Patent Grant
9213039
This application is a 35 U.S.C. §371 national phase filing of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2011/071766, filed Sep. 16, 2011, through which and to which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-219691, filed Sep. 29, 2010.
The present invention relates to a state quantity distribution measuring apparatus, and to a method of measuring a state quantity distribution of a sample.
An important step in the development of an absorbent article, for product improvement, is performing appropriate evaluation of the distribution of state quantities, such as the distribution of moisture, distribution of humidity or distribution of temperature, on the absorption surface within specific regions of the absorbent article, when a liquid has been absorbed.
For example, experience in regard to the feeling of wetness in an absorbent article indicates that the wearer does not feel wetness in proportion to the total amount of liquid absorbed by the absorbent article, but rather tends to feel wetness in proportion to the amount of moisture remaining on the very top of the absorption surface of the absorbent article. This is because liquids absorbed inside the absorbent article, and especially in the absorber, do not readily seep out of the absorbent article even when pressure, such as body pressure, is applied. It is therefore important to appropriately evaluate state quantity distributions in specific regions of the absorbent article.
However, when the moisture content on the absorption surface of an absorbent article, for example, is to be evaluated, the method currently employed in the technical field involves, as shown in
In this evaluation method, however: (1) irregularities in the absorption surface of the absorbent article create sections that contact the absorbent sheet and sections that do not contact it, while the applied pressure also differs for different sections of the absorption surface. The inability to measure potentially skin-contacting regions in a comprehensive and consistent manner has therefore been a problem. Additional problems encountered with this evaluation method include that: (2) migration of liquid depends on the absorption power of the absorbent sheet, and the large variation in the absorbancy of different absorbent sheets leads to significant measurement error, and (3) the low amount of migration of liquid into the absorbent sheet also leads to significant measurement error. Furthermore, this evaluation method does not allow measurement of state quantity distributions in specific regions of the absorbent article.
Measurement of a state quantity in a specific region of an absorbent article can be accomplished using a sensor, such as a moisture sensor, humidity sensor, temperature sensor, heat flow rate sensor or wind speed sensor.
However, since the absorption surface of an absorbent article will generally have irregularities, the distribution of a state quantity on the absorption surface of the absorbent article cannot be easily measured under consistent conditions, such as under constant pressure.
A moisture sensor, for example, may also be used to measure the moisture content on the absorption surface of an absorbent article, and known moisture sensors include electrical capacitance, infrared-absorbing, microwave and electrical resistance moisture sensors. Of these, electrical capacitance-type moisture sensors are considered most suitable for measurement of moisture contents in specific regions of absorbent articles.
Nevertheless, the moisture contents that can be measured by an electrical capacitance-type sensor, such as described in PTL 4, for example, are only low moisture contents, and for example, with the sensor described in PTL 4 it is assumed that the moisture content will be in the range of 0-50 mass %, as stated in claim 8, and it is known that measurement of high moisture content regions is generally difficult to accomplish with moisture sensors. One reason for the difficulty of measuring high moisture content regions with electrical capacitance-type sensors is that water adheres to the sensor, resulting in significant measurement error.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a state quantity distribution measuring apparatus that allows easy measurement of a state quantity distribution in an absorbent article that has irregularities.
It is another object of the invention to provide a state quantity distribution measuring apparatus which allows easy measurement of the moisture content in high moisture content regions of an absorbent article that has irregularities, using an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor.
As a result of diligent research directed toward solving the problems described above, the present inventors have completed this invention upon finding that the aforementioned problems can be solved by a state quantity distribution measuring apparatus, comprising a sensor selected from the group consisting of a moisture sensor, a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a heat flow rate sensor and a wind speed sensor, which measures a state quantity of a sample, a sample stage on which a sample to be measured, consisting of an absorbent article, is placed, and which has a raised surface for placing the sample thereon, a support mechanism which supports the sensor such that the contact pressure of the sensor with respect to the sample is essentially constant, a moving mechanism which moves either or both the sensor and the sample so that the sensor moves relative to the sample, and a measuring mechanism that measures a state quantity of the sample at multiple locations using the sensor, while moving the sensor relative to the sample by controlling the moving mechanism, thereby measuring the state quantity distribution of the sample.
Specifically, the present invention relates to the following aspects.
