depicts a side view partially in section of a spacer disposed between a spinal rod and a fastener in accordance with the present invention.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2 depicts a spinal fixation system 10 constructed according to teachings of the present invention. In an embodiment of the invention, spinal fixation system 10 includes a spinal rod 12 generally aligned parallel with a portion of the spine. Connector 16 secures spinal fixation components to the spinal rod via fastener 18 . The fixation components may include various fixation devices including bone screw 14 , transverse connector 20 , and spinal hooks 22 and 24 .

Spinal rod 12 is preferably constructed of stainless steel or another relatively rigid material. The spinal rod preferably has a substantially circular cross-section (although other cross-sectional geometries may be employed) and a diameter between about ⅛ of an inch and about ¼ of an inch. The spinal rod may have a shot-peened surface to increase its resistance to fatigue failure. The spinal rod may impart forces against the spine to maintain a portion of the spine in a fixed position to correct a spinal deformity or injury. The spinal rod may be contoured to a selected shape prior to or after surgical implantation.

Bone screw 14 is preferably inserted within the main body of a vertebra 26 and may contain threads 28 to create a fixable engagement with the vertebra. Alternatively, the bone screw may have a substantially smooth shank containing no threading. The stress imparted to spinal fixation systems resulting from a spinal deformity may cause fatigue failure of a threaded bone screw if a solid spinal fusion does not develop after a period of time. Threaded screws having relatively long shanks tend to fail at a location adjacent to the screw head. A substantially smooth, unthreaded shank tends to remove the stress concentration on the screw shank from a location adjacent to the screw head where failure of the screw often occurs. The bone screw may also include a tap relief 30 to facilitate its insertion into vertebra 26 . The angle of the bone screw relative to the spinal rod is preferably adjustable. The bone screw may be angled to correct the angle 32 of a vertebra relative to other vertebrae in the spine. The angle between the bone screw and spinal rod is preferably fixable by tightening fastener 18 . Furthermore, the height of the vertebra 26 may be adjusted by applying a distraction force in the directions indicated by arrow 34 between a pair of fixation devices such as bone screw 14 and spinal hook 24 prior to tightening fasteners 18 . The distraction force may be applied with the use of a tool in a manner well known to those skilled in the art.

The spinal hooks 22 and 24 may be any of a number of types of hooks well known to those skilled in the art including large laminar, small laminar, thoracic laminar, and pedicle hooks. Each spinal hook may be positioned in the caudal direction (illustrated by hook 24 in FIG. 2 ) or in the cranial direction (illustrated by hook 22 in FIG. 2 ). Spinal hooks may be positioned on opposing sides of the spinal rod as shown in FIG. 2 .

FIG. 3 depicts a top view of an embodiment of spinal fixation system 10 that includes a pair of spinal rods 12 in spaced relation on each side of the vertical axis 40 of the spine. Spinal hooks 22 and 24 are preferably positioned for attachment to bony elements of the posterior human spine. One or more transverse connectors 20 may be used to rigidly link the rods to improve the strength of the assembly. Each of the fixation components may be attached to the spinal rod using a fastener 18 that engages connector 16 and the fixation component.

Transverse connector 20 may connect neighboring rods to increase the rigidity of the construct and to prevent the movement of the rods relative to one another. The transverse connector may be attached to the spinal rod using crosslinking plates that are well known to those skilled in the art and described in the TSRH® Crosslink Surgical Technique Manual, which is incorporated by reference herein. It is preferred that neighboring rods be connected by two transverse connectors that may be aligned parallel and in spaced relation from one another. If the spinal rod is bent, transverse connector 20 is preferably attached to the spinal rod at a location other than the “peak” of the curved section of the rod so that additional stress is not placed at that location.

