Patent Application
20160021873
The present invention relates to a preservation medium, a preservation method and a preservation system of stem cells, in particular, induced pluripotent stem cells (hereinafter, referred to as iPS cells) and embryonic stem cells (ES cells) of primates, and also relates to technologies for preserving simply and efficiently the cells not by means of vitrification but by means of slow-freezing preservation.
Industrial applications of human iPS/ES cells may include a field of regenerative medicine as well as a field of research and development of innovative drugs. An important point common to these fields is to cultivate and supply constant qualities of cells. In particular, human iPS/ES cells are low in survival rate after cryopreservation unlike murine cells, which poses a problem. Industrialization of human iPS/ES cells will require technologies of cryopreservation.
Cryopreservation of human iPS/ES cells is preceded by vitrification and slow-freezing methods. At the present time, in Japan, for example, in the iPS bank of research-use, BioResource Center, Riken (the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), a vitrification solution which is called DAP 213, is used to cryopreserve human iPS cells by means of vitrification. The DAP 213 is a vitrification solution developed for preserving fertilized ova of mice and high in solute concentrations, that is, 2 M of DMSO, 1 M of acetamide and 3M of propylene glycol. The solution is quite high in toxicity due to osmotic pressure. Therefore, on freezing iPS/ES cells of primates including humans, it is necessary to treat the iPS/ES cells within a very short period of time, or about 10 seconds, from start of suspension to submersion into liquid nitrogen, and after being taken out from the liquid nitrogen on thawing, it is also necessary to rapidly thaw these cells by addition of a culture medium which has been in advance warmed at 37° C. Further, these cells are not thawed in a state of being placed into a tube by using an incubator, which requires certain skills and experience.
In particular, in vitrification, water is not crystallized but solidified and frozen in a glass state. To that end, it is necessary to increase the concentration of a solute (cryoprotective agent) and enhance a cooling velocity. The higher the concentration of solute, the more easily vitrification can take place due to restricted molecular motions of water. However, the osmotic pressure is increased to result in an increase in toxicity of cells.
Further, re-crystallization will take place not on freezing but on thawing, thereby damaging the cells. And, this poses a serious problem.
In contrast, Ha SY and others reported a slow-freezing method for human iPS/ES cells in which human ES cells (SNUhES-3 strains) were subjected to cell dissociation by using a 0.25% (w/v) trypsin—0.53 mM. EDTA solution and, thereafter a cryopreservation (5% DMSO, 50% FBS (fetal bovine serum), 10% EG, and 5% DMEM/F12) was slow-frozen and rapidly thawed to obtain a survival rate of 30.2%. (refer to Non-patent literature 1)
WuCF and others reported that a cryopreservation solution of human ES cells (hES 1 strain) which contained trehalose was slow-frozen and then rapidly thawed to obtain a survival rate of 48%. (refer to Non-patent literature 2)
Further, Holm F and others reported that human ES cell strains HS293, HS306 and human iPS cell strains (CHiPSA strains) were mechanically subjected to cell dissociation by using a cell scraper, thereafter, a unique cryopreservation solution, STEM-CELL BANKER (Registered trademark) (include DMSO, anhydrous dextrose and polymer), was used to effect slow freezing, then, on thawing, a unique thawing solution, CELLOTION (Registered trademark), was used to effect rapid thawing, thereby obtaining a survival rate of 90% to 90.6%. (refer to Non-patent literature 3)
T'Joen and others reported a similar technology in which a plurality of human ES cell strains were treated by the use of Collagenase IV, followed by Cell Dissociation Solution in two stages to effect cell dissociation so as to reduce the size of cell clumps, then, a cryopreservation solution (5% HES, 5% DMSO) and a preservation culture medium (80% DMEM/F12, 20% KSR and 400 μL HEPES) were used to effect slow freezing by a programmable freezer, thereafter, and a special recovery culture medium containing 0.1M sucrose was added on thawing to perform incubation for 5 minutes, thereby obtaining a survival rate of 80%. (refer to Non-patent literature 4)
Further they reported that where a cryopreservation solution (5% HES, and 5% or 10% EG) and a freezing culture medium (80% DMEM/F12, 20% KSR and 400 μL HEPES) were used to effect slow freezing to obtain a survival rate of 0% and also reported that although DMSO showed good recover rate, ethylene glycol alone provided no effective.
As described so far, although several reports are available about trials of slow-freezing methods in place of vitrification, they are not widely used as a general method. Reasons thereof include that these methods are low in reproducibility, not easily operated as compared with vitrification and need long working hours.
Further, in recent years, several groups reported a method in which Tryp LE (registered trade mark) Express or trypsin/EDTA was used to divide cells into single cells, the single cells were thereafter subjected to cryopreservation and cultivation was conducted by adding a ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, at a quantity of 10 μM to improve a survival rate (refer to Non-patent literatures 5 to 9).
Thus, there has been desired the development of a robust and new cryopreservation method which is easier in handling, higher in efficiency, lower in toxicity and higher in reproducibility.
As described so far, vitrification requires a troublesome and complicated operation such as an increased concentration of a cryoprotective agent and a greater cooling velocity. On the other hand, slow-freezing methods tried in place of vitrification are low in cell survival rate and not simple in operation as compared with vitrification.
In view of the above-described situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a preservation medium of stem cells, a preservation method therefor and a preservation system thereof which can be used as a slow-freezing method in place of vitrification, high in cell survival rate, simple in operation and high in efficiency.
