Spot-on formulations for combating parasites

Abstract

In particular this invention provides for spot-on compositions for the treatment or prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprise:

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to spot-on formulations for combating parasites in birds and mammals. In particular, this invention provides for spot-on formulations comprising a composition comprising a 1-N-phenylpyrazole derivative and/or a macrolide anthelmintic or antiparasitic agent, and a pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable liquid carrier vehicle. This invention also provides for to an improved method for eradicating, controlling, and preventing parasite infestation in birds and mammals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Animals such as mammals and birds are often susceptible to parasite infestations. These parasites may be ectoparasites, such as insects, and endoparasites such as filariae and worms.

[0004] Domesticated animal, such as cats and dogs, are often infested with one or more of the following ectoparasites:

[0005] cat and dog fleas (Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides sp. and the like),

[0006] ticks (Rhipicephalus sp., Ixodes sp., Dermacentor sp., Amblyoma sp. and the like), and

[0007] galls (Demodex sp., Sarcoptes sp., Otodectes sp. and the like).

[0008] Fleas are a particular problem because not only do they adversely affect the health of the animal or human, but they also cause a great deal of psychological stress. Moreover, fleas are also vectors of pathogenic agents in animals, such as dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum), and humans.

[0009] Similarly, ticks are also harmful to the physical and psychological health of the animal or human. However, the most serious problem associated with ticks is that they are the vector of pathogenic agents, agents which cause diseases in both humans and animal. Major diseases which are caused by ticks include borrelioses (Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi), babesioses (or piroplasmoses caused by Babesia sp.) and rickettsioses (also known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Ticks also release toxins which cause inflammation or paralysis in the host. Occasionally, these toxins are fatal to the host.

[0010] Moreover, galls are particularly difficult to combat since there are very few active substances which act on these parasites and they require frequent treatment.

[0011] Likewise, farm animals are also susceptible to parasite infestations. For example, cattle are affected by a large number of parasites. A parasite which is very prevalent among farm animals is a tick genus Boophilus, especially those of the species microplus (cattle tick), decoloratus and anulatus. Ticks, such as Boophilus microplus, are particularly difficult to control because they live in the pasture where the farm animals graze. Other important parasites of cattle and sheep are listed as follows in order of decreasing importance:

[0012] myiases such as Dermatobia hominis (known as Berne in Brazil) and Cochlyomia hominivorax (greenbottle); sheep myiases such as Lucilia sericata, Lucilia cuprina (known as blowfly strike in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa). These are flies whose larva constitutes the animal parasite;

[0013] flies proper, namely those whose adult constitutes the parasite, such as Haematobia irritans (horn fly);

[0014] lice such as Linognathus vitulorum, etc.; and

[0015] galls such as Sarcoptes scabiei and Psoroptes ovis.

[0016] The above list is not exhaustive and other ectoparasites are well known in the art to be harmful to animals and humans. These include, for example migrating dipterous larvae.

[0017] Animals and humans also suffer from endoparasitical infections including, for example, helminthiasis which is most frequently caused by a group of parasitic worms described as nematodes or roundworms. These parasites cause severe economic losses in pigs, sheep, horses, and cattle as well as affecting domestic animals and poultry. Other parasites which occur in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans include Ancylostoma, Anecator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Roxocara, Toxascaris, Trichiris, Enterobius and parasites which are found in the blood or other tissues and organs such as filarial worms and the extra intestinal stages of Strogyloides, Toxocara and Trichinella.

[0018] Many insecticides exist in the art for treating parasites. These insecticides vary in their effectiveness to a particular parasite as well as their cost. However the results of these insecticides is not always satisfactory because of, for example, the development of resistance by the parasite to the therapeutic agent, as is the case, for example, with carbamates, organophosphorus compounds and pyrethroids. Moreover, there is at the present time no truly effective method for controlling both ticks and helminths and less still an effective way of controlling the set of parasites indicated above. Thus, there is a need in the art for more effective antiparasitic formulation treatment and protection of animal and birds for a wide range of parasites. Moreover, there is a need in the art for antiparasitic formulation which is easy to use on any type of domestic animal, irrespective of its size and the nature of its coat and which do not need to be sprinkled over the entire body of the mammal or bird.

[0019] A new family of insecticides based on 1-N-phenylpyrazoles is described in Patents EP-A-295,217 and EP-A-352,944. The compounds of the families defined in these patents are extremely active and one of these compounds, 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3 phenyl]-3-CN-4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2 pyrazole, or fipronil, is particularly effective, not only against crop parasites but also against ectoparasites of mammals and birds. Fipronil is particularly, but not exclusively, effective against fleas and ticks.

[0020] Endectocidal compounds, which exhibit a degree of activity against a wide range endoparasites, are known in the art. These compounds possess a macrocyclic lactone ring and are known in the art to be particularly effective against ectoparasites, including lice, blowflies, mites, migrating dipterous larvae, and ticks, as well as endoparasites, such as nematodes and roundworms. Compounds of this group include avermectins, milbemycins, and derivatives of these compounds, for example, ivermectin. Such substances are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,950,360 and 4,199,569.

[0021] While it is known in the art that it is sometimes possible to combine various parasiticides in order to broaden the antiparasitical spectrum, it is not possible to predict, a priori, which combinations will work for a particular animal or disease state. For this reason, the results of various combinations is not always successful and there is a need in the art for more effective formulations which may be easily administered to the animal. The effectiveness of formulations comprising 1-N-phenylpyrazole derivatives and macrolide lactone anthelmintic or parasitic agents, such as avermectins, ivermectins and milbemycin, against an endoparasite or an ectoparasite in a specific host is especially difficult to predict because of the numerous and complex host-parasite interactions.

[0022] Patent application AU-A-16 427/95 very broadly mentions the combination of a substituted 1-N-pyrazole derivatives with an avermectin, ivermectin or moxidectin in a discussion involving among a very large number of insecticides or parasiticides of various types, including fipronil. However, this patent application does not provide specific guidance to the skilled artisan on how to formulate a 1-N-pyrazole derivative with an avermectin or milbemycin type compound, let alone how to formulate a spot-on composition comprising these compounds. Moreover, the application does not indicate which specific parasites are susceptible to what specific combination.

[0023] Various methods of formulating antiparasitical formulations are known in the art. These include oral formulations, baits, dietary supplements, powders, shampoos, etc. Formulations for localized topical applications of antiparasitical formulations are also known in the art. For example, pour-on solutions comprising 1-N-phenylpyrazoles, such as fipronil, are known in the art and are described in copending application Ser. No. 08/933,016, herein incorporated by reference. Other methods of formulating antiparasitic agents include spot-on formulations.

[0024] Spot-on formulations are well known techniques for topically delivering an antiparasitic agent to a limited area of the host. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,536 describes such formulations for ectoparasites. Moreover, it is generally known in the art to formulate avermectin and milbemycin derivatives as spot-on formulations. See, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,536; EP 677,054; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,877; U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,332; U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,868; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,488. However, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,536, a large number of solvent systems described in the art provide formulations for localized topical application which cause irritancy or toxicity to the host. Hence, there is a need in the art both for more effect and less irritant or toxic formulations. Thus, there is a need in the art for a spot-on formulation which is effect against a wide range of endoparasites and ectoparasites in birds and mammals.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0025] The invention provides for spot-on formulations for the treatment or prophylaxis of parasites of mammals and birds, and in particular, cats, dogs, horses, chickens, sheep and cattle with the aim of ridding these hosts of all the parasites commonly encountered by birds and mammals. The invention also provides for effective and lasting destruction of ectoparasites, such as fleas, ticks, itch mites and lice, and of endoparasites, nematodes, such as filariae, and roundworms of the digestive tract of animals and humans.

[0026] In particular this invention provides for spot-on formulations for the treatment or prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprise:

[0027] (1) a composition comprising

[0028] (A) an effective amount of a 1-N-phenylpyrazole derivative; and/or

[0029] (B) an effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or antiparasitic agent;

[0030] (2) a pharmaceutically or veterinary liquid carrier vehicle; and

[0031] (3) optionally, a crystallization inhibitor.