[Aspect 1]
A state quantity distribution measuring apparatus, comprising:
a sensor selected from the group consisting of a moisture sensor, a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a heat flow rate sensor and a wind speed sensor, which measures a state quantity of a sample,
a sample stage on which a sample to be measured, consisting of an absorbent article, is placed, and which has a raised surface for placing the sample thereon,
a support mechanism which supports the sensor such that the contact pressure of the sensor with respect to the sample is essentially constant,
a moving mechanism which moves either or both the sensor and the sample so that the sensor moves relative to the sample, and
a measuring mechanism that measures a state quantity of the sample at multiple locations using the sensor, while moving the sensor relative to the sample by controlling the moving mechanism, thereby measuring the state quantity distribution of the sample.
[Aspect 2]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to aspect 1, wherein the sensor is an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor, and the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus further comprises an insulating film separate from the sensor and situated between the sensor and the sample, for covering of the sample.
[Aspect 3]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to aspect 2, wherein the sensor has a pair of electrodes situated parallel across a predetermined spacing.
[Aspect 4]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the raised surface of the sample stage is a curved surface forming all or part of the side wall of a cylinder.
[Aspect 5]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to aspect 4, wherein the moving mechanism rotates the sample stage around the central axis of the cylinder, thereby moving the sensor relative to the sample.
[Aspect 6]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to aspect 4 or 5, wherein the moving mechanism moves the sample stage parallel to the central axis of the cylinder, thereby moving the sensor relative to the sample.
[Aspect 7]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the support mechanism holds the sensor such that contact pressure acts in the vertical direction and the sensor is capable of up-down movement.
[Aspect 8]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to aspect 7, wherein the support mechanism is a balance.
[Aspect 9]
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, further having a display mechanism that displays measurement results.
[Aspect 10]
A method of measuring the state quantity distribution of a sample, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a state quantity distribution measuring apparatus comprising the following:
(b) placing the sample on the raised surface of the sample stage,
(c) setting the sensor on the sample, and
(d) measuring the state quantity distribution of the sample in which the measuring mechanism measures a state quantity of the sample at multiple locations using the sensor, while moving the sensor relative to the sample by controlling the moving mechanism.
[Aspect 11]
A method of measuring the state quantity distribution of a sample, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a state quantity distribution measuring apparatus comprising the following:
(b) placing the sample on the raised surface of the sample stage,
(c) setting the insulating film on the sample,
(d) setting the sensor on the sample so as to sandwich the insulating film therebetween, and
(e) measuring the state quantity distribution of the sample, in which the measuring mechanism measures a state quantity of the sample at multiple locations using the sensor, while moving the sensor relative to the sample by controlling the moving mechanism.
[Aspect 12]
The method according to aspect 10 or 11, wherein the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus further comprises a display mechanism that displays measurement results.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus of the invention allows easy measurement of a state quantity distribution in an absorbent article.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus of the invention also allows easy measurement of the moisture content in high moisture content regions of an absorbent article that has irregularities, using an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus of the invention will now be explained in greater detail.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus allows measurement of a state quantity distribution in a sample that is to be measured, that comprises an absorbent article. There are no particular restrictions on the absorbent article, and examples include sanitary materials, such as disposable diapers, urine leakage-preventing sheets or urine-absorbing pads for incontinent patients and women's sanitary products, such as sanitary napkins and panty liners.
By appropriately selecting the sensor for the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus, it is possible to measure a state quantity in specific regions of the absorbent article, such as the liquid-permeable top sheet and especially on the uppermost surface, a state quantity inside the absorber, or a state quantity in the liquid-permeable back sheet.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus 1 shown in
In the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus 1 shown in
In addition, in the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus 1 shown in
Throughout the present specification, measurement of a state quantity distribution of the sample will also be referred to as “scanning” of the sample.
In the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus 1 shown in
Also, in the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus 1 of
The procedure for measurement of the distribution of moisture content in the sample 4 in the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus 1 shown in
While not shown in
The embodiment illustrated in
When the sensor used in the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus is a moisture sensor, it is preferably an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor as described above.
In regard to feeling of wetness in an absorbent article, the wearer tends to feel wetness in proportion to the amount of moisture remaining on the very top of the absorption surface of the absorbent article, and an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor, due to its measuring principle, allows measurement of the moisture remaining on the very top of the absorption surface of the absorbent article.
When the sensor is an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor, any commercially available electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor may be employed, as mentioned above, and the electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor may have a cross-sectional shape, such as shown in
The sensor 2 shown in
The electrode-supporting member preferably has a relative permittivity, water content and water permeability equivalent to the insulating film described hereunder, to avoid affecting measurement of the moisture content. An example of a material for the electrode-supporting member is phenol resin, known by trade names, such as BAKELITE.
