Patent Grant
8778240
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of fiber production. More specifically, the invention relates to fibers of micron and sub-micron size diameters.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
Fibers having small diameters (e.g., micrometer (“micron”) to nanometer (“nano”)) are useful in a variety of fields from the clothing industry to military applications. For example, in the biomedical field, there is a strong interest in developing structures based on nanofibers that provide scaffolding for tissue growth to effectively support living cells. In the textile field, there is a strong interest in nanofibers because the nanofibers have a high surface area per unit mass that provide light, but highly wear resistant, garments. As a class, carbon nanofibers are being used, for example, in reinforced composites, in heat management, and in reinforcement of elastomers. Many potential applications for small-diameter fibers are being developed as the ability to manufacture and control their chemical and physical properties improves.
It is well known in fiber manufacturing to produce extremely fine fibrous materials of organic fibers, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,043,331 and 4,044,404, where a fibrillar mat product is prepared by electrostatically spinning an organic material and subsequently collecting spun fibers on a suitable surface; U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,918, where a controlled pressure is applied to a molten polymer which is emitted through an opening of an energy charged plate; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,525, where a water soluble polymer is fed by a series of spaced syringes into an electric field including an energy charged metal mandrel having an aluminum foil wrapper there around which may be coated with a PTFE (Teflon™) release agent. Attention is further directed to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,044,404, 4,639,390, 4,657,743, 4,842,505, 5,522,879, 6,106,913 and 6,111,590—all of which feature polymer nanofiber production arrangements.
Electrospinning is a major manufacturing method to make nanofibers. Examples of methods and machinery used for electrospinning can be found, for example, in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,616,435; 6,713,011; 7,083,854; and 7,134,857.
Described herein are apparatuses and methods of creating fibers, such as microfibers and nanofibers. The methods discussed herein employ centrifugal forces to transform material into fibers. In one embodiment a fiber producing system includes a fiber producing device and a driver capable of rotating the fiber producing device. The fiber producing device, in one embodiment, includes a body having one or more openings and a coupling member, wherein the body is configured to receive material to be produced into a fiber; and one or more nozzles coupled to one or more of the openings, wherein the one or more nozzles comprise a nozzle orifice. The body of the fiber producing device is couplable to the driver through the coupling member. During use rotation of the fiber producing device coupled to the driver causes material in the body to be passed through one or more openings, into one or more nozzles, and ejected through one or more nozzle orifices to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers. In some embodiments, fiber producing system may be configured to substantially simultaneously produce microfibers and nanofibers.
The nozzles of the fiber producing device, in one embodiment, are removably couplable to the body. Alternatively, nozzles of the fiber producing device may be an integral part of the body. A sealing ring may be positioned between one or more of the nozzles and the body to help maintain a secure fitting between the nozzle and the body. In one embodiment, the body includes a locking system used to couple one or more nozzles to the openings, wherein the locking system locks the coupled nozzles in a predetermined orientation with respect to the body.
A nozzle may be removably couplable to a fiber producing device. Alternatively, a nozzle may be formed on a sidewall of the body of the fiber producing device such that the body and nozzle are formed from a single, unitary material. Alternatively, an opening extending through the sidewall may be formed at the junction of a pair of joined circular plates that have an alignment ring or pins. A nozzle may include a nozzle body, the nozzle body defining an internal cavity and having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end comprises a coupling portion that allows the nozzle to be coupled to a fiber producing device. The coupling portion of the nozzle, may, in one embodiment, be a threaded end which mates with a corresponding threaded portion of the fiber producing device. A nozzle tip may be coupled to the distal end of the nozzle body, wherein the nozzle tip has an internal diameter that is less than the internal diameter of the nozzle body. The nozzle body includes an opening extending through a wall of the nozzle body, the nozzle tip being aligned with the nozzle opening such that material disposed in the nozzle body passes through the opening into the nozzle tip during use. The internal diameter of the nozzle tip may be set such that microfibers and/or nanofibers are produced when material is ejected through the nozzle tip when the nozzle is coupled to a fiber producing device.
In an embodiment, the nozzle tip and the nozzle body are formed from a single, unitary material. Alternatively, the nozzle tip may be removably couplable to the nozzle body. A nozzle may have a length of at least about 2 mm. An internal diameter of the nozzle tip may be less than about 1 mm. A portion of the interior wall of the nozzle body is substantially flat and another portion of the interior wall of the nozzle body is angled and/or rounded from the flat portion toward the opening formed in the nozzle body. In one embodiment, a nozzle tip may have an angled and/or rounded nozzle outlet end. A nozzle may have a non-cylindrical outer surface. In one embodiment, a nozzle has an outer surface having a tapered edge. During rotation of the body, gasses contact the tapered edge of the nozzle, creating a region of negative pressure on the side opposite to the tapered edge.
One or more outlet conduits may couple one or more nozzles to one or more openings. Outlet conduits may have a length to help set the material diameter before ejection from the nozzle (e.g., from 1 mm to about 10 mm, or about 2 mm to about 7 mm, or about 5 mm). Nozzles may include a nozzle orifice.
The body of the fiber producing device comprises one or more sidewalls and a top together defining an internal cavity, wherein one or more openings extend through a sidewall of the body, communicating with the internal cavity. In an embodiment, an interior surface of the sidewall is angled from a bottom wall toward one or more of the openings. In an alternate embodiment, an interior surface of the sidewall is rounded from a bottom wall toward one or more of the openings. An interior surface of the sidewall may have an oval shape such that the long axis of the oval interior sidewall is in alignment with one or more of the openings.
The driver may be positioned below the fiber producing device or above the fiber producing device, when the fiber producing device is coupled to the driver. The driver may be capable of rotating the fiber producing device at speeds of greater than about 1000 RPM
In one embodiment, a heating device is thermally coupled to the fiber producing device. In an embodiment, a fluid level sensor is coupled to the fiber producing device, the fluid level sensor being positioned to detect a level of fluid inside the fiber producing device.
The fiber producing device may be enclosed in a chamber, wherein the environment inside the chamber is controllable. A fiber producing system may include a collection system surrounding at least a portion of the fiber producing device, wherein fibers produced during use are at least partially collected on the collection system. The collection system, in one embodiment, includes one or more collection elements coupled to a collection substrate, wherein the one or more collection elements at least partially surround the fiber producing device. In one embodiment, the collection elements comprise an arcuate or straight projection extending from the collection substrate surface.
In another embodiment a fiber producing system includes a fiber producing device and a driver capable of rotating the fiber producing device. The fiber producing device, in one embodiment, includes a body having one or more openings and a coupling member, wherein the body is configured to receive material to be produced into a fiber; and one or more needle ports coupled to one or more of the openings, wherein one or more needles are removably couplable to the needle ports during use. The body of the fiber producing device is couplable to the driver through the coupling member. During use rotation of the fiber producing device coupled to the driver causes material in the body to be ejected through one or more needles coupled to one or more needle ports to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers. In one embodiment, needles coupled to the one or more needle ports have an angled and/or rounded outlet.
In another embodiment a fiber producing system includes a fiber producing device and a driver capable of rotating the fiber producing device. The fiber producing device, in one embodiment, includes a body comprising two or more chambers and a coupling member, wherein a first chamber comprises one or more openings and is configured to receive material to be produced into a fiber; and wherein a second chamber comprises one or more openings and is configured to receive material to be produced into a fiber. The body of the fiber producing device is couplable to the driver through the coupling member. During use, rotation of the fiber producing device coupled to the driver causes material in at least the first chamber and the second chamber to be ejected through the one or more openings to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers.
In another embodiment a fiber producing system includes a fiber producing device and a driver capable of rotating the fiber producing device. The fiber producing device, in one embodiment, includes a body comprising one or more openings and a coupling member, wherein the body is configured to receive material to be produced into a fiber. The body of the fiber producing device is couplable to the driver through the coupling member. The fiber producing system further includes a collection system that collects fibers produced by the fiber producing device during use, the collection system comprising one or more collecting elements coupled to a collection element substrate, wherein one or more collection elements comprise an arcuate projection extending from the collection element substrate. During use, rotation of the body coupled to the driver causes material in the body to be ejected through one or more openings to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers that are at least partially collected on the collecting elements.
In an embodiment, a collection system of a fiber producing system includes one or more collecting elements coupled to a collection element substrate, wherein the collection elements are positioned surrounding at least a portion of the fiber producing device, and wherein the position of the collection elements with respect to the fiber producing device is adjustable by moving the collection elements along a portion of the collection element substrate.
In another embodiment, a collection system of a fiber producing system includes one or more collecting elements coupled to a collection element substrate and a collection container, wherein the collection container at least partially surrounds the fiber producing device and wherein the collection elements are removably positionable in the collection container.
In another embodiment, a collection system of a fiber producing device is configured to collect fibers produced by the fiber producing device. During use rotation of the fiber producing device causes material in the body to be ejected through one or more openings to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers. The collection system produces a vacuum or activated a gas flow device that causes a flow of produced fibers to the collection system.
In another embodiment a fiber producing system includes a fiber producing device and a driver capable of rotating the fiber producing device. The fiber producing device, in one embodiment, includes a body comprising one or more openings and a coupling member, wherein the body is configured to receive material to be produced into a fiber. The body of the fiber producing device is couplable to the driver through the coupling member. The fiber producing system further includes a deposition system that collects fibers produced by the fiber producing device during use and directs the collected fibers toward a substrate disposed in the deposition system during use. During use, rotation of the body coupled to the driver causes material in the body to be ejected through one or more openings to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers that are at least partially transferred to the deposition system.
Advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art with the benefit of the following detailed description of embodiments and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
a-b depict a star shaped fiber producing device; and
While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. The drawings may not be to scale. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but to the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
It is to be understood the present invention is not limited to particular devices or methods, which may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Furthermore, the word “may” is used throughout this application in a permissive sense (i.e., having the potential to, being able to), not in a mandatory sense (i.e., must). The term “include,” and derivations thereof, mean “including, but not limited to.” The term “coupled” means directly or indirectly connected.
The terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”) and “contain” (and any form of contain, such as “contains” and “containing”) are open-ended linking verbs. As a method or apparatus that “comprises,” “has,” “includes” or “contains” one or more steps or elements possesses those one or more steps or elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps or elements. Likewise, an element of an apparatus that “comprises,” “has,” “includes” or “contains” one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features.
Described herein are apparatuses and methods of creating fibers, such as microfibers and nanofibers. The methods discussed herein employ centrifugal forces to transform material into fibers. Apparatuses that may be used to create fibers are also described. Some details regarding creating fibers using centrifugal forces may be found in the following U.S. Published Patent Applications: 2009/0280325 entitled “Methods and Apparatuses for Making Superfine Fibers” to Lozano et al.; 2009/0269429 entitled “Superfine Fiber Creating Spinneret and Uses Thereof” to Lozano et al.; 2009/0232920 entitled “Superfine Fiber Creating Spinneret and Uses Thereof” to Lozano et al.; and 2009/0280207 entitled “Superfine Fiber Creating Spinneret and Uses Thereof” to Lozano et al., all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
One embodiment of a fiber producing device is shown in
During use, rotation of the fiber producing device causes material to be ejected through one or more openings 122 to produce fibers. In some embodiments, openings 122 may have a size and/or shape that causes the creation of microfibers and/or nanofibers as the material is ejected through the openings.
In an embodiment depicted in
It should be understood that while opposing openings are depicted, the openings may be placed in any position on the body of a fiber producing device. The position of the openings may be varied to create different kinds of fibers. In some embodiments, openings may be placed in different planes of the fiber producing device. In other embodiments, openings may be clustered in certain locations. Such alternate positioning of the openings may increase the fiber dispersion patterns and/or increase the fiber production rates. In some embodiments, the openings, regardless of the position, may accept an outlet element (e.g., a nozzle or needle).
In an embodiment, nozzle(s) 130 may be removably coupled to body 120. For example, nozzle 130 may include a nozzle coupling portion 132 which is couplable to a corresponding coupling portion 127 of one or more of openings 122.
Nozzle 130 further includes a nozzle tip 134 coupled to distal end 135 of the nozzle. Nozzle body 131 defines an internal cavity 138 through which material flows from the body of a fiber producing device toward nozzle orifice 136. In some embodiments, nozzle tip 134 has an internal diameter that is less than the diameter of internal cavity 138. Nozzle tip 134 is coupled to an opening 139 formed in a wall of nozzle body 131. Nozzle tip 134 is aligned with opening 139 such that material disposed in internal cavity 138 passes through opening 139 into the nozzle tip. The internal diameter and/or shape of nozzle tip 134 is selected such that microfibers and/or nanofibers are produced when the material is ejected form the body of a spinning fiber producing device through the nozzle.
Nozzle tip 134 may be removably coupled to nozzle body 131. Alternatively, nozzle tip 134 and nozzle body 131 are formed from a single, unitary material such that the nozzle tip is not removable from the nozzle body, but instead is an integral part of the nozzle body. Nozzle tip may be angled with respect to nozzle body. In some embodiments, nozzle 130 has a length of at least about 10 mm. In some embodiments, nozzle 130 has a length of between about 5 mm to about 15 mm. An internal diameter of nozzle 130 may range from about 1.0 mm to about 1 mm, depending on the size of fibers to be produced and the viscosity of the material being used to produce the fibers.
To facilitate transfer of material through nozzle 130, a portion of nozzle body 131 may be angled or rounded toward opening 139. For example, distal portion 135 of nozzle body 131 may be angled from a flat portion of the nozzle body toward opening 139. Alternatively, distal portion 135 of nozzle body 131 may be rounded, as depicted in
In another embodiment, a needle port 140 may be coupled to an opening 122 of body 120.
In another embodiment, a needle 150 may be coupled to an opening 122 of body 120.
An alternate embodiment of a fiber producing device is shown in
One or more needle ports 240 may be coupled to one or more openings 222 via one or more outlet conduits 270. Outlet conduits 270 may have an annular passageway 272 extending through the longitudinal length of the outlet conduit, as depicted in cross section view
When material is ejected from an opening during spinning of a fiber producing body, the material tends to expand as it leaves an opening. It has been found that by “setting” the diameter of the material prior to the material exiting the fiber producing device, expansion of the material as it leaves the fiber producing device may be minimized. To “set” the diameter of the material annular passageway 272 may have a substantially constant diameter. In some embodiments, the annular passage has a constant diameter of between about 4 mm and about 30 mm over a length of about 10 mm to about 250 mm. Holding the material at a constant diameter over a predetermined length, sets the diameter of the material, reducing the expansion of the material as it exits the outlet conduit and nozzle. Reduction of swelling helps to improve the consistency of the produced fibers with regard to size and length. The length and/or diameter of annular passage 272 may be selected based, at least in part, on the type of material being used. Generally, as the viscosity of the material increases, a longer conduit may be used to properly set the diameter of the material before the material exits the fiber producing device.
In an embodiment, outlet conduits 270 may be removably coupled to body 220.
An alternate embodiment of a coupling portion 310 of a body 300 of a fiber producing device is depicted in the cross-section drawing depicted in
In an embodiment, one or more nozzles may be coupled to the body of a fiber producing device. During use material in the fiber producing device passes through the one or more nozzles and is ejected from the one or more nozzles to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers. In embodiments where the nozzles protrude from the body of a fiber producing device, the nozzles may be cooled by air striking the nozzle as the body is rotated. During a process in which a heated material is used, the cooling of the nozzles may cause the material passing through the nozzle to be cooled prior to exiting the nozzle. This cooling may cause inconsistent fiber production as the material properties (e.g., viscosity) change as the material is cooled. To minimize the cooling effect of air on the nozzles, the nozzles may be formed to have a non-cylindrical profile.
The end of a nozzle, a nozzle tip, and the end of a needle coupled to a fiber producing device may be angled or rounded to alter the fiber size and configuration. Examples of various outlets configurations that may be used for both nozzle tips and needle ends are shown in FIGS. 11A-11F. In each of the figures the downward pointing arrow indicates the direction of gas flow across the end of the nozzle tip/needle end. In
It has been further discovered that alterations in the angle of the nozzle or needle with respect to the body may also influence the properties of the produced fibers. For example, as depicted in the figures, nozzles and/or needles are typically positioned substantially perpendicular to the body. In some embodiments, nozzles or needles may be placed at an angle deviating from perpendicular by any amount. In some embodiments, the nozzle or needle may be placed on the body at an angle deviating from between about 1 to about 15 from perpendicular.
Production of desired fibers may therefore be controlled by the type of nozzle or needle used, the orientation of the nozzle or needle with respect to the direction of rotation, the nozzle tip or needle end configuration, and the angle of the nozzle or needle with respect to the body. In order to facilitate proper placement of the nozzle or needle on the body, different locking systems may be used.
An alternate embodiment of a needle locking system is shown in
Nozzles may also be coupled to a body through a locking system that positions the nozzle in a predetermined orientation. An embodiment of a locking system for a nozzle is depicted in
An alternate embodiment of a locking system for a nozzle is depicted in
An embodiment of a locking system for a needle is depicted in
Another embodiment of a locking system for a needle is depicted in
An alternate embodiment of a fiber producing device is depicted in
Body 820 is coupled to hub 810 by inserting the body into cylindrical cavity 812. A locking mechanism 840 is disposed in cylindrical cavity 812 of hub 810. In one embodiment, locking mechanism 840 includes a spring-loaded ball 842 which rests in a cavity 844 formed in the body and coupled to cylindrical cavity 812. Body 820 includes an indentation 826 that has a shape complementary to ball 842. To lock body 820 inside hub 810, body 820 is slid into cylindrical cavity 812. When body 820 reaches locking mechanism 840, the surface of the body contacts ball 842 and forces the ball into cavity 844, allowing the body to continue into the cylindrical cavity. Body 820 is pushed through cylindrical cavity until indentation 826 of the body aligns with ball 842. At this point, the spring forces ball 842 into the indentation, inhibiting further movement of the body along cylindrical cavity 844. To ensure that body 820 remains locked in hub 810, a set screw 850 may contact the body. The pressure of set screw 850 and the resistance force of ball 842 helps to inhibit further movement of body 820 within cylindrical cavity 812. In some embodiments, a second indentation 828 is formed in the body to receive the set screw 850. In some embodiments, body 820 has been preloaded with the material to be spun. While cavity 812 and body 820 are depicted as cylindrical, it should be understood that other shapes may be used.