The present inventor and others have diligently conducted research on preservation media for stem cells such as human iPS/ES cells by slow-freezing preservation and found that hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) are used in combination as a cryoprotective agent, thus making it possible to obtain a high cell survival rate.
They also have found that when cell dissociation is performance by a preservation method for slow-freezing preservation, a pronase solution is used to reduce the size of cell clumps and effect slow freezing, thereby obtaining a high cell survival rate.
That is, in order to attain the above-described object, the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention is a medium for preserving stem cells and characterized in containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG).
It is preferable that the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) but does not contain any one of serum, a serum substitute component, a protein component (for example, albumin) or an animal derived component. In the case of what is called, an animal component-free stem cell preserving solution which does not contain any one of serum, a serum substitute component, a protein component such as albumin or an animal derived component, the solution is beneficially applicable to clinical studies of regenerative medicine in which human iPS/ES cells are used.
Further, the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention is a medium which can be preserved at normal temperature and, therefore, excellent in convenience.
As a cryoprotective agent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used in general. However, sole use of DMSO will decrease a survival rate of stem cells even where a step-wise freezing process is carried out by programmable freezing (cooling process down to ultra-low temperatures is programmed so as to effect automatic cooling and freezing) to store the stem cells in liquid nitrogen. Thus, CP-1 (manufactured by Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd.) known as a research reagent of cryoprotective agent for bone marrow and peripheral blood is used together with a mixed solution of hydroxyl ethylstarch (HES) and DMSO to improve a survival rate of stem cells. The CP-1 is composed of 12 g of HES and 10 mL of DMSO in a physiological saline solution. And, a human serum albumin solution and a RPMI 1640 culture medium are combined with CP-1 solution just before use. The CP-1 is characterized by being frozen and stored at −80° C. and eliminating the necessity of programmable freezing.
The stem cell preservation medium of the present invention is such that ethylene glycol (EG) is added to a mixed solution of HES and DMSO, yielding a higher cell survival rate than CP-1. T'Joen and others reported in Non-Patent Document 4 that when only HES and EG were used, there were found no cryoprotective effects. The effect of the present invention is a new finding that high cell protective effects are obtained when HES, DMSO and EG are present at appropriate concentrations.
Further, where a cryotube preserved by slow freezing by using the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention is subjected to ultra-rapid thawing by addition of a warm culture medium or rapid thawing in a water bath (a hot-water bath kept at 37° C.), there is obtained a higher cell survival rate than a case where other stem cell preservation media are used. In this case, a temperature of the warm culture medium is, for example, 20° C. or higher, preferably 25° C. or higher and more preferably 30° C. or higher. The temperature is, for example, 40° C. or lower, preferably 39° C. or lower, more preferably 38° C. or lower and most preferably about 37° C. Further, a high survival rate is obtained by addition of a normal culture medium without using a special recovery culture medium which contains a unique thawing solution, CELLOTIOM (registered trade mark) or 0.1M sucrose. No programmable freezing is needed, no special recovery culture medium is needed but the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention can be frozen and fused as with normal cell strains. Thus, the stem cell preservation medium is easy in operation, improved in robustness and beneficially applicable to clinical studies of regenerative medicine in which human iPS/ES cells are used.
In this case, ethylene glycol (EG) is present in a concentration range from 2% to 15% (v/v) and preferably from 4% to 12.5% (v/v). Where the concentration of EG is 2% or more and the cells are fused in a water bath (a hot-water bath kept at 37° C.), a cell survival rate is in excess of 20%. Further, even where the concentration of EG is 15%, the cell survival rate is in excess of 20%. In particular, where the concentration of EG is within a range of 4% to 12.5% (v/v) and the cells are fused in a water bath (a hot-water bath kept at 37° C.), there can be obtained a high cell survival rate as with rapid thawing by addition of a warm culture medium. Where the concentration of EG is less than 4% (v/v) or in excess of 12.5% (v/v), a cell survival rate is decreased. In addition, in view of the cell survival rate, the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) is more preferably from 4 to 10% (v/v) and in particular preferably from 5% to 6% (v/v).
That is, where the three components of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) are present at appropriate concentrations, there are exhibited excellent cell protective effects.
Further, empirically, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is preferably present in a concentration range from 4% to 8% (w/v) and more preferably from 5% to 6% (v/v).
Since HES is a polysaccharide and will not permeate a cell membrane, it is effective in protecting a cell membrane from cell injury resulting from ice formation on a cell surface, which may contribute to improvement in cell survival rate after thawing.
Further, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is preferably from 4% to 6% (v/v) and more preferably at about 5% (v/v). DMSO will permeate the cell membrane and is effective in protecting a cell membrane from cell injury resulting from ice formation inside cells. However, DMSO has cytotoxicity, by which there are fears of inducing cell differentiation. The concentration of DMSO is reduced to 4% to 6% which is about half of 10%, which is a concentration at the time of cryopreservation in general.
Still further, ethylene glycol (EG) is added, thus making it possible to alleviate actions of inducing cell differentiation by DMSO. DMSO and ethylene glycol (EG) act as cryopreventive agents and suppress the formation of ice crystals on freezing. DMSO has been pointed out to have cell differentiation actions. Ethylene glycol (EG) is considered to counteract and decrease the actions.