While nothing is present between the pair of electrodes 10a and 10b in the sensor 2 shown in
The sensor 2 shown in
When the sensor is an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor, the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus preferably comprises an insulating film separate from the sensor and situated between the sensor and the sample, for covering of the sample. The reason for this is as follows.
The absorption surface of an absorbent article, such as a disposable diaper, as the sample to be measured, often reaches a moisture content of nearly 100% after urination. When a moisture sensor is used to measure moisture content under such high moisture content conditions, part of the moisture will attach onto the sensor, especially near the electrodes, and can introduce error into the measurement results. Thus, placing an insulating film that is separate from the sensor between the sensor and the sample can prevent adhesion of moisture onto the sensor.
When the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus comprises such an insulating film, the sensor itself does not need to have an insulating section to retain the condenser properties of the electrodes, on the side in contact with the sample, as shown in
In terms of the attribute of measuring moisture content, the insulating film preferably has a ratio with respect to permittivity in a vacuum (hereunder referred to simply as “relative permittivity”) of no greater than about 30, more preferably no greater than about 20, even more preferably no greater than about 10 and most preferably no greater than about 5. This is because a high relative permittivity can result in measurement error.
Also, the insulating film preferably has a small and uniform film thickness to reduce measurement error.
The film thickness is preferably no greater than about 300 μm, more preferably no greater than about 200 μm, even more preferably no greater than about 100 μm, yet more preferably no greater than about 50 μm and most preferably no greater than about 30 μm.
The uniformity is preferably such that the coefficient of variation of the film thickness measured at 30 arbitrary points is no greater than about 20%, more preferably no greater than about 10% and even more preferably no greater than about 5%.
The coefficient of variation is the value calculated by the following formula (1).
Coefficient of variation (%)=100×standard deviation/arithmetic mean Formula (1)
The insulating film also preferably has a low water content to reduce measurement error. This is because a high water content will result in a high relative permittivity of the insulating film, and may increase measurement error.
As a general standard for the water content, the water content after immersion in water at 25° C. for 24 hours is preferably less than about 3 mass %, more preferably less than about 1 mass % and even more preferably less than about 0.5 mass %.
The insulating film preferably also has low water permeability. A general standard for low water permeability is a level such that the sensor and especially the electrodes are not wetted by water during measurement. This is because it may not be possible to accomplish measurement of the electrostatic capacity if the electrodes are wetted by water.
The material of the insulating film is not particularly restricted so long as it satisfies the performance described above, and examples include polyamide, melamine, epoxy, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride and polymethylpentene materials.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus, comprising the insulating film described above, can measure samples having moisture contents in a very wide range, such as preferably about 0 mass %-100 mass %, more preferably about 1 mass %-90 mass % and even more preferably about 5 mass %-80 mass %.
The insulating film can also be applied to sensors other than electrical capacitance-type moisture sensors, so long as it does not adversely affect the measurement. By using the insulating film it is possible to reduce measurement error caused by adhesion of moisture to sensors.
The sample stage 3 has a half-regular cylinder shape in the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus shown in
For example, when the sample is an absorbent article having irregularities on the surface to be measured, placing the sample on a sample stage with a raised surface will cause the measuring surface of the absorbent article to warp along the raised surface of the sample stage, thus allowing the contact area between the sensor and the sample to be reduced and minimizing the effects of the irregularities of the sample, to allow smooth measurement of the state quantity distribution. The raised surface of the sample stage is preferably a surface that maintains a constant contact area between the sample and the electrodes of the sensor.
The raised surface may be, for example, one that forms all or part of the side wall of a cylinder.
Throughout the present specification, the term “cylinder” includes regular cylinders that have a circular cross-section, elliptic cylinders that have an elliptical cross-section, approximately circular cylinders having an approximately circular cross-section, and approximately elliptic cylinders that have an approximately elliptical cross-section.
Sample stages wherein the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of a regular cylinder include sample stages wherein the cross-section has a shape formed from a circular arc and chord without the central axis 22, such as shown in
By using a sample stage in which the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of a regular cylinder, and applying the contact pressure of the sensor on the sample so as to be perpendicular to the central axis of the regular cylinder and pass through the central axis of the regular cylinder, it is possible to apply the contact pressure in the thickness direction of the sample.
Also, by using a sample stage in which the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of a regular cylinder, and controlling the moving mechanism so that the sample stage rotates around the central axis of the regular cylinder, it is possible to measure a one-dimensional state quantity distribution of the sample while maintaining a constant height of the location of contact between the sample stage and sensor.