During use, rotation of hub 810 causes material to be ejected through one or more of openings 822 to produce fibers. During rotation ball 842 and, optionally, set screw 850 secure body 820 within hub 810. When fiber formation is finished, set screw 850 may be withdrawn such that the set screw no longer contacts body 820. Removal of the set screw 850 may allow a force to be applied to body 820 sufficient to overcome the resistance created between ball 842 and body, allowing the body be slid out of hub 810. The removed body may be replaced by a second body and fiber production continued while the first body is being cleaned and replenished with material.
In some embodiments it is desirable to have a rotationally balanced system. Thus nozzles, needles, or needle ports are typically positioned as opposing pairs to maintain a rotationally balanced hub. Alternatively, if an odd number of nozzles, needles or needle ports are used, these devices may be positioned in a balanced orientation (e.g., three devices can be positioned at a 120 angle from each other). In some embodiments, however, it may not be desirable to have two or more devices that are producing fibers. It may be desirable to have only a single fiber producing outlet from the body. While this may be achieved by simply coupling a single outlet device to the hub, such a situation may create a rotationally unbalanced system that creates rotational stress on the body and the driver. To offset the weight of an unpaired outlet element, a counter weight may be coupled to an opposing (or a positionally balanced) outlet. For example, as depicted in
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to spin two or more different materials at the same time. For example, it may be desirable to spin two different types of polymers, or a polymer and a metal substantially simultaneously. This may be used to create blended microfibers and/or nanofibers by simultaneously producing different types of fibers from a single device. An example of a multiple level fiber producing device is depicted in
In one embodiment, the chambers may be removably coupled to each other. For example, as depicted in
Multilevel fiber producing device 1000 includes a coupling member 1050 which couples fiber producing device 1000 to a driver 1055 that is capable of rotating the fiber producing device. Coupling member 1050 may be an elongated member extending from the body which may be coupled to a portion of the driver (e.g., a chuck or a universal threaded joint of the driver). Alternatively, coupling member may be a receiver, as depicted in
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to control the spacing between the chambers. For example, as depicted in
Another example of a multiple level fiber producing device is depicted in
During use, rotation of the fiber producing device causes material to be ejected through one or more of openings 1011, 1013, and 1015 of each level to produce fibers. In some embodiments, openings 1011, 1013, and 1015 may have a size and/or shape that causes the creation of microfibers and/or nanofibers as material is ejecting through the openings. In other embodiments, outlet elements may be coupled to one or more of openings 1011, 1013, and 1015. If different materials are placed in different chambers, two or more different fibers may thus be simultaneously produced.
In one embodiment, the levels may be removably coupled to each other. For example, as depicted in
Multilevel fiber producing device 1000 includes a coupling member 1050 which couples fiber producing device 1000 to a driver 1055 that is capable of rotating the fiber producing device. Coupling member 1050 may be an elongated member extending from the body which may be coupled to a portion of the driver (e.g., a chuck or a universal threaded joint of the driver). Alternatively, coupling member may be a receiver, as depicted in
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to control the spacing between the chambers. For example, as depicted in
In some embodiments, the fiber producing device of
Another example of a multiple chamber fiber producing system is depicted in
Fiber producing device 1000 may be incorporated into a fiber producing system that includes at least one material feed assembly 1070 and, optionally, a heating device 1080. During use, material may be fed through material feed assembly 1070 into the chambers. The use of a material feed assembly may allow substantially continuous use of a multi-level fiber producing device. While material feed assembly 1070 is depicted as a single tube feeder that feeds the same material to each chamber, it should be understood that the material feed assembly may be modified to include multiple tubes, each tube leading to a separate chamber, to allow simultaneous addition of different materials to each chamber. Heating device 1080 may be positioned proximate to the chambers to provide heat to each of the chambers. The system may also provide an upper support 1090 for the drive shaft 1095, to help minimize vibration and provide balancing of the system.
An alternate embodiment of a fiber producing system is depicted in
In one embodiment, the fiber producing system of
Fibers created using the fiber producing devices described herein may be collected using a variety of fiber collection devices. Various exemplary fiber collection devices are discussed below, and each of these devices may be combined with one another. The simplest method of fiber collection is to collect the fibers on the interior of a collection wall that surrounds a fiber producing device. Fibers are typically collected from collection walls as nonwoven fibers.
The aerodynamic flow within the chamber influences the design of the fiber collection device (e.g., height of a collection wall or rod; location of same). The spinning fiber producing device develops an aerodynamic flow within the confinement of the apparatuses described herein. This flow may be influenced by, for example, the speed, size and shape of the fiber producing device as well as the location, shape, and size of the fiber collection device. An intermediate wall placed outside the collection wall may also influence aerodynamic flow. The intermediate wall may influence the aerodynamic flow by, for example, affecting the turbulence of the flow. Placement of an intermediate wall may be necessary in order to cause the fibers to collect on the fiber collection device. In certain embodiments, placement of an intermediate wall can be determined through experimentation. In an embodiment, a fiber producing device is operated in the presence of a fiber collection device and an intermediate wall, observing whether or not fibers are collected on the fiber collection device. If fibers are not adequately collected on the fiber collection device, the position of the intermediate wall is moved (e.g., making its diameter smaller or larger, or making the intermediate wall taller or shorter) and the experiment is performed again to see if adequate collection of fibers is achieved. Repetition of this process may occur until fibers are adequately collected on the fiber collection device.
Typically, fibers are collected on a collection wall or settle onto other designed structure(s). Temperature also plays a role on the size and morphology of the formed fibers. If the collection wall, for example, is relatively hotter than the ambient temperature, fibers collected on the collection wall may coalesce, leading to bundling of and/or welding of individual fibers. In some embodiments, the temperature of the collection wall and/or intermediate wall may be controlled, such as, for example, by blowing gas (e.g., air, nitrogen, argon, helium) between the intermediate wall and the collection wall. By controlling the flow rate, type, and temperature of this blowing gas, it is possible to control the temperature and morphology of the fibers. Wall parameters (e.g., height, location, etc.) may also influence the morphology of the fibers.
The intermediate wall may also be used to control, adjust, and/or influence the aerodynamic flow within the apparatus. Aerodynamic flow typically guides the fibers to rest on one or more fiber collection devices. If, upon formation, loose fibers float in an apparatus (due to their very small mass) without coming to rest on one or more fiber collection devices, it is likely that, for example, the intermediate wall is not positioned correctly, or the fiber collection device(s) is not correctly positioned, and/or the aerodynamic flow is not properly understood. An intermediate wall is typically taller than any collection wall that may be used (e.g., about 1.1 to about 3 times as high as the collection wall). The intermediate wall may surround a collection wall at a distance of from about 1 inch to about 5 inches, or from about 2 inches to about 4 inches, or about 3 inches. Intermediate wall may be about 10% to about 30% larger (e.g., 20% larger) than the collection wall. An intermediate wall may be segmented, and may have one or more holes in it.
In an alternate embodiment, a collection element 1312b is in the form of an arcuate projection, for example, as depicted in
In an embodiment, fiber producing system 1300 also includes a collection container 1330. Collection system 1310 and fiber producing device 1320 are positioned in collection container 1330. Collection container 1330 allows the system to be enclosed to inhibit the loss of fibers during production. A collection container lid (not shown) may be disposed on the collection container to create a fully enclosed system.
Collection elements 1312a may be removably coupled to collection system substrate 1314 through one or more openings 1315 formed in the collection element substrate. For example, as shown in
In an alternate embodiment, collection elements may be coupled to a collection substrate that allows the collection elements to be repositioned without having to remove the collection elements from the substrate. In one embodiment, a plurality of grooves is formed in the collection system substrate. Collection elements are coupled to the grooves and are movable along the grooves. In one embodiment, collection elements may be loosened from the substrate without removing the collection elements from the substrate. For example, loosening a nut connecting a bolt from the collection element to the substrate may allow the collection element to be moved along the groove. Once positioned, the nut may be retightened to secure the collection element in place.
An alternate embodiment of a collection system is depicted in
An alternate collection system is depicted in
When desired, collection substrate 1520 may be removed from collection container 1500 and an alternate collection substrate may be placed in the collection container. For example, a collection substrate that includes collection elements that are closer or farther from the center of the collection container. In other embodiments, the collection substrate may be removed from the collection container and replaced with a collection substrate having collection elements positioned in different positions than the removed collection substrate. In this manner, the orientation of the collection elements may be modified without having to individually remove collection elements.
For many applications, it may be desirable to substantially continuously produce nanofibers and/or microfibers. For fiber producing systems that make use of fiber collection elements, the removal of fiber from the collection system typically requires a stoppage of fiber production to allow removal of fibers from the collection elements. In an alternate embodiment a diversion device may be used to allow fiber production to continue while the produced fibers are being collected.
Diversion may also be used at startup of the fiber producing system. For example, when rotation of the fiber producing device is initiated, the fibers being produced may not meet the desired specifications regarding size and/or consistency. The diversion device may be positioned between the fiber producing device and the collection elements in order to divert the produced fibers until the desired quality requirements are met, typically after a predetermined time. Once the desired fibers are being produced the diversion system may be removed to allow the fibers to be collected on the collection elements. The diverted material may be disposed of, reintroduced into the fiber producing device, or blended with unused material to form a material feed for the fiber producing device.
