Patent Application
20240398908
The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the preparation of a topical gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris and, in particular, to topical gel compositions comprising lysozyme and ovotransferrin as active ingredients and ethoxylated dimeric urethanes as gelling agents.
Lysozyme C type is a natural protein with a molecular weight of 14.4 kDa extracted from hen eggs white (HEW) endowed with antimicrobial properties. This compound, active mainly on Gram-positive bacteria and on some viruses, is not active on Gram-negative bacteria. Ovotransferrin, which has a molecular weight of 76 kDa, is another natural protein present in the HEW. This protein belongs to the family of transferrins; it possesses antibacterial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities due to its ability to bind iron (Fe3+) by sequestering it in bacterial biochemical processes. Ovotransferrin has antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria, including E. coli (Schade and Caroline, 1944; Ko et al., 2008), and lysozyme has been shown to improve this activity (Ko et al., 2009). Thus, the complex of lysozyme and ovotransferrin is expected to have enhanced antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative species (Journal of Microbiological Methods Volume 154, November 2018, Pages 19-24, doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.001).
Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus is triggered by Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes formerly called Propionibacterium acnes) in adolescence, under the influence of the hormonal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone, the active metabolite of androsterone.
C. acnes is a Gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobic bacillus able to produce propionic acid as a metabolic by-product and it is part of the normal skin microflora. However, results from recent studies clearly indicate that acne infections also involve other relevant changes in the skin microbiota, particularly an increase of the presence of other bacteria such as Cutibacterium granulosum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, Malassezia species, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (J Clin Med. 2019 Jul. 7; 8 (7): 987, doi: 10.3390/jcm8070987).
Proteobacteria comprise several known human pathogens, including for example the Escherichia, Salmonella and Helicobacter class; these Gram-negative microorganisms are present in various body sites, such as skin, oral cavity, tongue and vaginal tract, as well as in the human gut and stool.
The topical application of lysozyme preparation to effectively treat purulent skin infections caused by acne has been known since 1963: an aqueous formulation at pH 5.5 containing lysozyme HCl (2%) and excipients such as sucrose monolaurate (2%), sucrose distearate (4%) and polyethylene glycol-20 (20%) was disclosed in Aromi, Saponi, Cosmetici (1963), 45, 4758).
The antimicrobial properties of this formulation containing lysozyme HCl for the treatment of acne vulgaris is not fully satisfactory since it is limited against Gram-positive microorganisms; therefore several other formulations have been developed with the aim to extend the antimicrobial activity.
Topical formulations of lysozyme (10-30%) were developed in association with proteases (10-30% bromelin, papain) and a chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ETDA; 2-60%) (HU57608). In this case, EDTA was used to expand the antimicrobial effect against Gram-negative bacteria, amoeba and fungi (Advances in Wound Care, 2015 Jul. 1, 4, 7, 415-421). A similar cosmetic composition, containing lysozyme and other enzymes such as elastase, α-lipase, and/or α-amylase and optionally EDTA as complexing agent, is disclosed in DE4305460: the antimicrobial activity of the formulation was confirmed to be useful for the prevention and treatment of acne caused by S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, B. subtilis, and Klebsiella. In vitro, the antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (i.e. E. coli and Klebsiella) was enhanced by EDTA. Another gel formulation containing lysozyme useful for protecting skin against infections caused by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, Propionibacterium strains and other drug resistant bacteria, is disclosed in CN1709503. Said gel formulation is prepared by mixing human lysozyme with gel matrix containing polyethylene glycol 400 or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, stearyl alcohol, glycerin, sodium pyrrolidine cuprate, methyl paraben and distilled water. These formulations provide the use of a recombinant human lysozyme and not of a lysozyme C type, proteins which are different in the primary structure and other characteristics, such as antibacterial activity and thermal stability, the recombinant lysozyme being the most stable to heating and having higher antibacterial activity (Front Nutr. 2022; 9:833618, doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.833618).
Following the above-mentioned approach to use the combined action of lysozyme C type or of a recombinant human lysozyme with proteases and of a C1-C4 polysaccharide (chitosan or pullulan; Formula 1), WO2008124764 discloses the use of different compositions, including a gel composition for the use in dermatology and cosmetology and optionally one or more additional active agents selected from the family of transferring proteins (such as lactoferrin and ovotransferrin), a protease (such as papain and trypsin), an organic acid a vitamin and a mineral (zinc).
The proteolytic activity of papain and trypsin makes the stability of these formulations questionable, since these proteases are known to quickly hydrolyze the peptide bond of lysozyme, which therefore undergoes degradation (C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1956 Dec. 5; 243 (23): 1926-8; doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861 (56) 90050-9). Moreover, the claimed C1-C4 polysaccharides interfere with the proteins present in the formulation, since chitosan is a basic compound and interacts with ovotransferrin, which has an isoelectric point of 6.0 and both polysaccharides react with the amino groups of lysozyme and ovotransferrin resulting in the formation of Schiff bases and of conjugates through a Maillard reaction (Food Hydrocolloids, Volume 71, October 2017, Pages 1-7, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.04.026). These interactions among the selected excipients are responsible for the low stability of these formulations.
