BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The challenge of designing an energy efficient, economical residential electrical water heating system which effectively utilizes available building floor space has been heightened by the U.S. Department of Energy's recent amendment of their existing energy conservation standards for residential water heaters. In formulaic fashion, this amendment effectively requires that any residential water heater having a water storage capacity greater than fifty five gallons must incorporate therein a heat pump. While such incorporation is designed to increase the efficiency of an over-fifty five gallon water heater, installation with suitable airflow for all replacement applications may not be practical or cost effective. In view of this heightened efficiency requirement it would be desirable to provide multiple water heaters to meet the hot water requirements. It is to this goal that the present invention is primarily directed.
In representatively illustrated embodiments thereof, this invention provides specially designed water heater apparatus with features that allow for an installation comprising upper and lower vertically stacked electric individual water heaters served by a single electrical branch circuit. Each of the upper and lower water heaters has a water storage capacity not exceeding 55 gallons, and the combined water storage capacity of the upper and lower water heaters is greater than 55 gallons. The electric heating elements of the two water heaters are non-simultaneously controlled so that at no time do the two water heaters heat water at the same time.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view through two vertically stacked electric water heaters embodying principles of the present invention and served by a single electrical branch circuit;
FIG. 2 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of the stacked water heaters;
FIG. 3 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a single element electric water heater useable in place of the lower water heater in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a double element electric heater useable in place of the lower water heater in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of first and second vertically stacked single element electric water heaters which are electronically controlled and served by a single electrical branch circuit;
FIG. 6 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of vertically stacked single element and double element electric water heaters which are electronically controlled and served by a single electrical branch circuit; and
FIG. 7 schematically depicts an alternative electronic control scheme for vertically stacked water heaters that are served by a single electrical branch circuit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Schematically depicted in FIG. 1 is a specially designed electric water heater assembly 10 which comprises vertically stacked upper and lower electric water heaters 12 and 14 and is served by a single branch electrical circuit portion 16 of an electrical distribution panel 18. Branch circuit 16 comprises two power wires or leads L1 and L2, and a ground wire or lead G. Each of the water heaters 12 and 14 has a metal tank 20 adapted to hold a quantity of water 22 to be heated. According to an aspect of the present invention, the volume of each of the tanks 20 is no more than fifty five gallons, and the total volume of the two tanks 20 is greater than fifty five gallons. As subsequently described herein, the upper and lower electric water heaters 12 and 14 are non-simultaneously controlled in a manner such that neither water heater operates while the other one is performing its water heating function. Thus, the electrical branch circuit 16 need only be sized to accommodate one of the two water heaters 12 and 14 (the larger one if they do not have equal water heating capacities). Importantly, this combination of design aspects in the present invention adheres to both the letter and spirit of the DOE energy efficiency standard amendment. Specifically, neither of the water heaters has a water storage capacity exceeding fifty five gallons, and the two stored water quantities (which together exceed fifty five gallons) are never heated at the same time.
Still referring to FIG. 1, each the tanks 20 is enclosed within an outwardly spaced metal jacket 24, with suitable insulation 26 being disposed within the space between the jacket 24 and the tank 20. The upper end of each jacket 24 has a centrally disposed upward projection 24a, and the lower end of each jacket 24 has a complementarily shaped central recess 24b. The upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14 are vertically stacked as shown in FIG. 1 by placing the lower water heater 14 on a suitable horizontal support surface such as a floor 28 and then placing the upper water heater 12 atop the lower water heater 14 in a manner such that the upper projection 24a of the lower water heater 14 is interlockingly received in the lower recess 24b of the upper water heater 12. This horizontally aligns and stabilizes the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14.
While the illustrated upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14 are representatively depicted as being identical, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in this particular art that they could be of different storage capacities, heating capacities and/or different physical sizes if desired without departing from principles of the present invention. For example, the upper water heater 12 could be of a smaller diameter than the lower water heater 14, with the central vertical axes of the two water heaters being horizontally offset from one another. It should be noted that the vertical stacking of the two water heaters 12 and 14 advantageously reduces the footprint of the overall water heater assembly 10 compared to, for example, (1) placing both of the water heaters 12,14 on the floor 28, or (2) using a single water heater (having the same total water storage and heating capacity as the stacked water heater assembly 10).