An embodiment of connector 16 is illustrated in FIG. 4 . The connector preferably includes a fastening end 50 and a receiving end 54 opposite the fastening end. The fastening end may be a threaded end containing male machine threads 52 that are adapted to engage a fastener. The fastener is preferably a nut. The receiving end preferably includes a first arm 56 and a second arm 58 that together form a U-shaped borehole 62 . The first arm has a tip 72 and the second arm has a tip 74 (each labeled in FIG. 5 ), and an opening 60 or open end is preferably defined by the tips of the first and second arm. A slot 64 preferably extends between the receiving end and the fastening end. The slot may extend from borehole 62 proximate the receiving end to a location proximate the fastening end. The slot may terminate in an enlarged opening 66 within the receiving end. The borehole is preferably adapted to receive a spinal rod 12 such that the first and second arms of the receiving end surround more than about half of a circumferential portion of the spinal rod.

The connector preferably does not completely surround the perimeter of the spinal rod. The unsurrounded portion of the spinal rod is preferably exposed from the open end 60 of the U-shaped borehole and may extend from the borehole through the open end. It is preferred that component mass be placed around only slightly greater than one-half of the circumference of the spinal rod to minimize the profile width of the construct. In this manner, the impingement of the construct upon the fusion mass is lessened, thereby reducing irritation of the surrounding tissue and facilitating the development of a correct spinal fusion in a minimal amount of time. Conventional assemblies tend to completely surround the spinal rod with component mass, causing a relatively greater impingement upon the fusion mass, which may interfere with fusion development.

The angle 68 in FIG. 4 is defined by the circumferential portion of a spinal rod that is surrounded by the first arm, second arm, and the end of slot 64 . The angle 68 is preferably less than about 2π radians (e.g., 360° around the cross-section of the spinal rod) and greater than about π radians (e.g., 180° around the cross-section of the spinal rod). It is preferred that more than about half of the circumferential portion the spinal rod be surrounded by a portion of the receiving end (e.g., first arm, second arm, end of slot 64 ) to allow the spinal rod to be adequately secured within the borehole. If less than half of the circumferential portion of the spinal rod were surrounded by the receiving end, forces resulting from spinal deformations might tend to pull the spinal rod from within borehole 62 . First arm 56 and second arm 58 preferably engage the surface of greater than about half of the circumferential portion of the spinal rod.

The first arm and the second arm preferably each have an outside surface that is slightly tapered such that the distance between the outside surfaces of the arms narrows in a direction from tips 72 and 74 to the fastening end 50 . The taper of the outside surfaces of the arms preferably defines a locking angle 70 . Locking angle 70 is preferably a conical angle, although it may be formed within a substantially flat wedge instead. Locking angle 70 is preferably less than about 30°, more preferably less than about 25°, and more preferably still between about 1° and about 20°.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the insertion of spinal rod 12 within borehole 62 in an embodiment of the invention. The spinal rod is preferably axially positioned within the borehole by passing the spinal rod through opening 60 . Slot 64 preferably enables deflection of the first arm and the second arm relative to one another to allow the width of opening 60 to be altered. In the absence of an external force of a selected magnitude against the first or second arms, the width of opening 60 is preferably less than the outside diameter 76 of the spinal rod. Receiving end 54 is preferably adapted to form a “snap-fit” engagement with the spinal rod that may be realized by forcing the spinal rod into the inner surfaces of tips 72 and 74 of the first and second arms, respectively. The force against the inner surfaces of the tips 72 and 74 preferably causes the arms to slightly deflect in opposite directions, resulting in a slight widening of at least a portion of the slot. In this manner, the width of opening 60 may be increased by an amount sufficient to allow the insertion of the spinal rod through opening 60 and into the borehole. Once the spinal rod is fully inserted within the borehole (as shown in FIG. 6 ), the arms preferably move back toward one another, causing the slot to narrow to its initial, unstressed width. If the diameter of the spinal rod is slightly greater than that of the borehole, the arms may remain slightly deflected and the slot may remain slightly widened after the spinal rod is snapped into the borehole. It is generally preferred that the diameter of the spinal rod and the diameter of the borehole be equal.

