Patent Application
20200330484
Steroidal compounds can potentiate NMDA receptor responses to rectify a defect induced by de novo mutations in the genes encoding its subunits. Such a defect leads to onset of major, mostly developmentally related, diseases, such as mental retardation, neurodevelopmental disorders in various areas—speech, motor activity, intellect, attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and schizophrenia.
Increased use of new-generation DNA sequencing in neurological patients has led to supplementing of the knowledge of possible variants of mutated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subtypes. They play an important role in normal brain development and their defects cause disorders such as epilepsy, speech disorders, motor disorders, learning disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit—hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental disorders and schizophrenia. The functional results suggest that mutations in this region of the receptor have serious implications for receptor and neuronal functions, which may contribute to the occurrence of symptoms in patients as well as to damage to neurons.
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a heteromeric ligand-gated ion channel permeable to Ca2+ that is expressed in neurons and glia. Virtually all brain and spinal cord circuits rely on excitation evoked by transient activation of NMDARs by glutamate, giving rise to NMDAR excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) to regulate physiological functions. In addition, NMDAR signaling is implicated in various forms of synaptic plasticity (Dingledine et al., 1999; Lynch, 2004; Traynelis et al., 2010; Huganir and Nicoll, 2013).
NMDAR is composed of two obligatory subunits (GluN1) and two variable ones, which can be composed of either GluN2 (A-D) or GluN3 (A-B) (Traynelis et al., 2010). The GluN1 subunit is expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS), whereas the four subtypes of GluN2 subunits (A-D) have differential temporal and spatial expression patterns (Akazawa et al., 1994; Monyer et al., 1994). Expression of the GluN2B subunit (encoded by GRIN2B gene) dominates during rapid cortical synaptogenesis in late embryogenesis and early postnatal development, and its expression level starts to decline after birth in most brain regions (Hall et al., 2007). Several lines of evidence indicate that GluN2B subunit plays an important role in brain development, neural circuit formation, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (Cohen and Greenberg, 2008).
Recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have allowed the examination of the prevalence of mutations in genes encoding NMDAR subunits in the afflicted individuals. While the gene encoding for the GluN2B subunit is most frequently de novo mutated GRIN gene in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, de novo mutations of GRIN1 and GRIN2A genes encoding for GluN1 and GluN2A are less frequent and, interestingly, in GRIN2C, GRIN3A, and GRIN3B, only rare truncating mutations affecting both healthy individuals and patients suffering from neurodevelopmental disorders have been reported (Burnashev and Szepetowski, 2015; Hu et al., 2016).
GRIN2B variants—de novo nonsynonymous mutations, missense, nonsense, frame shift, or splice site mutations—were identified in individuals with defined disorders such as intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), epileptic encephalopathy (EE), schizophrenia (SCZ), and to a lesser extent, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and cerebral visual impairment (CVI) (Burnashev and Szepetowski, 2015; Hu et al., 2016).
The present invention relates a targeted rectification of defects caused by human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mutations with substances of steroid nature, useful for the treatment of disorders associated with genetically determined mutations of the said receptor subunits. Or, more precisely, to rectification of the dysfunction of the GluN2B subunits of the said receptor, caused by their encoding with the mutated GRIN2B gene. For simplicity, the term mutated subunits will also be used for such subunits. These mutations are the cause of serious, mostly developmentally related, diseases, such as mental retardation, neurodevelopmental disorders in various areas—speech, motor activity, intellect; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and schizophrenia.
Recent research results have shown that mutation of genes encoding the NMDA receptor subunits (Table 1) may lead to various defects of the receptor function. It has been shown that the mutations described for the membrane part of the GluN2B subunit, having serious functional consequences, can be surprisingly rectified by the action of several steroidal agents.
Accordingly, the object of the invention is targeted influencing of the effect of a mutation occurring in a human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit located in the membrane region, wherein the said receptor is subjected to the treatment with a steroidal compound having a positive modulatory effect on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
It is an aspect of the invention that the steroidal compound is selected from the group consisting of 20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-3β-yl sulfate, androst-5-ene-3β-yl hemisuccinate, 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3β-yl butanoic acid, and 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3-ylidene-4′-but-2-enoic acid.
It is an aspect of the invention that the mutation is a genetically determined mutation or de novo mutation of the membrane part of the GluN2B subunit.
It is an aspect of the invention that the mutation is a genetically determined or de novo mutation of the membrane part of the GluN2B subunit occurring in patients with a mental or neurological disorder.
It is a further aspect of the invention that the mutation of the GluN2B subunit is selected from the group consisting of mutations P553L, V558I, W607C, N615I, V618G, S628F, E657G, G820E, G820A, M824R and L825V, which were found in patients with mental or neurological disorder.