The conditions of the environment in which fibers are created may influence various properties of those fibers. For example, some metallic fibers, such as iron fibers, react with ambient air (becoming converted to iron oxides). For such applications, it is preferable to replace ambient air with an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen, helium, argon). Humid conditions may detrimentally affect the surfaces of many polymeric fibers, such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibers. Thus, lowering humidity levels is preferable for processing of some materials. Similarly, drugs may be required to be developed under sterile conditions that are not maintained in ambient conditions, a sterile environment is therefore preferred in such situations.
The “environment” refers to the interior space defined by the housing that surrounds the components of a fiber producing device. For certain uses, the environment may simply be ambient air. Air may be blown into the environment, if desired. For other uses, the environment may be subjected to low-pressure conditions, such as from about 1 mm Hg to about 760 mm Hg, or any range derivable therein using, for example, a vacuum pump. Alternatively, the environment may be subjected to high-pressure conditions, such as conditions ranging from 761 mm Hg up to 4 atm or higher using, for example, a high pressure pump. The temperature of the environment may be lowered or raised, as desired, through the use of heating and/or cooling systems, which are described below. The humidity level of the environment may be altered using a humidifier, and may range from 0% to 100% humidity. For certain applications, such as drug development, the environment may be rendered sterile. If the components of an apparatus are each made of, for example, stainless steel, all components may be individually sterilized and assembled, such as in a clean room under conditions that maintain the sterility of the apparatus.
Several types of heating and cooling sources may be used in apparatuses and methods as discussed herein to independently control the temperature of, for example, a fiber producing device, a collection wall, an intermediate wall, a material, and/or the environment within an apparatus. Examples of heat sources that may be employed include resistance heaters, inductive heaters and radiant heaters (e.g. infrared heaters). Peltier or Thermoelectric Cooling (TEC) devices may be used for heating and/or cooling purposes. Cold gas or heated gas (e.g., air or nitrogen) may also be pumped into the environment for cooling or heating purposes. Conductive, convective, or radiation heat transfer mechanisms may be used for heating and cooling of various components of the apparatuses.
An inlet port 1740 is coupled to housing 1720, extending into the interior of the housing. Inlet port 1740 may be used to input gasses (e.g., gases such as air, nitrogen, helium, argon, etc.) into the internal environment of housing 1720, or allows gasses to be pumped out of the internal environment of the housing 1720. Inlet port 1740 may also include one or more conduits for conveying material to the fiber producing device. For example, a fiber producing device may include an opening in the top surface of the device, as has been shown previously. Alignment and/or coupling of an inlet tube with the opening may allow material to be sent to the fiber producing device when the device is being prepared to be used, or while the device is spinning (to allow continuous production of fibers) while the housing is closed.
Indicators for power and electronics and control switches 1750 are positioned on the exterior of a wall of housing 1720. A control system of the fiber producing system may allow a user to change certain parameters (e.g., RPM, temperature, and environment) to influence fiber properties. One parameter may be changed while other parameters are held constant, if desired. One or more control boxes in an apparatus may provide various controls for these parameters, or certain parameters may be controlled via other means (e.g., manual opening of a valve attached to a housing to allow a gas to pass through the housing and into the environment of an apparatus). It should be noted that the control system may be integral to the apparatus (as shown in
Components of apparatuses may be made from a variety of materials. In certain embodiments, the components of an apparatus may be made from stainless steel. For example, the fiber producing device, collection wall and housing may each be made from stainless steel. In this situation, the components may be used for, e.g., low melting metals like tin (232° C.), zinc (420° C.), silver (962° C.) and alloys thereof. In certain embodiments, ceramic components may be used for high melting alloys, such as gold (1064° C.) and nickel (1453° C.). Manipulation of high melting alloys may require blanketing the environment of the components with an inert gas, such as nitrogen or helium, with appropriate sealing of the housing.
In certain methods described herein, material spun in a fiber producing device may undergo varying strain rates, where the material is kept as a melt or solution. Since the strain rate alters the mechanical stretching of the fibers created, final fiber dimension and morphology may be significantly altered by the strain rate applied. Strain rates are affected by, for example, the shape, size, type and RPM of a fiber producing device. Altering the viscosity of the material, such as by increasing or decreasing its temperature or adding additives (e.g., thinner), may also impact strain rate. Strain rates may be controlled by a variable speed fiber producing device. Strain rates applied to a material may be varied by, for example, as much as 50-fold (e.g., 1000 rpm to 25,000 RPM).
Temperatures of the material, fiber producing device and the environment may be independently controlled using a control system. The temperature value or range of temperatures employed typically depends on the intended application. For example, for many applications, temperatures of the material, fiber producing device and the environment typically range from −4° C. to 400° C. Temperatures may range as low as, for example, −20° C. to as high as, for example, 2500 C. For melt spinning of polymers, a fiber producing device may be kept at a temperature of up to 200° C. For melt spinning involving metals, a fiber producing device may be kept at temperatures of 450° C. or higher. For solution spinning, ambient temperatures of the fiber producing device are typically used. In drug development studies the temperature of the fiber producing device may be between, for example, 4° C. and 80° C. When producing ceramic or metal fibers, the temperatures utilized may be significantly higher. For higher temperatures, it will typically be necessary to make appropriate changes in the materials of the housing of an apparatus and/or the interior components (e.g., substitution of metal for plastic), or in the apparatus itself (e.g., addition of insulation). Such changes may also help avoid undesirable reactions, such as oxidation.
The level of material in the fiber producing device may be monitored by a control system. In an embodiment, inlet port 1730 may include one or more fluid sensors that are positioned proximate to the fiber producing device, in a position that allows the fluid sensor to measure the level of fluid in the fiber producing device. In one embodiment, a fluid sensor is an optical fluid level sensor that is optically coupled to the fluid in the fiber producing device. Examples of optical fluid sensors include, but are not limited to, laser fluid sensors, infrared fluid sensors, and ultraviolet fluid sensors. Optical fluid sensors include LED based fluid sensors. In other embodiments, a fluid level sensor is an ultrasonic fluid level sensor. The fluid sensor may be coupled to a controller. During use, controller may discontinue production of fibers if the fluid level in the fiber producing device is below a predetermined level. In other embodiments, controller may send a control signal to a material supply source to send more material into the fiber producing device, if the fluid level inside of the fiber producing device falls below a predetermined level. Inlet port 1730 may include one or more conduits coupled to a material supply source that conveys the material to the fiber producing device when a control signal is received.
Generally, it is preferred that fibers produced in a fiber producing system are collected without being contacted by the users. An embodiment of a fiber producing system that includes a collection system is depicted in
In another embodiment, collection elements 1825 may be cutting elements (e.g., wires) that are capable of cutting and/or breaking the fibers that are produced by the fiber producing device. The wires may extend from a bottom surface of the collection substrate toward a top surface of the collection system. The cut or broken fibers are pulled by the gas produced by the gas flow device, through a collection conduit, into the chamber.
An embodiment of a fiber producing system that includes a collection system is depicted in
In another embodiment, collection elements 1825 may be cutting elements (e.g., wires) that are capable of cutting and/or breaking the fibers that are produced by the fiber producing device. The wires may extend from a bottom surface of the collection substrate toward a top surface of the collection system. The cut or broken fibers are pulled by the gas produced by the gas flow device, through a collection conduit, into the chamber.
Another embodiment of a fiber producing system is depicted in
Fiber producing system may include a driver 1920 coupled to coupling member 1914. Driver 1920 is positioned above fiber producing device 1910 when the fiber producing device is coupled to the driver. Driver 1920 is capable of rotating fiber producing device 1910 during use. Suitable drivers include commercially available variable electric motors, such as a brushless DC motor.
Fiber producing system 1900 may further include a collection system 1930. Collection system may include a collection wall 1932 at least partially surrounding fiber producing device 1910. Collection system 1930 may further include a collection conduit 1934 coupled to collection wall 1932. Collection conduit 1934, in one embodiment, may be an integral part of collection wall 1932. During use, fibers produced by fiber producing device 1910 may collect on collection wall 1932 and be transferred to collection conduit 1934. In one embodiment, collection conduit 1934 is positioned below fiber producing device 1910 such that the produced fibers are collected on collection wall 1932 and fall into the collection conduit. In some embodiments, a gas flow device (not shown) or a vacuum system (not shown) may be used to create a gas stream conducting fibers from collection wall 1932 toward collection conduit 1934. Collection conduit 1934 may be coupled to a collection chamber that is used to collect fibers.
In an embodiment, a fiber producing system may be used to deposit microfibers and/or nanofibers on a substrate. An embodiment of a deposition system 2000 configured for deposition of fibers on a substrate is shown in
In an embodiment, a flow of fibers may be created using a gas flow system, a vacuum, or a combination of a gas flow system and vacuum. For example, in one embodiment, a gas flow generator 2040 may be disposed in a bottom of deposition system 2000. During use a flow of gas is created, flowing from the bottom of deposition system 2000 toward substrate 2030. The fibers that are generated and passed to deposition system 2000 are directed into the substrate by the gas flow. Alternatively, a fiber collection system coupled to inlet conduit 2010 may produce a gas flow, as described above, that causes a stream of fibers to flow through the inlet conduit into deposition system 2000. A fiber deflector 2012 may be coupled to inlet conduit 2010 to direct incoming fibers toward substrate 2030.