In an embodiment of the invention, connector 16 connects the spinal rod to a fixation component that engages a portion of the spine. The fixation component preferably includes a fixation device such as a bone screw, hook, transverse connector, or similar device. The fixation component preferably includes a body 80 having a tapered cavity into which connector 16 may be inserted. The tapered cavity preferably tapers in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fixation component. The tapered cavity preferably has a first end 84 , a second end 86 , and an inside surface 82 . The inside surface 82 is preferably tapered at an angle that corresponds to locking angle 70 . The tapered cavity preferably narrows in a direction from first end 84 to second end 86 . The tapered cavity is preferably sized so that fastening end 50 and a portion of receiving end 54 may be inserted within the tapered cavity through an aperture proximate the first end. The outer width of the receiving end proximate tips 72 and 74 is preferably slightly greater than the width of the aperture proximate the first end, thereby inhibiting the complete insertion of the receiving end into the tapered cavity.

Fastener 18 may be a hex nut and preferably contains female threading 19 , which is sized to fit the male machine threads of the fastening end 50 . The nut preferably engages fastening end 50 and body 80 whereby rotating the fastener in a tightening direction creates a tensile force in the connector in direction 88 . Tightening of the fastener preferably moves the connector within the tapered cavity in a direction from first end 84 to second end 86 , thereby creating an interference fit between the arms of the receiving end and inside surface 82 . As the fastener is tightened, the arms are preferably deflected toward one another such that the slot is narrowed and the arms of the receiving end exert a compressive force against the spinal rod disposed within the borehole.

The magnitude of the compressive force exerted by the receiving end on the spinal rod is preferably variable as a function of the degree to which the fastener is tightened. The fastener may be selectively tightened so that the connector is “loosely” engaged to the spinal rod. The “loose” engagement preferably fixes the position of the connector on the rod in the absence of a selected force against the connector, while allowing the connector to slide over the surface of the rod upon receiving a distraction force. For instance, the fastener may be partially tightened to loosely attach a connector and fixation device onto the rod at a selected location. A distraction force may be applied to the connector to move the connector to a selected location on the rod, and the fastener may then be fully tightened to maintain the connector at the selected location.

The arms 56 and 58 preferably exert a clamping force onto “opposite sides” of the rod (i.e., sections of the outer surface of the spinal rod that are separated by about 180°). The engagement between the arms 56 and 58 and the “opposite sides” of the spinal rod preferably “centers” the rod within the borehole as shown in FIG. 6 so that substantially no gaps exist between the inner surface of the arms and the spinal rod. The rod may be constrained on opposing sides in this manner to provide further resistance to forces that might otherwise result in axial movement of the rod. When the arms 56 and 58 are deflected to engage the spinal rod, the receiving end preferably forms a “locking taper” engagement with the spinal rod. A “locking taper” engagement is taken to mean a largely irreversible deflection of the receiving end. That is, if the fastener becomes loose after the receiving end has been compressed about the spinal rod, the clamping force exerted by the receiving end will be maintained to fixably hold the spinal rod within the borehole.

In an embodiment of the invention depicted in FIG. 7 , a transverse connector 20 is disposed between a pair of spinal rods in spaced relation to secure the rods at a fixed distance 90 . The spinal rods are fixed within the borehole of a connector in the manner depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 and described above. The transverse connector may include a beveled surface between body 80 and a reduced section 92 . Reduced section 92 preferably has a smaller width or diameter than body 80 to allow the reduced section to be bent more easily. Reduced section 92 of transverse connector 20 may be bent to achieve slight variation in the distance between spinal rods. The bending of the transverse connector may be accomplished using a rod bender and a method well known to those skilled in the art. Alternately, the transverse connector may have a substantially constant width or diameter such that the width of section 92 and the width of body 80 are approximately equal.

The fixation component may include a bone screw that is used to correct the angle 32 between vertebrae. It is preferred that the bone screw be adapted to pivot about the spinal rod to form an oblique angle between the longitudinal axis of the spinal rod and the shank of the bone screw. The bone screw preferably can be pivoted in either direction 96 or direction 98 such that an oblique angle between about 90° and about 60° is formed between the shank and the longitudinal axis of the spinal rod. Other fixation devices (e.g., hooks) may be pivoted with respect the spinal rod in the same manner. As illustrated in FIG. 8 , the tapered cavity may contain an engaging side 100 adapted to contact flat 102 of connector 16 to limit the pivoting of a fixation device (e.g., bone screw) about the spinal rod within a selected range, thereby preventing a gross misalignment that might complicate the assembly of the construct during a surgical procedure.