In addition, rapid thawing by addition of a warm culture medium, dilution and centrifugal removal on thawing employed to reduce contact time with DMSO as much as possible, thus making it possible to suppress gene expression of a differentiation inducing gene as much as possible. In reality, confirmation has been made for markers of stem cells and in vitro three germ layer differentiation, by which retention of pluripotencies is confirmed.
Next, a description will be given of a stem cell preservation method of the present invention. The stem cell preservation method of the present invention is a preservation method for slow-freezing stem cells and provided with a dissociation step in which a pronase solution is used to dissociate the stem cells and a freezing step in which the dissociated stem cells are slow-frozen in a stem cell preservation medium.
In this case, the stem cell preservation medium is the said stem cell preservation medium of the present invention, that is, a medium which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG).
Alternatively, the stem cell preservation medium is a medium which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and a culture medium or an albumin solution, as with conventional CP-1.
In the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, treatment with a pronase solution is performed to finely divide cell colonies from which feeder cells have been removed into a certain size, thereafter, stem cells suspended in a buffer solution or a culture medium are mixed with a stem cell preservation medium as a cryopreservation agent and cooled. Cooling can be effected by slow freezing by using a programmable freezer or simple freezing process by using an ultra low-temperature freezer. In this case, the programmable freezer is used in a method of cooling rate by which the cells are planned −1° C. to −2° C. per minute. In contrast, the simple freezing process is such that cryotubes are placed in a foamed polystyrene box or a commercially available freezing container and also put into a freezer kept at −80° C. and subjected to slow freezing at a velocity equal to that described above.
In the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, the simple freezing process can be used to perform work simply and efficiently.
In the dissociation step of the stem cell preservation method in the present invention, it is preferable that the size of clumps (dimension of cell aggregation) is in a range of 200 μm2 to 10000 μm2. This finding is empirically obtained by treatment of dissociating the stem cells with a pronase solution.
Further, in the freezing step of the stem cell preservation method in the present invention, it is preferable that the stem cells in a stem cell preservation medium are present in a range of 1×103 to 1×106 per mL of the preservation medium. A ratio of the stem cells which are subjected to cryopreservation to the stem cell preservation medium is within the said range, by which it is possible to attain a higher cell survival rate.
In the freezing step of the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, it is preferable that the stem cell preservation medium is approximately from 0.2 to 1 mL per cryotube.
In the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, ethylene glycol (EG) is present in a concentration range of 2% to 15% (v/v), preferably in the range of 4% to 12.5% (v/v). In view of the cell survival rate, ethylene glycol (EG) is more preferably present in a concentration range of 4% to 10% (v/v) and still more preferably present in the range of 5% to 6% (v/v).
Further, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is preferably present in a concentration range of 4% to 8% (w/v) and more preferably present in the range of 5% to 6% (w/v). On the other hand, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is preferably present in a concentration range of 4% to 6% (v/v) and more preferably in the range of about 5% (v/v).
Further, in the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, it is preferable that the culture medium contains a medium selected from a group of culture media consisting of a Dulbecco modified Eagle (DMEM culture medium) and an F12 culture medium or it contains a mixture thereof.
Still further, in the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, it is preferable that an albumin solution is present at the concentration of about 4% (w/v).
In the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, the stem cell preservation medium is a medium which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG), and subjected to cryopreservation after the freezing step. Further, the freezing step includes a thawing step of effecting rapid thawing. It is preferable that in the thawing step, rapid thawing is performed by adding a warm culture medium to a cryotube. In the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, the stem cells which have been cryopreserved by using the said stem cell preservation medium of the present invention are able to attain a high cell survival rate, where the cryotube is fused in a water bath (a hot-water bath kept at 37° C.)
Still further, it is preferable that there is included a cultivation step which conducts cultivation in a warm culture medium to which a ROCK inhibitor has been added, after the said thawing step. The ROCK inhibitor is added to conduct cultivation, thus making it possible to attain a higher cell survival rate than cultivation which is free of the ROCK inhibitor. In an application to clinical studies in which a greater emphasis is placed on safety and cost rather than efficiency, it is preferable to conduct cultivation without addition of the ROCK inhibitor. Cultivation by addition of the ROCK inhibitor is one of the important factors for attaining a high cell survival rate in a research reagent level. As the ROCK inhibitor, any given Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK)-inhibiting substances are available, for example, Y-27632, Fasudil and H-1152 are illustrated.
In the said stem cell preservation method of the present invention, the stem cells are stem cells which are selected, for example, from a group consisting of tissue stem cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Cells suitable for cryopreservation by using the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention include stem cells (in particular, human and primate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and embryonic stem cells (ES cells)). It is acceptable that these cells are already-established cell strains or newly established cell strains.
Next, a description will be given of a stem cell preservation system of the present invention. The stem cell preservation system of the present invention is a preservation system for freezing stem cells and provided with a following 1) to 3).
1) a pronase solution as dissociation means for dissociating the stem cells
2) said stem cell preservation system of the present invention
3) slow freezing means for slow-freezing dissociated stem cells in the stem cell preservation medium
The present invention is able to slow-freeze and preserve the stem cells simply and efficiently. Thus, it is possible to preserve the cells almost permanently, with the pluripotencies and proliferation potentials kept, and also to attain a high cell survival rate after thawing.
Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to attain a high cell survival rate and avoid an unstable cell survival rate in association with cryopreservation by conventional vitrification.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. The present invention is not limited to the following embodiment and examples of shown in the figure, and the present invention can be variously changed in design.
In one embodiment of the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention, 6 g of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), 5 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 5 mL of ethylene glycol (EG) are dissolved in 100 mL of physiologically saline solution, thereby producing a stem cell preservation medium.
Next, the stem cells suspended in a buffer solution and a culture medium are subjected to treatment with a pronase solution to divide fine cell colonies from which feeder cells have been removed to a predetermined size. Thereafter, cell pellets after centrifugation of the stem cells are mixed with the said stem cell preservation medium. After mixture of the stem cell preservation medium with the stem cells, a mixture thereof is cooled to −80° C. at a velocity of 1 to 2° C. per minute and subjected to cryopreservation. Cooling is carried out by placing a cell suspension housed in a protective case in a foamed polystyrene box inside a freezer kept at −80° C. In addition, the cell suspension may be further cooled down to a temperature of liquid nitrogen and stored in the liquid nitrogen.
Thawing can be conducted rapidly by procedures in which a culture medium kept warmed in advance at 37° C. is added to ice floe so as to be diluted 10 times or more or by procedures in which the culture medium is submerged into warm water kept at 37° C. More specifically, frozen cells are placed into a thermostatic chamber kept at 37 to 40° C., and rapidly thawed, while being well agitated. It is desirable that 0.5 mL of the cell suspension in a cryotube is thawed within 2 to 3 minutes as a target.
Consideration has been made for a cell survival rate (hereinafter, referred to as survival rate) after cryopreservation of human iPS cells in the stem cell preservation method of the present invention.
As described above, the stem cell preservation method of the present invention is provided with a dissociation step which dissociates stem cells by using a pronase solution and a freezing step in which the dissociated stem cells are slow-frozen in a stem cell preservation medium.
Further, the stem cell preservation medium as a cryopreservation solution to be used is a medium which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) or a medium which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and a culture medium or an albumin solution.
In the Example, the pronase solution used was a pronase solution for cell dispersion (manufactured by Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd.).
Further, five types below of cryopreservation solutions were prepared. Concentrations listed below are based on final concentrations.
(Cryopreservation solution A) 6% HES, 5% DMSO, 5% EG and 0.9% NaCl
(Cryopreservation solution B) 6% HES, 5% DMSO, 4% BSA, 50% DMEM/F12 and 0.9% NaCl
(Cryopreservation solution C) 6% HES, 5% DMSO, 4% BSA and 0.9% NaCl
(Cryopreservation solution D) 6% HES, 5% DMSO, 50% DMEM/F12 and 0.9% NaCl
(Cryopreservation solution E) 6% HES, 5% DMSO and 0.9% NaCl
The said BSA is a 25% bovine serum albumin solution (obtained by dissolving albumin supplied from Sigma Inc., in a physiologically saline solution manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.). Further, the said DMEM/F12 is a culture medium obtained by mixing a Dulbecco modified Eagle (DMEM culture medium) with an F12 culture medium.
The cryopreservation solutions A to E were prepared by using a cryoprotective solution CP-1 (manufactured by Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 551-27200-0, 68 mL of physiologically saline solution containing 12 g of HES and 10 mL of DMSO).
More specifically, the cryopreservation solution A was prepared by procedures in which 3.2 mL of physiologically saline solution was added to 6.8 mL of CP-1 stock solution to give 10 mL, a resultant thereof was well mixed and, thereafter, a physiologically saline solution containing 10% EG (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was gently mixed therewith in an equivalent quantity of 10 mL at a low temperature.
Further, the cryopreservation solution B was prepared by procedures in which 3.2 mL of 25% BSA was added to 6.8 mL of CP-1 stock solution to give 10 mL, a resultant thereof was well mixed and, thereafter, a DMEM/F12 culture medium was gently mixed therewith in an equivalent quantity of 10 mL at a low temperature.
Further, the cryopreservation solution C was prepared by procedures in which 3.2 mL of 25% BSA solution was added to 6.8 mL of CP-1 stock solution to give 10 mL, a resultant thereof was well mixed and, thereafter, a physiologically saline solution was gently mixed therewith in an equivalent quantity of 10 mL at a low temperature.
Still further, the cryopreservation solution D was prepared by procedures in which 3.2 mL of a physiologically saline solution was added to 6.8 mL of CP-1 stock solution to give 10 mL, a resultant thereof was well mixed and, thereafter, a DMEM/F12 culture medium was gently mixed therewith in an equivalent quantity of 10 mL at a low temperature.
In addition, the cryopreservation solution E was prepared by procedures in which 3.2 mL of physiologically saline solution was added to 6.8 mL of CP-1 stock solution to give 10 mL and a resultant thereof was gently mixed therewith at a low temperature.
Human iPS cells 201B7 strains, 253G1 strains or human ES cells KhES1 strains and H1 strains were cultivated in accordance with a human iPS cells retaining cultivation protocol (RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Human Stem Cell Technology Unit). That is, the culture medium to which were added 80% DMEM/F12 (with Glutamax but without HEPES), 1% non-essential amino acid, 20% serum replacement KSR (products described so far were manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), 100 IU/mL of penicillin, 100 μg/mL of streptomycin (manufactured by Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.) and, immediately prior to use, also added were 0.1 mM of 2-melcaptoethanol (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 5 ng/mL of bFGF (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.).
