Stabilized enzymes

TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to novel stabilized enzymes. More specifically the invention relates to novel stabilized enzymes, in which a naturally occurring amino acid residue (other than proline) has been substituted with a proline residue at one or more positions; at which position(s) the dihedral angels .phi. (phi) constitute values within the interval �-90.degree.<.phi.-40.degree.!; preferably the dihedral angels .phi. (phi) and .psi. (psi) constitute values within the intervals �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.! and �-180.degree.<.psi.<-150.degree.! or -80<.psi.<10 or .lambda.100<.psi.<180!; and which position(s) is/are not located in regions in which the enzyme is characterized by possessing .alpha.-helical or .beta.-sheet structure.
The invention also relates to nucleotide sequences encoding the novel stabilized enzymes, and expression vectors and host organisms containing the nucleotide sequences. The invention also relates to detergent compositions comprising the stabilized enzymes.
BACKGROUND ART
The Structure of Proteins
Enzymes are globular proteins and quiet compact due to the considerable amount of folding of the long polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain essentially consists of the "backbone" and its "side-groups". As the peptide bond is planar, only rotations around the C.sub..alpha. --N axis and the C.sub..alpha. --C.sup.' axis are permitted. Rotation around the C.sub..alpha. --N bond of the peptide backbone is denoted by the torsion angle .phi. (phi), rotation around the C.sub..alpha. --C' bond by .psi. (psi) �vide, e.g. Creighton, T. E. (1984), Proteins; W. H. Freeman and Company, New York!. The choice of the values of these angles of rotation is made by assigning the maximum value of +180.degree. (which is identical to +180.degree.) to the maximally extended chain. In the fully extended polypeptide chain, the N.sub.1 C.sub..alpha. and C' atoms are all "trans" to each other. In the "cis" configuration, the angles .phi. and .psi. are assigned the value of 0.degree.. Rotation from this position around the bonds, so that the atoms viewed behind the rotated bond move "counterclockwise", are assigned negative values by definition, those "clockwise" are assigned positive values. Thus, the values of the torsion angles lie within the range -180.degree. to +180.degree..
Since the C.sub.60 -atoms are the swivel point for the chain, the side-groups (R-groups) associated with the C.sub.60 -atoms become extremely important with respect to the conformation of the molecule.
The term "conformation" defines the participation of the secondary and tertiary structures of the polypeptide chains in moulding the overall structure of a protein. The correct conformation of a protein is of prime importance to the specific structure of a protein and contributes greatly to the unique catalytic properties (i.e. activity and specificity) of enzymes and their stability.
The amino acids of polypeptides can be divided into four general groups: nonpolar, uncharged polar, and negatively or positively charged polar amino acids. A protein molecule, when submerged in its aqueous environment in which it normally occurs, tends to expose a maximum number of its polar side-groups to the surrounding environment, while a majority of its nonpolar sidegroups are oriented internally. Orientation of the side-groups in this manner leads to a stabilization of protein conformation.
Proteins, thus, exist in a dynamic equilibrium between a folded and ordered state, and an unfolded and disordered state. This equilibrium in part reflects the short range interactions among the different segments of the polypeptide chain, which tends to stabilize the overall structure of proteins. Thermodynamic forces simultaneously tend to promote randomization of the unfolding molecule.
A way to engineer stabilized proteins is to reduce the extend of unfolding by decreasing the flexibility of the polypeptide backbone, and simultaneously decreasing the entropy of the unfolded chain. So far only few attempts have been made to implement this rationale in the development of novel stabilized enzymes.
A genera principle of increasing protein thermostability has been provided �Suzuki, Y. (1989); Proc. Japan Acad.; 65 Ser. B!. In this article Suzuki states that the thermostability of a globular protein can be enhanced cumulatively to a great extent by increasing the frequency of proline occurrence at the second site of .beta.-turns without significant alterations in the secondary and tertiary structures as well as in the catalytic function of enzymes. The principle is based on various facts and findings, among these the fact the proline residues show a strong tendency to occur preferentially at the second site of .beta.-turns �Levitt, M (1978); Biochemistry; 17 4277-4285; and Chou, P. Y. & Fasman, G. D. (1977); J. Mol. Biol.; 115 135-175!. The principle is restricted to insertion of proline into the second site of 62-turns in proteins, no other sites are mentioned.
International Patent Publication WO 08/01520 (Cetus Corporation, USA) provides a method for increasing the stability of a protein by decreasing the configurational entropy of unfolding the protein. The method is applied on a Streptomyces rubiqinosus xylose isomerase, and it involves substitution of an amino acid with proline, or replacement of glycine with alanine, at predicted substitution sites.
It is an object of this invention to provide novel enzymes having improved stability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides novel stabilized enzymes, in which a naturally occurring amino acid residue (other than proline) has been substituted with a proline residue at one or more positions, at which position(s) the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) constitute values within the interval �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.!, preferably the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) constitute values within the intervals �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.! and �-180.degree..psi.<-150.degree. or -80<.psi.<10 or 100<.psi.<180!, and which position(s) is/are not located in regions in which the enzyme is characterized by possessing .alpha.-helical or .beta.-sheet structure.
In another aspect, the invention relates to nucleotide sequences encoding novel stabilized enzymes, expression vectors comprising these nucleotide sequences, and host organisms containing these expression vectors.
Enzymes
In the context of this invention, an enzyme may be any enzyme apart from proteases, such as e.g. a lipase, a cellulase, a peroxidase, a xylanase, or an amylase.
Amino Acids
As abbreviations for amino acids the following symbols are used:
______________________________________A = Ala = AlanineC = Cys = CysteineD = Asp = Aspartic acidE = Glu = Glutamic acidF = Phe = PhenylalanineG = Gly = GlycineH = His = HistidineI = Ile = IsoleucineK = Lys = LysineL = Leu = LeucineM = Met = MethionineN = Asn = AsparagineP = Pro = ProlineQ = Gln = GlutamineR = Arg = ArginineS = Ser = SerineT = Thr = ThreonineV = Val = ValineW = Trp = TryptophanY = Tyr = TyrosineB = Asx = Asp (D) or Asn (N)Z = Glx = Glu (E) or Gln (Q)______________________________________ X = an arbitrary amino acid * = deletion or absent amino acid
Enzyme Variants
A stabilized enzyme of this invention is an enzyme variant or mutated enzyme. By an enzyme variant or mutated enzyme is meant an enzyme obtainable by alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence of the parent gene or its derivatives. The enzyme variant or mutated enzyme may be expressed and produced when the DNA nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme is inserted into a suitable vector in a suitable host organism. The host organism is not necessarily identical to the organism from which the parent gene originated.
Amino Acid Numbering
In the context of this invention, a specific numbering of amino acid residue positions in enzyme is employed.
In describing the various enzyme variants produced or contemplated according to the invention, the following nomenclatures were adapted for ease of reference:
�Original amino acid; Position; Substituted amino acid!
According to this, the substitution of glycine with proline in position 225 is designated as G225P.