Body 80 preferably includes a top section 104 and a bottom section 106 that together form a U-shaped yoke 112 that is substantially perpendicular to inside surface 82 of the tapered cavity. The fixation component may pivot about the spinal rod. The edges of top section 104 and/or bottom section 106 may contact the spinal rod to prevent the pivoting of the fixation component about the spinal rod beyond a selected degree. Top section 104 preferably contains a curved edge 108 , and bottom section 106 preferably contains a curved edge 110 . Curved edges 108 and 110 preferably increase the degree that the fixation component can pivot and allow a fixation device (e.g., bone screw 14 ) to form an angle within a selected range that is perpendicular with or oblique to the spinal rod.

In an embodiment of the invention, body 80 is laterally offset from the spinal rod. Body 80 may contain a spacer 114 that extends laterally to offset a fixation component from the spinal rod. Offsetting a fixation component from the spinal rod may reduce the degree that the spinal rod must be contoured for proper positioning of bone screws (e.g., pedicle screws) in regions of the spine such as the lower lumbar region. The offset between the fixation component and the spinal rod may be equal to the width of the spacer. The offset is preferably less than about 15 mm, more preferably less than about 10 mm, and more preferably still between about 3 mm and about 9 mm.

The spacer may contain a tapered cavity for receiving connector 16 as illustrated in FIG. 9 . In an embodiment, the spacer contains a first plurality of protrusions or teeth that are adapted to form an engagement with a second plurality of protrusions or teeth 120 disposed on a surface of a fixation device. The teeth of the spacer and the teeth of the fixation device preferably are radially spaced at a fixed spacing 118 . The teeth of the spacer and the protrusions of the fixation device preferably form a complementary fit such that adjacent, opposing teeth contact one another over interface length 116 when fastener 18 is tightened. The complementary engagement of the teeth preferably inhibits and/or prevents the fixation device from rotating about spacer 114 , thereby fixing the angle formed between the fixation device and the spinal rod.

An embodiment including a reversible fixation device is illustrated in FIG. 10 . The body 80 of the hook preferably includes a first U-shaped yoke 137 disposed on a first side 134 of the body and a second U-shaped yoke 138 disposed on a second side 136 of the body. A cavity 132 preferably extends through the body from the first side 134 to the second side 136 . The cavity preferably contains a pair of tapered inner surfaces 133 and 135 that taper in opposite directions such that the cavity narrows in a direction from the first side 134 to the middle of the cavity and narrows in a direction from the second side 136 to the middle of the cavity. The tapered inner surfaces preferably each terminate in an engaging portion 130 disposed in the middle of the cavity. Connector 16 may be positioned within the cavity so that the receiving end extends from either first side 134 as shown in FIG. 10B or from second side 136 as shown in FIG. 10 C. Thus, the reversible hook may be mounted so that either first side 134 or second side 136 is proximate the spinal rod, with the hook directed toward either the caudal or cranial direction in each case. The fixation component may contain a slot 109 through which the fastening end of the connector may be inserted during assembly of the construct. The engaging portion 130 preferably engages the outer surface of the receiving end to limit the extent to which the receiving end may be inserted into cavity 132 . Fastener 18 preferably engages body 80 proximate the engaging portion.

An alternate embodiment including a spacer 114 is illustrated in FIG. 11 . The spacer preferably surrounds a portion of connector 16 and contains a tapered surface 140 corresponding to the outside surface of the arms of the receiving end. As fastener 18 is tightened, the connector is preferably drawn within the spacer whereby surface 140 engages and exerts a clamping force against the outer surface of the receiving end. A tensile force created by the tightening of fastener 18 preferably maintains the spacer in a fixed position between body 80 and the spinal rod. The tapered surface 140 may terminate in an engaging surface 142 that engages the receiving end, thereby limiting the extent to which the receiving end may be drawn within the spacer. The receiving end preferably forms a “pinch clamp” about the spinal rod, wherein the tips 72 and 74 of the arms terminate slightly beyond a vertical axis 144 , which extends through the center of the spinal rod. The fastener may be fully tightened to create a selected offset length 145 that is preferably between about 2 mm and about 10 mm.