Each of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14 has a resistance type electrical heating element 30 horizontally extending into the interior of its tank 20 and being controlled by a conventional combination high limit/operating thermostat 32. As indicated by the flow arrows in FIG. 1, during operation of the assembly 10, water flows into the lower tank 20 via an inlet pipe P1, from the lower tank 20 into the upper tank 20 via a transfer pipe P2, and then out of the upper tank 20 through an outlet pipe P3. As will be readily appreciated by those of skill in this particular art, the plumbing connections between the two water heaters may be accomplished to provide either a serial flow connection therebetween (as illustratively depicted in FIG. 1) or a parallel flow connection between the two water heaters.
Circumferentially aligned junction boxes 34 are disposed in peripheral portions of the upper and lower ends of each of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14. Extending downwardly through the insulation 26 between the two junction boxes 34 on each water heater 12 and 14 is a vertical wiring passage 36. The upper water heater 12 is stacked atop the lower water heater 14 in a manner such that, as schematically depicted in FIG. 1, the junction boxes 34 and the wiring passages 36 are circumferentially aligned with one another.
As subsequently described in more detail herein, power and ground wiring from the single branch electrical circuit 16 is passed downwardly through the circumferentially aligned wiring passages 36 and is operatively connected to the heating elements 30 and the thermostats 32 in a manner such that the heating elements are non-simultaneously controlled. With reference now to FIG. 2, each of the conventional thermostats 32 has an upper high limit section 38 and a lower operating section 40. Sections 38 and 40 have the indicated wiring terminals 1-4, and each operating section 40 is provided with the indicated single pole, double throw switch 42. Each electric heating element 30 is electrically coupled to its associated switch terminals 2 and 4 as indicated.
According to a feature of the present invention, the two thermostats 32 are electrically coupled in a manner providing the non-simultaneous control of the two heating elements 30 so that only one is operable at a given time. Specifically, as schematically depicted in FIG. 2, power leads L1 and L2 are respectively connected to terminals 1 and 3 of the high limit section 38 of the upper thermostat 32, and the ground lead G is connected to the grounding terminal 44 of the upper water heater 12. Operative control coupling of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14 is effected utilizing supplemental power leads L1a,L2a and a supplemental grounding lead Ga. Lead L1a is interconnected between the thermostat operating section terminal 4 of the upper water heater 12 and the thermostat high limit section terminal 1 of the lower water heater 14. Lead L2a is interconnected between the thermostat high limit section terminal 4 of the upper water heater 12 and the thermostat operating section terminal 3 of the lower water heater 14. Lead Ga is interconnected between lead G and the grounding terminal 46 of the lower water heater 14.
By tracing the circuitry in FIG. 2 it can be seen that with the upper thermostat switch 32 interconnecting its associated thermostat operating section terminals 1 and 2 current flow through the upper heating element 30 to satisfy the water heating demand of the upper water heater 12 is permitted, but simultaneous current flow through the lower heating element 30 is precluded by the circuit opening between terminals 1 and 4 of the operating section 40 of the upper thermostat 32. Conversely, when the water heating demand of the upper water heater 12 is satisfied, the upper switch 32 disconnects the terminals 1 and 2 of the operating section 40 of the upper thermostat 32 and electrically connects the terminals 1 and 4 of the operating section 40 of the upper thermostat 32, thereby permitting current flow through the lower heating element 30 and blocking current flow through the upper heating element 30. Accordingly, neither heating element 30 can receive a current throughflow when the other heating element 30 has electrical current being supplied thereto.
Representatively, but not by way of limitation, the water heaters schematically depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 are of substantially identical size and construction, with the lower water heater 14 having capped-off power and ground leads L1b, L2b and Gb connected as shown to its heating element 30 and thermostat 40. As will be appreciated, these leads may be operatively connected to the thermostat and heating element of another water heater upon which the water heater 14 is to be stacked. Water heater 12 would, as manufactured, also have these capped off leads which may be operatively coupled to a water heater upon which it could be stacked. In the stacked water heater assembly shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the lead sets L1, L2 and G, L1a, L2a and Ga, and L1b, L2b and Gb may be conveniently run downwardly through the aligned wiring passages 36 as shown in FIG. 1.