[0032] The invention also provides for an easy method of treating parasitic infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprises topically applying to said mammal or bird an effective amount of a formulation according to the present invention.

[0033] This invention also provides for spot-on formulations comprising a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) and a macrocyclic lactone which exhibit synergistic activity against parasites when compared to formulations which contain only one class of therapeutic agent.

[0034] This invention further provides for formulations which, when applied locally, will diffuse over the entire body of the host and then dry, without crystallizing, and which do not affect the appearance of the coat after drying by, for example, leaving crystals or making the coat sticky. This has the further advantage in animals which groom themselves of not being orally ingested, where the therapeutic agent might not be well tolerated orally or might interact with other therapeutic agents.

[0035] The very high effectiveness of the method and of the formulations according to the invention provides not only for a high instantaneous effectiveness but also for an effectiveness of very long duration after the treatment of the animal.

[0036] These and other embodiments are disclosed or are obvious from and encompassed by, the following Detailed Description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] This invention provides for a spot-on formulation for the treatment and prophylaxis of parasite infestation in mammals or birds which comprises

[0038] (1) a composition comprising

[0039] (A) an effective amount of at least one compound of the formula 1

[0040] in which:

[0041] R1 is a halogen atom, CN or methyl;

[0042] R2 is S(O)nR3 or 4,5-dicyanoimidazol-2-yl or haloalkyl;

[0043] R3 is alkyl or haloalkyl;

[0044] R4 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom or an NR5R6, S(O)mR7, C(O)R7 or C(O)OR7, alkyl, haloalkyl or OR8 radical or an —N=C (R9) (R10) radical;

[0045] R5 and R6 independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl, haloalkyl, C(O)alkyl, S(O)rCF3 or alkoxycarbonyl radical or R5 and R6 can together form a divalent alkylene radical which is optionally interrupted by one or two divalent heteroatoms;

[0046] R7 represents an alkyl or haloalkyl radical;

[0047] R8 represents an alkyl or haloalkyl radical or a hydrogen atom;

[0048] R9 represents an alkyl radical or a hydrogen atom;

[0049] R10 represents an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group;

[0050] R11 and R12 represent, independently of one another, hydrogen, halogen CN or NO2;

[0051] R13 represents a halogen atom or a haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, S(O)qCF3 or SF5 group;

[0052] m, n, q and r represent, independently of one another, an integer equal to 0, 1 or 2;

[0053] X represents a trivalent nitrogen atom or a C—R12 radical, the three other valencies of the carbon atom forming part of the aromatic ring;

[0054] with the proviso that, when R1 is methyl, then either R3 is haloalkyl, R4 is NH2, R11 is Cl, R13 is CF3 and X is N or else R2 is 4,5-dicyanoimidazol-2-yl, R4 is Cl, R11 is Cl, R13 is CF3 and X is C-Cl; and/or

[0055] (B) a pharmaceutical or veterinary effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or antiparasitic agent;

[0056] (2) a pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable liquid carrier vehicle; and

[0057] (3) optionally, a crystallization inhibitor

[0058] More preferably, this invention provides for a spot-on formulation which comprises:

[0059] (1) a composition comprising

[0060] (A) an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) wherein

[0061] R1 is a halogen atom, CN or methyl;

[0062] R2 is S(O)nR3 or 4,5-dicyanoimidazol-2-yl or haloalkyl;

[0063] R3 is C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-haloalkyl;

[0064] R4 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom; or a radical NR5R6, S(O)mR7, C(O)R7 or C(O)OR7, alkyl, haloalkyl or OR8 or a radical —N=C(R9) (R10);

[0065] R5 and R6 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-haloalkyl, C(O)C1-C6-alkyl, S(O)rCF3, C1-C6-acyl or C1-C6-alkoxycarbonyl radical; or R5 and R6 may together form a divalent alkylene radical which may be interrupted by one or two divalent hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen or sulphur;

[0066] R7 represents a C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-haloalkyl radical;

[0067] R9 represents a C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-haloalkyl radical or a hydrogen atom;

[0068] R8 represents a C1-C6-alkyl radical or a hydrogen atom;

[0069] R10 represents an optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl group wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, OH, —O—C1-C6-alkyl, —S—C1-C6-alkyl, cyano or C1-C6-alkyl;

[0070] R11 and R12, independently of one another represent hydrogen, halogen, CN or NO2;

[0071] R13 represents a halogen, C1-C6-haloalkyl, C1-C6-haloalkoxy, S(O)qCl3 or SF5 group, and/or

[0072] (B) an effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone selected from the group consisting of avermectins, ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, moxidectin, selamectin, milbemycins and their derivatives;

[0073] (2) the liquid carrier vehicle comprises a solvent and a cosolvent wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetonitrile, benzyl alcohol, butyl diglycol, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, monomethylacetamide, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, liquid polyoxyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, 2-pyrrolidone, in particular N-methylpyrrolidone, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diethyl phthalate fatty acid esters, such as the diethyl ester or diisobutyl adipate, and a mixture of at least two of these solvents and the cosolvent is selected from the group consisting of absolute ethanol, isopropanol or methanol.

[0074] (3) a crystallization inhibitor selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, an amine salt, an amphoteric surfactant or polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, benzyl alcohol, mannitol, glycerol, sorbitol, polyoxyethylenated sorbitan esters; lecithin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and acrylic derivatives, or a mixture of these crystallization inhibitors.

[0075] Especially preferred are spot-on formulations described above wherein both compounds of formula I and a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or antiparasitic agent are present. Especially more preferred are more composition wherein the ring formed by the divalent alkylene radical representing R5 and R6 and the nitrogen atom to which R5 and R6 are attached has 5, 6 or 7 members or wherein R1 is CN, R3 is C1-C6-haloalkyl, R4 is NH2, R11 and R12 are, independently of one another, hydrogen or halogen and R13 is C1-C6-haloalkyl.

[0076] Most especially preferred are spot-on compositions, wherein the composition comprises:

[0077] (A) 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3 phenyl]-3-CN-4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2 pyrazole; and

[0078] (B) ivermectin and milbemectin; or

[0079] where the composition comprises

[0080] (A) 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3 phenyl]-3-CN-4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2 pyrazole; and

[0081] (B) selamectin,

[0082] The phenylpyrazoles (“compound A”) as a class are known in the art and are described, for example, in copending applications U.S. Ser. Nos. 07/719,942; 08/933,016; 09/174,598; 08/863,182; and 08/863,692, as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,429; U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,530, and EP 295 177, the disclosures of which, as well as the references cited herein, are incorporated by reference. This class of insecticides is known to possess excellent activity against insects. such as ticks and fleas.

[0083] The macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or parasitic agents (“compound B”) are well known to a person skilled in the art and are easily obtained either commercially or through techniques know in the art. Reference is made to the widely available technical and commercial literature. For avermectins, ivermectin and abamectin, reference may be made, for example, to the work “Ivermectin and Abamectin”, 1989, by M. H. Fischer and H. Mrozik, William C. Campbell, published by Springer Verlag., or Albers-Schönberg et al. (1981), “Avermectins Structure Determination”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 4216-4221. For doramectin, “Veterinary Parasitology”, vol. 49, No. 1, July 1993, 5-15 may in particular be consulted. For milbemycins, reference may be made, inter alia, to Davies H. G. et al., 1986, “Avermectins and Milbemycins”, Nat. Prod. Rep., 3, 87-121, Mrozik H. et al., 1983, Synthesis of Milbemycins from Avermectins, Tetrahedron Lett., 24, 5333-5336, U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,973 and EP 677,054.

[0084] Compounds (B) are either natural products or are semi-synthetic derivatives thereof. The structure of at least certain compounds (B) are closely related, e.g., by sharing a complex 16-membered macrocyclic lactone ring. The natural product avermectins are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,519 to Albers-Schönberg, et al., and the 22,23-dihydro avermectin compounds are disclosed in Chabala, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,569. Mention is also made of Kitano, U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,390, Beuvry et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,653, European Patent Application 0 007 812 A1, published Jun. 2, 1980, U.K. Patent Specification 1 390 336, published Apr. 9, 1975, European Patent Application 0 002 916 A2, and Ancare New Zealand Patent No. 237 086, inter alia. Naturally occurring milbemycins are described in Aoki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,360 as well as in the various references cited in “The Merck Index” 12th ed., S. Budavari, Ed., Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station, N.J. (1996). Semisynthetic derivatives of these classes of compounds are well known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,308, U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,657, U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,582, U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,317, U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,719, U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,749, U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,663, U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,519, U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,569, U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,596, U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,711, U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,677, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,148 and EP 667,054.

