The present disclosure is directed to a fuel system and, more particularly, to a fuel system having stand-alone pump-accumulator-injectors.
Internal combustion engines such as diesel engines and gasoline engines use injectors to introduce fuel into combustion chambers of the engine. Two types of fuel systems are commonly used in modern engines, including a common rail (CR) fuel system and a mechanical unit injector (MUI) fuel system.
A CR fuel system includes a centralized high-pressure pump that feeds pressurized fuel to an accumulator (a.k.a., rail), and a plurality of electronically controlled fuel valves that are supplied with fuel by the accumulator. When a fuel valve inside each injector opens, pressurized fuel from the accumulator flows through an injector nozzle and sprays into an associated combustion chamber.
In contrast to a CR system, a MUI system does not include a centralized high-pressure pump. Instead, the MUI system relies on a cam-driven unit pump for each injector. As a cam rotates to push a lobe against a plunger of the unit pump, high-pressure fuel is forced from the unit pump through an injector nozzle and into an associated combustion chamber.
Competition and government regulations force engine manufacturers to continually improve engine performance, with respect to power, fuel efficiency, and emissions. One way to improve engine performance is to increase fuel injection pressure while also decreasing fuel injection duration. Conventional CR and MUI fuel systems struggle to provide the required higher-pressures within the shorter injection durations.
One attempt to provide a higher performing fuel system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,101 of Poola et al. that issued on Jul. 18, 2006 (“the '101 patent”). In particular, the '101 patent discloses a hybrid fuel injection system having CR components (i.e., a high-pressure pump that feeds an accumulator or rail) and MUI components (i.e., unit-pump injectors that communicate with the rail). With this arrangement, fuel from the unit pump provides for the main injection of the fuel injector, while fuel from the accumulator provides fuel for one or more auxiliary fuel injections.
Although the hybrid system of the '101 patent may exhibit benefits of a combined CR and MUI system, it may still be less than optimal. In particular, the system may be complex and expensive. In addition, the hybrid system may lack design flexibility and have limited retrofitting capabilities with respect to existing engines.
The fuel system of the present disclosure solves one or more of the problems set forth above.
One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a fuel injector for a fuel system having a common rail. The fuel injector may include a pumping portion having a bore formed therein, and a plunger reciprocatingly disposed in the bore. The fuel injector may also include an accumulator portion fluidly connectable to the common rail and configured to receive fuel pushed from the bore of the pumping portion by the plunger. The fuel injector may further include a nozzle portion, and a valve portion connecting the pumping, nozzle, and accumulator portions.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a fuel system. The fuel system may include a common rail, a first type of fuel injector fluidly connected to the common rail, and a second type of fuel injector fluidly connected to the common rail. The second type of fuel injector may include a pumping portion having a bore formed therein, and a plunger reciprocatingly disposed in the bore. The second type of fuel injector may further include an accumulator portion fluidly connected to the common rail and configured to receive fuel pushed from the bore of the pumping portion by the plunger, a nozzle portion, and a valve portion fluidly connecting the pumping, nozzle, and accumulator portions.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an engine. The engine may include an engine block at least partially defining a plurality of cylinders, a piston disposed within each of the plurality of cylinders, and at least one cylinder head configured to close off the plurality of cylinders and thereby form a plurality of combustion chambers. The engine may also include a common rail, a first type of fuel injector disposed at least partially within the at least one cylinder head and configured to inject fuel received from the common rail into a first of the plurality of combustion chambers, and a second type of fuel injector disposed at least partially within the at least one cylinder head and configured to pump fuel into the common rail and to inject fuel into a second of the plurality of combustion chambers. Each of the first and second types of fuel injectors may include an accumulator portion configured to hold pressurized fuel for subsequent injection events. The second type of fuel injector may further include a pumping portion having a bore formed therein, a plunger reciprocatingly disposed in the bore, the accumulator portion fluidly connected to the common rail and configured to receive fuel pushed from the bore of the pumping portion by the plunger, a nozzle portion, and a valve portion fluidly connecting the pumping, nozzle, and accumulator portions.