An alternate bottom electric water heater embodiment 14a is shown in FIG. 3. Water heater 14a is identical in construction to the previously described water heater 14 with the exceptions that it is not provided with the bottom interconnecting leads L1b, L2b and Gb, and its thermostat 32a does not utilize a terminal 4 on its operating section 40a.
A second alternate bottom electric water heater embodiment 14b is shown in FIG. 4. Water heater 14b has upper and lower electric heating elements 30 and 48 which are respectively controlled by a conventional combination high limit/operating thermostat 32 and a thermostat 50 having a single pole single throw switch 52. The upper thermostat 32 and heating element 30 are operatively interconnected as shown by power leads L1c and L2c, and the upper thermostat 32 is connected to the thermostat 32 of the upper water heater 12 (see FIG. 2) by the leads L1a, L2a and Ga. As can be seen this wiring connection provides non-simultaneous control of the water heaters 12 and 14b, and further prevents non-simultaneous operation of the heating elements 32 and 48 in the lower water heater 14b.
Schematically illustrated in FIG. 5 is an alternate embodiment 10a of the previously described stacked water heater assembly 10. In assembly 10a the previously described combination high limit/operating thermostats 32 shown in FIG. 1 are replaced by high limit switch structures 54 and 56 respectively disposed within the tank portions of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14, and the switching capability useable to provide non-simultaneous control of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14 is provided by an electronic control panel 58 incorporating therein a suitable preprogrammed microprocessor 60. Power lead L1 is connected to the upper and lower high limits switches 56, and the heating elements 30 are also connected as shown to the high limit switches 54 and 56. Further, the high limit switches 54 and 56 are respectively connected as illustrated to two control panel switches 62 and 64 which are also electrically connected as shown to the power lead L2. Switches 62 and 64 may alternatively be relays, or other electronic devices, that can switch the resistive load of the heating elements. In response to temperature signals 66 and 68 respectively received from upper and lower tank water temperature sensors 70 and 72, the control panel 58 electronically controls the switches 62 and 64 in a manner providing non-simultaneous control of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14 shown in FIG. 5.
A second alternate embodiment 10b of the water heater assembly 10 is schematically shown in FIG. 6 and is substantially identical to the previously described assembly 10a in FIG. 5 with the primary exceptions that the lower water heater 14 is provided with upper and lower heating elements 30a and 30b coupled to their associated high limit switch 56 as shown, and three switches 86, 88 and 90 are included in the control panel 58 and coupled to the high limit switches 54,56 and the electric heating elements 30, 30a and 30b as shown. Switches 86,88 and 90 may alternatively be relays, or other electronic devices, that can switch the resistive load of the heating elements. In response to temperature signals 66 and 68 respectively received from upper and lower tank water temperature sensors 70 and 72, the control panel 58 electronically controls the switches 86, 88 and 90 in a manner providing non-simultaneous control of the upper and lower water heaters 12 and 14, and further providing non-simultaneous energization of the lower water heater heating elements 30a and 30b.
Shown in FIG. 7 is a third alternate embodiment 10c of the previously described stacked water heater assembly 10. Embodiment 10c, by way of non-limiting example, comprises vertically stacked upper and lower water heaters 76 and 78 electrically coupled by the previously described lead sets L1, L2 and G, and L1a, L2a and Ga, and each having dual electrical resistance heaters 30 extending through the interiors of their tank portions. The upper and lower water heaters 76 and 78 are non-simultaneously controlled by upper and lower control structures 80 and 82 which may communicate with one another via a communication line 84. Representatively, the upper control structure 80 may be a master unit, and the lower control structure 82 may be a slave unit, with the master unit 80 having the capability of sensing whether the upper and lower water heaters 76 and 78 have single or multiple heating elements and responsively adjusting the control functions and sequences associated with the operative control of the upper and lower water heaters 76 and 78. Master unit 80 also determines which element to turn on in a way that only one element is turned on at any given time.
The foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as being given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited solely by the appended claims.
Patent Grant
9234678