If a substitution, e.g. G225P, is made by mutation in e.g. Humicola lanuginosa lipase, the product is designated "Humicola lanuginosa/G225P lipase".
Enzymatic Activity.
In the context of this invention, the enzymatic activity of lipases is expressed in Lipase units. A Lipase Unit (LU) is the amount of enzyme which under standard conditions, i.e., 30.0.degree. C.; pH 7.0; tributyrine substrate, liberates 1 .mu.mol titrable butyric acid per minute. A folder AF 95/5 describing this analytical method is available upon request to Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.
In the context of this invention, the enzymatic activity of cellulases is expressed in Novo Cellulase units (NCU). One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e. at pH 4.8; 0.1 M acetate buffer; 10 g/l Hercules CMC type 7 LFD as substrate; an incubation temp. of 40.0.degree. C.; an incubation time of 20 min; and an enzyme concentration of approximately 0.041 NCU/ml) forms an amount of reducing carbohydrates equivalent to 1 .mu.mol glucose per minute. A folder AF 1987.2/1 describing this analytical method is available upon request to Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The present invention is further illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 (sheets 1/17-9/17) shows the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) expression cassette of the Humicola lanuginosa lipase;
FIG. 2 shows the restriction map of plasmid pAHL;
FIGS. 3-4 shows the PCR technique for producing Humincola lipase variants;
FIG. 5 (sheets 13/17-14/17) shows the amino acid sequence (and a corresponding DNA nucleotide sequence) (SEQ ID NO:1)
FIG. 6 (sheets 15/17-16/17) shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) Humicola insolens cellulase obtained according to International Patent Application WO 91/17243; and
FIG. 7 shows the stability at 70.degree. C. and pH 7 of Humicola lanuginosa/-G225P lipase (.diamond-solid.) of the invention compared to wildtype enzyme (.quadrature.).

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides novel stabilized enzymes in which a naturally occurring amino acid residue (other than proline) has been substituted with a proline residue at one or more positions, at which position(s) the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) constitute values in the interval �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.!, preferably the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) and .psi. (psi) constitute values in the intervals �-90<.phi.<-40.degree.! and �-180.degree.-<.psi.150.degree. or -80 <.psi.<10 or 100<.psi.<180!, and which position(s) is/are not located in regions, in which the enzyme is characterized by possessing .alpha.-helical or .beta.-sheet structure.
In the context of this invention, a stabilized enzyme of the invention is an enzyme variant or mutated enzyme, being functionally equivalent or having structural features similar to a naturally occurring enzyme, and in which enzyme a naturally occurring amino acid residue (other than proline) has been substituted with a proline residue at one or more positions, at which position(s) the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) constitute values within the intervals �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.!, preferably the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) and .psi. (psi) constitute values within the intervals �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.! and �-180.degree.<.psi.<-150.degree. or -80<.psi.< or 100<.psi.<180!, and which position(s) is/are not located in regions in which the enzyme is characterized by possessing .alpha.-helical or .beta.-sheet structure.
Moreover, in the context of this invention, a stabilized enzyme is an enzyme having improved stability, e.g. in respect to thermal stability, storage stability, etc., when compared to the parent enzyme.
Defining Secondary Structure of Proteins
The stabilized enzymes of the invention may be obtained by subjecting the enzyme in question to analysis for secondary structure, identifying residues in the enzyme having dihedral angles .phi. (phi) confined to the interval �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.!, preferably having dihedral angles .phi. (phi) and .psi. (psi) confined to the intervals �-90.degree.-<.phi.<-40.degree.! and �-180.degree.<.psi.<-150.degree. or -80<.psi.<10 or 100<.psi.<180!, excluding residues located in regions in which the enzyme is characterized by possessing .alpha.-helical or .beta.-sheet structure, if a proline residue is not already at the identified position(s), substitution of the naturally occurring amino acid residue with a proline residue at the identified position(s), preferably by site directed mutagenesis applied on a gene encoding the enzyme in question, and gene expression by insertion of the gene encoding the stabilized enzyme in a suitable host organism, followed by cultivation of said host organism in a suitable nutrient medium, and recovery of the desired enzyme.
This method of obtaining stabilized enzymes includes subjecting the enzyme in question to analysis for secondary structure. In one way to perform such analysis the atomic structure of the enzyme has to be elucidated. The atomic structure may be determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. X-ray diffraction techniques are described by e.g. Hendrickson �Hendrickson, W. A. (1987); X-ray diffraction; in Protein Engineering (Ed; Oxender, D. L. and Fox, C. F.), ch. 1; Alan R. Liss, Inc.! and Creighton �Creighton, T. E.; supra; ch. 6!.
The crystal structure of a Rhizomucor miehei lipase has been deduced �vide Brady l., Brzozwski A. M., Derewenda Z. S., Dodson E., Dodson G., Tolley S., Turkenburg J. P., Christiansen L., Huge-Jensen B., Norskov L. Thim L. & Menge U. (1990); "A serine protease triad forms the catalytic centre of a triacylglycerol lipase"; Nature, Vol. 343 6260 767-770!, and the coordinates have been deposited and are available from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank �Bernstein et al. (1977); J. Mol. Bio. 112 535-542!.
When the atomic structure has been determined, it is possible to compute dihedral angles from the atomic coordinates. Moreover, it is possible to assign secondary structure elements. The secondary structure elements are defined on the basis of hydrogen bindings. Cooperative secondary structure is recognized as repeats of the elementary hydrogen-bonding patterns "turn" and "bridge". Repeating turns are "helixes", repeating bridges are "ladders", connected ladders are "sheets".
Analysis for secondary structure elements requires a computerized compilation of structure assignments and geometrical features extracted from atomic coordinates. The conventional method to elucidate the secondary structure of a protein, based on its atomic coordinates, is described by Kabsch and Sander �Kabach, W. and Sander, C. (1983); Biopolymers, 22 2577-2637!. In this article an algorithm for extracting structural features from the atomic coordinates by a pattern-recognition process is provided. First, H-bonds are identified based on electrostatic interactions between pairs of H-bonding groups. Next, the patterns of H-bonding are used to define secondary structure elements such as turns (T), bends (S), bridges (B), helices, (G,H,I), .beta.-ladders (E) and .beta.-sheets (E).
A computer program DSSP (Define Secondary Structure of Proteins), enabling the computation of Kabsch & Sander files and written in standard PASCAL, is available from the Protein Data Bank, Chemistry Dept., Brookhaven National laboratory, Upton, N.Y. 11973.
Analysis for secondary structure and calculation of the dihedral angles may also be carried out by other methods, e.g. by model building �vide e.g. Sutcliffe, Haneef, Carney and Blundell (1987); Protein Engineering, 1 (5) 377-384!.