In an alternate embodiment, a vacuum device 2022 is coupled to deposition system 2000. In an embodiment, vacuum system 2022 is coupled to substrate support 2020. During use, a vacuum is applied to an upper chamber 2025 formed between substrate support 2020 and the top of deposition system 2000. A lower chamber 2045 is defined by substrate support 2020 and the bottom of deposition system 2000. Lower chamber 2045 includes inlet conduit 2010. Substrate support 2020 may have one or more openings 2024 that pass through the substrate support, coupling upper chamber 2025 to lower chamber 2045. Application of a vacuum to upper chamber 2025 creates a flow of gas from lower chamber 2045 thorough substrate support 2020, to upper chamber 2025. Thus fibers disposed in lower chamber are drawn toward and into substrate 2030 disposed on substrate support 2020. A vacuum created in upper chamber may also provide a holding force to hold substrate 2030 against substrate support 2020.
In an embodiment, both a gas flow device and a vacuum system may be used together to create a flow of fibers in deposition system 2000. For example, gas flow device 2040 may be disposed at the bottom of deposition system 2000, or may be part of the fiber producing system coupled to the deposition system. Gas flow device 2040 creates a flow of fibers through inlet conduit 2010 into deposition system 2000 and toward substrate 2030. Deposition system 2000 may also include a vacuum device 2022 coupled to upper chamber 2025. During use, a vacuum is applied to upper chamber 2025 creating a flow of gas from lower chamber 2045 toward the upper chamber. Gas coming in from gas flow device 2040 or from inlet conduit, helps provide a gas flow from lower chamber 2045 toward the substrate 2030. The fibers directed to substrate 2030, in some embodiments, may become at least partially embedded in the substrate.
In an embodiment, deposition system 2000 may be used to deposit microfibers and/or nanofibers on a moving substrate. In an embodiment, substrate support 2020 may allow substrate 2030 to be moved through deposition system 2000, positioning the portion of the substrate that is disposed in the deposition system in a flow of microfibers and/or nanofibers. In an embodiment, a substrate 2030 may be a sheet of material having a length that is longer than the length of deposition system 2000. The sheet of material may be passed through deposition system 2000 at a rate that allows a predetermined amount of fibers to be deposited on the substrate before the substrate exits the deposition system. The substrate may be coupled to a substrate conveyance system that moves the substrate through the deposition system.
An alternate embodiment of a continuous feed substrate deposition system is depicted in
In an embodiment, to control fiber length, one or more cutting elements 2150 may be positioned between fiber producing device 2110 and substrate support 2120. Cutting elements 2150 may be positioned to cut and/or break fibers, produced by the fiber producing device prior to the fibers reaching the substrate.
Fibers represent a class of materials that are continuous filaments or that are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. Fibers are of great importance in the biology of both plants and animals, e.g., for holding tissues together. Human uses for fibers are diverse. For example, fibers may be spun into filaments, thread, string, or rope. Fibers may also be used as a component of composite materials. Fibers may also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials.
Fibers as discussed herein may be created using, for example, a solution spinning method or a melt spinning method. In both the melt and solution spinning methods, a material may be put into a fiber producing device which is spun at various speeds until fibers of appropriate dimensions are made. The material may be formed, for example, by melting a solute or may be a solution formed by dissolving a mixture of a solute and a solvent. Any solution or melt familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art may be employed. For solution spinning, a material may be designed to achieve a desired viscosity, or a surfactant may be added to improve flow, or a plasticizer may be added to soften a rigid fiber. In melt spinning, solid particles may comprise, for example, a metal or a polymer, wherein polymer additives may be combined with the latter. Certain materials may be added for alloying purposes (e.g., metals) or adding value (such as antioxidant or colorant properties) to the desired fibers.
Non-limiting examples of reagents that may be melted, or dissolved or combined with a solvent to form a material for melt or solution spinning methods include polyolefin, polyacetal, polyamide, polyester, cellulose ether and ester, polyalkylene sulfide, polyarylene oxide, polysulfone, modified polysulfone polymers and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of solvents that may be used include oils, lipids and organic solvents such as DMSO, toluene and alcohols. Water, such as de-ionized water, may also be used as a solvent. For safety purposes, non-flammable solvents are preferred.
In either the solution or melt spinning method, as the material is ejected from the spinning fiber producing device, thin jets of the material are simultaneously stretched and dried or stretched and cooled in the surrounding environment. Interactions between the material and the environment at a high strain rate (due to stretching) leads to solidification of the material into fibers, which may be accompanied by evaporation of solvent. By manipulating the temperature and strain rate, the viscosity of the material may be controlled to manipulate the size and morphology of the fibers that are created. A wide variety of fibers may be created using the present methods, including novel fibers such as polypropylene (PP) nanofibers. Non-limiting examples of fibers made using the melt spinning method include polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and nylon. Non-limiting examples of fibers made using the solution spinning method include polyethylene oxide (PEO) and beta-lactams.
The creation of fibers may be done in batch modes or in continuous modes. In the latter case, material can fed continuously into the fiber producing device and the process can be continued over days (e.g., 1-7 days) and even weeks (e.g., 1-4 weeks).
The methods discussed herein may be used to create, for example, nanocomposites and functionally graded materials that can be used for fields as diverse as, for example, drug delivery and ultrafiltration (such as electrets). Metallic and ceramic nanofibers, for example, may be manufactured by controlling various parameters, such as material selection and temperature. At a minimum, the methods and apparatuses discussed herein may find application in any industry that utilizes micro- to nano-sized fibers and/or micro- to nano-sized composites. Such industries include, but are not limited to, material engineering, mechanical engineering, military/defense industries, biotechnology, medical devices, tissue engineering industries, food engineering, drug delivery, electrical industries, or in ultrafiltration and/or micro-electric mechanical systems (MEMS).
Some embodiments of a fiber producing device may be used for melt and/or solution processes. Some embodiments of a fiber producing device may be used for making organic and/or inorganic fibers. With appropriate manipulation of the environment and process, it is possible to form fibers of various configurations, such as continuous, discontinuous, mat, random fibers, unidirectional fibers, woven and nonwoven, as well as fiber shapes, such as circular, elliptical and rectangular (e.g., ribbon). Other shapes are also possible. The produced fibers may be single lumen or multi-lumen.
By controlling the process parameters, fibers can be made in micron, sub-micron and nano-sizes, and combinations thereof. In general, the fibers created will have a relatively narrow distribution of fiber diameters. Some variation in diameter and cross-sectional configuration may occur along the length of individual fibers and between fibers.
Generally speaking, a fiber producing device helps control various properties of the fibers, such as the cross-sectional shape and diameter size of the fibers. More particularly, the speed and temperature of a fiber producing device, as well as the cross-sectional shape, diameter size and angle of the outlets in a fiber producing device, all may help control the cross-sectional shape and diameter size of the fibers. Lengths of fibers produced may also be influenced by the choice of fiber producing device used.
The temperature of the fiber producing device may influence fiber properties, in certain embodiments. Both resistance and inductance heaters may be used as heat sources to heat a fiber producing device. In certain embodiments, the fiber producing device is thermally coupled to a heat source that may be used to adjust the temperature of the fiber producing device before spinning, during spinning, or both before spinning and during spinning. In some embodiments, the fiber producing device is cooled. For example, a fiber producing device may be thermally coupled to a cooling source that can be used to adjust the temperature of the fiber producing device before spinning, during spinning, or before and during spinning. Temperatures of a fiber producing device may range widely. For example, a fiber producing device may be cooled to as low as −20 C or heated to as high as 2500 C. Temperatures below and above these exemplary values are also possible. In certain embodiments, the temperature of a fiber producing device before and/or during spinning is between about 4° C. and about 400° C. The temperature of a fiber producing device may be measured by using, for example, an infrared thermometer or a thermocouple.
The speed at which a fiber producing device is spun may also influence fiber properties. The speed of the fiber producing device may be fixed while the fiber producing device is spinning, or may be adjusted while the fiber producing device is spinning. Those fiber producing devices whose speed may be adjusted may, in certain embodiments, be characterized as variable speed fiber producing devices. In the methods described herein, the fiber producing device may be spun at a speed of about 500 RPM to about 25,000 RPM, or any range derivable therein. In certain embodiments, the fiber producing device is spun at a speed of no more than about 50,000 RPM, about 45,000 RPM, about 40,000 RPM, about 35,000 RPM, about 30,000 RPM, about 25,000 RPM, about 20,000 RPM, about 15,000 RPM, about 10,000 RPM, about 5,000 RPM, or about 1,000 RPM. In certain embodiments, the fiber producing device is rotated at a rate of about 5,000 RPM to about 25,000 RPM.
In an embodiment, a method of creating fibers, such as microfibers and/or nanofibers, includes: heating a material; placing the material in a heated fiber producing device; and, after placing the heated material in the heated fiber producing device, rotating the fiber producing device to eject material to create nanofibers from the material. In some embodiments, the fibers may be microfibers and/or nanofibers. A heated fiber producing device is a structure that has a temperature that is greater than ambient temperature. “Heating a material” is defined as raising the temperature of that material to a temperature above ambient temperature. “Melting a material” is defined herein as raising the temperature of the material to a temperature greater than the melting point of the material, or, for polymeric materials, raising the temperature above the glass transition temperature for the polymeric material. In alternate embodiments, the fiber producing device is not heated. Indeed, for any embodiment that employs a fiber producing device that may be heated, the fiber producing device may be used without heating. In some embodiments, the fiber producing device is heated but the material is not heated. The material becomes heated once placed in contact with the heated fiber producing device. In some embodiments, the material is heated and the fiber producing device is not heated. The fiber producing device becomes heated once it comes into contact with the heated material.