To surgically install spinal fixation system 10 , the threaded end of connector 16 is preferably inserted through the tapered cavity of a spinal fixation component and fastener 18 is loosely threaded onto the threaded end. The spinal fixation component is then attached to the spine via a hook or screw in a selected location. A plurality of spinal fixation components may be attached to the spine in like manner. Spinal rod 11 may be contoured to match the desired curvature of the spine and placed into the surgical opening. The spinal rod is preferably snapped within the borehole of the connector of each spinal fixation component. The spine is preferably manipulated such that each of the vertebra is at a selected angle and height relative to neighboring vertebrae and then each fastener 18 is fully tightened to fixably secure the spinal rod into the borehole of each connector and to secure each of the spinal fixation devices at a selected angle relative to the spinal rod. It is generally preferred that the only assembly of system components that occurs within the surgical wound is (a) the snapping of the spinal rod within one or more connectors and (b) the final tightening of one or more fasteners that have already been engaged with the fastening end. Each of the fasteners is preferably tightened with a torque of at least 150 lb-in. One or more transverse connectors may be added across neighboring spinal rods for support to increase the strength of the overall construct and maintain the spinal rods at a fixed distance from one another.

In an alternate embodiment, each connector and spinal fixation component can be pre-assembled on the spinal rod prior to the implantation of the rod into the surgical wound. A connector may first be snapped onto the spinal rod. A fixation component may be added onto the connector such that the fastening end of the connector extends through the tapered cavity and the arms of the receiving end contact the inner surface of the tapered cavity. The fastener is preferably positioned on the fastening end and partially tightened to maintain the connector and fixation component engaged with the spinal rod. The fastener is preferably loosely secured on the fastening end to allow the connector and fixation component to slide along the length of the rod when a selected force is applied to the connector. The spinal rod may be contoured as necessary, and the pre-assembled system may be inserted within the surgical wound. The location of the spinal fixation components may be adjusted along the length of the rod as necessary, and the construct may be connected to the spine via fixation devices. Once a fixation component is placed at a selected location, its corresponding fastener may be fully tightened to fix its location. Fixation components may be added to or deleted from the construct as necessary without altering the position of the spinal rod or other fixation components.

In an alternate embodiment, the system may be partially pre-assembled such that a number of connectors are initially snapped onto the spinal rod. Fixation components may be inserted within the surgical wound and connected to the spine at selected locations via fixation devices. The rod may be selectively contoured and inserted within the surgical wound and aligned proximate the spine. A connector is preferably slid along the rod to a selected location proximate a fixation component on the spine, and the fastening end of the connector is inserted through the tapered cavity of the fixation component. A fastener may be placed on the fastening end to clamp the connector onto the spinal rod and to secure the fixation component therebetween. Additional connectors and fixation components may be secured to the spinal rod in like manner.

After the rod is implanted into the surgical wound, it may be necessary to add or delete a fixation component. Conventional systems tend to require that the spinal rod be removed from the surgical wound to allow a fixation component to be threaded onto or removed from the rod. In addition, fixation components of conventional systems may have to be removed from the construct to slide the added fixation component to a selected position. Connector 16 is preferably snapped onto the spinal rod at a selected location. Thus, a connector and any fixation device (e.g., screw, hook, transverse connector) may be added to the spinal rod without removing fixation components from the spinal rod or removing the spinal rod from the surgical wound. In the same manner, a connector and fixation device may be removed from the spinal rod without altering the position of the spinal rod or adjacent connectors. The fastener 18 may be loosened and a tool may be used to unclamp the receiving end of the connector from the spinal rod, thereby eliminating the need to slide the component off the end of the spinal rod as in some conventional systems.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.

Claims

1. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side; a rod positionable within the opening, wherein a portion of the surface of the connector contacts the rod during use; a bone screw comprising a body, wherein the body comprises a cavity, and wherein a portion of the connector is positionable in the cavity during use; a spacer configured to offset the rod from the body by a desired distance, wherein at least a portion of the fastening end of the connector is configured to pass through the spacer, and wherein a surface of the spacer is configured to engage at least a portion of the receiving end; and a fastener configured to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

2. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the desired distance between the body and a closest portion of the rod is greater than about 3 millimeters and less than about 15 millimeters.

3. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the desired distance between the body and a closest portion of the rod is greater than about 3 millimeters and less than about 10 millimeters.

4. The implant system of claim 3 wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

5. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a surface having protrusions and the spacer comprises a surface having teeth, wherein the spacer is rotatable relative to the body before the fastener secures the rod to the connector and the connector to the body, and wherein the protrusions engage the teeth to inhibit rotation of the spacer relative to the body after the fastener secures the rod to the connector and the connector to the body.

6. The implant system of claim 1, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

7. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

8. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the spacer comprises a tapered cavity and wherein the tapered cavity is adapted to contact a portion of the receiving end and impart a compressive force against the receiving portion to fixedly couple the rod within the opening.

9. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the fastener is a threaded nut, and wherein the fastening end comprises threading adapted to engage the nut.

10. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the fastener is a threaded nut and the fastening end comprises threading adapted to engage the nut, wherein tightening the nut causes movement of the receiving end within a cavity of the spacer, wherein a portion of a surface of the spacer that defines the cavity exerts a compressive force against an outer surface of the receiving end, and wherein the compressive force couples the connector to the rod.

11. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the rod is coupled to the connector within the opening, and wherein the portion of the circumferential section of the rod that is coupled to the surface of the connector is greater than about π radians and less than about 2π radians.

12. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the spacer comprises a channel, and wherein a portion of the rod is positioned in the channel during use.

13. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a cavity, and wherein a portion of the spacer is positionable in the cavity during use.

14. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a tapered cavity, wherein a portion of the spacer is positionable in the tapered cavity during use, and wherein a surface of the spacer has a taper that substantially corresponds to a taper of the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the tapered cavity and the portion when the portion is inserted into the tapered cavity.

15. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the opening of the connector is sized to allow the connector to be snapped onto the rod.

16. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the opening is sized to allow the connector to be repositioned along an axial length of the rod after the rod is snapped into the opening.

17. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

18. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the bone screw comprises a threaded shank.

19. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the bone screw comprises a non-threaded shank.

20. The implant system of claim 1, wherein the bone screw comprises a tap relief to facilitate insertion into bone.

21. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening in the connector with an open side, wherein the opening is sized to accept a rod, and wherein the connector comprises a slot in communication with the opening that facilitates compression of the receiving end against a rod positioned in the opening; a bone screw comprising a body, wherein the body comprises a body opening, and wherein a portion of the connector is positioned in the body opening during use; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the connector to the bone screw.

22. The implant system of claim 21, wherein a portion of the body opening is configured to engage the receiving end of the connector to allow for compression of the opening when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw.

23. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the body opening comprises a recess that allows a portion of a rod positioned in the connector to be recessed in the body when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw.

24. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the body opening comprises a recess that allows a portion of a rod positioned in the connector to be recessed in the body when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angulated at a desired angle relative to a shaft of the bone screw.

25. The implant system of claim 21, further comprising a spacer positioned in working relation to the body opening, and wherein a portion of the spacer is configured to engage the receiving end of the connector to allow for compression of the opening when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw.

26. The implant system of claim 21, further comprising a spacer positioned in working relation to the body opening, wherein a portion of the spacer is configured to engage the receiving end of the connector to allow for compression of the opening when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw, wherein the body comprises a surface having protrusions and the spacer comprises a surface having teeth, wherein the spacer is rotatable relative to the body before the fastener secures the connector to the body.

27. The implant system of claim 21, further comprising a spacer positioned in a recess of the body opening, and wherein a portion of the spacer is configured to engage the receiving end of the connector to allow for compression of the opening when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw.

28. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.

29. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity, wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end, and wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

30. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the fastener is a threaded nut, and wherein the fastening end comprises threading adapted to engage the nut.

31. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the bone screw comprises a threaded shank.

32. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the bone screw comprises a non-threaded shank.

33. The implant system of claim 21, wherein the bone screw comprises a tap relief to facilitate insertion into bone.

34. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side, and wherein a width of the opening is adjustable; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

35. The system of claim 34, wherein the rod is coupled to the connector within the opening, and wherein the portion of the circumferential section of the rod that is coupled to the surface of the connector is greater than about π radians and less than about 2π radians.