After the dihedral angles .phi. (phi) and .psi. (psi) for the amino acids have been calculated, based on the atomic structure in the crystalline enzyme, it is possible to select position(s) which has/have dihedral phi and psi angles favourable for substitution with a proline residue. The aliphatic side chain of proline residues is bonded covalently to the nitrogen atom of the peptide group. The resulting cyclic five-membered ring consequently imposes a rigid constraint on the rotation about the N--C.sub.60 bond of the peptide backbone and simultaneously prevents the formation of hydrogen bonding to the backbone N-atom. For these structural reasons, prolines are generally not compatible with .alpha.-helical and .beta.-sheet secondary conformations. Due to the same rotational constraint about the C.sub.60 --N bond, and due to the requirement that neighbouring amino acids in the chain are not disturbed, the magnitudes of the dihedral angles phi and psi (and in particular phi) are confined to limited intervals for proline residues in polypeptides. The dihedral angles for proline residues in polypeptides are almost exclusively within the intervals �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.!, preferably the intervals �-90.degree.<.phi.<-40.degree.! and �-180.degree.<.psi.<-150.degree. or -80<.psi.<10 or 100<.psi.<180!. In this context, both cis- and trans-proline residues are considered.
A proline residue may already occur at one or more positions pointed out by the procedure described above, and then a substitution is, of course, irrelevant. Otherwise, the method includes substitution of the naturally occurring amino acid residue with a proline residue.
When performing this method on a Humicola lanuginosa lipase, obtained as described in European Patent Application No. 305,216, the positions cited in Table 1 are revealed. When performing this method on a Rhizomucor insolens cellulase, obtained as described in International Patent Application WO 91/17243, the positions cited in Table 2 are revealed.
Certainly it is not to be expected that a substitution into proline at every of the predicted positions would bring out improved stability of the enzyme. At some of the positions revealed by the method, a substitution of a naturally occurring amino acid residue into a proline residue may cause destabilisation due to unpredictable factors, such as loss of essential flexibility, loss of H-bond possibilities, unpredictable sterical hindrance, etc. Such "critical sites" are not always to be foreseen.
However, it is to be expected that the stabilizing (or destabilizing) effects of individual substitutions are additive �vide e.g. Well, J. A. (1990); Biochemistry; 29 (37) 8510-8517!.
Preferred Enzymes
Preferably, an enzyme of the invention is a stabilized lipase, a stabilized cellulase, a stabilized peroxidase, a stabilized xylanase, or a stabilized amylase.
In one aspect an enzyme of the invention is a stabilized lipase, the lipase being obtainable from a member of the genera Humicola, Rhizomucor, Candida, or Pseudomonas.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the enzyme is a stabilized lipase, the lipase being obtainable from a strain of Humicola lanuginosa, Rhizomucor miehei, Candida antarctica, or Pseudomonas cepacia. Lipases obtainable from Humicola are described in e.g. European Patent Application No. 305,216 and International patent Application WO 89/01969. Preferably, the lipase is a stabilized Humicola lanuginosa lipase, the lipase being obtained as described in European Patent Application No. 305,216.
In another specific embodiment of the invention, the enzyme is a stabilized lipase, the lipase being obtainable from a member of the genus Humicola, which stabilized lipase comprises a substitution into a proline residue at one or more of the positions listed in Table 1, or positions analogous hereto. Preferably, the enzyme is stabilized lipase, the lipase being obtainable from a strain of Humicola lanuginosa.
In yet another specific embodiment, an enzyme of the invention is a stabilized lipase, the lipase being obtainable from a member of the genus Humicola, which stabilized lipase comprises one or more of the following substitutions: A28P, G61P, N101P, S105P, D111P, D165P, R209P, S224P, G225P, T226P, R232P, N233P, I241P, (according to the amino acide sequence presented in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:2) or at positions analogous hereto. Preferably, the enzyme is a stabilized lipase, the lipase being obtainable from a strain of Humicola lanuginosa.
In a more specific aspect, an enzyme of the invention is Humicola lanuginosa/G2225P lipase or Humicola langinosaT244P lipase.
TABLE 1______________________________________Proline Mutants Proposed in Humicola lanuginosa Lipase Based onphi and psi Angles.Criteria -90.degree. < phi < -40.degree.;Neither part of an alpha helix nor a beta sheet structure.AA phi psi Amino Struc-numbers angle angle acid ture Mutant & Comments______________________________________19 -57 -22 A T20 -59 -39 A T21 -62 -42 Y T23 -65 175 G S28 -84 -103 A S43 -72 -23 E T44 -41 -52 V T45 -44 -48 E T46 -86 33 K T48 -81 82 D61 -88 -105 G T71 -68 0 N T83 -66 155 S84 -83 8 R S101 -64 127 N T103 -89 -24 I T105 -86 -79 S S111 -68 172 D T160 -80 174 R T165 -74 129 D173 -83 142 A175 -76 145 R178 -81 -160 N203 -85 164 V T213 -85 148 Y216 -74 167 S S223 -58 -22 K224 -83 159 S S225 -70 -178 G226 -77 138 T T232 -45 -24 R T234 -89 9 D S241 -63 134 I T244 -84 140 T T247 -54 -27 N S255 -78 -34 I S257 -79 -23 A T258 -69 -13 H T______________________________________
In another aspect an enzyme of the invention is a stabilized cellulase, the cellulase being obtainable from a member of the genera Rhizomucor. In a specific embodiment an enzyme of the invention is a stabilized cellulase being obtainable from a strain of Rhizomucor miehei. Cellulases obtainable from Rhizomucor miehei are described in e.g. International Patent Application WO 91/17243.
In another specific embodiment of the invention, the enzyme is a stabilized Rhizomucor miehei cellulase, which stabilized cellulase comprises a substitution into a proline residue at one or more of the positions listed in Table 2, or positions analogous hereto.
In yet another specific embodiment, an enzyme of the invention the enzyme is a stabilized Rhizomucor miehei cellulase, which stabilized cellulase comprises a substitution into a proline residue at one or more of the following positions: A33P, A78P, I131P, A162P, or at positions analogous hereto.
TABLE 2______________________________________Proline Mutants Proposed in Rhizomucor miehei Cellulase Basedon phi and psi Angles.Criteria -90.degree. < phi < -40.degree.;Neither part of an alpha helix nor a beta sheet structure.AA phi psi Amino Struc-numbers angle angle acid ture Mutant & Comments______________________________________19 -68 A25 -42 N28 -62 V29 -64 F32 -78 N33 -64 A34 -84 N37 -66 R39 -89 T40 -82 D41 -73 F42 -95 D43 -61 A44 -58 K45 -62 S46 -66 G51 -80 G55 -69 S57 -70 A58 -86 D66 -75 D78 -52 A27 -75 G129 -70 V131 -78 I146 -53 R150 -78 I161 -61 D162 -64 A177 -76 A181 -84 S188 -61 Q189 C201 -75 R202 -68 N204 -55 D205 -77 G______________________________________
The Effect of Prolinstabilization
The thermostability of purified lipase variants has been tested by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method, and by activity determination at elevated temperatures (vide Example 3 for experimental data). The result of this experiment is shown in Table 3, below, and in FIG. 7.