In another aspect, a cap for closing an opening in a pressure vessel in a pressurized fuel injection system includes a cap body defining a longitudinal axis extending between a proximal cap body end and a distal cap body end, and a transverse axis. The cap body has a first sealing surface extending circumferentially around the longitudinal axis, a second sealing surface extending circumferentially around the transverse axis, and a third sealing surface. The cap body further has formed therein a high-pressure passage including a first high-pressure opening, a second high-pressure opening, and a third high-pressure opening surrounded, respectively, by the first sealing surface, the second sealing surface, and the third sealing surface. The cap body further has formed therein a low-pressure passage including a first drain opening outboard of the first sealing surface to receive fuel leaked past a first seal formed between the first sealing surface and the pressure vessel, a second drain opening outboard of the second sealing surface to receive fuel leaked past a second seal formed between the second sealing surface and a pressure control component, and a third drain opening outboard of the third sealing surface.
In another aspect, a fuel injector assembly includes a fuel injector that includes a pump having a bore formed therein, and a plunger disposed at least partially within the bore. The fuel injector assembly further includes an accumulator attached to the fuel injector and having an opening formed therein, and being fluidly coupled with the pump to receive fuel pressurized by way of reciprocation of the plunger within the bore. The fuel injector assembly further includes a cap positioned within the opening in the accumulator, the cap having formed therein a passage structured to fluidly couple the accumulator with a pressure control component. The cap further includes a plurality of sealing surfaces, one of the plurality of sealing surfaces forming a seal with the accumulator, and another one of the plurality of sealing surfaces being structured to form a seal with the pressure control component.
In still another aspect, a pressurized fuel system includes a low-pressure fuel conduit, and a plurality of fuel injector assemblies each including a fuel injector and a high-pressure accumulator attached to the corresponding fuel injector. Each of the fuel injectors include a pump assembly and an injector body, the injector body having formed therein an inlet passage fluidly coupled to the low-pressure fuel conduit, and a discharge passage structured to convey pressurized fuel from the pump assembly to the attached high-pressure accumulator. Each of the fuel injectors further includes an electrically-actuated injection control valve, a nozzle, and an accumulator passage formed within the injector body and structured to convey pressurized fuel from the high-pressure accumulator to the nozzle.
Cylinder 14, piston 16, and cylinder head 18 may together form a combustion chamber 20 (shown only in
As shown in
Fuel pumping arrangement 26 may include one or more pumping devices that function to increase the pressure of the fuel and direct one or more pressurized streams of fuel into supply passage(s) 30. In one example, fuel pumping arrangement 26 includes a low-pressure source 34. Low-pressure source 34 may embody, for example, a transfer pump that is powered by a variable speed electric motor 36 to provide low-pressure feed to injectors 28 via passage(s) 30. A filter 38 may be disposed within fuel line(s) 30, if desired. It is contemplated that fuel pumping arrangement 26 may include additional and/or different components than those listed above such as, for example, a high-pressure source disposed in series with or used in place of low-pressure source 34.
An exemplary fuel injector 28 is illustrated in
Fuel injector 28 may include multiple components that interact to pressurize and inject fuel into combustion chamber 20 of engine 10 in response to the driving motion of cam arrangement 40. In particular, each fuel injector 28 may include an injector body 48 divided into or otherwise enclosing a pumping portion 48a, a nozzle portion 48b, a valve portion 48c located between pumping and nozzle portions 48a and 48b, and an accumulator portion 48d. The driving motion of cam arrangement 40 described above may result in low-pressure fuel being drawn from passage 30 into pumping portion 48a, and high-pressure fuel being discharged from pumping portion 48a into accumulator portion 48d. Nozzle portion 48b may selectively discharge high-pressure fuel received from accumulator portion 48d into combustion chamber 20. Valve portion 48c may regulate various flows of fuel between the other portions of injector body 48.