[0085] Particularly preferred macrocyclic lactones are avermectin derivatives which are monosaccharides and have a 5-oxime substituent. Particularly preferred derivatives are: 2

[0086] wherein the broken line at the 22-23 position represents an optional bond, R1, when present, is a hydrogen or a hydroxyl group, R2 is, for example, alkyl or cycloalkyl group and R3 is, for example, hydrogen or alkyl. An especially preferred compound of this general structure is selamectin which has the following structure: 3

[0087] These compounds are known in the art and are described for example in EP 667,054.

[0088] The alkyl radicals of the definition of the compounds (A) of the formula (I) generally comprise from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The ring formed by the divalent alkylene radical representing R5 and R6 and the nitrogen atom to which R5 and R6 are attached is generally a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring.

[0089] A preferred class of compounds (A) of formula (I) comprises the compounds such that R1 is CN, R3 is haloalkyl, R4 is NH2, R11 and R12 are, independently of one another, a halogen atom and R13 is haloalkyl. Preferably still, X is C-R12. A compound of formula (I) which is very particularly preferred in the invention is 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3phenyl]-3-CN4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2pyrazole or fipronil.

[0090] More generally, compounds (A) are pyrazoles such as phenylpyrazoles and N-arylpyrazoles, and reference is made to, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,429, U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,530, EP 295,117, and EP 846,686 A1 (or Banks GB 9,625,045, filed Nov. 30, 1996 also believed to be equivalent to U.S. Ser. No. 309,229, filed Nov. 17, 1997).

[0091] Compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to one or other of the processes described in Patent Applications WO87/3781, 93/6089 and 94/21606 or European Patent Application 295,117 or any other process coming within the competence of a person skilled in the art who is an expert in chemical synthesis. For the chemical preparation of the products of the invention, a person skilled in the art is regarded as having at his disposal, inter alia, the entire contents of “Chemical Abstracts” and of the documents which are cited therein.

[0092] Administration of the inventive formulation may be intermittent in time and may be administered daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, or even for longer durations of time. The time period between treatments depends upon factors such as the parasite(s) being treated, the degree of infestation, the type of mammal or bird and the environment where it resides. It is well within the skill level of the practitioner to determine a specific administration period for a particular situation. This invention contemplates a method for permanently combating a parasite in an environment in which the animal is subjected to strong parasitic pressure where the administration is at a frequency far below a daily administration in this case. For example, it is preferable for the treatment according to the invention to be carried out monthly on dogs and on cats.

[0093] Spot-on formulations may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredients into the pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable vehicle. Alternatively, the spot-on formulation can be prepared by encapsulation of the to leave a residue of the therapeutic agent on the surface of the animal. These formulations will vary with regard to the weight of the therapeutic agent in the combination depending on the species of host animal to be treated, the severity and type of infection and the body weight of the host. The compounds may be administered continuously, particularly for prophylaxis, by known methods. Generally, a dose of from about 0.001 to about 10 mg per kg of body weight given as a single dose or in divided doses for a period of from 1 to 5 days will be satisfactory but, of course, there can be instance where higher or lower dosage ranges are indicated and such are within the scope of this invention. It is well within the routine skill of the practitioner to determine a particular dosing regimen for a specific host and parasite.

[0094] Preferably, a single formulation containing the compounds (A) and (B) in a substantially liquid carrier and in a form which makes possible a single application, or an application repeated a small number of times, will be administered to the animal over a highly localized region of the animal, preferably between the two shoulders. Remarkably, it has been discovered that such a formulation is highly effective against both the targeted ectoparasites and the targeted endoparasites.

[0095] The treatment is preferably carried out so as to administer to the host, on a single occasion, a dose containing between about 0.001 and about 100 mg/kg of derivative (A) and containing between about 0.1 and about 1000 μg/kg of compound of type (B), in particular in the case of a direct topical administration.

[0096] The amount of compound (A) for birds and animals which are small in size is preferably greater than about 0.01 mg and in a particularly preferred way between about 1 and about 50 mg/kg of weight of animal.

[0097] It also may be preferable to use controlled-release formulations. However, due to the persistence of the activity of fipronil and of compounds (B), it may be preferable for reasons of simplicity to use conventional vehicles.

[0098] This invention also provides for a method for cleaning the coats and the skin of animals by removal of the parasites which are present and of their waste and excreta. The animals treated thus exhibit a coat which is more pleasing to the eye and more pleasant to the touch.

[0099] While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the invention spot-on formulation work by the dose dissolving in the natural oils of the host's skin, fur or feathers. From there, the therapeutic agent(s) distribute around the host's body through the sebaceous n glands of the skin. The therapeutic agent also remains in the sebaceous glands. Thus, the glands provide a natural reservoir for the therapeutic agent which allows for the agent to be drained back out to the follicles to reapply itself to the skin and hair. This, in turn, provides for longer time periods between application as well as not having to re-administer the dose after the host becomes wet because of rain, bathes, etc. Moreover, the inventive formulation have the further advantage in self-grooming animals of not being directly deposited of the skin or fur where the animals could orally ingest the therapeutic agent, thereby becoming sick or possibly interacting with other therapeutic agent being orally administered.

[0100] The invention also relates to such a method with a therapeutic aim intended for the treatment and prevention of parasitoses having pathogenic consequences.

[0101] In another preferred embodiment this provides for a composition for combating fleas in small mammals, in particular dogs and cats, characterized in that it contains at least one compound (A) of formula (I) as defined above and at least one endectocidal compound (B), in amounts and proportions having a parasitical effectiveness for fleas and worms, in a vehicle acceptable for the animal.

[0102] The preferred class of compounds of formula (I) is that which has been defined above.

[0103] A compound of formula (I) which is very particularly preferred in the invention is 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3 phenyl]-3-CN-4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2 pyrazole.

[0104] Among the compounds of type (B), for small animals, a compound selected from the group formed by ivermectin, selamectin and milbemectin is especially preferred.

[0105] The effective amount in a dose is, for the compound (A), preferably between about 0.001, preferentially about 0.1, and about 100 mg and in a particularly preferred way from about 1 to about 50 mg/kg of weight of animal, the higher amounts being provided for very prolonged release in or on the body of the animal.

[0106] The effective amount of compounds (B) in a dose is preferably between about 0.1 μg, preferentially about 1 μg, and about 10 mg and in a particularly preferred way from about 5 to about 200 μg/kg of weight of animal. Especially preferred is a dose between about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg of weight of animal, with about 6 mg/kg being most especially preferred.

[0107] The proportions, by weight, of compound (A) and of compound (B) are preferably between about 5/1 and about 0.000/1.

[0108] The formulations of the present invention provide for the topical administration of a concentrated solution, suspension, microemulsion or emulsion for intermittent application to a spot on the animal, generally between the two shoulders (solution of spot-on type). It has been discovered that the inventive formulations are especially active against parasites when the formulations are applied to mammals and birds, especially poultry, dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, cattle and horses. These formulations comprise a composition of an effective amount of compound A and/or compound B dissolved in a pharmaceutical or veterinary acceptable carrier vehicle where a crystallization inhibitor is optionally present. Compound of (A) can advantageously be present in this formulation in a proportion of about 1 to about 20%, preferably of about 5 to about 15% (percentages as weight by volume=W/V). The liquid carrier-vehicle comprises a pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable organic solvent and optionally an organic cosolvent.

[0109] The organic solvent for the liquid carrier vehicle will preferably have a dielectric constant of between about 10 and about 35, preferably between about 20 and about 30, the content of this solvent in the overall composition preferably representing the remainder to 100% of the composition. It is well within the skill level of the practitioner to select a suitable solvent on the basis of these parameters.