TABLE 3______________________________________Stabilization relative to Humicola lanuginosa Lipase Relative StabilizationVariant .DELTA. DSC______________________________________Humicola lanuginosa/S224P -6.0.degree. C.Humicola lanuginosa/G225P 2.0.degree. C.Humicola lanuginosa/I241P -6.2.degree. C.______________________________________
It appears from Table 3 that 3 of the variants constructed possess significantly improved thermostability, and 2 of the variants posses significantly decreased thermostability, when compared to the wild-type enzyme. These results clearly demonstrate that although a rationale exists for stabilization by introduction of proline residues into a protein by the Phi-Psi-Concept described in this specification, no conclusion as to the stabilizing effect of the individual variants are predictable.
Recombinantly Produced Enzymes
In the past, numerous processes have been developed for the production of polypeptides or proteins by means of the recombinant DNA technology. Mostly used for this purpose are E. coli, acillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and different Aspergillus strains, e.g. A. oryzae and A. niger. Especially the Aspergillii are attractive candidates as host microorganism for recombinant DNA vectors being well-characterized and widely used microorganisms for the commercial production of enzymes. In Aspergillus oryzae, methods have been developed for transformation of the organism, and production of several enzymes, among these the Humicola lanuginosa and Rhizomucor miehei lipases (vide e.g. European Patent Application Nos. 238,023 and 305,216, and International Patent Application No. WO 89/01969), and the Humicola insolens and Fusarium oxysporium cellulases (vide e.g. International Patent Application WO 91/17243), has also been demonstrated, which publications are hereby included by reference.
Expression of Polypeptides Biosynthetically
Upon transformation of an organism where the intention is production of a polypeptide or a protein, a DNA sequence is introduced into the organism. The sequence contains the coding region of the gene of interest flanked by transcription/translation start signals and transcription/translation termination signals. The coding region contains units of three base pairs, called codons, which upon translation of the transcribed gene are translated into amino acids, which again are assembled to give the polypeptide of interest.
Introducing Mutations in polypeptides
By changing one or more specific codons in the coding region and transforming the host microorganism with these new coding regions, new polypetides can be produce, which differ from the original polypeptide by one or more amino acids. Such alternations can be introduced by means of a technique generally known as "site-directed in vitro mutagenesis". A number of methods have been published. An early method is described by Zoller & Smith (1984); DNA 3 (6) 479-488, and involves use of the single-stranded M13 bacteriophage. A preferred method using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is described by Nelson & Long (1989); Analytical Biochemistry, 180, 140-151. It involves a 3-step generation of a PCR fragment containing the desired mutation by using a chemically synthesized DNA oligonucleotide as one of the primers in the PCR reactions. From the PCR-generated fragment, a DNA fragment carrying the mutation can be isolated by cleavage with restriction enzymes and re-inserted into the expression plasmid. A third mutagenesis method takes advantage of restriction sites in the DNA coding region. By digesting the DNA with restriction enzymes at sites flanking the mutagenesis target, sythesizing a new fragment synthetically containing the desired mutation and cloning this new fragment between the restriction sites, a mutant coding region can be constructed.
All methods are generally applicable to investigations in the field called protein engineering which deals with the development of polypeptides with new or altered characteristics.
Transformation and expression may be accomplished by methods known in the art, e.g. as described in European Patent Application No. 305,216, which specification is hereby included by reference.
The microorganisms able to produce a stabilized enzyme of this invention can be cultivated by conventional fermentation methods in a nutrient medium containing assimilable carbon and nitrogen together with other essential nutrients, the medium being composed in accordance with the principles of the known art. Purification and recovery of the stabilized enzyme may also be conducted in accordance with methods known per se.
Nucleotide Sequences, Expression Vectors and Microorganisms
This invention also relates to DNA nucleotide sequences encoding a stabilized enzyme of the invention. The stabilized enzyme may be expressed and produced when DNA nucleotide sequence encoding this enzyme is inserted into a suitable vector in a suitable host organism. The host organism is not necessarily identical to the organism from which the parent gene originated. The construction of the mutated genes, vectors and mutant and transformed microorganisms may be carried out by an appropriate recombinant DNA technique, known in the art.
The invention also relates to expression vectors and host organisms containing a DNA nucleotide encoding a stabilized enzyme of this invention.
Detergent Compositions
The present invention also comprises the use of stabilized enzymes of the invention in cleaning and detergent compositions and such compositions comprising one or more stabilized enzymes of the invention.
The detergent composition of the invention may comprise one or more surfactants, which may be of a anionic, non-ionic, cat-ionic, amphoteric or zwitterionic type, or a mixture of these. Typical examples of anionic surfactants are linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS), alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS), alcohol ethoxy sulfates (AES) and alkali metal salts of natural fatty acids. Examples on non-ionic surfactants are alkyl polyethylene glycol ethers, nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ethers, fatty acids esters of sucrose and glucose, and esters of polyethoxylated alkyl glucoside.
The detergent composition of the invention may also contain other detergent ingredients known in the art such as builders, bleaching agents, bleach activators, anti-corrosion agents, sequestering agents, anti soil-redeposition agents, perfumes, stabilizers for the enzymes and bleaching agents, formulations aids, optical brighteners, foam boosters, chelating agents, fillers, fabric softeners, etc. The detergent composition of the invention may be formulated substantially as described in J. Falbe �Falbe J.; Surfactants in Consumer Products. Theory, Technology and Application, Springer Verlag 1987, vide in particular the section entitled "Frame formulations for liquid/powder heavy-duty detergents"!.
It is at present contemplated that the detergent composition of the invention may contain a protease preparation in an amount corresponding to 0.0005-0.5 CPU of the proteolytic enzyme per litre of washing liquor. Generally, detergent compositions are used in dosages within the range of 0.3 to 15 g detergent per litre wash liquor.
The detergent compositions of the invention can be formulated in any convenient form, such as powders, liquids, etc.
The enzymes of the invention may be included in a detergent composition by adding separate additives containing one or more enzymes, or by adding a combined additive comprising all of these enzymes.
The additive of the invention, i.e. a separated additive or a combined additive, can be formulated e.g. as granulates, liquids, slurries, etc. Preferred detergent additive formulations are non-dusting granulates, liquids, in particular stabilized liquids, slurries, or protected enzymes.
Dust free granulates may be produced according to e.g. GB Patent No. 1,362,365 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,991, and may optionally be coated by methods known in the art. The detergent enzymes may be mixed before or after granulation.
Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding a polyol such as e.g. propylene glycol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid or boric acid, according to established methods. Other enzyme stabilizers are well known in the art.
Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the method disclosed in EP Patent Application No. 238,216.
The invention is further illustrated in the following examples, which are not intended to be in any way limiting to the scope of the invention as claimed.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of a Plasmid Expressing the G225P Variant of Humicola lanuginosa Lipase
The expression plasmid used in this specification is identical to p960, described in European Patent Application No. 305,216, except for minor modifications just 3' to the lipase coding regions. The modifications were made the following way:
p960 was digested with Nrul and BamHI restriction enzymes. Between these two sites the BamHI/NheI fragment from plasmid pBR322, in which the NheI fragment was filled in with Klenow polymerase, was cloned, thereby creating plasmid pAOI, which contained unique BamHI and HheI sites, Between these unique sites BamHI/XbaI fragments for p960 were cloned to give pAHL.