Pumping portion 48a may include a plunger 50 reciprocatingly disposed at least partially within a bore 52. Plunger 50 may be operatively connected to rocker arm 46 via a tappet 54. Tappet 54 may be retained in continuous engagement with rocker arm 46 by a plunger spring 56. Low-pressure fuel may flow from valve portion 48c into bore 52 of pumping portion 48a during a retracting (e.g., upward) stroke of rocker arm 46, tappet 54, and plunger 50. High-pressure fuel may be forced from bore 52 into accumulator portion 48d via a discharge passage 58 during a contracting (e.g., downward) stroke of rocker arm 46, tappet 54, and plunger 50.
Nozzle portion 48b may be located at least partially inside cylinder head 18 and include an internal pressure chamber 60 that is fluidly connected with combustion chamber 20 via one or more orifices 62. A valve needle 64 may be reciprocatingly disposed within chamber 20 and movable from a first or closed position (shown in
Valve portion 48c may connect plunger portion 48a with nozzle and accumulator portions 48b, 48d, and also contain one or more valves that facilitate fuel flows therebetween. In the disclosed example, valve portion 48c includes a spill chamber 68 open to bore 52 of plunger portion 48a, a spill valve 70 associated with spill chamber 68, a control chamber 72 fluidly connected with pressure chamber 60 of nozzle portion 48b (e.g., via a restricted orifice 73), a control valve 74 associated with control chamber 72, a spring 76 disposed within a spring chamber 78 between spill and control valves 70 and 74, a first electrical actuator 80 configured to control movements of spill valve 70, and a second electrical actuator 82 configured to control movements of control valve 74. An inlet passage 84 may fluidly connect supply passage 30 with spill chamber 68. An outlet passage 86 may fluidly connect control chamber 72 with a return line 88 that leads back to tank 24. A nozzle supply passage 90 may extend from accumulator portion 48d through valve portion 48c to pressure chamber 60 of nozzle portion 48b.
First and second actuators 80, 82 may be selectively energized by controller 32 to cause movements of spill and control valves 70, 74, respectively. In particular, spill valve 70 may be moved from a first or open position (shown in
When spill valve 70 is in the open position during a retracting stroke of plunger 50, low-pressure fuel may be forced and/or drawn into bore 52 via inlet passage 84 and spill chamber 68. When spill valve 70 is in the closed position during a contracting stroke of plunger 50, high-pressure fuel may be inhibited by spill valve 70 from passing through spill chamber 68 and inlet passage 84, thereby forcing the displacing fuel to instead flow through passage 58 and into accumulator portion 48d. However, when spill valve 70 is in the open position during the contracting stroke, some or all of the fuel being displaced from bore 52 by plunger 50 may be allowed to “spill” through spill chamber 68 and inlet passage 84. When fuel forced from bore 52 is allowed to exit fuel injector 28 via inlet passage 84, the buildup of pressure within fuel injector 28 due to contracting stroke of plunger 50 may be minimal. Accordingly, by timing an opening and closing of spill valve 70 relative to the strokes of plunger 50, an amount and/or pressure of the fuel being displaced by plunger 50 and directed into accumulator portion 48d may be regulated by controller 32.
When control valve 74 is in the open position, high-pressure fuel at a base end of valve needle 64 may be allowed to drain through restricted orifice 73, control chamber 72, outlet passage 86, and return line 88 to tank 24. As the fluid pressure at the base end of valve needle 64 drops with the draining fuel, the high-pressure fuel acting at a tip end of valve needle 64 may create a pressure imbalance that forces valve needle 64 upward against the bias of spring 66 to the open position at which fuel discharge from injector 28 begins. When control valve 74 is in the closed position, pressure may build at the base end of valve needle 64, thereby balancing pressures across valve needle 64 and allowing spring 66 to move valve needle 64 to the closed position to stop fuel injection. Accordingly, by timing an opening and closing of control valve 74, a fuel injection time, amount and/or pressure may be regulated by controller 32.