[0110] The organic cosolvent for the liquid carrier vehicle will preferably have a boiling point of less than about 100° C., preferably of less than about 80° C., and will have a dielectric constant of between about 10 and about 40, preferably between about 20 and about 30; this cosolvent can advantageously be present in the composition according to a weight/weight (W/W) ratio with respect to the solvent of between about {fraction (1/15)} and about ½; the cosolvent is volatile in order to act in particular as drying promoter and is miscible with water and/or with the solvent. Again, it is well within the skill level of the practitioner to select a suitable solvent on the basis of these parameters.

[0111] The organic solvent for the liquid carrier includes the commonly acceptable organic solvents known in the formulation art. These solvents may be found, for example, in Remington Pharmaceutical Science, 16th Edition (1986). These solvents include, for example, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol). These solvents can be supplemented by various excipients according to the nature of the desired phases, such as C8-C10 caprylic/capric triglyceride (Estasan or Miglyol 812), oleic acid or propylene glycol.

[0112] The liquid carrier may also comprise a microemulsion. Microemulsions are also well suited as the liquid carrier vehicle. Microemulsions are quaternary systems comprising an aqueous phase, an oily phase, a surfactant and a cosurfactant. They are translucent and isotropic liquids.

[0113] Microemulsions are composed of stable dispersions of microdroplets of the aqueous phase in the oily phase or conversely of microdroplets of the oily phase in the aqueous phase. The size of these microdroplets is less than 200 nm (1000 to 100,000 nm for emulsions). The interfacial film is composed of an alternation of surface-active (SA) and co-surface-active (Co-SA) molecules which, by lowering the interfacial tension, allows the microemulsion to be formed spontaneously.

[0114] The oily phase can in particular be formed from mineral or vegetable oils, from unsaturated polyglycosylated glycerides or from triglycerides; or alternatively from mixtures of such compounds. The oily phase preferably comprises triglycerides and-more preferably medium-chain triglycerides, for example C8-C10 caprylic/capric triglyceride. The oily phase will represent, in particular, from about 2 to about 15%, more particularly from about 7 to about 10%, preferably from about 8 to about 9%, V/V of the microemulsion.

[0115] The aqueous phase includes, for example water or glycol derivatives, such as propylene glycol, glycol ethers, polyethylene glycols or glycerol. Propylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether are especially preferred. Generally, the aqueous phase will represent a proportion from about 1 to about 4% V/V in the microemulsion.

[0116] Surfactants for the microemulsion include diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropyelene glycol monomethyl ether, polyglycolysed C8-C10 glycerides or polyglyceryl-6 dioleate. In addition to these surfactants, the cosurfactants include short-chain alcohols, such as ethanol and propanol.

[0117] Some compounds are common to the three components discussed above, i.e., aqueous phase, surfactant and cosurfactant. However, it is well within the skill level of the practitioner to use different compounds for each component of the same formulation.

[0118] The cosurfactant to surfactant ratio will preferably be from about {fraction (1/7)} to about ½. There will preferably be from about 25 to about 75% V/V of surfactant and from about 10 to about 55% V/V of cosurfactant in the microemulsion.

[0119] Likewise, the co-solvents are also well known to a practitioner in the formulation art. Preferred co-solvents are those which is a promoter of drying and include, for example, absolute ethanol, isopropanol (2-propanol) or methanol.

[0120] The crystallization inhibitor can in particular be present in a proportion of about 1 to about 20% (W/V), preferably of about 5 to about 15%. The inhibitor preferably corresponds to the test in which 0.3 ml of a solution comprising 10% (W/V) of the compound of formula (I) in the liquid carrier and 10% of the inhibitor are deposited on a glass slide at 20° C. and allowed to stand for 24 hours. The slide is then observed with the naked eye. Acceptable inhibitors are those whose addition provides for few or no crystals, and in particular less than 10 crystals, preferably 0 crystals.

[0121] Although this is not preferred, the formulation can optionally comprise water, in particular in a proportion of 0 to about 30% (volume by volume V/V), in particular of 0 to about 5%.

[0122] The formulation can also comprise an antioxidizing agent intended to inhibit oxidation in air, this agent being in particular present in a proportion of about 0.005 to about 1% (W/V), preferably of about 0.01 to about 0.05%.

[0123] Crystallization inhibitors which can be used in the invention include:

[0124] polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers of vinyl acetate and of vinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, benzyl alcohol, mannitol, glycerol, sorbitol or polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan; lecithin or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or acrylic derivatives, such as methacrylates and others,

[0125] anionic surfactants, such as alkaline stearates, in particular sodium, potassium or ammonium stearate; calcium stearate or triethanolamine stearate; sodium abietate; alkyl sulphates, in particular sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium cetyl sulphate; sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate or sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate; or fatty acids, in particular those derived from coconut oil,

[0126] cationic surfactants, such as water-soluble quaternary ammonium salts of formula N+R′R″R′″R″″Y− in which the R radicals are identical or different optionally hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals and Y− is an anion of a strong acid, such as halide, sulphate and sulphonate anions; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is one of the cationic surfactants which can be used,

[0127] amine salts of formula N+R′R″R′″, in which the R radicals are identical or different optionally hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals; octadecylamine hydrochloride is one of the cationic surfactants which can be used,

[0128] non-ionic surfactants, such as optionally polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan, in particular Polysorbate 80, or polyoxyethylenated alkyl ethers; polyethylene glycol stearate, polyoxyethylenated derivatives of castor oil, polyglycerol esters, polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylenated fatty acids or copolymers of ethylene oxide and of propylene oxide,

[0129] amphoteric surfactants, such as substituted lauryl compounds of betaine,

[0130] or preferably a mixture of at least two of the compounds listed above.

[0131] In a particularly preferred embodiment, a crystallization inhibitor pair will be used. Such pairs include, for example, the combination of a film-forming agent of polymeric type and of a surface-active agent. These agents will be selected in particular from the compounds mentioned above as crystallization inhibitor.

[0132] Particularly preferred film-forming agents of polymeric type include:

[0133] the various grades of polyvinylpyrrolidone,

[0134] polyvinyl alcohols, and

[0135] copolymers of vinyl acetate and of vinylpyrrolidone.

[0136] Especially preferred surface-active agents, include those made of non-ionic surfactants, preferably polyoxyethylenated esters of sorbitan and in particular the various grades of polysorbate, for example Polysorbate 80.

[0137] The film-forming agent and the surface-active agent can in particular be incorporated in similar or identical amounts within the limit of the total amounts of crystallization inhibitor mentioned elsewhere.

[0138] The pair thus constituted secures, in a noteworthy way, the objectives of absence of crystallization on the coat and of maintenance of the cosmetic appearance of the fur, that is to say without a tendency towards sticking or towards a sticky appearance, despite the high concentration of active material.

[0139] Particularly preferred antioxidizing agents are those conventional in the art and include, for example, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulphite, propyl gallate, sodium thiosulphate or a mixture of not more than two of them.

[0140] The formulation adjuvants discussed above are well known to the practitioner in this art and may be obtained commercially or through known techniques. These concentrated compositions are generally prepared by simple mixing of the constituents as defined above; advantageously, the starting point is to mix the active material in the main solvent and then the other ingredients or adjuvants are added.

[0141] The volume applied can be of the order of about 0.3 to about 1 ml, preferably of the order of about 0.5 ml, for cats and of the order of about 0.3 to about 3 ml for dogs, depending on the weight of the animal.

[0142] An especially preferred compound (A) is a derivative of formula (II): 4

[0143] The formulations according to the invention are extremely effective for long durations of time in the treatment of parasites such as fleas of mammals and, in particular, of small mammals such as dogs and cats. The inventive formulations exhibit a degree of effectiveness against other parasitic insects and in particular ticks and flies. Moreover, the inventive formulations are also extremely effective for a long duration in the treatment of endoparasites, such as the dirofilariasis parasite and/or roundworms. The inventive formulations further exhibit synergy when treating infestations cause by ectoparasites and endoparasites. A particularly preferred synergistic formulation for the treatment of filariae and roundworms comprises fipronil and milbemectin or fipronil and selamectin.

