The present invention relates to a stator or rotor, and in particular a stator or rotor for an in-wheel electric motor or generator.
Stators are well known as the stationary part of an electric motor or electric generator about which a rotor turns. Stators generally comprise a magnetic component and other structural components. Electric motors work on the principle that a current carrying wire will experience a force in the presence of a magnetic field. Typically a rotor, carrying a set of permanent magnets, is arranged to rotate about a set of coils that are arranged to carry an electric current, resulting in the rotor rotating about the stator and generating movement. It will be appreciated that it is also possible for the rotor to carry a set of coils and the stator to carry a set of permanent magnets.
An example of a stator, which is arranged to be mounted within a rotor, is shown in
However, with an arrangement such as that shown in
Additionally, traditional ways of providing coil insulation between a stator and coil windings can result in poor thermal conductivity, which can limit the performance of an electric motor.
Further, large single piece stators typically require a complex winding machine and complex winding process to perform the required coil windings.
Accordingly, it is desirable to improve this situation.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a stator or rotor and a method according to the accompanying claims.
The invention provides the advantage of allowing individual stator teeth to be individually wound prior to being mounted to the stator back-iron, thereby allowing the space between coils on adjacent stator teeth to be minimised.
Further, radially mounting a stator tooth to a stator back-ring with potting material being used as a retaining feature for retaining the stator tooth to the stator back-iron provides the further advantage of reducing manufacturing complexity and weight of stator teeth and the stator back-iron.
Additionally, by having a stator tooth that is mountable to a stator back-iron allows an insulation layer to be over moulded to the stator tooth prior to the mounting process. The use of an over moulding layer applied to single stator tooth can minimise the risk of any air gaps forming between the insulation layer and the stator tooth, thereby providing an electrical insulation layer between the coils and the stator while also improving thermal conductivity.
The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Although embodiments of the invention will now be described in relation to a stator for an electric motor, it should be appreciated that the invention applies equally to rotor arrangements in the instance of electric motors in which the rotor carries the coils. The invention also applies equally to electric generators. Although the present embodiment describes an electric motor having a stator and rotor, where the stator and rotor have a circumferential support, the invention is equally applicable to electric motors having stators and rotors with a different configuration, for example a linear electric motor. Accordingly, the term rotor is intended to cover the moving component of an electric motor irrespective of the shape of that component and as such is intended to cover a forcer in a linear electric motor.
In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention,
The stator back-iron 200, including the protrusions 210, are formed as a single piece, integral, structural component. For example the stator back-iron 200 can be moulded from powder metal, or more commonly, built up of a number of identical laminations, where the laminations will typically be manufactured from sheets of steel, such as electrical steel, however any material with appropriate strength and electromagnetic properties can be used. The laminations may also have an insulating coating on the surface and along the curved interface shape between teeth stacks and stator back-ring (i.e. circumferential support 200) to prevent eddy currents from flowing between the laminations.
The laminations can be produced by any suitable means, for example stamping or cutting the desired shape from a sheet of the required material or laser etching. As an example, the laminations may have a thickness of between 0.3 and 0.4 mm and preferably around 0.35 mm.
Each of the protrusions 210 formed on the stator back-iron 200 are arranged to receive a stator tooth, where each of the protrusions are arranged to be housed in a recess formed in a stator tooth, as described below.
As illustrated in
Although the present embodiment illustrates a channel 220 formed on two sides of the protrusion 210, the present invention is equally applicable to a single channel 210 formed on one side of the protrusion 210.
As illustrated in
Further, the orientation of the channels 220 is not limited to running substantially parallel to the base of the protrusion 210 and other orientations may be used.
To minimise the risk of a stress point occurring on the protrusion 210 the channels 220 on each side of the protrusion 210 are offset with respect to one another, thereby ensuring that the width of the protrusion 210 at any point is not reduced by anything greater than the depth of a single channel 220.
Preferably, at the base of a protrusion 210, and on each side, is formed a groove 240 (i.e. a recess), where the groove 240 runs along the stator back-iron 200 at the base of the protrusion 210 in substantially an orthogonal direction to the circumferential plane of the stator back-iron 200. Each groove 240 formed in the stator back-iron 200 is arranged to receive an end portion of a stator tooth wall section, as described below.
A recess is formed between the two tooth wall sections 310 of the stator tooth 300. The recess is sized to allow a stator back-iron protrusion to be housed within the recess when the stator tooth 300 is placed over the protrusion 210, as illustrated in
Additionally, the bottom portions of the two tooth wall sections are arranged to extend laterally and have corresponding dimensions to the grooves 240 that runs along the stator back-iron 200 at the base of a protrusion 210 so that the laterally extended bottom portions of the two tooth wall sections 310 fit within the grooves 240 on the stator back-iron 200 when the stator back-iron protrusion 210 is housed within the stator tooth recess.
On each of the inner walls of the tooth wall sections 310 there is formed a channel 330. Both channels 330 formed on the stator tooth recess are arranged to align with a corresponding channel 220 on a stator back-iron protrusion 210 once the stator tooth 300 has been placed over the stator back-iron protrusion 210.