First and second electrical actuators 80, 82 may each include a solenoid, and an armature fixedly connected to the respective valve (e.g., to spill valve 70 or to control valve 74). The solenoid may include windings of a suitable shape and/or size through which current may flow to establish a magnetic field that, when energized, draws the corresponding armature toward itself. It is contemplated that first and/or second electrical actuators 80, 82 may embody another type of actuator (e.g., a piezo motor), if desired. It is further contemplated that first and second electrical actuators 80, 82 may be combined in some embodiments.
Accumulator portion 48d may be rigidly connected to plunger and/or valve portions 48a, 48c of injector body 48. In one embodiment, accumulator portion 48d may be generally cylindrical and have a center axis that is offset from and parallel to a center axis of pumping, nozzle, and valve portions 48a, 48b, and 48c. In some embodiments, accumulator portion 48d may be integrally formed (e.g., cast, machined, printed, etc.) with one or both of pumping and valve portions 48a, 48c. Accumulator portion 48d may include, among other things, a pressure chamber 94 configured to collect high-pressure fuel pushed from bore 52 by plunger 50. The high-pressure fuel of bore 52 may pass from discharge passage 58 through a check valve (e.g., a spring-biased check valve) 95 before entering pressure chamber 94. Pressure chamber 94 may be fluidly connected with pressure chamber 60 of nozzle portion 48b via nozzle supply passage 90. Pressure chamber 94, on the disclosed example, has a volume that is greater than an amount of fuel injected during any one injection event by a single injector 28 (e.g., 15 to 50 times greater), such that one injection event does not exhaust a supply of fuel stored within pressure chamber 94. For the purposes of this disclosure, an injection event may be considered to include all fuel injections by a single fuel injector 28 during a complete combustion cycle of engine 10.
As shown in
As shown in
Because fuel injectors 102 may not internally pressurize fuel for injection, the fuel pressurized by fuel injectors 28 must be sufficient to provide for the injection needs of all fuel injectors connected in the same arrangement. Accordingly, each fuel injector 28 of arrangement 100 (referring to
Referring now to
Referring now also to
Referring now also to
Referring now also to
Cap body 138 may further include a valve cover seal portion 154 at proximal cap body end 142 structured to seal an opening (not numbered) in valve cover 156 of engine 10. Valve cover seal portion 154 may further include an annular groove 158 that extends around a perimeter of cap 108, and may have a sealing element 159 disposed therein for forming a seal with valve cover 156. Sealing element 159 may be, for example, an O-ring formed of rubber or other suitable material. One or more fastener bores 160 may extend through cap body 138 at proximal cap body end 142, each being structured to receive a fastener 162 for attaching and clamping cap 108 to accumulator 112. In some embodiments, different strategies may be used to attach cap 108 to accumulator 112. For example, cap 108 might have threads formed on a protrusion 188 that extends out of valve cover seal portion 154 to allow cap 108 to be screwed into accumulator 112, or cap 108 could be attached to accumulator 112 by crimping, welding, or still other suitable techniques.
As also seen in
Low-pressure passage 166 may be structured to receive fuel leaked past one or more high-pressure seals. The exemplary cap 108 of
Cap 108 may also be understood to include or be part of a double wall sealing system to prevent fuel from leaking out of assembly 106. Each sealing surface 148, 150, 152 may form an inner wall of the double wall sealing system. Cap 108 may include a first, a second, and a third annular sealing element 186, 190, 191, which might form an outer wall of the double wall sealing system. First annular sealing element 186 may extend circumferentially around cap body 138 at proximal cap body end 142, with first drain opening 174 being positioned between first sealing surface 148 and first annular sealing element 186. First annular sealing element 186 might be an O-ring riding in a groove on cap 108 and may be radially compressed between protrusion 188 and accumulator 112, though embodiments in which the first annular sealing element 186 is configured differently, for instance, being compressed axially, or positioned upon the accumulator, are also contemplated. Third annular sealing element 191 may also be radially compressed and may ride on PRV 136, while second annular sealing element 190 may be axially compressed between pressure sensor 134 and ride on cap 108. It will be appreciated that a variety of alternative embodiments in which each of annular sealing elements 186, 190, 191 may be compressed or positioned differently are also contemplated. Each of first drain opening 174, second drain opening 178, and third drain opening 182 may open to low-pressure passage 166 and be located fluidly between the inner wall and the outer wall of the double wall sealing system. One of the second or third drain openings 178, 182 may be within pressure sensor bore 192 or PRV bore 194 such that the bore is in fluid communication with low-pressure passage 166. Pressure sensor bore 192 or PRV bore 194 may further include threads formed therein, with the one of the second or the third drain opening 178, 182 being positioned between the threads and the corresponding second or third sealing surface 150, 152.