Several other formulations were further developed containing lysozyme and chitosan or carboxymethyl chitosan (Formula 2) as thickening agents (CN104001038; CN107715106).
These complex formulations, which contain, in addition to lysozyme and carboxymethyl chitosan, several other natural components of vegetal origin, are not gels but solutions.
A new gel formulation containing human serum albumin in association with antimicrobial agents, including lysozyme, is disclosed in US2012164087; the claimed gel compositions contain 30 to 95% ethanol by weight. The role of ethanol in the preparation of a gel formulation with lysozyme C type is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,757,328: in fact, lysozyme itself is a gelling substance when treated with an alcohol/water mixture in a range from 80/20 to 60/40 and, therefore, it can be formulated without the addition of other gelling substances. However, these formulations have severe drawbacks since the use of such a high concentration of ethanol is not suitable for the dermatologic use (J Occup Med Toxicol 3, 26 (2008), doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-26). Moreover, the present Applicant experimentally found that the rheological characteristic (i.e., viscosity) of these ethanolic formulations are not stable over time, even when stored at room temperature.
To the best of our knowledge, a stable gel formulation containing active ingredients lysozyme and ovotransferrin stable at physiological skin pH values of 4.1-5.8 using a non-polysaccharide thickening agent without the use of a surfactant (anionic or cationic) was never disclosed.
It should be noted that the use of a ionic surfactant utilized in combination with a thickening agent for the preparation of aqueous gel formulation (WO2005048962) should be avoided since it interferes with the secondary and tertiary structure of lysozyme and ovotransferrin, therefore resulting in the unfolding and denaturation of these proteins.
The Applicant carried out extensive studies with the aim to solve the above-mentioned problems and developed an antimicrobial gel active against acne caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The gel formulations of the invention employ lysozyme and ovotransferrin as active ingredients, are suitable for dermatological use and stable at room temperature over time, makes no use of ethanol as gelling agent, and has stable properties in term of viscosity and enzymatic/antimicrobial activity.
The present invention discloses new stable anti-acne gel formulations comprising lysozyme, ovotransferrin, fatty ethoxylated dimeric urethanes, a preservative, water and optionally one or more humectants. The combination of Lysozyme and ovotransferrin provides synergistic antimicrobial effects against the microorganisms playing relevant role in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris. Surprisingly, the gel formulations of the invention also maintain stable properties in term of viscosity and of antimicrobial action over time.
Gels are jelly-like colloidal systems in which a liquid is dispersed in a solid medium. Since Lysozyme and ovotransferrin have different isoelectric points (pH=11 for lysozyme and pH=6 for ovotransferrin), it is critical to develop a stable gel formulation containing them. This means that the two proteins, at the normal skin pH value of 4.1-5.8, present a very different water solubility and therefore a high probability of precipitation in water-based gel formulations under storage conditions at room temperature. The tested formulations of the prior art, containing ethanol, pullulan, chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan as gelling agent, showed low stability and unstable rheologic characteristics.
It has now surprisingly been found that both proteins can be formulated together in a stable and homogeneous gel using as a water-soluble non-ionic thickener a fatty ethoxylated dimeric urethane, providing clear gel formulations, in which the activities of lysozyme and ovotransferrin are stable over time. Furthermore, at the employed concentrations, said formulations are active against Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme is enhanced by the simultaneous presence of ovotransferrin, thus confirming an antimicrobial synergy therebetween.
The Applicant developed several formulations and found that the best stability in terms of enzymatic activity (determined using the Micrococcus luteus tests) and viscosity are obtained by using the active ingredients in the following weight percentages:
According to the invention, the fatty ethoxylated dimeric urethanes include the compounds identified by the registry numbers 851820-35-4 (known with the trade name of Dermothix-100) and 53533-75-8 (known with the trade name of Dermothix-75), Dermothix-100 is preferably used.
Preferred formulations may also contain also a humectant selected from propylene glycol and glycerol in a percentage ranging from 5 to 15% by weight, preferably 10%. These aqueous gel formulations contain water in an amount ranging from 70 to 80% by weight, preferably 73% and a preservative in a percentage ranging from 0.1 to 0.2% by weight, preferably 0.1%. The preservatives which can be used in these gel formulations may include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoate, glycol ethers, such as phenoxyethanol and caprylyl glycol and organic acids, such as benzoic acid, sorbic acid, levulinic acid and anisic acid.
The formulations of the invention may be used for the preparation of acne cleansing wet wipes and medicated pimple patches. The following experimental section and examples provide evidence of the utility of the formulations as antiseptic and antibacterial agents effective in decreasing the number of bacteria on the surface of the skin and in the treatment and prevention of acne vulgaris.