A wide range of volumes/amounts of material may be used to produce fibers. In addition, a wide range of rotation times may also be employed. For example, in certain embodiments, at least 5 milliliters (mL) of material are positioned in a fiber producing device, and the fiber producing device is rotated for at least about 10 seconds. As discussed above, the rotation may be at a rate of about 500 RPM to about 25,000 RPM, for example. The amount of material may range from mL to liters (L), or any range derivable therein. For example, in certain embodiments, at least about 50 mL to about 100 mL of the material are positioned in the fiber producing device, and the fiber producing device is rotated at a rate of about 500 RPM to about 25,000 RPM for about 300 seconds to about 2,000 seconds. In certain embodiments, at least about 5 mL to about 100 mL of the material are positioned in the fiber producing device, and the fiber producing device is rotated at a rate of 500 RPM to about 25,000 RPM for 10-500 seconds. In certain embodiments, at least 100 mL to about 1,000 mL of material is positioned in the fiber producing device, and the fiber producing device is rotated at a rate of 500 RPM to about 25,000 RPM for about 100 seconds to about 5,000 seconds. Other combinations of amounts of material, RPMs and seconds are contemplated as well.
Typical dimensions for fiber producing devices are in the range of several inches in diameter and in height. In some embodiments, a fiber producing device has a diameter of between about 1 inch to about 60 inches, from about 2 inches to about 30 inches, or from about 5 inches to about 25 inches. The height of the fiber producing device may range from about 1 inch to about 10 inches, from about 2 inches to about 8 inches, or from about 3 inches to about 5 inches.
In certain embodiments, fiber producing device includes at least one opening and the material is extruded through the opening to create the nanofibers. In certain embodiments, the fiber producing device includes multiple openings and the material is extruded through the multiple openings to create the nanofibers. These openings may be of a variety of shapes (e.g., circular, elliptical, rectangular, square) and of a variety of diameter sizes (e.g., 0.01-0.80 mm). When multiple openings are employed, not every opening need be identical to another opening, but in certain embodiments, every opening is of the same configuration. Some opens may include a divider that divides the material, as the material passes through the openings. The divided material may form multi-lumen fibers.
In one embodiment, coaxial fibers may be produced using an outlet element having a two or more coaxial conduits.
In an embodiment, material may be positioned in a reservoir of a fiber producing device. The reservoir may, for example, be defined by a concave cavity of the heated structure. In certain embodiments, the heated structure includes one or more openings in communication with the concave cavity. The fibers are extruded through the opening while the fiber producing device is rotated about a spin axis. The one or more openings have an opening axis that is not parallel with the spin axis. The fiber producing device may include a body that includes the concave cavity and a lid positioned above the body.
Another fiber producing device variable includes the material(s) used to make the fiber producing device. Fiber producing devices may be made of a variety of materials, including metals (e.g., brass, aluminum, stainless steel) and/or polymers. The choice of material depends on, for example, the temperature the material is to be heated to, or whether sterile conditions are desired.
Any method described herein may further comprise collecting at least some of the microfibers and/or nanofibers that are created. As used herein “collecting” of fibers refers to fibers coming to rest against a fiber collection device. After the fibers are collected, the fibers may be removed from a fiber collection device by a human or robot. A variety of methods and fiber (e.g., nanofiber) collection devices may be used to collect fibers.
Regarding the fibers that are collected, in certain embodiments, at least some of the fibers that are collected are continuous, discontinuous, mat, woven, nonwoven or a mixture of these configurations. In some embodiments, the fibers are not bundled into a cone shape after their creation. In some embodiments, the fibers are not bundled into a cone shape during their creation. In particular embodiments, fibers are not shaped into a particular configuration, such as a cone figuration, using gas, such as ambient air, that is blown onto the fibers as they are created and/or after they are created.
Present method may further comprise, for example, introducing a gas through an inlet in a housing, where the housing surrounds at least the heated structure. The gas may be, for example, nitrogen, helium, argon, or oxygen. A mixture of gases may be employed, in certain embodiments.
The environment in which the fibers are created may comprise a variety of conditions. For example, any fiber discussed herein may be created in a sterile environment. As used herein, the term “sterile environment” refers to an environment where greater than 99% of living germs and/or microorganisms have been removed. In certain embodiments, “sterile environment” refers to an environment substantially free of living germs and/or microorganisms. The fiber may be created, for example, in a vacuum. For example the pressure inside a fiber producing system may be less than ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure inside a fiber producing system may range from about 1 millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg) to about 700 mm Hg. In other embodiments, the pressure inside a fiber producing system may be at or about ambient pressure. In other embodiments, the pressure inside a fiber producing system may be greater than ambient pressure. For example the pressure inside a fiber producing system may range from about 800 mm Hg to about 4 atmospheres (atm) of pressure, or any range derivable therein.
In certain embodiments, the fiber is created in an environment of 0-100% humidity, or any range derivable therein. The temperature of the environment in which the fiber is created may vary widely. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the environment in which the fiber is created can be adjusted before operation (e.g., before rotating) using a heat source and/or a cooling source. Moreover, the temperature of the environment in which the fiber is created may be adjusted during operation using a heat source and/or a cooling source. The temperature of the environment may be set at sub-freezing temperatures, such as −20° C., or lower. The temperature of the environment may be as high as, for example, 2500° C.
The material employed may include one or more components. The material may be of a single phase (e.g., solid or liquid) or a mixture of phases (e.g., solid particles in a liquid). In some embodiments, the material includes a solid and the material is heated. The material may become a liquid upon heating. In another embodiment, the material may be mixed with a solvent. As used herein a “solvent” is a liquid that at least partially dissolves the material. Examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, water and organic solvents. Examples of organic solvents include, but are not limited to: hexanes, ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, toluene, xylenes, petroleum ether, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, or mixtures thereof. Additives may also be present. Examples of additives include, but are not limited to: thinners, surfactants, plasticizers, or combinations thereof.
The material used to form the fibers may include at least one polymer. Polymers that may be used include conjugated polymers, biopolymers, water soluble polymers, and particle infused polymers. Examples of polymers that may be used include, but are not limited to polypropylenes, polyethylenes, polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyesters, fluorinated polymers (fluoropolymers), polyamides, polyaramids, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylons, polycarbonates, beta-lactams, block copolymers or any combination thereof. The polymer may be a synthetic (man-made) polymer or a natural polymer. The material used to form the fibers may be a composite of different polymers or a composite of a medicinal agent combined with a polymeric carrier. Specific polymers that may be used include, but are not limited to chitosan, nylon, nylon-6, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyglactin, polycaprolactone (PCL), silk, collagen, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polydioxanone, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS); polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene (ABS), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
In another embodiment, the material used to form the fibers may be a metal, ceramic, or carbon-based material. Metals employed in fiber creation include, but are not limited to, bismuth, tin, zinc, silver, gold, nickel, aluminum, or combinations thereof. The material used to form the fibers may be a ceramic such as alumina, titania, silica, zirconia, or combinations thereof. The material used to form the fibers may be a composite of different metals (e.g., an alloy such as nitonol), a metal/ceramic composite or a ceramic oxides (e.g., PVP with germanium/palladium/platinum).
The fibers that are created may be, for example, one micron or longer in length. For example, created fibers may be of lengths that range from about 1 μm to about 50 cm, from about 100 μm to about 10 cm, or from about 1 mm to about 1 cm. In some embodiments, the fibers may have a narrow length distribution. For example, the length of the fibers may be between about 1 μm to about 9 μm, between about 1 mm to about 9 mm, or between about 1 cm to about 9 cm. In some embodiments, when continuous methods are performed, fibers of up to about 10 meters, up to about 5 meters, or up to about 1 meter in length may be formed.
In certain embodiments, the cross-section of the fiber may be circular, elliptical or rectangular. Other shapes are also possible. The fiber may be a single-lumen fiber or a multi-lumen fiber.
In another embodiment of a method of creating a fiber, the method includes: spinning material to create the fiber; where, as the fiber is being created, the fiber is not subjected to an externally-applied electric field or an externally-applied gas; and the fiber does not fall into a liquid after being created.
Fibers discussed herein are a class of materials that exhibit an aspect ratio of at least 100 or higher. The term “microfiber” refers to fibers that have a minimum diameter in the range of 10 microns to 700 nanometers, or from 5 microns to 800 nanometers, or from 1 micron to 700 nanometers. The term “nanofiber” refers to fibers that have a minimum diameter in the range of 500 nanometers to 1 nanometer; or from 250 nanometers to 10 nanometers, or from 100 nanometers to 20 nanometers.
While typical cross-sections of the fibers are circular or elliptic in nature, they can be formed in other shapes by controlling the shape and size of the openings in a fiber producing device (described below). Fibers may include a blending of multiple materials. Fibers may also include holes (e.g., lumen or multi-lumen) or pores. Multi-lumen fibers may be achieved by, for example, designing one or more exit openings to possess concentric openings. In certain embodiments, such openings may include split openings (that is, wherein two or more openings are adjacent to each other; or, stated another way, an opening possesses one or more dividers such that two or more smaller openings are made). Such features may be utilized to attain specific physical properties, such as thermal insulation or impact absorbance (resilience). Nanotubes may also be created using methods and apparatuses discussed herein.