[0144] This invention also provides for the use of at least one compound of formula (I) and of at least one compound of type (B), as defined above, in the preparation of a composition as defined above.

[0145] Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will become apparent on reading the following description, given by way of non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Preparation of a Concentrated Solution for Intermittent Application (Spot-On)

[0146] A concentrated solution for cutaneous application is prepared which contains, as weight by volume of solution, 10% of fipronil and 0.25% of ivermectin. The administration volume is 1 ml per 10 kg of animal weight. The composition is as follows, as weight/volume:

fipronil:                        10%
ivermectin                       0.25%
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon 17 PF): 5%
Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80):       5%
ethanol:                         10%
Transcutol:                      q.s. for 100%

Example 2

Preparation of a Concentrated Microemulsion for Intermittent Application (Spot-On)

[0147] The ingredients used are as follows:

[0148] oily phase: C8-C10 caprylic/capric triglyceride (Estasan)

[0149] aqueous phase: propylene glycol

[0150] surfactant: diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol)

[0151] cosurfactant: ethanol or 2-propanol

[0152] crystallization inhibitor pair: Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon 17 PF).

[0153] A composition example contains:

	fipronil:	10	g
	ivermectin:	0.5	g
	Estasan:	8.5	ml
	Transcutol:	60	ml
	ethanol:	15	ml
	Kollidon 17 PF:	5	g
	Tween 80:	5	g
	propylene glycol:	q.s. for 100	ml.

[0154] In the formulation described, the Transcutol acts as the surfactant (SA) and the ethanol or 2-propanol acts as cosurfactant (Co-SA). They make it possible to obtain, from a mixture of medium-chain triglycerides (Estasan) which is immiscible with propylene glycol, an isotropic transparent microemulsion. The crystallization inhibitor pair will be added once the microemulsion has been formed.

Example 3

[0155] Five dogs weighing 12 kg, deprived of food, receive the application of 1 ml of composition according to Example 2 or 3, i.e. 100 mg of fipronil and 2.5 mg of ivermectin, by localized cutaneous application between the two shoulders. The measurements carried out on the plasma of the animals show the production of an ivermectin peak of 1000 to 1500 to 2000 pg/ml.

[0156] A monthly or even bimonthly treatment of dogs makes possible complete control of fleas, ticks and dirofilariasis parasites.

Example 4

Plasma Kinetics of Ivermectin After Oral Administration of Cardomec® at the dose of 6 μg.kg−1 to Dogs

[0157] This example was conducted in order to demonstrate the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the dog after oral administration of Cardomec® at a dose of 6 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin which is known to be 100% effective on heartworms and to have a route of reference for further development.

[0158] Five male Beagle dogs received a dose of approximately 6 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin, i.e., one 68 μg Cardomec® tablet per dog. The animals were fasted prior to administration and up to 6 hours after treatment to prevent a possible interaction with food.

[0159] Blood samples were collected at intervals up to 28 days post-dosing. The determination of ivermectin in dog plasma was carried out by HPLC using fluorescence detection after derivatization. The limit of quantification was 100 pg.ml−1.

[0160] Ivermectin could be quantified in dog plasma up to day 1 or 7, depending on the dog (Table 1). The profiles were very variable, presenting a first order absorption with one or two peaks and a biexponential depletion.

[0161] The pharmacokinetic parameters were very variable (Tables 2 and 3). Cmax ranged between 422 and 2964 pg.ml−1, tmax between 3 and 12 h, AUC between 9164 and 90938 pg.h.ml−1. The ratio between the highest and smallest Cmax was 7, the differences even more striking for AUC(0-t) and AUC with ratios of 17 and 10 respectively. Compared with the other parameters, the terminal half-lives (t½) were relatively similar between animals (CV<40%), ranging between 26.0 and 64.5 h, i.e. 1.08 day and 2.69 days. The mean value of the terminal half-life was 40.1 h (1.67 d).

[0162] The mean pharmacokinetic parameters determined from the present study are in good agreement with the literature: 3 h for tmax compared with the literature data of 2-4 hours, t½=1.67 d against 1.6 to 1.8 d in the literature. Cmax and AUC only were low with values of 1362 pg.ml−1 and 44604 pg.h.ml−1 versus mean literature values of more than 2000 pg. ml−1 and 107318 pg.h.ml−1 respectively. This experiment was conducted on fasted animals. Some prior articles mentioned a possible interaction of ivermectin with food, without the food state of the dogs being specified. It is possible that they were unfasted and that food interacts positively with ivermectin absorption, i.e., increases the rate and extent of absorption of ivermectin and therefore leads to higher Cmax and AUD than in the present experiment.

[0163] Two conclusions can be drawn from this study: the inter-animal variability is an important feature and the terminal half-lives are relatively constant (around 2 days).

TABLE 1
Plasma concentrations (pg.ml−1) of ivermectin after oral administration of
Cardomec ® at a dose of 6 μg.kg−1 to 5 dogs
TIME	DOG No
(hours or days)	1F1A1E7C2D	1F1C36335C	1F10114977	1F1364303A	1F117A282E	Mean	SD
0 h	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	NC
0.75 h	BLQ	197	BLQ	400	BLQ	119	179
1.5 h	228	594	BLQ	1856	BLQ	536	777
2 h	1132	674	BLQ	1817	264	777	722
3 h	2964	629	108	1871	422	1199	1192
4 h	2554	475	143	1955	363	1098	1083
6 h	2238	462	219	1584	277	956	906
8 h	1499	416	327	1379	226	769	616
10 h	1379	758	534	1136	183	798	475
12 h	1374	911	557	902	170	783	449
24 h	875	626	347	650	125	525	292
32 h	612	429	214	434	BLQ	338	236
D 2	463	362	195	320	ND	268	178
D 3	334	201	126	202	ND	173	122
D 4	264	133	BLQ	141	ND	108	111
D 5	200	BLQ	ND	BLQ	ND	BLQ*	NC
D 7	140	BLQ	ND	BLQ	ND	BLQ*	NC
D 9	BLQ	BLQ	ND	BLQ	ND	BLQ	NC
D 14	BLQ	BLQ	ND	BLQ	ND	BLQ	NC
D 21	BLQ	ND	ND	ND	ND	BLQ	NC
NC: Not Calculated
BLQ: Below the Limit of Quantification (100 pg.ml−1)
*one value above the limit of quantification
ND: Not Determined. In view of the last point analysed, would be BLQ. Included as BLQ in the calculations.
A value of 0 was taken to represent BLQ in the calculations if at least 2 values were above the limit of quantification.

[0164]

TABLE 2
Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin after oral administration
of Cardomec ® at a dose of 6 μg.kg−1 to 5 dogs
	Cmax	tmax	t½	t½	AUC(0-t)	AUC(0-∞)
	(pg.ml−1)	(h)	(h)	(d)	(pg.d.ml−1)	(pg.d.ml−1)
Mean	1362	6.80	40.1	1.67	1534	1859
SD	1079	4.76	14.5	0.61	1177	1302
Range	[422-2964]	[3-12]	[26.0-64.5]	[1.08-2.69]	[187-3246]	[382-3789]
CV (%)	79.2	70.1	36.2	36.2	76.8	70.1

[0165]

TABLE 3
Individual pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin after oral
administration of Cardomec ® at a dose of 6 μg.kg−1 to 5 dogs
Dog No	1F1A1E7C2	1FC36335C	1F101114977	1F1364303A	1F117A282
Cmax	2964	911	557	1955	422
(pg.ml−1)
tmax	3	12	12	4	3
(h)
t½	64.5	33.5	37.5	39.2	26.0
(h)
t½	2.69	1.40	1.56	1.63	1.08
(d)
AUC(0-t)	3246	1545	743	1949	187
(pg.d.ml−1)
AUC(0-∞)	3789	1813	1027	2282	382
(pg.d.ml−1)

Example 5

Plasma Kinetics of Ivermectin After Subcutaneous Injection of IVOMEC® at a Dose of 400 μg.kg−1 to Dogs

[0166] This study was conducted in order to assess the pharmacokinetics of ivemectin in the dog after subcutaneous administration of Ivomec® at a dose of 400 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin which is known to be effective on gastrointestinal nematodes and to have a route of reference for further development.