Further, feeder cells were prepared by procedures in which SNL cells (manufactured by DS Pharma Biomedical Co., Ltd.) were treated in advance by using mitomycycin C (manufactured by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.) at final concentrations of 10 μg/mL to stop the growth and the cells were seeded on the previous day on a plate consisting of 3×105 cells/well/6 well and a cultivation plate which was coated with 0.1% gelatin type A (manufactured by Sigma Inc.) solution. The culture medium was changed every other day, and passage cultivation was conducted, with one passage being four days. On passage, the cells were dissociated by using a CTK dissociation solution of human ES cells (1 mg/mL of Collagenase IV+0.25% Trypsin+20% KSR+1 mM of CaCl2/PBS) (CaCl2 manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc. and others manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), and passage cultivation was conducted in a 1:6 dilution ratio.
In slow freezing, the cells were washed by using 2 to 3 mL of a phosphate-buffered saline PBS (−) except for a culture medium of human iPS cells which was in a confluent state. 1 mL of a pronase solution for cell dispersion was added thereto and a resultant was treated at 37° C. for about one minute, and only the feeder cells were in advance dissociated, floated and removed by aspiration. Immediately, washing was performed by using PBS (−) which was then removed by aspiration, and a culture medium, 2 mL, was added thereto. The cells were dissociated and harvested by gentle pipetting by the use of a P1000 pipette and stained with trypan blue to count the number of cells. The cells of about 2.5×104 were dispensed into a 1.5 mL tube and, thereafter, subjected to centrifugation (300 g, for 3 minutes at 4° C.) from which supernatant was removed as much as possible, and cell pellets were prepared. Said cryopreservation solutions A to E were added to the prepared cell pellets at the respective quantities of 0.5 mL and transferred to cryotubes, with lids covered thereon. These tubes were transferred to a freezing container (Nalgene), and frozen overnight at −80° C. On the following day, the tubes were transferred to a deep freezer kept at −150° C. and subjected to cryopreservation at least for 7 days.
Thawing was conducted in accordance with two protocols, that is, thawing process 1 and thawing process 2 given below.
a) Thawing process 1: rapid thawing by dilution in which a warm culture medium which has been preincubated is directly added to a vial (dilution thawing by addition of warm culture medium)
More specifically, the tubes are taken out from a deep freezer kept at −150° C. and rapidly thawed in 5 mL of a culture medium which has been in advance preincubated at 37° C., transferred to a 15 mL centrifugation tube (to which 3 mL of the culture medium is in advance added) and subjected to centrifugation (300 g, for 3 minutes at 4° C.), from which supernatant is removed by aspiration.
b) Thawing process 2: thawing in a water bath
More specifically, the tubes are taken out from a deep freezer kept at −150° C. and subjected to rapid thawing in a water bath kept at 37° C., and 5 mL of a culture medium is added thereto. Thereafter, a resultant thereof is transferred to a 15 mL centrifugation tube (3 mL of the culture medium is in advance added) and subjected to centrifugation (300 g, for 3 minutes at 4° C.) from which supernatant is removed by aspiration.
A new culture medium containing 10 μM of Y-27632 was added to the cell pellets harvested by said thawing operation of a) orb), a resultant thereof was subjected to on-feeder cultivation on a 6-well plate. Cultivation was carried out for 48 hours in a ROCK inhibitor-containing culture medium, and after the culture medium was changed, cultivation was further carried out in a ROCK inhibitor-free culture medium for 3 days (a total of 5 days).
Upon thawing of the stem cells which have been subjected to cryopreservation, a warm culture medium is added to the cryotubes (ultra-rapid thawing) or the stem cells are rapidly fused in a water bath kept at 37° C. and, thereafter, they are centrifuged to quickly remove a freezing medium (thawing step: Step S07), cultivation is carried out in a ROCK inhibitor-containing culture medium (up to 48 hours). Thereafter, cultivation is carried out in a normal culture medium (cultivation step: Step S09). Next, large-scale cultivation (Step S11) is carried out or the process returns to the dissociation step (Step S01) to resume cryopreservation.
In addition, on thawing, both of rapid thawing and ultra-rapid thawing can be employed. In particular, a rapid thawing process at which thawing is conducted in a water bath kept at 37° C. is the same as the thawing process for ordinary cell strains. This process is advantageous in being fewer in operation mistakes and higher in robustness.
Comparison was also made for vitrification which used DAP213, as a control experiment. The cells were washed by using 2 to 3 mL of PBS (−), except for a culture medium of human iPS cells which was in a confluent state and, thereafter, treatment was performed at 37° C. for about one minute by adding 1 mL of CTK, and only feeder cells were in advance dissociated, floated and removed by aspiration. The cells were immediately washed by using PBS (−) and removed by aspiration. 5 mL of a culture medium was added thereto and a resultant was gently pipetted by using a P1000 pipette, and 500 μL of the resultant (about 2.5×105/tube) was dispensed into a 1.5 mL tube so as not to collapse clumps. After centrifugation (300 g, for 3 minutes at 4° C.), supernatant was removed as much as possible, and DAP213 freezing solution (2 M DMSO (manufactured by Calbiochem Inc.), 1 M acetamide (manufactured by Sigma Inc.) and 3 M propylene glycol (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.), 0.2 mL were added to a cell pellet. The cell pellet was rapidly frozen within 10 seconds by using liquid nitrogen and transferred to liquid nitrogen or a deep freezer kept at −150° C. and subjected to cryopreservation for 7 days.