Fibers may be analyzed via any means known to those of skill in the art. For example, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) may be used to measure dimensions of a given fiber. For physical and material characterizations, techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal analysis (TA) and chromatography may be used.
In particular embodiments, a fiber of the present fibers is not a lyocell fiber. Lyocell fibers are described in the literature, such as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,487, 6,235,392, 6,511,930, 6,596,033 and 7,067,444, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment, microfibers and nanofibers may be produced substantially simultaneously. Any fiber producing device described herein may be modified such that one or more openings has a diameter and/or shape that produces nanofibers during use, and one or more openings have a diameter and/or shape that produces microfibers during use. Thus, a fiber producing device, when rotated will eject material to produce both microfibers and nanofibers. In some embodiments, nozzles may be coupled to one or more of the openings. Different nozzles may be coupled to different openings such that the nozzles designed to create microfibers and nozzles designed to create nanofibers are coupled to the openings. In an alternate embodiment, needles may be coupled (either directly to the openings or via a needle port). Different needles may be coupled to different openings such that needles designed to create microfibers and needles designed to create nanofibers are coupled to the openings. Production of microfibers and nanofibers substantially simultaneously may allow a controlled distribution of the fiber size to be achieved, allowing substantial control of the properties of products ultimately produced from the microfiber/nanofiber mixture.
After production of fibers is completed, it is desirable to clean the fiber producing device to allow reuse of the system. Generally, it is easiest to clean a fiber producing device when the material is in a liquid state. Once the material reverts to a solid, cleaning may be difficult, especially cleaning up small diameter nozzles and or needles coupled to the fiber producing device. The difficulty, especially with melt spinning, is that cleanup may also be difficult when the device is at an elevated temperature, especially if the fiber producing device needs to be cooled prior to handling for clean up. In some embodiments, a purge system may be couplable to fiber producing device when the fiber producing device is heated. A purge system may provide an at least partial seal between the purge system and the body of a fiber producing device such that a gas may be directed into the body, through the purge system, to create a pressurized gas inside of the body. The purge system, in some embodiments, includes a sealing member couplable to the body, a pressurized gas source, and a conduit coupling the pressurized gas source to the sealing member.
Purge system may be coupled to an opening of the fiber producing device used to feed material into the body of the fiber producing device. In an embodiment, a purge system 3110 is coupled to body 3120 of a fiber producing device 3100, as depicted in
In one embodiment, a material feed inlet is coupled to a fiber producing device such that material may be substantially continuously fed to the fiber producing device (as shown in
Another embodiment of a fiber producing system is depicted in
Coupling member 3330 may be an elongated member extending from the body. In one embodiment, coupling member 3330 is coupled to the second member 3316 of body 3312 and extends away from the second member through internal cavity 3318. Coupling member 3330 may be used to couple fiber producing device 3310 to a coupling element 3342 of a driver 3340 (e.g., a chuck coupler or a universal threaded joint of the driver). Alternatively, coupling member may be a receiver which will accept an elongated member from a driver (e.g., the coupling member may be a chuck or a universal threaded joint). Coupling element 3342 of driver may interact with coupling member 3330 of the fiber producing device to allow the coupling member to be adjustably positionable in the coupling element such that the distance between the fiber producing device and the driver is alterable. This may be useful for applications where the produced fibers are delivered to a substrate positioned below the fiber producing device. Assuming the substrate and driver are at a fixed distance from each other, altering the vertical distance between the fiber producing device and the driver also alters the vertical distance between an underlying substrate and the fiber producing device. Being able to alter the distance between the underlying substrate and the fiber producing device allows the fiber deposition patterns to be altered and customized for different substrates.
Fiber producing system 3300 may include a driver 3340 coupled to coupling member 3330. Driver 3340 is positioned above fiber producing device 3330 when the fiber producing device is coupled to the driver. Driver 3330 is capable of rotating fiber producing device 3310 during use. Suitable drivers include commercially available variable electric motors, such as a brushless DC motor.
Fiber producing system 3330 may further include a material delivery system 3350. Material delivery system 3350 includes a material storage container 3352, a pump 3354, and a conduit 3356 for conducting a liquid mixture to fiber producing device 3310. A mixture of material in a liquid is stored in storage container 3352. A mixture of material in a liquid may be formed by dissolving the material in a suitable solvent to form a solution of the material. The mixture of material in a liquid is transferred to fiber producing device 3352 using pump 3354 coupled to storage container 3352. Pump 3352 collects the liquid mixture and creates a flow of liquid material through conduit 3356. The liquid mixture enters fiber producing device 3310 from conduit 3356 through an opening 3313 formed in the fiber producing device. A fluid level sensor 3358 is optically coupled to the liquid mixture disposed in the fiber producing device. Fluid sensor 3358 provides a measurement of the amount of fluid disposed in the fiber producing device. During use, the pump flow rate may be adjusted based on the amount of fluid in the fiber producing device. In one embodiment, material delivery system 3350 substantially continuously delivers material to fiber producing device 3310 while the fiber producing device is rotating. Positioning of conduit 3356 outside of the fiber producing device allows continuous delivery of material while the fiber producing device is rotating.
Driver 3340 may be mounted to arm 3360. In one embodiment, arm 3360 may be coupled to a support (not shown). Arm 3360 may be coupled to a support such that the arm is movable with respect to the support. For example, arm 3360 may allow driver 3340 and the coupled fiber producing device 3310 (referred to as the “driver/fiber producing device assembly”) to be moved (e.g., swung) away from the substrate to allow maintenance to be performed on the fiber producing device (e.g., changing the fiber producing device, purging the fiber producing device, etc. Arm 3360 may also allow the horizontal position of the driver/fiber producing device assembly to be altered. In an embodiment, arm 3360 allows the driver/fiber producing device assembly to be moved along a horizontal fixed path. This allows the placement of the driver/fiber producing device assembly to be altered with respect to an underlying substrate. In some embodiments, a motor may be coupled to the driver/fiber producing device assembly to allow automated movement of the driver/fiber producing device assembly with respect to the substrate.
In one embodiment, the pattern of fibers deposited by a fiber producing device 3310 in an inverted configuration, as described with respect to
In some embodiments, fiber producing device may be heated. One or more heating devices 3370 and 3372, may be thermally coupled to fiber producing device 3310. In some embodiments, a heating device 3370 may be ring shaped heating device to allow the coupling member to extend through the heating device. Heating device 3372 may be a planar substrate disposed below the fiber producing device or ring shaped. In some embodiments, heating devices 3370 and 3372 may have a diameter that is less than the diameter of fiber producing device 3310. It has been generally found that during production of fibers, the produced fibers may be drawn to the heat from the heating devices if the fibers come to close to such devices. By reducing the diameter of the heating devices to be less then the diameter of the fiber producing devices, the loss of fiber due to contact with the heating devices is minimized. Further details regarding heating devices are described with respect to the heating device depicted in
Another embodiment of a fiber producing system is depicted in
In an alternate embodiment, extruder 3382 may be replaced with a material feed hopper. Material feed hopper may be used to channel a solid material disposed in material storage container 3380 directly into the fiber producing device. The fiber producing device may be heated to melt at least a portion of the solid material that is transferred from the material storage container into the fiber producing device. Heating devices, as described previously, may be used to heat the fiber producing device prior to or after the solid material is placed in the fiber producing device. In this manner, the use of an extruder and insulated conduits may be avoided, reducing the energy requirements of the system.
A top driven fiber producing system is particularly useful for depositing fibers onto a substrate. An embodiment of a system for depositing fibers onto a substrate is shown in
Deposition system 3600, in one embodiment, includes a top mounted fiber producing device 3610. During use, fibers produced by fiber producing device 3610 are deposited onto substrate 3520. A schematic diagram of deposition system 3600 is depicted in
An electrostatic plate 3630 is also positioned below substrate 3520. The electrostatic plate is a plate capable of being charged to a predetermined polarity. Typically, fibers produced by the fiber producing device have a net charge. The net charge of the fibers may be positive or negative, depending on the type of material used. To improve deposition of charged fibers, an electrostatic plate may be disposed below substrate 3520 and be charged to an opposite polarity as the produced fibers. In this manner, the fibers are attracted to the electrostatic plate due to the electrostatic attraction between the opposite charges. The fibers become embedded in the substrate as the fibers move toward the electrostatic plate.
A pressurized gas producing and distribution system may be used to control the flow of fibers toward a substrate disposed below the fiber producing device. During use fibers produced by the fiber producing device are dispersed within the deposition system. Since the fibers are composed primarily of microfibers and/or nanofibers, the fibers tend to disperse within the deposition system. The use of a pressurized gas producing and distribution system may help guide the fibers toward the substrate. In one embodiment, a pressurized gas producing and distribution system includes a downward gas flow device 3640 and a lateral gas flow device 3645. Downward gas flow device 3640 is positioned above or even with the fiber producing device to facilitate even fiber movement toward the substrate. One or more lateral gas flow devices 3645 are oriented perpendicular to or below the fiber producing device. In some embodiment, lateral gas flow devices 3645 have an outlet width equal to the substrate width to facilitate even fiber deposition onto substrate. In some embodiments, the angle of the outlet of one or more lateral gas flow devices 3645 may be varied to allow better control of the fiber deposition onto the substrate. Each lateral gas flow devices 3645 may be independently operated.