[0167] Five male Beagle dogs were injected a subcutaneous dose of 400 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin. Blood samples were collected at intervals up to 56 days post-dosing. The determination of ivermectin in dog plasma was carried out by HPLC, using fluorescence detection after derivatization. The limit of quantification was 100 pg.ml−1.

[0168] Ivermectin was detectable in dog plasma up to day 21 or 28, depending on the dog (Table 4).

[0169] The pharmacokinetic parameters were fairly similar from one animal to the other (Tables 5 and 6). Cmax ranged from 24875 to 41257 pg.ml−1 with a mean at 28935 pg.ml−1, tmax between 2 and 4 days, AUC between 161690 and 294236 pg.d.ml−1. The terminal half-lives (t½) ranged from 2.3 to 3.2 days. The mean value of the terminal half-life was 2.9 days.

[0170] It can be concluded from this study thereafter subcutaneous injection of ivermectin to dogs, the pharmacokinetic behavior can be described by a slow (tmax ∝3 days) but extensive (Cmax ∝30000 pg.ml−1) absorption process. As could be expected with such a drug, the half-life of elimination was long (around 3 days) with ivermectin concentrations still detectable up to 28 days post-treatment.

[0171] The kinetic profile of ivermectin to achieve an effective control of gastro-intestinal nematodes was also established.

TABLE 4
Plasma concentrations (pg.ml−1) of ivermectin after subcutaneous
administration of Ivomec ® at a dose of 400 μg.kg−1 to 5 dogs
TIME	DOG No.
(hours or days)	1F6964583C	1F496B1419	F6D1B4E0B	1F421F1B65	1F42635864	Mean	SD
0	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	—
0.25 h	275	BLQ	158	1123	BLQ	311	468
0.5 h	531	BLQ	183	1757	BLQ	494	738
1 h	952	BLQ	272	1487	257	594	611
4 h	3148	935	2519	2788	1621	2202	906
10 h	9438	2799	7471	6881	2322	5782	3094
24 h	19192	9322	25996	13986	7730	15245	7488
32 h	21779	11651	28569	18632	11810	18488	7138
48 h	26256	18359	33716	27200	21450	25396	5880
56 h	23243	18913	33887	20868	22925	23967	5813
D 3	23145	23181	38453	22367	25089	26447	6786
D 4	19498	24875	41257	22550	24955	26627	8476
D 5	13068	21883	28398	21501	21333	21237	5443
D 7	10892	17800	21415	15434	15695	16247	3833
D 9	5662	12098	11892	10889	12769	10662	2875
D 14	1924	5269	4248	5752	6285	4696	1721
D 21	162	1034	625	746	903	694	335
D 28	BLQ	190	BLQ	108	119	BLQ	—
D 35	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	BLQ	—
—: a value of 0 was taken to represent BLQ in the calculations

[0172]

TABLE 5
Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin after subcutaneous
administration of Ivomec ® at a dose of 400 μg.kg−1 to 5 dogs
	Cmax	tmax	t½	AUC(0-t)	AUC (0-∞)
	(pg.ml−1)	(d)	(d)	(pg.d.ml−1)	(pg.d.ml−1)
Mean	28935	3.2	2.86	226900	227897
SD	6950	0.84	0.31	46209	46926
Range	[24875-41257]	[2-4]	[2.35-	[161141-	[161690-
			3.21]	291636]	294236]

[0173]

TABLE 6
Individual pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin after subcutaneous
administration of Ivomec ® at a dose of 400 pg.kg−1 to 5 dogs
Dog No	1F6964583C	1F496B1419	1F6D1B4E0B	1F421F1B65	1F42635864
Cmax	26256	24875	41257	27200	25089
(pg.ml−1)
tmax	2	4	4	2	3
(d)
t½	2.35	3.21	2.88	2.91	2.94
(d)
AUC(0-t)	161141	224572	291636	225830	231319
(pg.d.ml−1)
AUC(0-∞)	161690	225452	294236	226283	231824
(pg.d.ml−1)

Example 6

Plasma Kinetics of Ivermectin After a Topical (Spot-On) Application of Ivermectin at a Dose of 250 μg.kg in Combination with Fipronil to Dogs

[0174] This study was undertaken in order to assess the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin and fipronil after a topical (spot-on) application of ivermectin in combination with fipronil to the dog.

[0175] Five male Beagle dogs were applied a spot-on formulation combining ivermectin and fipronil at a dose of 0.1 ml.kg−1, i.e. 250 μg.kg and 10 mg.kg−1 of ivermectin and fipronil, respectively. Blood samples were collected at intervals up to 28 days post-treatment. The determination of ivermectin in dog plasma was carried out by HPLC, using fluorescence detection, with a limit of quantification of 100 pg.ml−1. The determination of fipronil and its sulfone metabolite (RM1602) was carried out by HPLC with UV detection with a limit of quantification of 20 ng.ml−1 for fipronil and RM1602.

[0176] The formulation tested was as follows:

	Ivermectin	0.25	g
	Fipronil	10.00	g
	Kollidon 17 PF	5.00	g
	Ethanol	10.00	ml
	Tween 80	5.00	g
	Transcutol	qs 100.00	ml

[0177] Relatively high plasma levels of ivermectin were detected indicating that some percutaneous absorption occurred. The pharmacokinetic parameters were variable, with Cmax ranging from 1047 to 2045 pg.ml−1 (2 fold factor) and AUC (0-t) from 7593 to 33557 pg.d.ml−1 (4.5 fold factor). The times of maximum concentrations (tmax) of ivermectin in dog plasma were reached between 3 and 9 days after the spot-on application indicating a slow absorption process through the skin, Persistant plasma levels were still detected until 14 or 28 days post-treatment. This could be explained by a slow absorption of-ivermectin through the skin and by the storage of ivermectin in fat and its subsequent slow release. The terminal half-lifes were ranging between 3.5 to 12.4 days.

[0178] All pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin are presented in Table 7 below.

[0179] This study showed that ivermectin can cross the skin to some extent, and that fairly high plasma levels of ivermectin can be reached in the dog to control endoparasites after a topical treatment.

	TABLE 7
	Cmax	tmax	t½	AUC(0-t)	AUC(0-∞)	Tlast
	(pg.ml−1)	(d)	(d)	(pg.d.ml−1)	(pg.d.ml−1)	(d)
Mean	1618	4.6	5.5*	19218	22842	21
SD	377	2.6	2.4*	9488	13704	4.9
Range	[1047-	[3-9]	[3.5-	[7593-	[8219-	[14-28]
	2045]		12.4]	33557]	44977]
*harmonic mean and standard deviation

Example 7

Plasma Kinetics of Ivermectin After a Topical (Spot-On) Application of Ivermectin at Different Doses (100, 250,500 AND 1000 μg.kg−1) in Combination with Fipronil to Dogs

[0180] This study was undertaken in order to assess the linearity of the percutaneous passage of ivermectin after spot-on application of different doses of ivermectin (100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg.kg−1) in combination with fipronil (10 mg.kg−1) to the dog. Furthermore, the possibility of control both heartworms and gastro-intestinal nematodes was evaluated.

[0181] Twelve male Beagle dogs (allocated into 4 groups of 3 animals were applied spot-on formulations combining ivermectin (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) and fipronil (10%) at a dose rate of 0.1 ml.kg−1 (i.e. 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin and 10 mg.kg−1 of fipronil).

[0182] The formulations are as follows:

TABLE 8
	0.1%	0.25%	0.5%
	solution	solution	solution	1% solution
Batch no.	L1003	L1002	L1004	L1005
Composition
Ivermectin	0.1	g	0.25	g	0.5	g	1	g
Fipronil	10	g	10	g	10	g	10	g
Kollidon	5	g	5	g	5	g	5	g
Ethanol	10	ml	10	ml	10	ml	10	ml
Tween 80	5	g	5	g	5	g	5	g
Transcutol	qsp 100	ml	qsp 100	ml	qsp 100	ml	qsp 100	ml

[0183] The formulations were applied at one spot onto the skin between the shoulder blades.