The sequence of the SAII/EcoRI fragment comprising the expression cassette of the Humicola lanuginosa lipase is shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1). The restriction map of plasmid pAHL containing this expression cassette is shown in FIG. 2. The plasmid was used as template for construction of some of the Humicola lipase variants. The method used is described in the following and is further outlined in FIGS. 3 and 4. It was originally published by Nelson & Long in Analytical Biochemistry, 180,147-151 (1989).
Linearization of Plasmid pAHL
The circular plasmid pAHL was linearized with the restriction enzyme Sphl in the following 50 .mu.l reaction mixture; 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1 .mu.g plasmid and 2 units of Sphl. The digestion was carried out for 2 hours at 37.degree. C. The reaction mixture was extracted with phenol (equilibrated with Tris-HCl), pH 7.5) and precipitated by adding 2 volumes of ice-cold 96% ethanol. After centrifugation and drying of the pellet, the linearized DNA was dissolved in 50 .mu.l H.sub.2 O and the concentration estimated on an agarose gel.
3-Step PCR Mutagenesis
As is also shown in FIG. 4, 3-step mutagenisation involved the use of four primers:
Mutagenisation primer (.dbd.A):
5'-GGGGACAAGGGTTGGAGATTTGATCCA-3' (SEQ ID NO:5)
PCR Helper 1 (.dbd.B):
5'- GGTCATCCAGTCACTGAGACCCTCTACCTATTAAATCGGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:6)
PCR Helper 2(.dbd.C):
5'-CCATGGCTTTCACGGTGTCT-3' (SEQ ID NO:7)
PCR Handle (.dbd.D):
5'GGTCATCCAGTCACTGAGAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:8)
All 3 steps were carried out in the following buffer containing: 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.001% gelatin, 0.2 mM dATP, 0.2 mM dCTP, 0.2 mM dGTP, 0.2 mM TTP, 2.5 units Taq polymerase.
In step 1, 100 pmol primer A, 100 pmol primer b, and 1 fmol linearized plasmid were added to a total of 100 .mu.l of the above buffer and 15 cycles consisting of 2 minutes at 95.degree. C., 2 minutes at 37.degree. C. and 3 minutes at 72.degree. C. were carried out.
The concentration of the PCR product was estimated on a agarose gel. Then, step 2 was carried out. 0.6 pmol step 1 product and 1 fmol linearized plasmid were contained in a total of 100 .mu.l of the previously mentioned buffer and 1 cycle consisting of 5 minutes at 95.degree. C., 2 minutes at 37.degree. C. and 10 minutes at 72.degree. C. was carried out.
To the step 2 reaction mixture, 100 pmol primer C and 100 pmol primer D were added (1 .mu.l of each) and 20 cycles consisting of 2 minutes at 95.degree. C., 2 minutes at 37.degree. C. and 3 minutes at 72.degree. C. were carried out. This manipulation comprised step 3 in the mutagenisation procedure.
Isolation of Mutated Restriction Fragment
The product from step 3 was isolated from an agarose gel and re-dissolved in 20 .mu.l H.sub.2 O. Then, it was digested with the restriction enzymes BstXI and BgIII in a total volume of 50 .mu.l with the following composition: 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1 mM with DTT, 5 units of BgIII and 10 units of BstXI. Incubation was at 37.degree. C. for 2 hours. The 200 bp BstXI/BgIII fragment was isolated from an agarose gel.
Ligation To Expression Vector pAHL
The expression plasmid pAHL was cleaved with BstXI and BgIII under conditions indicated above and the large fragment was isolated from an agarose gel. To this vector, the mutated fragment isolated above was ligated and the ligation mix was used to transform E. coli. Sequence analysis was carried out on the double-stranded plasmid using the di-deoxy chain termination procedure developed by Sanger. The plasmid was named pAHLG225P and is identical to pAHL, except for the altered codon.
The plasmid was then ready to be transformed into the host organism. Preferred host organisms are of the genus Aspergillus. Transformation and expression are carried out essentially as described in European Patent Application No. 305,216, supra.
Construction of S224P, I241P, and T244P Variants
The plasmids pAHLS244P, pAHLI241P, and pAHLT244P, encoding Humicola lanuginosaS224P, Humicola lanuginosa/I241P, and Humicola lanuginosa/T244P, respectively, were constructed using the method described above, with the exception that the following primers were used an mutagenisation primer ("Primer A").
S224P: 5'-GACASGGGTTCCTGGTTTGATCCAGTA-3'(SEQ ID NO:9)
I241P: 5'-GCCGGTGGCATCTGGGCCTTCTATCTT-3'(SEQ ID NO:10)
T244P: 5'-TATTGCCGCCGGGGGCATCGATGCC-3'(SEQ ID NO:11)
EXAMPLE 2
Purification Example
About 200 ml of supernatant were centrifuged and precipitate was discarded by decanting. Slowly ice cold ethanol was added to the supernatant on ice bath. The precipitate was centrifuged and discarded and pH af the supernatant was adjusted to 7 with NaOH.
The 70% ethanol supernatant were applied on 200 ml DEAE fast flow sepharose column equilibrated with 50 mM Tris acetate buffer, pH 7, and flow rate 5 ml/min. The column was washed until OD.sub.280 was less than 0.05. The bound protein was eluted with linear NaCl gradient up to 0.5 M NaCl in the same buffer, using 5 times column volume. The lipase activity was eluted between 0.1 and 0.15 M NaCl salt concentration.
The fractions containing the lipase activity were pooled and ammonium acetate was added to a final concentration of 0.8 M. The pool was applied on a Toyopearl.TM.-Butyl column at a flow rate of 5 ml/min. The column was equilibrated with 0.8 M ammonium acetate and washed until OD.sub.280 was below 0.05.
The bound activity was eluted with Mili-Q water. The fractions with lipase activity were pooled and the conductivity of the pool was adjusted to less than that of a 50 mM Tris acetate buffer, pH 7.
The pool was applied on a 30 ml HPQ-sepharose column equilibrated with 50 mM Tris acetate buffer, pH 7, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The bound activity was eluted with a linear salt gradient up to 1 M NaCl.
EXAMPLE 3
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Purified lipase variants of the invention were subjected to thermal analysis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Using this technique, the thermal denaturation temperature, T.sub.d, is determined by heating an enzyme solution at a constant programmed rate.
A Differential Scanning Calorimeter, MC-2D, from MicroCal Inc., was used for the investigations. Enzyme solutions were prepared in 50 mM TRIS-acetate, pH 7.0. Enzyme concentration ranged between 0.6 and 0.9 mg/ml, and a total volume of approximately 1.2 ml was used for each experiment. All samples were heated from 25.degree. C. at a scan rate of 90.degree. C./hour.
The results from this experiment are presented in Table 3 above.
Temperature Stability
The thermostability of a purified lipase variant of the invention was also tested by activity determination at 70.degree. C.
Samples were diluted to 1 mg/ml using 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.0. Test tubes containing 100 .mu.l of enzyme solution were placed in a waterbath at 70.degree. C. for 10, 25, and 45 minutes, respectively.