In addition, by using a sample stage in which the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of a regular cylinder, and controlling the moving mechanism so that the sample stage rotates around the central axis of the regular cylinder while the sample stage moves parallel to the central axis of the regular cylinder, it is possible to measure a two-dimensional state quantity distribution of the sample while maintaining a constant height of the location of contact between the sample stage and sensor.
Sample stages wherein the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of a regular cylinder also include sample stages wherein the cross-section has a shape formed from an elliptical arc and chord without the central axis 22, such as shown in
By using a sample stage in which the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of an elliptic cylinder, and the contact pressure of the sensor on the sample is applied so as to be perpendicular to the central axis of the elliptic cylinder and pass through the central axis of the elliptic cylinder, it is possible to apply the contact pressure in approximately the thickness direction of the sample.
Also, by using a sample stage in which the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of an elliptic cylinder, and controlling the moving mechanism so that the sample stage rotates around the central axis of the elliptic cylinder, it is possible to measure a one-dimensional state quantity distribution of the sample while maintaining an approximately constant height of the location of contact between the sample stage and sensor.
In addition, by using a sample stage in which the raised surface is a curved surface composing all or part of the side wall of an elliptic cylinder, and controlling the moving mechanism so that the sample stage rotates around the central axis of the elliptic cylinder while the sample stage moves parallel to the central axis of the elliptic cylinder, it is possible to measure a two-dimensional state quantity distribution of the sample while maintaining an approximately constant height of the location of contact between the sample stage and sensor.
The size of the sample stage is not particularly restricted so long as it is a size allowing roughly the entire surface of the absorbent article to be placed thereon, and for example, with a sample stage as shown in
In the embodiment shown in
However, the manner in which the moving mechanism controls movement is not particularly restricted so long as the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus can measure the state quantity distribution of the sample, but according to a different embodiment of the invention, for example, the moving mechanism can control movement of the sensor (that is, the moving mechanism does not control movement of the sample stage). According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the moving mechanism may control movement of both the sensor and sample stage, moving the sensor and sample stage in different directions, such as perpendicular directions. In this case, the moving mechanism may effect control so that the sample stage is rotated.
In the embodiments shown in
Also, the angle of rotation varies depending on the shape of the absorbent article sample and the size of the sample stage, and it is not particularly restricted but may be within about 180° or within about 90°, for example.
In the embodiments shown in
For convenience in
a) is an example in which the cross-section of the absorbent article 24 in the direction orthogonal to the lengthwise direction is repeatedly scanned as the location in the lengthwise direction is varied. As a possible method for scanning as shown in
Movement in the y-axial direction is accomplished by the sample stage, while movement in the x-axial direction is accomplished by the sensor.
b) is an example in which the cross-section of the absorbent article 24 in the lengthwise direction is repeatedly scanned as the location in the direction orthogonal to the lengthwise direction is varied. As a possible method for scanning as shown in
Movement in the y-axial direction is accomplished by the sample stage, while movement in the x-axial direction is accomplished by the sensor.
c) is an example in which the cross-section of the absorbent article 24 in the oblique direction is repeatedly scanned as the location is varied. As a possible method for scanning as shown in
Also, the movement in the y-axial direction is accomplished by the sample stage while the movement in the x-axial direction is accomplished by the sensor, and these may be combined to achieve the movement illustrated in
d) is an example of scanning the absorbent article 24 from the outer edge toward the interior. As a possible method for scanning as shown in
Movement in the y-axial direction is accomplished by the sample stage, while movement in the x-axial direction is accomplished by the sensor.
In the embodiments illustrated in
The moving mechanism may be a motor, for example.
When the raised surface of the sample stage 3 shown in
In the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus shown in
The support mechanism is not limited to a balance as shown in
For example, when the sensor is not very heavy and there is no need to reduce the contact pressure of the sensor against the sample, there may be used a support mechanism 6 which does not have a weight on the side opposite the sensor, such as shown in
The contact pressure of the sensor against the sample will differ depending on the sample to be measured and the type of sensor, and for example, it may be about 1-100 g/cm2, preferably about 2-50 g/cm2 and more preferably about 3-20 g/cm2. For example, when a state quantity distribution is to be measured while reproducing body pressure that is applied to an absorbent article during wear, the contact pressure may be about 5-15 g/cm2.
The measuring mechanism may be a computer, for example.