The fuel injectors and systems of the present disclosure have wide application in a variety of engine types including, for example, diesel engines and gasoline engines. The disclosed fuel injectors and systems may facilitate high performance of the associated engine in a simple, flexible, and low-cost configuration. Operation of systems 22, 114 will now be explained.
A controlled injection event may start by first receiving an indication of a desired start of injection (SOI) timing, a desired injection amount, a desired SOI pressure, and/or a desired end of injection (EOI) pressure. For example, engine 10 may request an SOI corresponding to a particular position of piston 16 within cylinder 14. Similarly, engine 10 may request a specific quantity of fuel, an SOI pressure, and/or an EOI pressure. These requested (e.g., desired) injection characteristics may be received by controller 32 (referring to
After receiving the desired fuel injection characteristics, controller 32 may determine a start of current (SOC) for second electrical actuator 82 that will move control valve 74 to the open position and initiate injection at the desired SOI timing. As indicated above, movement of control valve 74 toward the energized flow-passing position may cause an imbalance of pressure that moves valve needle 64 toward the orifice-opening position, thereby initiating injection of fuel into combustion chamber 20. Controller 32 may determine the SOC by offsetting the desired SOI by system delays associated with control valve 74 and valve needle 64.
Controller 32 may determine an EOI timing that corresponds with injection of the desired quantity of fuel. Using known kinematics of nozzle and valve portions 48c and 48d and based on known or assumed fuel pressures inside accumulator portion 48d, accumulator 112, and/or common rail 96, controller 32 may calculate a delay after SOI required for the desired amount of fuel to pass through orifices 62. Controller 32 may then calculate an end of current (EOC) that accounts for delays associated with control valve 74 such that by the end of the injection at the determined EOI timing, the proper amount of fuel has been injected into combustion chamber 20.
Controller 32 may end injection by terminating the current supplied to second electrical actuator 82 at the calculated EOC timing such that control valve 74 moves to the closed position in time for the pressures acting on valve needle 64 to balance and allow movement thereof back to block orifices 62 at the EOI timing.
Because the fuel injected through orifices 62 may be linked primarily to a pressure of fuel within pressure chamber 94 of accumulator portion 48d or accumulator 112 (i.e., and not necessarily linked to pumping operations of plunger 50), fuel injecting by injectors 28 may be performed somewhat independent of fuel pumping. For example, controller 32 may determine a SOC for first electrical actuator 80 associated with spill valve 70 that results in a desired pressure inside of pressure chamber 94 of accumulator portion 48d, accumulator 112, and/or inside of common rail 96, regardless of when fuel is being injected. As indicated above, the amount of displacement of plunger 50 into bore 52 after spill valve 70 has been moved to the flow-blocking position may correspond to an amount of fuel displaced into pressure chamber 94 or accumulator 112 and a resulting pressure. Controller 32 may be programmed with geometric relationships between an angular position of cam arrangement 40, a stroke length and area of plunger 52, and/or a displacement position of plunger 50 within bore 52. From these geometric relationships and the desired displacement amount and/or resulting pressure, controller 32 may calculate a SOC for first electrical actuator 80 (e.g., in terms of crank angle, cam angle, and/or displacement position of plunger 50). When plunger 50 moves through the subsequent displacement, a desired amount of fuel may be pushed from bore 52 to raise a pressure inside of chamber ca or accumulator 112 to a desired level. Controller 32 may be further configured to account for delays associated with spill valve 70 when determining SOC of first electrical actuator 80.