The residual activity (LU/mg) was measured using the analytical method described in this specification.
The results from this experiment are presented in FIG. 7.
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING- (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:- (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 11- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 2781 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1148..2020- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: sig.sub.-- - #peptide (B) LOCATION: 1148..1213- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: mat.sub.-- - #peptide (B) LOCATION: 1214..2020- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:- GTCGACGCAT TCCGAATACG AGGCCTGATT AATGATTACA TACGCCTCCG GG - #TAGTAGAC 60- CGAGCAGCCG AGCCAGTTCA GCGCCTAAAA CGCCTTATAC AATTAAGCAG TT - #AAAGAAGT 120- TAGAATCTAC GCTTAAAAAG CTACTTAAAA ATCGATCTCG CAGTCCCGAT TC - #GCCTATCA 180- AAACCAGTTT AAATCAACTG ATTAAAGGTG CCGAACGAGC TATAAATGAT AT - #AACAATAT 240- TAAAGCATTA ATTAGAGCAA TATCAGGCCG CGCACGAAAG GCAACTTAAA AA - #GCGAAAGC 300- GCTCTACTAA ACAGATTACT TTTGAAAAAG GCACATCAGT ATTTAAAGCC CG - #AATCCTTA 360- TTAAGCGCCG AAATCAGGCA GATAAAGCCA TACAGGCAGA TAGACCTCTA CC - #TATTAAAT 420- CGGCTTCTAG GCGCGCTCCA TCTAAATGTT CTGGCTGTGG TGTACAGGGG CA - #TAAAATTA 480- CGCACTACCC GAATCGATAG AACTACTCAT TTTTATATAG AAGTCAGAAT TC - #ATAGTGTT 540- TTGATCATTT TAAATTTTTA TATGGCGGGT GGTGGGCAAC TCGCTTGCGC GG - #GCAACTCG 600- CTTACCGATT ACGTTAGGGC TGATATTTAC GTGAAAATCG TCAAGGGATG CA - #AGACCAAA 660- GTAGTAAAAC CCCGGAAGTC AACAGCATCC AAGCCCAAGT CCTTCACGGA GA - #AACCCCAG 720- CGTCCACATC ACGAGCGAAG GACCACCTCT AGGCATCGGA CGCACCATCC AA - #TTAGAAGC 780- AGCAAAGCGA AACAGCCCAA GAAAAAGGTC GGCCCGTCGG CCTTTTCTGC AA - #CGCTGATC 840- ACGGGCAGCG ATCCAACCAA CACCCTCCAG AGTGACTAGG GGCGGAAATT TA - #AAGGGATT 900- AATTTCCACT CAACCACAAA TCACAGTCGT CCCCGGTATT GTCCTGCAGA AT - #GCAATTTA 960- AACTCTTCTG CGAATCGCTT GGATTCCCCG CCCCTAGTCG TAGAGCTTAA AG - #TATGTCCC1020- TTGTCGATGC GATGATACAC AACATATAAA TACTAGCAAG GGATGCCATG CT - #TGGAGGAT1080- AGCAACCGAC AACATCACAT CAAGCTCTCC CTTCTCTGAA CAATAAACCC CA - #CAGGGGGG1140#GTC TCT GCG TGG ACG 1189 GTG CTG TTC TTT#Leu Phe Phe Val Ser Ala Trp Thr10- GCC TTG GCC AGT CCT ATT CGT CGA GAG GTC TC - #G CAG GAT CTG TTT AAC1237Ala Leu Ala Ser Pro Ile Arg Arg Glu Val Se - #r Gln Asp Leu Phe Asn# 5 1- CAG TTC AAT CTC TTT GCA CAG TAT TCT GCA GC - #C GCA TAC TGC GGA AAA1285Gln Phe Asn Leu Phe Ala Gln Tyr Ser Ala Al - #a Ala Tyr Cys Gly Lys# 20- AAC AAT GAT GCC CCA GCT GGT ACA AAC ATT AC - #G TGC ACG GGA AAT GCC1333Asn Asn Asp Ala Pro Ala Gly Thr Asn Ile Th - #r Cys Thr Gly Asn Ala# 40- TGC CCC GAG GTA GAG AAG GCG GAT GCA ACG TT - #T CTC TAC TCG TTT GAA1381Cys Pro Glu Val Glu Lys Ala Asp Ala Thr Ph - #e Leu Tyr Ser Phe Glu# 55- GAC TCT GGA GTG GGC GAT GTC ACC GGC TTC CT - #T GCT CTC GAC AAC ACG1429Asp Ser Gly Val Gly Asp Val Thr Gly Phe Le - #u Ala Leu Asp Asn Thr# 70- AAC AAA TTG ATC GTC CTC TCT TTC CGT GGC TC - #T CGT TCC ATA GAG AAC1477Asn Lys Leu Ile Val Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Se - #r Arg Ser Ile Glu Asn# 85- TGG ATC GGG AAT CTT AAC TTC GAC TTG AAA GA - #A ATA AAT GAC ATT TGC1525Trp Ile Gly Asn Leu Asn Phe Asp Leu Lys Gl - #u Ile Asn Asp Ile Cys# 100- TCC GGC TGC AGG GGA CAT GAC GGC TTC ACT TC - #G TCC TGG AGG TCT GTA1573Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly His Asp Gly Phe Thr Se - #r Ser Trp Arg Ser Val105 1 - #10 1 - #15 1 -#20- GCC GAT ACG TTA AGG CAG AAG GTG GAG GAT GC - #T GTG AGG GAG CAT CCC1621Ala Asp Thr Leu Arg Gln Lys Val Glu Asp Al - #a Val Arg Glu His Pro# 135- GAC TAT CGC GTG GTG TTT ACC GGA CAT AGC TT - #G GGT GGT GCA TTG GCA1669Asp Tyr Arg Val Val Phe Thr Gly His Ser Le - #u Gly Gly Ala Leu Ala# 150- ACT GTT GCC GGA GCA GAC CTG CGT GGA AAT GG - #G TAT GAT ATC GAC GTG1717Thr Val Ala Gly Ala Asp Leu Arg Gly Asn Gl - #y Tyr Asp Ile Asp Val# 165- TTT TCA TAT GGC GCC CCC CGA GTC GGA AAC AG - #G GCT TTT GCA GAA TTC1765Phe Ser Tyr Gly Ala Pro Arg Val Gly Asn Ar - #g Ala Phe Ala Glu Phe# 180- CTG ACC GTA CAG ACC GGC GGA ACA CTC TAC CG - #C ATT ACC CAC ACC AAT1813Leu Thr Val Gln Thr Gly Gly Thr Leu Tyr Ar - #g Ile Thr His Thr Asn185 1 - #90 1 - #95 2 -#00- GAT ATT GTC CCT AGA CTC CCG CCG CGC GAA TT - #C GGT TAC AGC CAT TCT1861Asp Ile Val Pro Arg Leu Pro Pro Arg Glu Ph - #e Gly Tyr Ser His Ser# 215- AGC CCA GAG TAC TGG ATC AAA TCT GGA ACC CT - #T GTC CCC GTC ACC CGA1909Ser Pro Glu Tyr Trp Ile Lys Ser Gly Thr Le - #u Val Pro Val Thr Arg# 230- AAC GAT ATC GTG AAG ATA GAA GGC ATC GAT GC - #C ACC GGC GGC AAT AAC1957Asn Asp Ile Val Lys Ile Glu Gly Ile Asp Al - #a Thr Gly Gly Asn Asn# 