It is an aspect of the invention that the mutation of the GluN2B subunit is a L825V mutation in which the leucine at position 825 of the amino acid sequence of the GluN2B subunit is replaced by valine.
Object of the invention is also a steroidal compound selected from the group consisting of 20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-3 (3-yl sulfate, androst-5-ene-3β-yl hemisuccinate, 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3β-yl butanoic acid and 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3-ylidene-4′-but-2-enoic acid for use in rectification of functional disorders associated with the mutation of the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor, wherein said mutation occurs in the membrane region of its GluN2B subunit.
An aspect of the invention is also the steroidal compound for use in the treatment of persons with a diagnosis including disorders of the intellect, delayed development, epilepsy, epileptic spasms, autism spectrum disorders, neurological developmental disorders in various areas—speech, motor activity, intellect; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia.
The aim of this invention was to elucidate the consequences of NMDA receptor mutations found in individuals diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Human NMDA receptors, consisting of hGluN1 and hGluN2B subunits (hGluN1/hGluN2B), have been shown to have a changed function when transmembrane domain (TMD) mutations in the GluN2B subunit were introduced. These mutations were identical to de novo mutations that have been described in patients with severe mental or neurological disease in which the causal relationship between the disease and the mutation is very likely. The list of the examined mutations is shown in Table 2, including phenotypic characterization and localization on the chromosome.
De novo mutations of the GRIN2B gene encoding the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor are therefore associated with intellectual defect (ID), delayed development, epilepsy, epileptic spasms, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Even though these diseases are probably causally dependent on the mutation of the respective GRIN2B gene, implications for the NMDA receptor function have not yet been shown.
We have now found that the most significant functional changes in the receptor bearing a mutation in the GluN2B subunit relate to the probability of opening (Po) (i.e. the relative ability of the NMDA receptor channels to be in the open state in the presence of saturating glutamate concentration). Based on our findings, the probability of opening has decreased at least 10-fold for different mutations in the GluN2B subunit. The tested steroidal compounds have shown the ability to rectify the defect induced by such mutation of human GluN2B subunits that decreased the probability of opening of the receptor channel. The analysis showed that the receptors containing the GluN2B subunit with the L825V mutation (i.e., GluN2B(L825V)) are markedly more potentiated by the tested steroids than the non-mutated (i.e. wild type) receptors (
The ability of the steroidal compounds to rectify a defect related to a mutation of the GluN2B subunit, manifested in persons with mental or neurological disorder, was also tested in vivo in mice showing a change in social behavior. After the steroid administration, slight changes in the behavior of the animals were observed towards increased socialization.
However, these results (on recombinant receptors) represent a biologically extreme condition in which both alleles are de novo mutated, which is unlikely in practice. Therefore, in the case of mutation of one gene on one allele and in the presence of a healthy gene on the other allele, it can be assumed that the receptor will be formed according to the Mendelian genetics rules. The calculations show that if the mutated receptor were dominant, a 67% receptor response potentiation would be required to fully compensate for/rectify the mutation effect. In the case of a recessive mutant receptor variant, only moderate, about 20% potentiation would be required for complete compensation for/rectification of the mutation effect. The effect of the tested steroids exceeds these requirements by many times.
During the development, the neurons express different subunits and combinations thereof. In the case of the cortex, primarily a GluN2B subunit prevails, and, to a lesser extent, the GluN2A subunit. Their ratio is matched during the development. Then, in the adulthood, the GluN2A receptor subunit predominates. Therefore, it can be expected that even a lower degree of potentiation of the receptor will suffice to successfully rectify the defect.
Localization of the mutations examined in the hGluN2B subunit. A: The NMDA receptor and its subunit composition. Protein sequence alignment of pre-M1, M1, M2, M3, and M4 regions across NMDA receptor subunits. The membrane segments are indicated with a horizontal line. B: Ribbon visualization of the GluN1/GluN2B receptor model (Karakas and Furukawa, 2014) (Lee et al., 2014). Selected amino acids that have been altered in human patients are highlighted. ABD=agonist binding domain, TMD=transmembrane domain, C: M1, M3, and M4=transmembrane helices and M2=re-entrant pore loop.
Mutations in the TMD of hGluN2B subunit affect the NMDA receptor surface expression. Quantitative colorimetric assay was used to determine the relative surface-to-total expression of the NMDA receptors hYFP-GluN1. COS-7 cells were transfected with either only the hYFP-GluN1 subunit or hYFP-GluN1 and WT (hGluN2B)/gene encoding the mutated hGluN2B subunit. Data show mean±SEM; *P<0.05 is the relative surface expression of hYFP-GluN1/hGluN2B (WT or mutant), statist. evaluation: one-way ANOVA (multiple comparisons versus WT (Dunnett's method)).