[0184] Blood samples were collected at intervals up to 56 days post treatment.

[0185] The determination of ivermectin was carried out by HPLC after an automated solid/liquid extraction, using fluorescence detection, with limit of quantification of 100 pg.ml−1. The determination of fipronil and its sulfone metabolite (RM1602) was carried out by HPLC with UV detection, with a limit of quantification of 20 ng.ml−1 for fipronil and RM1602. Both methods were validated in terms of specificity, extraction recovery, linearity, precision and accuracy.

[0186] As expected with such administration route and with the lipophilicity of ivermectin, a high inter individual variability was observed. Despite this variability, the mean pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin were approximately proportional to the dose.

[0187] The mean maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) ranged from 136 to 1802 pg.ml−1 for doses of ivermectin between 100 and 1000 μg.kg−1. The times to reach peak plasma concentrations (tmax) ranged between 2 and 9 days indicating a slow absorption process through the skin. Ivermectin concentrations were detected in dog plasma until 21 to 35 days post treatment for the dose of 250 μg.kg−1, and until 35 to 42 days for the doses fo 500 and 1000 μg.kg−1. The mean half-lives were homogenous for doses between 250 and 1000 μg.kg−1 and ranged from 9.8 to 11.4 days. The mean AUC(0-Clast) increased proportionally to the dose with values of 7808 pg.ml−1 for a dose of 250 tμg.kg−1, 17200 pg.d.ml−1 for a dose of 500 μg.kg−1 and 29711 pg.d.ml−1 for a dose of 1000 μg.kg−1.

[0188] These results showed that after topical administration, the percutaneous absorption of ivermectin was slow, probably due to its high lipophilicity and its storage in the skin. Its slow release from the application site (skin acting as a reservoir) allowed persistent plasma levels.

[0189] This study demonstrated a fairly good linearity of the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin when topical doses of ivermectin increased. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters were approximately proportional to the dose as shown in Table 9 below:

	TABLE 9
	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
	100 μg.kg−1	250 μg.kg−1	500 μg.kg−1	1000 μg.kg−1
Cmax	Mean	136	508	1064	1802
(pg.ml−1)	SD	122	240	595	151
	Range	[0-235]	[250-723]	[410-572]	[1669-1966]
tmax	Mean	7	4.5*	5.7	3.3
(d)	SD	NC	NC	2.3	1.5
	Range	[5-9]	[4-5]	[3-7]	[2-5]
t½	Mean	NC	9.8 (#)	11.4 (#)	10.2 (#)
(d)	SD	NC	6.1 (#)	3.2 (#)	3.3 (#)
	Range	NC	[6.4-35.0]	[9.0-16.5]	[7.6-12.2]
AUC (0-Clast)	Mean	382	7808	17200	29711
(pg.d.ml−1)	SD	388	2596	7309	11764
	Range	[0-775]	[4949-10019]	[9088-23274]	[16759-39734]
Tlast	Mean	7	28	37	40
(d)	SD	NC	7	4	4
	Range	[5-9]	[21-35]	[35-42]	[35-42]
#: Harmonic mean and standard deviation
*aberant value of 21 days not taken into account in the mean calculation
NC: not calculated

[0190] The plasma concentrations of ivermectin were much lower than those observed in Example 6 where dogs were applied with a same formulation (0.25% of ivermectin and 10% of fipronil) at the same dose of 0.1 ml.kg−1 (i.e. 250 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin and 10 mg.kg−1 of fipronil).

[0191] The parameters of absorption (Cmax and AUC) were significantly different (more than a 2 fold factor) between the two studies. This lower percutaneous absorption was confirmed by the levels of fipronil and RM1602 recovered in plasma. Indeed the fipronil and RM1602 plasma concentrations found were significantly inferior to those usually observed in dogs treated at the same dose in previous studies. Both studies were carried out under the same experimental conditions (breed, sex, age, weight, season, temperature and hygrometry). No explanation could be found to justify such difference in he absorption between the two studies except the origin of dogs (Marshall versus Harlan) in Example 6.

Example 8

Plasma Kinetics of Ivermectin After a Topical (Spot-On) Application of Ivermectin at a Dose of 250 μg.kg−1 in Combination with Fipronil to Cats

[0192] This study was undertaken in order to assess the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin after a topical (spot-on) application of a formulation containing 0.25% of ivermectin and 10% of fipronil to the cat. The formulation was as follows:

	Ivermectin	0.25	g
	Fipronil	10.00	g
	Kollidon 17 PF	5.00	g
	Ethanol	10.00	ml
	Tween 80	5.00	g
	Transcutol	qs 100.00	ml

[0193] Five male european cats were treed with the spot-on formulation at a dose of 0.1 ml.kg−1 (i.e. 250 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin and 10 mg.kg−1 of fipronil).

[0194] Blood samples were collected at intervals up to 42 days post-treatment.

[0195] The determination of ivermectin in cat plasma was carried out by a validated HPLC method using fluorescence detection, with a limit of quantification of 100 pg.ml−1.

[0196] The relatively high ivermectin levels recovered in plasma samples demonstrated a fairly good percutaneous absorption of ivermectin.

[0197] As expected with such administration route, an interindividual variability was observed with maximum concentrations (Cmax) ranging from 911 to 2223 pg.ml−1 and AUC(0-Clast) between 12640 and 45638 pg.d.ml−1 (4 fold factor).

[0198] The times to reach peak plasma concentrations were relatively long (between 2 and 9 days post-treatment) indicating a slow absorption process through the skin.

[0199] Persistent ivermectin plasma levels were still detectable until 21 or 42 days post-treatment. The terminal half-lives were ranging between 5.5 and 13 days with a mean value of 9.1 days.

[0200] The mean pharmacological parameters are presented in Table 10.

TABLE 10
Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin after a spot-on application
of a formulation containing 0.25% of ivermectin and 10% of fipronil at a
dose of 0.1 ml.kg−1 (i.e. 250 μg.kg−1 of ivermectin and 10 mg.kg−1 of fipronil)
	Cmax	tmax	t1/2 β	AUC(0-Clast)	AUC(0-∞)	Tlast
	(pg.ml−1)	(d)	(d)	(pg.d.ml−1)	(pg.d.ml−1)	(d)
Mean	1465	5.60	9.07*	23441	26546	35
SD	538	2.61	3.84*	13101	15161	8.57
Range	[911-2223]	[2-9]	[5.49-13.0]	[12640-45638]	[14199-52232]	[21-42]
*harmonic mean and standard deviation

[0201] All these pharmacokinetic parameters were very close to those obtained in a previous study where dogs were treated with the same formulation at the same dose (mean Cmax=1465 pg.ml−1 versus 1618 pg.ml−1 for dog; mean AUC(0-Clast)=23441 pg.d.ml−1, versus 19218 pg.d.ml−1 for dog).

[0202] However, plasma levels of ivermectin were more persistent in the cat than in the dog with mean half-live, of 9.1 days versus 5.5 days for dog. This, could be explained by a lower elimination of by an absorption process through the skin much slower in the cat.

[0203] So, in conclusion after a topical application of ivermectin to the cat, a fairly good percutaneous absorption could be evidenced with relatively high and persistent ivermectin plasma levels.

[0204] These results predict a good clinical efficacy against heartworms after a topical treatment to the cat.