245- CAG CCT AAC ATT CCG GAT ATC CCT GCG CAC CT - #A TGG TAC TTC GGG TTA2005Gln Pro Asn Ile Pro Asp Ile Pro Ala His Le - #u Trp Tyr Phe Gly Leu# 260- ATT GGG ACA TGT CTT TAGTGGCCGG CGCGGCTGGG TCCGACTCT - #A GCGAGCTCGA2060Ile Gly Thr Cys Leu265- GATCTAGAGG GTGACTGACA CCTGGCGGTA GACAATCAAT CCATTTCGCT AT - #AGTTAAAG2120- GATGGGGATG AGGGCAATTG GTTATATGAT CATGTATGTA GTGGGTGTGC AT - #AATAGTAG2180- TGAAATGGAA GCCAAGTCAT GTGATTGTAA TCGACCGACG GAATTGAGGA TA - #TCCGGAAA2240- TACAGACACC GTGAAAGCCA TGGTCTTTCC TTCGTGTAGA AGACCAGACA GA - #CAGTCCCT2300- GATTTACCCT TGCACAAAGC ACTAGAAAAT TAGCATTCCA TCCTTCTCTG CT - #TGCTCTGC2360- TGATATCACT GTCATTCAAT GCATAGCCAT GAGCTCATCT TAGATCCAAG CA - #CGTAATTC2420- CATAGCCGAG GTCCACAGTG GAGCAGCAAC ATTCCCCATC ATTGCTTTCC CC - #AGGGGCCT2480- CCCAACGACT AAATCAAGAG TATATCTCTA CCGTCCAATA GATCGTCTTC GC - #TTCAAAAT2540- CTTTGACAAT TCCAAGAGGG TCCCCATCCA TCAAACCCAG TTCAATAATA GC - #CGAGATGC2600- ATGGTGGAGT CAATTAGGCA GTATTGCTGG AATGTCGGGC CAGTTGGCCC GG - #GTGGTCAT2660- TGGCCGCCTG TGATGCCATC TGCCACTAAA TCCGATCATT GATCCACCGC CC - #ACGAGGCG2720- CGTCTTTGCT TTTTGCGCGG CGTCCAGGTT CAACTCTCTC GCTCTAGATA TC - #GATGAATT2780# 2781- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 291 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:- Met Arg Ser Ser Leu Val Leu Phe Phe Val Se - #r Ala Trp Thr Ala Leu10- Ala Ser Pro Ile Arg Arg Glu Val Ser Gln As - #p Leu Phe Asn Gln Phe# 10- Asn Leu Phe Ala Gln Tyr Ser Ala Ala Ala Ty - #r Cys Gly Lys Asn Asn# 25- Asp Ala Pro Ala Gly Thr Asn Ile Thr Cys Th - #r Gly Asn Ala Cys Pro# 40- Glu Val Glu Lys Ala Asp Ala Thr Phe Leu Ty - #r Ser Phe Glu Asp Ser# 55- Gly Val Gly Asp Val Thr Gly Phe Leu Ala Le - #u Asp Asn Thr Asn Lys# 70- Leu Ile Val Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Ser Arg Se - #r Ile Glu Asn Trp Ile# 90- Gly Asn Leu Asn Phe Asp Leu Lys Glu Ile As - #n Asp Ile Cys Ser Gly# 105- Cys Arg Gly His Asp Gly Phe Thr Ser Ser Tr - #p Arg Ser Val Ala Asp# 120- Thr Leu Arg Gln Lys Val Glu Asp Ala Val Ar - #g Glu His Pro Asp Tyr# 135- Arg Val Val Phe Thr Gly His Ser Leu Gly Gl - #y Ala Leu Ala Thr Val# 150- Ala Gly Ala Asp Leu Arg Gly Asn Gly Tyr As - #p Ile Asp Val Phe Ser155 1 - #60 1 - #65 1 -#70- Tyr Gly Ala Pro Arg Val Gly Asn Arg Ala Ph - #e Ala Glu Phe Leu Thr# 185- Val Gln Thr Gly Gly Thr Leu Tyr Arg Ile Th - #r His Thr Asn Asp Ile# 200- Val Pro Arg Leu Pro Pro Arg Glu Phe Gly Ty - #r Ser His Ser Ser Pro# 215- Glu Tyr Trp Ile Lys Ser Gly Thr Leu Val Pr - #o Val Thr Arg Asn Asp# 230- Ile Val Lys Ile Glu Gly Ile Asp Ala Thr Gl - #y Gly Asn Asn Gln Pro235 2 - #40 2 - #45 2 -#50- Asn Ile Pro Asp Ile Pro Ala His Leu Trp Ty - #r Phe Gly Leu Ile Gly# 265- Thr Cys Leu- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 1060 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 10..924- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: sig.sub.-- - #peptide (B) LOCATION: 10..72- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: mat.sub.-- - #peptide (B) LOCATION: 73..924- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:- GGATCCAAG ATG CGT TCC TCC CCC CTC CTC CCG TCC - # GCC GTT GTG GCC 48#Leu Leu Pro Ser Ala Val Val Ala10- GCC CTG CCG GTG TTG GCC CTT GCC GCT GAT GG - #C AGG TCC ACC CGC TAC 96Ala Leu Pro Val Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Asp Gl - #y Arg Ser Thr Arg Tyr# 5 1- TGG GAC TGC TGC AAG CCT TCG TGC GGC TGG GC - #C AAG AAG GCT CCC GTG 144Trp Asp Cys Cys Lys Pro Ser Cys Gly Trp Al - #a Lys Lys Ala Pro Val# 20- AAC CAG CCT GTC TTT TCC TGC AAC GCC AAC TT - #C CAG CGT ATC ACG GAC 192Asn Gln Pro Val Phe Ser Cys Asn Ala Asn Ph - #e Gln Arg Ile Thr Asp# 40- TTC GAC GCC AAG TCC GGC TGC GAG CCG GGC GG - #T GTC GCC TAC TCG TGC 240Phe Asp Ala Lys Ser Gly Cys Glu Pro Gly Gl - #y Val Ala Tyr Ser Cys# 55- GCC GAC CAG ACC CCA TGG GCT GTG AAC GAC GA - #C TTC GCG CTC GGT TTT 288Ala Asp Gln Thr Pro Trp Ala Val Asn Asp As - #p Phe Ala Leu Gly Phe# 70- GCT GCC ACC TCT ATT GCC GGC AGC AAT GAG GC - #G GGC TGG TGC TGC GCC 336Ala Ala Thr Ser Ile Ala Gly Ser Asn Glu Al - #a Gly Trp Cys Cys Ala# 85- TGC TAC GAG CTC ACC TTC ACA TCC GGT CCT GT - #T GCT GGC AAG AAG ATG 384Cys Tyr Glu Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Gly Pro Va - #l Ala Gly Lys Lys Met# 100- GTC GTC CAG TCC ACC AGC ACT GGC GGT GAT CT - #T GGC AGC AAC CAC TTC 432Val Val Gln Ser Thr Ser Thr Gly Gly Asp Le - #u Gly Ser Asn His Phe105 1 - #10 1 - #15 1 -#20- GAT CTC AAC ATC CCC GGC GGC GGC GTC GGC AT - #C TTC GAC GGA TGC ACT 480Asp Leu Asn Ile Pro Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Il - #e Phe Asp Gly Cys Thr# 135- CCC CAG TTC GGC GGT CTG CCC GGC CAG CGC TA - #C GGC GGC ATC TCG TCC 