Dermothix-100 (800 g) and sodium benzoate (20 g) were dissolved in water (10.0 Kg) under stirring at 70° C. for 60′. After this time, a clear solution (portion A) was obtained, then the solution was cooled down at 25-30° C. A solution of lysozyme HCl (460 g), ovotransferrin (116 g), glycerol (2.0 Kg) and water (4.50 Kg) (portion B) was prepared in a separate vessel under stirring at room temperature. The “portion B” solution was added slowly (5-10′ min) into the vessel containing the “portion A” solution, afterwards propylene glycol (2.0 Kg) was added. The obtained mixture was then diluted with water to the final weight of 20 Kg. The mixture was maintained under stirring at room temperature to obtain a homogeneous mixture (30′), stirring was arrested to purge the obtained mixture from air bubbles.
The weight percentage composition of the obtained gel formulation is reported below in Table 1.
The above gel formulation presents at time zero a viscosity of 2,500-3,600 cps at about 25° C.
The collection of technical stability data concerning this formulation was carried out at 25° C. for 24 months, at 40° C. for 24 months and at 54° C. for 21 days. During these timeframes, this formulation was analyzed for the viscosity and for the enzymatic activity of lysozyme. At room temperature, this gel showed unchanged enzymatic activity and viscosity. The same gel stored at 40 and 54° C. was checked only for the enzymatic activity and proved to be unchanged.
luteus test; FIP unit/mg of product)
Microbiological Tests for the Efficacy of the Gel Formulation of the Invention Against Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium Minutissimum, Corynebacterium Diphtheriae and Staphylococcus aureus
In this section, the gel containing lysozyme, ovotransferrin, sodium benzoate, propylene glycol, Dermothix-100 and glycerin, was microbiologically tested against microorganisms which play an important role in the pathophysiology of the common skin disease acne vulgaris: Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Staphylococcus aureus.
The negative control in the experiments was provided by formulations comprising some excipients but without lysozyme, ovotransferrin and/or sodium benzoate. In the preliminary experiments, different growth media were tested for the purpose of supporting the growth of the tested microorganisms, at the same time causing the minimum interference with lysozyme. To this purpose, a growth medium with the addition of tryptone agar provided the best solution. An application rate of 1 g/plate of gel was considered to be appropriate. The experimental data were based on the use of tryptone agar as the growth medium at a gel application rate of 1 g/plate.
The results of these microbiological tests are reported below.
Cutibacterium acnes
Cutibacterium acnes is one of the strains that cause acnes. At the inoculation level used, the colony counts for the plates with the application of Samples 2 and 3 were 176 and 146, respectively (
Sample 1: complete formulation with lysozyme, OT, sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 2: sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 3: glycerin only, placebo; Sample 4: Benzoyl®5 gel: a commercial product from Columbia Laboratories Canada Inc., containing 5% benzoyl peroxide; Sample 5: a sterile lysozyme and OT solution with the same concentrations as in Sample 1. Corynebacterium minutissimum
Corynebacterium minutissimum is associated with skin rash, known as erythrasma. The colony counts were 107 for the plates treated with Sample 3 and 83 with Sample 2 (
Sample 1: complete formulation with lysozyme, OT, sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 2: sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 3: glycerin only, placebo; Sample 4: Benzoyl®5 gel: a commercial product from Columbia Laboratories Canada Inc., containing 5% benzoyl peroxide; Sample 5: a sterile lysozyme and OT solution with the same concentrations as in Sample 1.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is another member of the Corynebacterium genera that causes infections in the mucus membranes and skins. In this study, the growth of the inoculated cells was inhibited by Samples 1, 4 and 5 (
Sample 1: complete formulation with lysozyme, OT, sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 2: sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 3: glycerin only, placebo; Sample 4: Benzoyl®5 gel: a commercial product from Columbia Laboratories Canada Inc., containing 5% benzoyl peroxide; Sample 5: a sterile lysozyme and OT solution with the same concentrations as in Sample 1.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin and soft tissue infections in humans. In this study, 71 and 73 colonies were observed on the plates with the application of Samples 2 and 3 (
Sample 1: complete formulation with lysozyme, OT, sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 2: sodium benzoate and glycerin; Sample 3: glycerin only, placebo; Sample 4: Benzoyl®5 gel: a commercial product from Columbia Laboratories Canada Inc., containing 5% benzoyl peroxide; Sample 5: a sterile lysozyme and OT solution with the same concentrations as in Sample 1.
Under the experimental conditions, the formulation of the invention (Sample 1) was found to be effective against all four strains of the pathogens tested.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102023000013428 | Jun 2023 | IT | national |
This non-provisional application claims priority to and the benefit of provisional application No. 63/504,798 filed May 30, 2023, it also claims priority to and the benefit of Italian patent application No. 102023000013428 filed Jun. 28, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference it their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63504798 | May 2023 | US |