After cultivation, staining with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was carried out by procedures in which a culture medium in the 6 well plate was removed by aspiration, the cells were washed with PBS (−) (pH 7.4) (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) three times, fixed with PBS (−) containing 4% paraformaldehyde (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) at room temperature for 15 minutes, washed three times with PBS (−), thereafter, there was added 1 mL of ALP stain solution which was prepared by sequentially adding Reagent-1, Reagent-2 and Reagent-3 of ALP Substrate Kit IV (manufactured by Vector Laboratory Inc., SK-5400) at one drop each in relation to 2.5 mL of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.5), and the thus-prepared cells were allowed to stand at room temperature until a black color developed. The number of colonies was counted on the basis of digital images (4×) obtained by an imaging system (manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
The following formula was used to calculate a survival rate.
Calculation was made on the basis of survival rate (%)=number of colonies at 5-day cultivation after thawing/the number of colonies at 5-day cultivation after passage×100.
Where the thawing process 1 (dilution thawing by addition of a warm culture medium) was used to effect thawing, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution A was 88.4%, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution B was 96.4%, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution C was 94.3%, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution D was 76.3%, and a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution E was 88.1% (each of the survival rates was a median value).
On the other hand, where the thawing process 2 (thawing in a water bath) was used to effect thawing, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution A was 78.7%, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution B was 44.5%, a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution C was 47.3%, a survival rate of the cryopreservation solution D was 33.5%, and a survival rate obtained by using the cryopreservation solution E was 38.5% (each of the survival rates was a median value).
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Still further,
As described so far, it has been found that where the cells were dissociated by using a pronase solution, slowly frozen by using the cryopreservation solutions A to E and thawed by the thawing process 1, the cells exhibited a survival rate of 80% or higher.
It has been found that, in particular, where the slow-freezing method was carried out by using the cryopreservation solution A (the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention), the survival rate was 80% or higher, irrespective of which thawing process is carried out. The cryopreservation solution A (the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention) is an animal component-free cryopreservation solution, that is, a solution which does not contain BSA or a culture medium, and beneficially applicable to practical clinical studies of regenerative medicine which uses human iPS cells.
In Embodiment 3, for the purpose of searching an optimal concentration of ethylene glycol (EG), there were prepared cryopreservation solutions with final concentrations of ethylene glycol (EG) ranging from 1% to 15% on the basis of the cryopreservation solution A of Embodiment 2 (the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention), and comparison was made for individual survival rates.
Where the thawing process 1 of Embodiment 2 was carried out, with no ethylene glycol (EG) being added, a survival rate was low or 14.5%. Where the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) was from 5% to 10%, the survival rate was improved. However, the survival rate was again decreased at the concentration of 12.5% or higher.
Where no ethylene glycol (EG) was added and the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) was from 2% to 5% in the thawing process 2 of Embodiment 2, the survival rate was 80% or higher. Where the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) was 5%, the survival rate was 102% and improved to the greatest extent. At the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) of 4% to 10%, the survival rate was stable and recovered, irrespective of which thawing process is carried out.
With consideration given to convenience for operators and robustness of a protocol, these results indicate that a survival rate can be kept high either by the thawing in a water bath or the rapid thawing where the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) is 5%. And the protocol is robust and not influenced by a working speed.
In Embodiment 4, the stem cell preservation method of the present invention is carried out by using a pronase solution to dissociate stem cells, showing that a higher survival rate is obtained by cryopreservation than cell dissociation by using various types of proteases.
More specifically, the stem cells were dissociated by using the following cell dissociation solutions of five types of proteases and subjected to cryopreservation by using the cryopreservation solution A of Embodiment 2 (the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention). Thereby, the stem cells were fused and cultivated by being rapidly thawed by addition of a water bath culture medium to consider an optimal combination.
(Cell dissociation solution A) pronase solution, at 37° C., for one minute
(Cell dissociation solution B) 0.05% Trypsin/EDTA (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), at 37° C., for one minute
(Cell dissociation solution C) 2 mg/mL of Disease II (manufactured by Roche Inc., 10× stocks are diluted with DMEM/F12), at 37° C., for fifteen minutes
(Cell dissociation solution D) 1.5 mg/mL of Collagenase IV (powder is dissovled with DMEM/F12), at 37° C., for forty minutes
(Cell dissociation solution E) CTK, at 37° C., for one minute
In addition, in
Further, on the basis of the dimension (the size of clumps) of a cell aggregation on cell dissociation obtained by using various types of proteases, the 201B7 strain was used to quantify a subsequent size of clumps.
After cell dissociation, the cells were harvested by using a conventional culture medium, a suspension solution thereof was placed into a 6-well plate to photograph a digital image (4×) by using an imaging system (manufactured by Keyence Corporation), and a quantification was made for the size of clumps by using an area determination mode of accessory software.
Further, on treatment with pronase and trypsin which produced a small size of clumps, the cells were able to be cryopreserved after dissociation in the respective dissociation solutions.
However, where the survival rate obtained on pronase treatment was compared with that obtained on trypsin treatment, it was found that the survival rate on pronase treatment was 88%, while, that on trypsin treatment was 30%. The survival rate on pronase treatment was significantly higher.