As with the channels formed on the stator back-iron protrusions 210 both stator tooth recess channels 330 extend the whole length of a respective wall section 310, however the length of the stator tooth recess channels 330 may be shortened, thereby only extending a portion of the length of a tooth recess wall section 210.
Further, the orientation of the channels 330 is not limited to running substantially parallel to the base of the tooth 300 and other orientations may be used that correspond with the orientation of the channels 220 formed on the protrusion 210.
As the stator teeth 300 are separate from the stator back-iron 200 they can be pre-wound with coil windings before the stator teeth 300 are mounted to the stator back-iron 200 with the advantage that the winding of coils on the teeth is easier than if the teeth were integral to the stator support. For example, the slot fill (i.e. the amount of copper wire that fills the slots between stator teeth) for conventional electric motor designs will be of the order of 37%. However, by allow winding of coils to be applied to a stator tooth without the space constraints imposed when the stator is formed as a single piece with integral teeth the slot fill can be increase to approximately 54% or more.
Preferably, prior to the mounting of a stator tooth 300 to the stator back-iron 200 an adhesive is applied to one or more surfaces on the stator tooth 300 and/or a protrusion 210, which abut when the stator tooth 300 is mounted to the protrusion 210. The application of an adhesive to one or more surfaces of the stator tooth 300 and/or protrusion 210 helps to retain the stator tooth to the stator back-iron prior to the application of potting material, as described below. Additionally, the application of an adhesive to one or more surfaces of the stator tooth 300 and/or protrusion 210 also helps to minimise micro-movement of the stator tooth 300 and local vibration of the tooth 300 relative to the stator back-iron 200. To aid thermal conductivity between the stator tooth 300 and the stator back-iron 200 the adhesive is preferably selected to have a good thermal conductivity. The adhesive can also help to electrically isolate the stator tooth 300 from the protrusion 210, thereby helping to minimise eddy currents between stator tooth 300 and the stator back-iron 200.
To mount the stator teeth 300 to the stator back-iron 200 the stator teeth 300 are radially pressed onto a respective protrusion 210 formed on the stator back-iron 200 and a material is inserted between the channels 220, 330 formed on adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210. Preferably, the material is a fluid that is arranged to harden once the material has been inserted between the channels 220, 330 formed on adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210, for example as part of a curing process such as a polymer material arranged to harden by cross-linking of polymer chains brought about by chemical additives, ultraviolet radiation, electron bean or heat. Other examples of suitable material include a polyurethane potting material, or a silicone potting material.
One example of a suitable material would be an epoxy polymer material where the ratio/weight of resin and curing agent, otherwise known as a hardening agent, are selected and blended together prior to the material being inserted between the channels 220, 330 formed on the adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210. The blended compound is then inserted between the channels 220, 330 formed on the adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210. To improve the flow of the material into the channels 220, 330 formed between the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusions 210 warming of the material and/or the stator assembly can be performed.
Once the material has hardened, the hardened material acts as a retention pin 490 that locks the stator tooth 300 to the stator back-iron 200, where the increased shear strength of the hardened material inhibits the radial movement of the stator tooth 300 relative to the stator back-iron 200. As illustrated in
Although the preferred embodiment uses a fluid, arranged to harden as part of a curing process, as a retention pin 490 for interlocking a stator tooth 300 to the stator back-iron 200 other materials may be used, for example solid elements that are inserted between the channels 220, 330 formed on the adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210.
However, the use of a fluid that hardens after being inserted into the channels formed on the protrusion 210 and the recess wall sections 310 has the advantage of allowing the retaining element to be relatively easily injected into the channels after the stator tooth, with coil windings mounted to the stator tooth, has been mounted over a protrusion.
As illustrated in
The forming of a gap in the injection moulded plastics layer 400 on the end sides of the tooth 300 has the additional advantage of minimising the inward pressure on the two wall sections 310 of the tooth when the injection moulded plastics layer 400 is being applied to the tooth 300. This avoids the need for structural supports to be placed between the two wall sections 310 for preventing the stator tooth wall sections 310 bending during the injection moulding process. As illustrated in
As illustrated in
To aid electrical isolation between the coil windings and the stator tooth 300 at the end sections of the stator tooth 300, an electrically insulating element 420 is placed in the gaps 410 formed in the injection moulded plastics layer 400 before the coil windings are applied to the stator tooth 300. The electrically insulating elements 420 are arranged to electrically insulate the end sections of the tooth 300 from the coil windings wound around the tooth 300.
Although the preferred embodiment uses two insulating elements 420 placed in two gaps 410 formed on opposite sides of the injection moulded plastics layer 400, the injection moulded plastics layer 400 can be applied with a single gap 410 formed in the injection moulded plastics layer 400 at one end side of the tooth 300 with a single insulating element 420 being used to provide insulation at the end section of the tooth 300.