The disclosed arrangement may be simple and inexpensive. In particular, fuel injectors 102 may have fewer control requirements and cost less than fuel injectors 28 because they do not have pumping capabilities. Accordingly, because arrangements 100 and 104 may allow use of only a limited number of fuel injectors 28 (i.e., and a greater number of fuel injectors 102), the corresponding arrangements may be simpler and less expensive than if arrangements 100 and 104 utilized only fuel injectors 28.
In addition, because the pumping action of fuel injectors 28 and assemblies 106 may be at least somewhat independent of the injecting action, the pumping action may occur over a greater period of time during each combustion cycle. That is, the pumping action may not be limited to only a period during which fuel is injected. As discussed hereinafter assemblies 106 may act independently of any shared pressure vessel to pressurize and inject fuel. Each injection of fuel by assembly 106 to combustion chamber 20 may cause fluid pressure in accumulator 112 to drop. Further, leakage of high-pressure fuel past fluid seals 176, 180, 184, if any leakage occurs, may cause the fluid pressure level in accumulator 112 to drop over time if the pressure is not replenished. Pump assembly 120 may be configured to pressurize fuel during and between fuel injections in order to charge accumulator 112. Put differently, pump assembly 120 may be structured to deliver pressurized fuel to accumulator 112 at a rate that allows accumulator 112 to be refilled with pressurized fuel to a desired pressure between fuel injections. This separation of pumping from injection may also allow for the torque associated with the pumping action to be spread over a greater amount of time (and a greater amount of cam surface area), resulting in a lower peak torque and less wear. A lower peak torque passing through cam arrangement 40 during pumping may improve longevity of cam arrangement 40. In addition, the separation of pumping from injection may allow for as short of an injection duration as desired. Even further, injector 28 may be used alone and placed within each cylinder head 18 of engine 10, or used together in a connected arrangement with other injectors of the same or a different type. This may allow for flexibility in designing engine 10, as well as retrofitting of existing engines with complex supply and/or routing requirements.
Systems including assembly 106 may also have the capability for closed-loop control of fuel pressure in each assembly 106, allowing for independent diagnostics, trimming, or pressure control and evaluation for still other purposes. Referring now again to
Finally, positioning of pressure sensor 134 and/or PRV 136 on cap 108 may allow for each to share a common high-pressure passage 164 and/or low-pressure passage 166, either or both of which may be formed within cap body 138. As discussed above, low-pressure passage 166 may be structured to receive high-pressure fuel leaked past fluid seals 176, 180 into drain openings 174, 178, respectively. Further, third drain opening 182 is fluidly coupled with low-pressure passage 166. Fuel in low-pressure passage 166 may be drained from assembly 106 through PRV 136, which may be fluidly coupled with a drain line (not pictured) in fluid communication with tank 24. This unified configuration may allow for easier, more efficient installation and/or removal by service technicians and provides for a simpler design than what might be obtained without a shared drain outlet.
The present description is for illustrative purposes only, and should not be construed to narrow the breadth of the present disclosure in any way. Thus, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications might be made to the presently disclosed embodiments without departing from the full and fair scope and spirit of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that certain features and/or properties of the present disclosure, such as relative dimensions or angles, may not be shown to scale. As noted above, the teachings set forth herein are applicable to a variety of different devices, assemblies, and systems having a variety of different structures than those specifically described herein. Other aspects, features and advantages will be apparent upon an examination of the attached drawings and appended claims. As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “at least one.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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6484697 | Boecking | Nov 2002 | B2 |
6527198 | Stoecklein | Mar 2003 | B1 |
8708249 | Lecluse | Apr 2014 | B2 |
9127629 | Yamada | Sep 2015 | B2 |
20100288018 | Hopmann | Nov 2010 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
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101067406 | Mar 2011 | CN |
102007000072 | Aug 2007 | DE |
102014209298 | Nov 2014 | DE |
2011078153 | Jun 2011 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20180100476 A1 | Apr 2018 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 15288729 | Oct 2016 | US |
Child | 15726950 | US |