Superiority of pronase treatment to trypsin treatment may be due to a) and b) reasons given below.
a) Unknown protein necessary for survival of iPS cells on the surface of cells was decomposed and protein for inducing apoptosis exerted influences.
b) Protease of trypsin was greater in efficacy than pronase, inactivation after action was difficult, and the same iPS cells were partially divided into single cells due to remaining activity of protease by pipetting operation or movement between tubes, after determination of the size of colonies. In particular, human iPS cells in an epistem state are high in survival rate in a certain state of cell clump size. However, when divided into single cells, these cells were unable to survive unlike cells derived from an inner cell mass in a ground state, for example, mice ES cells.
On the other hand, in the other three types of proteases which produced a greater size of clumps on treatment, large colonies found on passage were unable to survive after cryopreservation and only small colonies survived in a very small probability.
Reduction in size of clumps is crucial for success of cryopreservation. According to cell dissociation by using a pronase solution in the stem cell preservation method of the present invention, there are advantages that the iPS cells can be separated from feeder cells in a short period of time and a colony can be finely divided as well as these cells are high in survival rate and free of animal derived components.
In Embodiment 5, a description will be given of a difference in survival rate between ROCK inhibitor (+) cultivation and ROCK inhibitor (−) cultivation in the stem cell preservation method of the present invention.
Cultivation and freezing in the stem cell preservation method were carried out by procedures similar to those of Embodiment 2. Regarding thawing, after a warm culture medium was used to conduct rapid thawing, difference of survival rate was measured depending on whether the ROCK inhibitor 10 μM Y-27632 was added or not. Where the inhibitor was added, in the presence of Y-27632, cultivation was performed for two days, thereafter, cultivation was performed additionally for three days in a culture medium free of Y-27632. On the other hand, where no inhibitor was added, cultivation was performed for five days in a normal culture medium. On both the cultivation, a survival rate was measured according to the method described in Embodiment 2.
As shown in
In the future, when consideration is given to applications to clinical studies such as regenerative medicine, a ROCK inhibitor-free culture medium is preferable in terms of safety, step management and cost. In
In Embodiment 6, a description will be given of effectiveness of the stem cell preservation method of the present invention which uses a stem cell preservation medium which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) on treatment of established human iPS cell 201B7 strains, 253G1 strains, established human ES cell KhES1 strains and H1 strains.
Embodiment 7 shows the results obtained by performing a semi-quantitative analysis of gene expression by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) for the presence or absence of change in gene expression in a state of human iPS cells before and after freezing. Table 1 shows a primer list for RT-PCR gene expression analysis. A request was made for Invitrogen Corporation, to synthesize the primer with reference to literature (Takenaka et al. Experimental Hematology. 2010. 38(2):154-62).
Regarding iPS cells before freezing (Day 4 after passage) and after thawing (Day 7), a portion of the iPS cells covering 3 wells of the 6-well plate was dissociated by using a CTK solution and the thus dissociated iPS cells were harvested by centrifugation. Total RNA was prepared in accordance with a protocol of an RN easy mini kit (manufactured by QIAGEN Inc.). More specifically, the cells were dissolved in 600 μL of RLT Buffer (2ME was added at a quantity of 1/100 immediately before dissolution) and a resultant was stored at −80° C. Thereafter, on-column DNase treatment (at room temperature for 15 minutes) was carried out by using a QIAshredder (manufactured by QIAGEN Inc.), RNase-free DNase I kit (manufactured by QIAGEN Inc.), and the resultant was finally dissolved in 50 μL of RNase-free Water.
The concentration of RNA was determined by measurement of absorbance at 260 nm by using a Nanodrop (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific K.K.). Reverse transcription reactions were conducted by procedures in which 2 μL of 5×RT Buffer, 0.5 μL of RT Enzyme Mix and 0.5 μL of Primer Mix were added to 100 ng of Total RNA which was modified by rapid cooling after heat treatment at 65° C. for 5 minutes according to a protocol attached to a Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT kit (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to give 10 μL of a system and reverse transcription reactions were carried out at 37° C. for 15 minutes, then, heat treatment was carried out at 98° C. for 5 minutes in the system to deactivate enzymes, thereby preparing cDNA.
The thus obtained cDNA was diluted ten times by addition of 90 μL of RNase-free Water, thereby giving a cDNA solution. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) were carried out by the procedures in which, with 1 μL of the cDNA solution being given as a mold, in a total system of 10 μL, 1 μL of 10×ExTaq Buffer, 0.8 μL of 2.5 mM dNTP, 0.05 μL of ExTaq HS (all manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and 1 μL of 10 μM primer mix were used to conduct the reactions at 30 cycles for 10 seconds at 98° C., for 20 seconds at 55° C. and for 30 seconds at 72° C., and the reactions were carried out for another 5 minutes at 72° C. 10× Loading Buffer was added at each quantity of 1 μL to an entire quantity of reaction solution and the entire quantity of the reaction solution was subjected to electrophoresis for 10 minutes at a constant voltage of 120V by using 2% agarose gel. After staining with ethidium bromide, detection was performed by UV.