Preferably, the two insulation elements 420 have keying features that are arranged to match corresponding features formed in the injection moulded plastics layer 400 for facilitating the correct placement of the two insulation elements 420 in the respective gaps 410 formed in the injection moulded plastics layer 400. For the purposes of the present embodiment, an extended lip 430 is formed at the top of the injection moulded plastics layer 400 at one end of the stator tooth 300, with a corresponding recess 440 formed in the associated insulation element 420. On the other end of the stator tooth 300, a keying element 450 is formed on the edge of the injection moulded plastics layer 400 two thirds of the way up from the bottom of the stator tooth 300 with a corresponding recess 460 formed in the associated insulation element 420. However, any form of keying feature may be used.
Preferably, at least one of the insulation elements 420 have a channel 480 formed on an inner surface of the insulation elements 420 for allowing the material, for example potting or adhesive material, to be channeled between the channels 220, 330 formed on the adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210 when the insulation elements 420 are placed in the gaps formed in the injection moulded plastics layer 400 and the associated tooth 300 has been mounted to the stator back-iron 200.
By having a channel 480 formed on an inner surface of an insulation element 420 it is possible for material to be applied up through the channel and between the channels 220, 330 formed on the adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210 surfaces of the stator tooth recess and the stator back-iron after the stator tooth 300 has been mounted to the stator back-iron, where as stated above the potting material is used to retain the stator tooth 300 to the stator back-iron 200.
As stated above, to aid thermal conductivity between the stator tooth 300 and the stator back-iron 200 the adhesive/potting material is preferably selected to have a good thermal conductivity. The adhesive/potting material can also help to electrically isolate the stator tooth 300 from the protrusion 210, thereby helping to minimise eddy currents between stator tooth 300 and the stator back-iron 200.
Preferably at least one of insulation elements 420 includes at least one guiding feature 470 for aiding in the routing of a portion of the coil windings. A first guiding element 470 is provided at the top of the insulation element 420 for routing coil windings to/from a stator tooth 300 with two guiding elements 470 provided at the bottom of the insulation element 420 for routing coil windings between stator teeth 300.
Preferably, the injection moulded plastics layer 400 and the first and/or second insulation elements 420 are made of different materials.
Preferably the over-moulded material is selected to have good thermal conductive properties, thereby aiding thermal conductivity between the coil windings and the stator tooth 300. However, an over-moulded material selected for its optimum thermal conductive properties may not provide the optimum mechanical strength requirements required for guiding/routing portions of the coil windings. Accordingly, by having insulation elements 420 located at the end sides of the stator teeth 300 that do not form part of the injection moulded plastics layer 400 it is possible to select different materials for the insulation elements 420 and the injection moulded plastics layer 400 based on different priorities. For example, the material for the insulation elements 420 can be selected for optimum strength with the material for the injection moulded plastics layer 400 being selected for optimum thermal conductivity. As such, the injection moulded plastics layer 400 may have a higher thermal conductivity than the insulation elements 420 with the insulation elements 420 having great mechanical strength than the injection moulded plastics layer 400. An example of a suitable injection moulded plastics layer would be CoolPoly® Thermally Conductive Liquid Crystalline Polymer. An example of a suitable material for the insulation elements would be Nylon PA66.
Preferably at least one side of the tooth 300 includes a retaining feature 610 over which the injection moulded plastics layer is formed for preventing the injection moulded plastics layer 400 from peeling away from the side of the tooth 300.
Once the stator tooth 300 has been over-moulded and the insulating elements 420 have been placed in the gaps 410 formed in the end sides of the over-moulding, coil windings are applied to the stator tooth 300. The stator tooth 300 is then placed over a protrusion 210 and material is applied through the insulation element channel into the channels 220, 330 formed on the adjacent surfaces of the recess wall sections 310 and the protrusion 210 for retaining the stator tooth 300 to the stator back-iron 200.
For the purposes of the present embodiment, a fully assembled stator includes 72 stator teeth, however any number of teeth can be used, where preferably the number is between 50 and 100.
It will be appreciated that whilst the invention as shown in the figures and substantially as described relates to an arrangement in which the rotor surrounds a stator and rotates around it, it is fully within the scope of the current invention for the stator to surround the rotor with the winding teeth protruding radially inwards towards the centre of the stator rather than radially outwards.
Also, whilst the invention has been described in relation to stators for electric motors, the invention is equally applicable to elements of an electric generator.
Although stators embodying the present invention can be of any size, preferred sizes will depend upon the desired size of the electric motor or generator. For example, for an electric motor having an 18″ diameter, the outside radius of the stator may be around 191 mm (i.e. that stator diameter is 382 mm). For a 20″ diameter motor the outside diameter of the stator may be around 424 mm and for a 14″ diameter motor the outside diameter may be around 339 mm.
A stator constructed according to the above embodiment finds particular utility in electric motors for electric vehicles. In particular, embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into road going electric vehicles and more specifically electric vehicles having one or more in-wheel electric motors.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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1218669.8 | Oct 2012 | GB | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/IB2013/059371 | 10/15/2013 | WO | 00 |