The hGluN1/hGluN2B(L825V) mutation is increasingly sensitive to steroid modulation, typical WT and hGluN2B/hGluN2B (L825V) receptor responses to steroid administration are shown here. PE-S(100 μmol/l) (A) and AE-hSuc (30 μmol/l) (B) potentiated hGluN2B/hGluN2B (WT) receptor responses induced by the rapid application of 1 μmol/l glutamate and measured in the presence of 30 mol/l of glycine (potentiation by 110% for PES and 612% for AE-hSuc). Both steroids potentiated responses of hGluN2B/hGluN2B(L825V) receptors approximately three times more than those of WT receptors. (C) A graph of relative potentiation induced by PE-S(100 μmol/l) versus AE-hSuc induced potentiation (30 μmol/l) in WT and mutated receptors. Data was fit by linear regression (correlation coefficient r=0.928; P=0.00764). (D,E) Reactions of WT and hGluN2B/hGluN2B(L825V) receptors induced by short application (5 ms) of 1 mM glutamate (control) and glutamate in the presence of PE-S(100 μmol/l) or AE-hSuc (30 μmol/l). The vertical line at the top left indicates the amplitude of the WT response on the same scale as the amplitude recorded in the mutant receptors.
NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
GluN1: subunit of the NMDA receptor
GluN2A: subunit of the NMDA receptor
hGluN2B: human subunit of the NMDA receptor
GluN2B: subunit of the NMDA receptor
YFP-hGluN1: human subunit of the NMDA receptor labeled with a yellow fluorescence protein
GRIN2B: gene encoding the GluN2B subunit
GluN2B(L825V): mutated subunit of GluN2B—leucine (L) at position 825 was replaced with valine (V)
preM1, M2, M3, M4: transmembrane helixes of NMDA receptor
PE-S: 20-oxo-pregn-5-en-3β-yl sulfate
AE-hSuc: androst-5-en-3β-yl hemisuccinate
PA-but: 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3-ylidene-4′-but-2-enoic acid
BAPTA: (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ANOVA: statistic test
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Opti-MEM: culture medium
ABD: agonist-binding domain
TMD: transmembrane domain
WT: wild type receptor (non-mutated)
ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ASD: autism spectrum disorders
NMDA EPSC: component of excitatory postsynaptic current induced by activation of NMDA receptors
Human embryonic kidney-293T (HEK293T) cells were used for transfection of human genes encoding for NMDA receptor subunits: hGluN1 (GenBank, accession number NP_015566) and hGluN2B (GenBank, accession number NP_000825). Equal amounts (0.25 mg) of DNA encoding for GluN1 and GluN2B were mixed with 0.9 μl Matra-A Reagent (IBA, Gottingen, Germany) and added to confluent HEK293T cells. After trypsinization, the cells were resuspended in Opti-MEM I (ThermoFisher Scientific, Paisley, UK; Cat. #31985062) containing 1% fetal bovine serum supplemented with 15 mmol·l−1 MgCl2, 1 mmol·l−1 D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D,L-AP5), and 1 μmol.l−1 ketamine.
Mutations in the GluN2B subunit were made using the QuickChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Mutated cDNA was transformed into ultra-competent XL1Gold E. coli cells, multiplied, positive clones were selected, and the isolated plasmide DNA was verified by sequencing (SEQme s.r.o., Dobris, Czechia, or GATC Biotech AG, Constance, Germany) All mutations were verified by DNA sequencing. Transfected HEK293T cells were identified by GFP epifluorescence. The amino acids are numbered on the basis of the full-length protein, including the signal peptide.