528Pro Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Pro Gly Gln Arg Ty - #r Gly Gly Ile Ser Ser# 150- CGC AAC GAG TGC GAT CGG TTC CCC GAC GCC CT - #C AAG CCC GGC TGC TAC 576Arg Asn Glu Cys Asp Arg Phe Pro Asp Ala Le - #u Lys Pro Gly Cys Tyr# 165- TGG CGC TTC GAC TGG TTC AAG AAC GCC GAC AA - #T CCG AGC TTC AGC TTC 624Trp Arg Phe Asp Trp Phe Lys Asn Ala Asp As - #n Pro Ser Phe Ser Phe# 180- CGT CAG GTC CAG TGC CCA GCC GAG CTC GTC GC - #T CGC ACC GGA TGC CGC 672Arg Gln Val Gln Cys Pro Ala Glu Leu Val Al - #a Arg Thr Gly Cys Arg185 1 - #90 1 - #95 2 -#00- CGC AAC GAC GAC GGC AAC TTC CCT GCC GTC CA - #G ATC CCC TCC AGC AGC 720Arg Asn Asp Asp Gly Asn Phe Pro Ala Val Gl - #n Ile Pro Ser Ser Ser# 215- ACC AGC TCT CCG GTC AAC CAG CCT ACC AGC AC - #C AGC ACC ACG TCC ACC 768Thr Ser Ser Pro Val Asn Gln Pro Thr Ser Th - #r Ser Thr Thr Ser Thr# 230- TCC ACC ACC TCG AGC CCG CCA GTC CAG CCT AC - #G ACT CCC AGC GGC TGC 816Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser Pro Pro Val Gln Pro Th - #r Thr Pro Ser Gly Cys# 245- ACT GCT GAG AGG TGG GCT CAG TGC GGC GGC AA - #T GGC TGG AGC GGC TGC 864Thr Ala Glu Arg Trp Ala Gln Cys Gly Gly As - #n Gly Trp Ser Gly Cys# 260- ACC ACC TGC GTC GCT GGC AGC ACT TGC ACG AA - #G ATT AAT GAC TGG TAC 912Thr Thr Cys Val Ala Gly Ser Thr Cys Thr Ly - #s Ile Asn Asp Trp Tyr265 2 - #70 2 - #75 2 -#80- CAT CAG TGC CTG TAGACGCAGG GCAGCTTGAG GGCCTTACTG GT - #GGCCGCAA 964His Gln Cys LeuCGAAATGACA CTCCCAATCA CTGTATTAGT TCTTGTACAT AATTTCGTCA TC - #CCTCCAGG1024# 1060 CAAT GAGGAACAAT GAGTAC- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 305 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:- Met Arg Ser Ser Pro Leu Leu Pro Ser Ala Va - #l Val Ala Ala Leu Pro10- Val Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Asp Gly Arg Ser Th - #r Arg Tyr Trp Asp Cys# 10- Cys Lys Pro Ser Cys Gly Trp Ala Lys Lys Al - #a Pro Val Asn Gln Pro# 25- Val Phe Ser Cys Asn Ala Asn Phe Gln Arg Il - #e Thr Asp Phe Asp Ala# 40- Lys Ser Gly Cys Glu Pro Gly Gly Val Ala Ty - #r Ser Cys Ala Asp Gln# 55- Thr Pro Trp Ala Val Asn Asp Asp Phe Ala Le - #u Gly Phe Ala Ala Thr# 75- Ser Ile Ala Gly Ser Asn Glu Ala Gly Trp Cy - #s Cys Ala Cys Tyr Glu# 90- Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Gly Pro Val Ala Gly Ly - #s Lys Met Val Val Gln# 105- Ser Thr Ser Thr Gly Gly Asp Leu Gly Ser As - #n His Phe Asp Leu Asn# 120- Ile Pro Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Ile Phe Asp Gl - #y Cys Thr Pro Gln Phe# 135- Gly Gly Leu Pro Gly Gln Arg Tyr Gly Gly Il - #e Ser Ser Arg Asn Glu140 1 - #45 1 - #50 1 -#55- Cys Asp Arg Phe Pro Asp Ala Leu Lys Pro Gl - #y Cys Tyr Trp Arg Phe# 170- Asp Trp Phe Lys Asn Ala Asp Asn Pro Ser Ph - #e Ser Phe Arg Gln Val# 185- Gln Cys Pro Ala Glu Leu Val Ala Arg Thr Gl - #y Cys Arg Arg Asn Asp# 200- Asp Gly Asn Phe Pro Ala Val Gln Ile Pro Se - #r Ser Ser Thr Ser Ser# 215- Pro Val Asn Gln Pro Thr Ser Thr Ser Thr Th - #r Ser Thr Ser Thr Thr220 2 - #25 2 - #30 2 -#35- Ser Ser Pro Pro Val Gln Pro Thr Thr Pro Se - #r Gly Cys Thr Ala Glu# 250- Arg Trp Ala Gln Cys Gly Gly Asn Gly Trp Se - #r Gly Cys Thr Thr Cys# 265- Val Ala Gly Ser Thr Cys Thr Lys Ile Asn As - #p Trp Tyr His Gln Cys# 280- Leu- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 27 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:# 27 GATT TGATCCA- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 40 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:# 40 AGAC CCTCTACCTA TTAAATCGGC- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 20 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:# 20 GTCT- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 20 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:# 20 AGAC- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 27 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:# 27 TTGA TCCAGTA- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 27 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:# 27 CCTT CTATCTT- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 25 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:# 25 ATCG ATGCC__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Date	Country
0305216	Mar 1989	EPX
8901520	Feb 1989	WOX
8901520	Feb 1989	WOX
8906278	Jul 1989	WOX
8909263	Oct 1989	WOX
9117243	Nov 1991	WOX

Stabilized enzymes

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Entry
Chou et al, J. Mol. Biology .beta.-Turns in Proteins vol. 115, pp. 135-175, 1977.
T.E. Greighton, J. Mol. Biol. Implications of Many Proline Residues for Kinetics of Protein Folding and Unfolding, vol. 125, pp. 401-406, 1978.
M. Levitt, Preferences of Amino Acids, vol. 17, No. 20, 1978.