36. The system of claim 34, wherein a rod is configured to be inserted through the opening of the connector, and wherein the connector may be moved along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position.

37. The system of claim 34, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

38. The system of claim 34, wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

39. The system of claim 34, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

40. The system of claim 34, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

41. The system of claim 34, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

42. The system of claim 34, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.

43. The system of claim 34, wherein the opening is sized to allow the connector to be repositioned along an axial length of the rod after the rod is snapped into the opening.

44. The system of claim 34, wherein a portion of the body opening is configured to engage the receiving end of the connector to allow for compression of the opening when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw.

45. The system of claim 34, wherein the body opening comprises a recess that allows a portion of a rod positioned in the connector to be recessed in the body when the fastener couples the connector to the bone screw.

46. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end; a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw; and a slot in the receiving end, the slot configured to allow a width of the opening to change during use when the fastener is adjusted.

47. The system of claim 46, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

48. The system of claim 46, wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

49. The system of claim 46, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

50. The system of claim 46, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.

51. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end, and wherein the cavity of the body is a tapered cavity and wherein the tapered cavity is adapted to contact a portion of the receiving end and impart a compressive force against the portion of the receiving end to fixably couple the rod within the opening; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

52. The system of claim 51, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

53. The system of claim 51, wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

54. The system of claim 51, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

55. The system of claim 51, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

56. The system of claim 51, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

57. The system of claim 51, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

58. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw, and wherein the fastener is a threaded nut and the fastening end comprises threading adapted to engage the nut, and wherein tightening the nut causes movement of the receiving end within the cavity whereby the inner surface of the cavity exerts a compressive force against an outer surface of the receiving end, and wherein the compressive force couples the connector to the rod.

59. The system of claim 58, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

60. The system of claim 58, wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

61. The system of claim 58, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

62. The system of claim 58, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

63. The system of claim 58, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

64. The system of claim 58, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.

65. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end, and wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein a portion of the rod is positioned within the recess during use; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

66. The system of claim 65, wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

67. The system of claim 65, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

68. The system of claim 65, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

69. The system of claim 65, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

70. The system of claim 65, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.

71. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side, and wherein the opening is sized to allow the connector to be snapped onto the rod; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

72. The system of claim 71, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

73. The system of claim 71, wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

74. The system of claim 71, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

75. The system of claim 71, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

76. The system of claim 71, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

77. The system of claim 71, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.

78. The system of claim 71, wherein the connector may be moved along a portion of a length of the rod after being snapped onto the rod.

79. An implant system for a spine, comprising:a connector comprising a receiving end and a fastening end, the receiving end comprising a surface that defines an opening with an open side; a rod positionable within the opening such that a portion of a circumferential section of the rod is coupled to the surface of the receiving end; a bone screw comprising a body, the body comprising a cavity having an inner surface, and wherein the connector is adapted to be at least partially disposed within the cavity such that the inner surface of the cavity engages a portion of the receiving end, and wherein the cavity comprises a recess, and wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be recessed in the body when the fastener couples the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw; and a fastener adapted to engage the body and a portion of the fastening end to couple the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

80. The system of claim 79, wherein the rod is insertable into the opening of the connector, wherein the connector is moveable along a portion of a length of the rod to a desired position, and wherein the fastener is configured to secure the connector to the rod to inhibit movement of the rod relative to the connector.

81. The system of claim 79, wherein the recess is configured to allow the rod to be angled at a desired angle relative to the bone screw prior to use of the fastener to secure the rod to the connector and the connector to the bone screw.

82. The system of claim 79, wherein a width of the opening is changeable by changing a position of the fastener relative to the body.

83. The system of claim 79, wherein the connector comprises a slot in the receiving end in communication with the opening.

84. The system of claim 79, wherein the receiving end comprises a tapered outer surface that substantially corresponds to the tapered cavity to provide a large contact area between the receiving end and the tapered cavity during use.

85. The system of claim 79, wherein the body opening comprises a tapered cavity and wherein a surface of the body defining the tapered cavity is configured to contact a portion of the receiving end.