Experiments were performed 12-36 h after the end of transfection on cultured HEK293T cells transfected with vectors containing hGluN1/hGluN2B/GFP. Whole-cell voltage clamp current recordings were performed at room temperature (21-25° C.) at a holding potential of −60 mV using a patch-clamp amplifier (Axopatch 200B; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA) after a capacitance and series resistance (<10 MΩ) compensation of 80-90%. Data were collected (low-pass filtered at 2 kHz and sampled at 10 kHz) and analyzed using pClamp 10 (Molecular Devices). Patch pipettes (3-5 MΩ) were filled with an intracellular solution (ICS) containing (in mmol·l−1): 120 gluconic acid, 15 CsCl, 10 BAPTA, 10 HEPES, 3 MgCl2, 1 CaCl2, and 2 ATP-Mg salt (pH-adjusted to 7.2 with CsOH) and extracellular solution (ECS) contained the following (in mmol·l−1): 160 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 10 HEPES, 10 glucose, 0.2 EDTA, and 0.7 CaCl2) (pH-adjusted to 7.3 with NaOH). Glycine (30 μM), an NMDA receptor co-agonist, was present in the control and test solutions. The tested steroid solutions were made from freshly prepared 20 mmol·l−1 20-oxopregn-5en-3β-yl sulfate (PE-S; pregnenolone sulfate), 5 mmol·l−1 androst-5-en-3β-yl hemisuccinate (AND-hSuc), or 10 mmol·l−1 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3-yliden-4′-but-2-enoic acid stock in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The final dilution to ECS was made at 50° C. and followed by 1 min sonication (SONOREX DIGITEC DT 100/H, BADELIN electronic, Berlin, Germany) The same concentration of DMSO was added to all extracellular solutions. Control and test solution applications were made with a microprocessor-controlled multibarrel fast-perfusion system. The solution exchange rate was ˜15 ms. The following mutations of the gene encoding for hGluN2B subunit (GRIN2B) were tested: P553L; V558I; W607C; N615I; V618G; S628F; E657G; G820E; G820A; M824R; L825V. These mutations are located in the preM1, M2, M3, and M4 transmembrane domains of the receptor (
It was found that responses induced by a saturating concentration of glutamate in HEK293T cells transfected by human wild type (WT) hGluN1/hGluN2B receptors had value of 66 pA/pF (current response normalized with respect to the cell capacitance). In mutated receptors (hGluN2B(V558I) and (hGluN2B(L825V) the responses were of similar amplitude to the WT, reduced or did not respond to the glutamate application (Table 3).
†Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks P = <0.001
‡Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test, P indicates significance level compared to the WT
A detailed analysis of those receptors that had low sensitivity to glutamate was focused on four possible problems that can be combined: reduced surface expression of the receptor, change in desensitization, decreased probability of opening, and altered sensitivity to glutamate or glycine—see Table 4. The most significant changes were found in the probability of opening (Po) (i.e. in the relative ability of the NMDA receptor channels to be in the presence of saturating glutamate concentration in the open state). The probability of opening of wild type hGluN1/hGluN2B receptors is approximately 10%. In the case of differently mutated receptors, the probability of opening decreased approximately 10-fold (see Table 5).
§Ratio of responses to 1 mmol · l−1 and 3 mmol · l−1 glutamate was used to calculate EC50 (see Eq. 1; h was fixed at 1.4).
‡Ratio of responses to 30 mmol · l−1 and 0.3 mmol · l−1 glycine was used to calculate EC50 (see Eq. 1; h was fixed at 1.4).
#EC50 was determined from a fit to the logistic equation (see Eq. 1) of currents induced by 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 mmol · l−1 glutamate in the continuous presence of 30 mmol · l−1 glycine or 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 mmol · l−1 glycine applied together with 1 mmol · l−1 glutamate.
Three selected steroids—20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-3β-yl sulfate (PES), androst-5-ene-3β-yl hemisuccinate (AE) and 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3-yliden-4′-but-2-enoic acid, which are known to potentiate rat NMDA receptor responses were used to affect the receptors being tested. The aim was to determine whether and to what extent the steroids would be able to rectify the mutation-induced defect of human GluN2B. Analysis revealed that GluN2B containing L825V-containing receptors (i.e. GluN2B (L825V)) were significantly more potentiated by PE-S(100 μmol/l) than wild type (non mutated) receptors (
†/††Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on Ranks, P <0.001; subsequent
‡Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test or unpaired t-test was used to assess the significance compared to the WT, P indicates significance compared to WT.
Investigation of the effect of steroids on a short-term, approximately 5 ms administration of 1 mmol·l−1 of glutamate (this mode of administration mimics the activation of NMDA receptors during excitatory synaptic transmission) showed that the amplitude of these responses was increased (see
†τ determined from the single exponential fit
‡τw determined from the double exponential fit
In in vivo experiments, the effect of the steroid 20-oxo-5β-pregnan-3-ylidene-4′-but-2-enoic acid on C57BL/6 mice (control) and BALB/c mice was compared. BALB/c mice show a higher rate of anxiety behavior and lower socialization, which is considered to be a certain equivalent of autistic manifestations in humans.
After intraperitoneal administration of doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg of the above-mentioned steroid dissolved in cyclodextrine, the animals showed a greater interest in the second mouse cage than in an empty cage in the three-chamber social behavior test, which can be understood as a sign of a reduction in social behavioral defects.
Affecting the mutation on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit can provide an effective treatment for developmentally related diseases, such as mental retardation, neurodevelopmental disorders in various areas—speech, motor activity, intellect, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and schizophrenia.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV 2017-757 | Nov 2017 | CZ | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CZ2018/050057 | 11/26/2018 | WO | 00 |