[0205] The above description of the invention is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes or modifications in the embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art. These can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims

1. A spot-on formulation for the treatment or prophylaxis of parasite infestation in mammals or birds which comprises (1) a composition comprising (A) an effective amount of at least one compound of the formula 5in which: R1 is a halogen, CN or methyl; R2 is —S(O)nR3, 4,5-dicyanoimidazol-2-yl, haloalkyl; R3 is alkyl or haloalkyl; R4 represents hydrogen halogen atom, NR5R6, —S(O)mR7, —C(O)R7 —C(O)OR7, alkyl, haloalkyl, OR8 or —N═C (R9) (R10); R5 and R6 independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —C(O)alkyl, —S(O)rCF3 or alkoxycarbonyl or R5 and R6 together form a divalent alkylene radical which is optionally interrupted by one or two divalent heteroatoms; R7 represents alkyl or haloalkyl; R8 represents hydrogen alkyl or haloalkyl; R9 represents hydrogen or alkyl; R10 represents an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group; R11 and R12 represent, independently of one another, hydrogen, halogen CN or NO2; R13 represents halogen haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, S(O)qCF3 or SF5 group; m, n, q and r represent, independently of one another, an integer equal to 0, 1 or 2; X represents a trivalent nitrogen atom or a C-R12 radical, the three other valencies of the carbon atom forming part of the aromatic ring; with the proviso that, when R1 is methyl, then either R3 is haloalkyl, R4 is NH2, R11 is Cl, R13 is CF3 and X is N or else R2 is 4,5-dicyanoimidazol-2-yl, R4 is Cl, R11 is Cl, R13 is CF3 and X is C-Cl; and/or (B) an effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or antiparasitic agent; (2) a pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable liquid carrier vehicle; and (3) optionally, a crystallization inhibitor.

2. The spot-on formulation according to claim 1, which comprises: (1) a composition comprising (A) an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is a halogen, CN or methyl; R2 is —S(O)nR3, 4,5-dicyanoimidazol-2-yl or haloalkyl; R3 is C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-haloalkyl; R4 represents hydrogen, halogen —NR5R6, —S(O)mR7, —C(O)R7—C(O)OR7, C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-haloalkyl, OR8 or —N=C(R9) (R10); R5 and R6 independently represent hydrogen C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-haloalkyl, —C(O)C1-C6-alkyl, S(O)rCF3, C1-C6-acyl or C1-C6-alkoxycarbonyl radical; or R5 and R6 may together form a divalent alkylene radical which may be interrupted by one or two divalent hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen or sulphur, R7 represents C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-haloalkyl; R8 represents hydrogen, C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-haloalkyl; R9 represents hydrogen C1-C6-alkyl radical; R10 represents an optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl group wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, OH, —O—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, cyano or C1-C6-alkyl; R11 and R12, independently of one another represent hydrogen, halogen, CN or NO2; R13 represents a halogen, C1-C6-haloalkyl, C1-C6-haloalkoxy, S(O)qCl3 or SF5 group, and/or (B) an effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone selected from the group consisting of avermectins, ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, moxidectin, selamectin, milbemycins and their derivatives; (2) the liquid carrier vehicle comprises a solvent and a cosolvent wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetonitrile, benzyl alcohol, butyl diglycol, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, monomethylaceamide, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, liquid polyoxyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, 2-pyrrolidone, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diethyl phthalate, and a mixture of at least two of these solvents and the cosolvent is selected from the group consisting of absolute ethanol, isopropanol or methanol; (3) a crystallization inhibitor selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, an amine salt, an amphoteric surfactant, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, benzyl alcohol, mannitol, glycerol, sorbitol, polyoxyethylenated sorbitan esters; lecithin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and acrylic derivatives, or a mixture of these crystallization inhibitors.

3. The spot-on formulation according to claim 1 wherein the composition comprises ivermectin or milbemectin.

4. The spot-on formulation according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises selamectin.

5. The spot-on formulation according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a compound of formula I and a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or antiparasitic agent.

6. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the ring formed by the divalent alkylene radical representing R5 and R6 and the nitrogen atom to which R5 and R6 are attached has 5, 6 or 7 members.

7. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein R1 is CN, R3 is C1-C6-haloalkyl, R4 is NH2, R11 and R12 are, independently of one another, hydrogen or halogen and R13 is C1-C6-haloalkyl.

8. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the combination comprises (1) 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3 phenyl]-3-CN-4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2 pyrazole; and (2) ivermectin or milbemectin.

9. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the combination comprises (1) 1-[2,6-Cl2-4-CF3 phenyl]-3-CN-4-[SO-CF3]-5-NH2 pyrazole; and (2) selamectin,

10. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carrier vehicle comprises a microemulsion.

11. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carrier vehicle further comprises a diluent.

12. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the combination comprises about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg of weight of mammal or bird of a compound of formula (I) and between about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg/kg of weight of mammal or bird of a macrocyclic lactone.

13. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the combination comprises about 1 to about 50 mg/kg of weight of mammal or bird of a compound of formula (I) and between about 0.1 μg to about 1 mg/kg per weight of mammal or bird of a macrocyclic lactone.

14. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the combination comprises between about 5 and about 200 μg/kg per weight of mammal or bird of a macrocyclic lactone.

15. The spot-on formulation according to claim 9 which comprises about 6 mg/kg or weight or mammal or bird.

16. The spot-on formulation according to claim 12, wherein the combination comprises about 0.1 mg/kg of a compound of formula (I) and about 1 μg/kg of a macrocyclic lactone per weight of animal.

17. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein the combination comprises the ratio, by weight, of a compound of formula (I) to macrocyclic lactone is about 5/1 to about 10,000/1.

18. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, which further comprises an antioxidant.

19. The spot-on formulation according to claim 18, wherein about 0.005 to about 1% (W/V) of antioxidant is present and the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulphite, propyl gallate, and sodium thiosulphate.

20. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5, wherein water is present in a proportion of from 0 to about 30% W/V.

21. The spot-on formulation according to claim 2, wherein the crystallization inhibitor is present in an amount from about 1 to about 20% W/V.

22. The spot-on formulation according to claim 5 which comprises a crystallization inhibitions.

23. The spot-on formulation according to claim 2, wherein the anionic surfactant is alkaline stearates, sodium abietate; alkyl sulphates; sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate, sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate; and fatty acids; the cationic surfactant is water-soluble quaternary ammonium salts of formula N+R′R″R′″R″″in which the radicals R independently are hydrocarbon radicals, optionally hydroxylated, and Y− is an anion of a strong acid; the amine salt is an amine salt of N+R′R″R′″ in which the radicals R independently are optionally hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals; the non-ionic surfactant is optionally polyoxyethylenated sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylenated alkyl ethers; polyethylene glycol stearate, polyoxyethylenated derivatives of castor oil, polyglycerol esters, polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylenated fatty acids, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and the amphoteric surfactant is lauryl-substituted betaine compounds.

24. The spot-on formulation according to claim 21, where the crystallization inhibitor is a crystallization inhibitor system comprising a polymeric film-forming agent and a surfactant.

25. The spot-on formulation according to claim 24, wherein the polymeric film-forming agent is polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, or a copolymer of vinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone and the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.

26. The spot-on formulation according to claim 24, wherein the crystallization inhibitor system is a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyoxethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate.

27. A method of treating parasite infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestation in mammals or birds which comprises applying to said mammals or birds an effective amount of a spot-on composition according to claim 1 or claim 5.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the parasite is an ectoparasite.

29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the parasite is an endoparasite.

30. The method according to claim 27, wherein the mammal is a cat, dog, horse, cattle or sheep.

31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the parasite is a flea or tick.

32. The method according to claim 27, wherein the mammal is a human.

33. The method according to claim 27 wherein the mammals are cattle and the parasite is Boophilus microplus.

34. The method according to claim 26, wherein the mammals are sheep and the parasite is lice and blowfly.

35. A method of treating parasite infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprises applying to said mammals or birds an effective amount of a spot-on formulation according to claim 8.

36. A method of treating parasite infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprises applying to said mammal or bird an effective amount of a spot-on formulation according to claim 9.

37. The method of claim 27, wherein the administration is bimonthly.

38. The method of claim 27, wherein the administration is quarterly.

39. The method of claim 27, wherein the administration is monthly.

40. The method of claim 35, wherein the administration is bimonthly.

41. The method of claim 35, wherein the administration is quarterly.

42. The method of claim 35, wherein the administration is monthly.

43. The method of claim 36, wherein the administration is bimonthly.

44. The method of claim 36, wherein the administration is quarterly.

45. The method of claim 36, wherein the administration is monthly.

46. The method for treating parasite infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestation in mammals or birds which comprises applying to said mammals or birds an effective amount of spot-on formulation according to claim 3.

47. The method for treating parasite infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestation in mammals or birds which comprises applying to said mammals or birds an effective amount of spot-on formulation according to claim 4.