During use of the deposition system, fiber producing device 3610 may produce various gasses due to evaporation of solvents (during solution spinning) and material gasification (during melt spinning). Such gasses, if accumulated in the deposition system may begin to effect the quality of the fiber produced. In some embodiment, the deposition system includes an outlet fan 3650 to remove gasses produced during fiber production from the deposition system.
Substrate transfer system 3550, in one embodiment, is capable of moving a continuous sheet of substrate material through the deposition system. In one embodiment, substrate transfer system 3550 includes a substrate reel 3552 and a take up reel system 3554. During use, a roll of substrate material is placed on substrate reel 3552 and threaded through deposition system 3600 to the substrate take up reel system 3554. During use, substrate take up reel system 3554 rotates, pulling substrate through deposition system at a predetermined rate. In this manner, a continuous roll of a substrate material may be pulled through fiber deposition system.
In some embodiments, it may be difficult for a single fiber producing device to produce a sufficient amount of fibers to provide a desired level of fibers to an entire substrate. In order to ensure adequate and even coverage of fibers on a substrate, a substrate deposition system may include two or more fiber producing devices, as depicted in
An embodiment of a fiber producing device is depicted in
The body is formed by coupling first member 3810 to second member 3820. To couple the first and second members, first member coupling surface 3812 is contacted with second member coupling surface 3822. One or more fasteners 3830 may be used to secure the first member and second member together. When the first member coupling surface is coupled to the second member coupling surface to form the body, the first member and the second member together define an internal cavity of the body. In one embodiment, fasteners 3830 have an effect on the pattern of fiber produced by the fiber producing device. For example, the head of a fastener produces external gas currents due to the high speed of rotation of the fiber producing device. Additional components may be added on either side of the body or incorporated directly onto the surface of the body to produce external gas currents. These external gas currents can effect the pattern of fibers produced. The pattern of fibers produced by the fiber producing device may be altered by using fasteners having different head configurations. Alternatively, the position of fasteners may be altered to change the fiber deposition pattern. For example, the one or more fasteners may be left out of existing holes. Alternatively, the body may include a plurality of holes. The pattern of fibers produced by the fiber producing device may be altered by changing which of the plurality of holes are used to couple the first and second members together. In another embodiment, The height of the fasteners may be altered by loosing and or tightening the fasteners. Thus the height of the head of one or more fasteners may be varied to alter the pattern of fibers produced by the fiber producing device.
In some embodiments, it is desirable that grooves 3814 of the first member are substantially aligned with groves 3824 of the second member. When the grooves are aligned, the grooves together form one or more openings 3850 extending from the interior cavity to an outer surface of the body. During use, rotation of the body material disposed in the internal cavity of the body is ejected through one or more openings 3850 to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers. Material may be placed into the body of fiber producing through a first member opening 3828 formed in first member 3810. In one embodiment, first member is ring shaped and material is added to the internal cavity through a central opening of the ring shaped first member.
In order to ensure proper alignment of the first member with the second member, the first member may include a first alignment element 3816 disposed on the first coupling member surface 3812. The second member may include a second alignment element 3826 disposed on the second member coupling surface 3822. First alignment element 3816 couples with second alignment element 3826 when first member 3810 is properly aligned with second member 3820. This may help to ensure that grooves 3814 and 3824 are properly aligned. In one embodiment, one of the first or second alignment elements includes a projection extending form the coupling surface, and the other of the first or second alignment elements includes an indentation complementary to the projection.
In an embodiment, the first alignment element may be a first alignment ring 3816 disposed on the first coupling member surface 3812. The second member may include a second alignment ring 3826 disposed on the second member coupling surface 3822. First alignment ring 3816 interlocks with second alignment ring 3826 when first member 3810 is properly aligned with second member 3820. The interlocking first and second rings center the first member and second member with each other. In one embodiment, first and second rings interlock with each other on an angle so that the first and second members are centered to one another. Alignment is further insured by the use of a projection 3840 formed in the first member which fits into a suitable indentation 3845 formed in the second member. Projection 3840 and indentation 3845 help ensure that the first and second members are coupled in the same rotational position such that the grooves of the first and second members are aligned.
In an embodiment, where the fiber producing device is coupled to a driver positioned above the fiber producing device, the coupling member extends through the internal cavity defined by the first and second members and through the first member. Alternatively, where the fiber producing device is coupled to a driver positioned below the fiber producing device, the coupling member is coupled to an outer surface of the second member, extending away from the second member.
An embodiment of a multiple layer fiber producing device is depicted in
During use, material disposed in the internal cavity of the body is ejected through one or more openings 3850 and one or more openings 3855 to produce microfibers and/or nanofibers. Material may be placed into the body of fiber producing through a first member opening formed in first member 3828. In one embodiment, material is added to the internal cavity through a central opening of the first member.
An embodiment of a heating device 3900 is depicted in
In an alternate embodiments, a heating device used to heat a fiber producing device is a radiant heater. An infrared heater is an example of a radiant heater that may be used to heat a fiber producing device.
An embodiment of a fiber producing device is depicted in
One or more fasteners 4030 may be used to secure the first member and second member together. When the first member coupling surface is coupled to the second member coupling surface to form the body, the first member and the second member together define an internal cavity of the body. One or more channels 4028 may be added on either side of the body surrounding openings 4050 and extending away from the openings. Channels 4028 help alter the external gas currents produced when the fiber producing device is spinning. These external gas currents can affect the pattern of fibers produced and/or the size of the fibers produced. The pattern of fibers produced by the fiber producing device may be altered by using channels having different sizes and/or shapes. In some embodiments, channels 4028 are concave channels that allow the fiber producing material ejected from the openings to run along the channel and be ejected at an angle away from the body.
Fiber producing devices may be formed in different shapes. Non-limiting examples of fiber producing devices having alternate shapes are depicted in
In another embodiment, a gear shaped fiber producing device, as depicted in
In contrast to other fiber producing devices, openings 4250 are formed in between the protruding segments 4230, rather than at the end of the segments. During use, material disposed in the body of fiber producing device 4200 is ejected through openings 4250. When the fiber producing device is rotating, the material exits openings 4250 and is carried to the curved sidewalls 4234. The material runs along the curved sidewalls and is ejected from the fiber producing device. The amount of arc on curved sidewalls 4234 may be adjusted to alter the size and/or direction that the fibers are produced.
Applications
Microfibers and nanofibers produced using any of the devices and methods described herein may be used in a variety of applications. Some general fields of use include, but are not limited to: food, materials, electrical, defense, tissue engineering, biotechnology, medical devices, energy, alternative energy (e.g., solar, wind, nuclear, and hydroelectric energy); therapeutic medicine, drug delivery (e.g., drug solubility improvement, drug encapsulation, etc.); textiles/fabrics, nonwoven materials, filtration (e.g., air, water, fuel, semiconductor, biomedical, etc); automotive; sports; aeronautics; space; energy transmission; papers; substrates; hygiene; cosmetics; construction; apparel, packaging, geotextiles, thermal and acoustic insulation.
Some products that may be formed using microfibers and/or nanofibers include but are not limited to: filters using charged nanofiber and/or microfiber polymers to clean fluids; catalytic filters using ceramic nanofibers (“NF”); carbon nanotube (“CNT”) infused nanofibers for energy storage; CNT infused/coated NF for electromagnetic shielding; mixed micro and NF for filters and other applications; polyester infused into cotton for denim and other textiles; metallic nanoparticles or other antimicrobial materials infused onto/coated on NF for filters; wound dressings, cell growth substrates or scaffolds; battery separators; charged polymers or other materials for solar energy; NF for use in environmental clean-up; piezoelectric fibers; sutures; chemical sensors; textiles/fabrics that are water & stain resistant, odor resistant, insulating, self-cleaning, penetration resistant, anti-microbial, porous/breathing, tear resistant, and wear resistant; force energy absorbing for personal body protection armor; construction reinforcement materials (e.g., concrete and plastics); carbon fibers; fibers used to toughen outer skins for aerospace applications; tissue engineering substrates utilizing aligned or random fibers; tissue engineering Petri dishes with aligned or random nanofibers; filters used in pharmaceutical manufacturing; filters combining microfiber and nanofiber elements for deep filter functionality; hydrophobic materials such as textiles; selectively absorbent materials such as oil booms; continuous length nanofibers (aspect ratio of more than 1,000 to 1); paints/stains; building products that enhance durability, fire resistance, color retention, porosity, flexibility, anti microbial, bug resistant, air tightness; adhesives; tapes; epoxies; glues; adsorptive materials; diaper media; mattress covers; acoustic materials; and liquid, gas, chemical, or air filters.
Fibers may be coated after formation. In one embodiment, microfibers and/or nanofibers may be coated with a polymeric or metal coating. Polymeric coatings may be formed by spray coating the produced fibers, or any other method known for forming polymeric coatings. Metal coatings may be formed using a metal deposition process (e.g., CVD).
In this patent, certain U.S. patents, U.S. patent applications, and other materials (e.g., articles) have been incorporated by reference. The text of such U.S. patents, U.S. patent applications, and other materials is, however, only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such text and the other statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of such conflict, then any such conflicting text in such incorporated by reference U.S. patents, U.S. patent applications, and other materials is specifically not incorporated by reference in this patent.
Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as examples of embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/440,219 filed on Feb. 7, 2011.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120304613 A1 | Dec 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61440219 | Feb 2011 | US |