Further, immunocytochemical analysis was made for pluripotency markers (OCT4, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81) of the human iPS cells before and after freezing by using fluorescent-labeled antibodies. More specifically, human iPS cells 201B7 strains were subjected to on-feeder cultivation for 5 days on a 24-well plate and a culture medium was removed by aspiration, thereafter, PBS (−) containing 4% paraformaldehyde was added at a quantity of 500 μL/well, and the thus treated strains were allowed to stand at room temperature for 15 minutes and fixed. A fixative solution was removed by aspiration therefrom and washing was performed three times by using about 2 mL of PBS (−) (for five minutes). Only on detection of OCT4, 1 mL of ice-cold methanol was added and this marker was subjected to penetration treatment at −20° C. for 10 minutes, followed by one time washing with PBS. The other markers were allowed to stand at room temperature for 60 minutes by using a blocking solution (5% goat serum, 0.3% Triton X-100/PBS (−)) and subjected to blocking.
After removal of a blocking solution, as a primary antibody, anti-OCT 4 mice monoclonal antibody (manufactured by Santa Cruz Inc.), anti-SSEA3 rat monoclonal antibody (manufactured by Millipore Inc.), anti-SSEA4 mice monoclonal antibody (manufactured by CST Inc.), anti-TRA-1-60 mice monoclonal antibody (manufactured by CST Inc.) and anti-TRA-1-81 mice monoclonal antibody (manufactured by CST Inc.) were all used so as to be diluted 200 times by using an antibody dilution solution (PBS (−) containing 1% BSA and 0.3% Triton X-100) and allowed to stand at 4° C. overnight, thereby allowing reactions to proceed. Subsequently, about 2 mL of PBS (−) was used to effect washing (for 5 minutes) three times. As a secondary fluorescent-labeled antibody, Alexa Fluoro 488-labeled anti-mice IgG goat antibody, Alexa Fluoro 488-labeled anti-mice IgM goat antibody, Alexa Fluoro 488-labeled anti-mice IgM goat antibody (all manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) were similarly diluted 500 times by an antibody dilution solution and added thereto. Resultants thereof were blocked for light by using aluminum foil and allowed to react at room temperature for 2 hours.
Next, the cells were washed once by using PBS containing 0.4M NaCl and allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 minutes, with light being blocked, after addition of a DAPI solution (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), a stock solution was diluted 1000 times by using PBS (−)), thereby performing nuclear staining. The cells were washed three times for 5 minutes by using about 2 mL of PBS (−) and observed under fluorescent light by using an image system (manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
Embodiment 8 shows the results obtained by consideration in vitro three germ layer differentiation.
After freezing and thawing by the stem cell preservation medium of the present invention which contains hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG), the 201B 7 strains were subjected to on-feeder cultivation for 7 days, from which SNL cells were removed with a CTK dissociation solution. Thereafter, the 201B7 strains were recovered by using a human iPS cells culture medium (-bFGF) and cultivated for 10 days on a low attachment surface plate (manufactured by Corning Incorporated), thereby forming embryoid bodies (EBs). The culture medium was changed every other day.
A half quantity of the embryoid bodies (EBs) was recovered into a tube, and a three germ layer-specific marker of was used to perform a gene expression analysis by RT-PCR. More specifically, an RLT Buffer (included in a RN easy mini kit manufactured by Qiagen GmbH) was used to extract RNA, and RT (reverse transcription) and PCR were conducted according to normal procedures. Table 2 shows a primer list for gene expression analysis by RT-PCR.
A remaining half quantity of the embryoid bodies (EBs) was seeded and attached on a gelatin-coated 24-wells plate, followed by 4-day cultivation in a human iPS cells culture medium (-bFGF). Thereafter, primary antibodies and secondary antibodies of three germ layer-specific markers given in Table 3 below were used to stain the embryoid bodies. Next, nuclei thereof were stained with DAPI and detected by using a fluorescence imaging system (manufactured by Keyence Corporation). Table 3 covers the antibodies used in fluorescence immune antibody staining.
In Embodiment 9, a description will be given of the effectiveness and stability of the stem cell preservation method of the present invention which uses a stem cell preservation medium to confirm that human iPS cells are not changed in proliferation potentials before and after freezing and thawing.
Before freezing, the established human iPS cells 201B7 strains were dissociated from a 6-well plate having an initial seeding concentration of about 25,000/well every four days by using CKT and passaged in a 1:6 dilution ratio. After thawing, an aliquot of 25,000/vial was cultivated on a 10-cm across dish for one week, dissociated every four days by using CTK and passaged in a 1:6 dilution ratio. Cell numbers were counted microscopically with a hemocytometer by procedures in which sampling was performed with the lapse of time, and the cells were divided into single cells with 0.05% Trypsin/EDTA treatment (at 37° C. for 10 minutes), followed by staining with trypan blue.
In Embodiment 10, a description will be given of the effectiveness and safety of the stem cell preservation method of the present invention which uses a stem cell preservation medium to confirm that chromosomes after freezing and thawing are retained normally in human iPS cells.
A description has been so far given of the present invention. In addition, Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-136422 filed on Jun. 15, 2012, is to be incorporated into the specification as it is with reference. Further, all publication, patents and patent applications cited in the present specification are to be incorporated as they are into the specification.
The present invention is effectively applicable to research of cellular biology of stem cells (in particular, human iPS cells/ES cells) and fields of regenerative medicine such as organ transplantation using cell banks of stem cells and cells differentiated from stem cells.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-136442 | Jun 2012 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2013/003753 | 6/14/2013 | WO | 00 |