According to a different embodiment of the invention, the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus may further comprise a recording mechanism that records a state quantity measured by the sensor and positional information from the moving mechanism. The measuring mechanism and recording mechanism may also be the same computer.
With the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus, the state quantity distribution may be measured under constant conditions, such as after a fixed period of time, upon dropping artificial urine, artificial menstrual blood or the like onto an absorbent article as a sample and placing the absorbent article on the sample stage, but according to a different embodiment of the invention, the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus may further comprise a dropping mechanism which drops a test solution, such as artificial urine or artificial menstrual blood.
According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the dropping mechanism may be one capable of controlling the dropping rate, dropping volume, dropping frequency and dropping temperature for the test solution, in order to simulate actual urination or defecation.
According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the dropping mechanism may even be one wherein the dropping rate, dropping volume, dropping frequency and dropping temperature for the test solution are controlled by a computer. In this case, the computer may be the same one or a different one than the computer of the measuring mechanism and/or recording mechanism.
According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the sensor, support mechanism, moving mechanism, recording mechanism and dropping mechanism may be controlled by the same or different computers for fully automatic measurement of the state quantity distribution.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus may also have a display mechanism, such as a monitor or printer that displays the measurement results. The display mechanism will generally be connected to the measuring mechanism.
By providing the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus with a display mechanism, it is possible to represent the state quantity distribution of the sample in the form of a graph, for example.
Examples of graphs to be displayed by the display mechanism include (i) a three-dimensional graph, such as a three-dimensional contour line graph or three-dimensional vertical bar graph representing a state quantity distribution across the entire surface of the absorbent article, with the lengthwise direction of the absorbent article as the x-axis, the direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of the absorbent article as the y-axis, and a state quantity, such as moisture, humidity, temperature, heat flow rate or wind speed, of the absorbent article as the z-axis, and (ii) a two-dimensional graph, such as a line graph, bar graph or scatter plot representing a state quantity distribution for a cross-section of the absorbent article, where the x-axis is a direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of the absorbent article at some location in the lengthwise direction of the absorbent article, and the y-axis is the state quantity of the absorbent article.
Such graphical representation allows analysis of a state quantity distribution for an absorbent article sample, to determine, for example, that the area near the center of the absorber has a low moisture content while the moisture content is high at a location further ahead in the lengthwise direction, and that the high moisture content at that location may be unpleasant for the wearer.
The state quantity distribution measuring apparatus may further comprise a static-eliminating mechanism to eliminate static electricity in the sample or sensor, if the sensor is an electrical capacitance-type moisture sensor. Before measurement of the state quantity distribution of the sample, the sample may be electrically grounded to eliminate static electricity, for increased measuring precision.
The invention will now be explained in greater detail using examples and comparative examples, with the understanding that the invention is in no way limited by the examples.
Reference samples 1-6 were fabricated with different moisture contents, by adding prescribed amounts of water to SILCOTT™ (Unicharm Corp.). The reference samples were then allowed to stand in a sealed state at 20° C. for 1 day.
Next, the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus shown in
Reference samples 1-6 were then each placed on the sample stage and the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus was used for measurement of the moisture contents. The contact pressure of the sensor for each sample was 8 g/cm2.
The results are shown in Table 1 and
As is clear from Table 1 and
Each of Reference samples 1-6 was touched with the finger of multiple subjects and the state was evaluated on a 4-level scale of (i) dry, (ii) moist, (iii) wet, (iv) soaked.
The results are shown in Table 2.
This allowed general categorization of “dry” for a moisture content of about. 0-50%, “moist” for a moisture content of about 50-70%, “wet” for a moisture content of about 70-80% and “soaked” for a moisture content of about 80-100%.
Based on the obtained data, the measurement results can also be used to draw a graph for visualization of the wetted state of an absorbent article, with a dry condition represented by white and a soaked condition represented by blue, instead of the moisture content.
As a sample there was prepared Sofy Bodyfit™, Regular daily use, with wings (product of Unicharm Corp.). At the center of the sample (the center in the lengthwise direction and the center in the direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction) there was dropped 6 mL of artificial menstrual blood.
Next, the sample was placed on the sample stage of the state quantity distribution measuring apparatus shown in
One minute after dropping the artificial menstrual blood, the moisture content distribution of the sample was measured as shown in
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|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-219691 | Sep 2010 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2011/071766 | 9/16/2011 | WO | 00 | 1/25/2013 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2012/043423 | 4/5/2012 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20130174652 A1 | Jul 2013 | US |
