Patent Grant
10328262
The present invention relates generally to stimulation systems and methods of use thereof. The stimulation systems may be used to stimulate one or more anatomical structures for the treatment of one or more indications, such as dry eye syndrome.
Dry eye syndrome is a debilitating disease that affects millions of patients worldwide and can cripple some patients. Millions of these individuals suffer from the most severe form. This disease often inflicts severe ocular discomfort, results in a dramatic shift in quality of life, induces poor ocular surface health, substantially reduces visual acuity and can threaten vision. Patients with severe dry eye develop a sensitivity to light and wind that prevents substantial time spent outdoors, and they often cannot read or drive because of the discomfort. Current treatment options provide little relief for those suffering from severe conditions. Current options include artificial tears, punctal plugs, humidity goggles, topical cyclosporine, and tarsorrhaphy. None of these treatments provides sufficient relief or treatment of the disease. What is needed is a system for restoring adequate tear production in patients having dry eye syndrome.
Described here are devices and methods for stimulating tissues. The stimulation systems may comprise a microstimulator and one or more controllers. In some variations, the microstimulator may comprise a passive stimulation circuit. In some variations, the microstimulator may comprise a housing and an extension connected to the housing and carrying at least one electrode. In some of these variations, the extension may be flexible. In some variations, the microstimulator may have a length of about 0.6 cm to about 2 cm, and a thickness of about 1 mm to about 2 mm, and a width of about 3 mm to about 8 mm. The microstimulator may be conformable and flexible and may have one or more fixation elements. The one or more fixation elements may include one or more hooks, barbs, and anchors. The microstimulator may have one or more coatings which may be adhesive and/or bioabsorbable. In some variations the microstimulator may comprise one or more coatings that are electrically conductive and/or electrically insulative
The passive stimulation circuit may include a tank circuit and have one or more electrical safety features. The electrical safety features may include one or more current limiting rectifiers and one or more zener diodes. The electrical safety features may include a voltage limiting circuit to limit the voltage emitted by the stimulation component. The electrical safety feature may also include a current limiting element or circuit to limit the current emitted by the stimulation component and a charge output limiting element or circuit to limit the charge emitted by the stimulation component.
In some variations the passive stimulation circuit may comprise a ramping control unit. In some of these variations, the ramping control unit may comprise a charging unit and a field-effect transistor. The ramping control unit may control the amplitude of the stimulation signal generated by the stimulation circuit, and the stimulation circuit may be configured to produce a ramped stimulation signal. The passive stimulation circuit may comprise a signal conditioning unit. In some variations, the signal conditioning unit may comprise a rectifying unit. In some variations, the signal conditioning unit may comprise an amplitude limiting unit. In some variations, the signal condition unit may comprise a current source unit. The passive stimulation circuit may comprise a receiving unit and an output unit.
The passive stimulation circuit within a microstimulator may also include a variable resistive element, a variable capacitive element and one or more electrodes. The one or more electrodes of the passive stimulation circuit may be contact points, may be nestled within the microstimulator, may be coupled to a flexible lead, and may be coupled to a rigid lead. The one or more electrodes may contain platinum, iridium, platinum iridium, iridium oxide, titanium nitride, tantalum, or combinations thereof.
The microstimulator may be coupled to a controller and be hermetically sealed. The microstimulator may be injectable into a patient using a delivery system. The delivery system may comprise an insertion device (such as a 12 or larger gauge needle) and/or a dissection tool. The microstimulator may have one or more features to facilitate minimally invasive retrieval. The length and width of the microstimulator may be selected to permit placement of a portion of the microstimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland. The length and width of the microstimulator may also be selected to permit placement of the entire microstimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland and to permit placement of the microstimulator on, partially in, within or about the lacrimal gland.
In some variations, a method for treating dry eye by stimulating one or more nerves that innervate lacrimal gland tissue includes implanting a microstimulator adjacent to the lacrimal gland and applying stimulation to the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may comprise a passive stimulation circuit comprising a ramping control unit. The microstimulator may be adjacent to the lacrimal gland and fully implanted within an orbit of a patient's eye. The microstimulator may be positioned such that it directly contacts the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be positioned such that it partially penetrates into the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be fully implanted into or completely within the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be fully or partially implanted within the orbit of the eye.
The stimulation provided by the microstimulator may selectively stimulate one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. The stimulation may selectively stimulate the one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland without causing movement of the eye, without stimulating the ocular muscles, and without stimulating the superior rectus, lateral rectus, levator palpebrae superioris, retina or corresponding motor nerves. In some variations, the stimulation may selectively stimulate autonomic efferent fibers of the lacrimal gland. The autonomic efferent fibers may be selectively stimulated over the sensory afferent fibers or the A-delta pain fibers or over the C pain fibers. In some variations, the stimulation may selectively stimulate afferent fibers of the lacrimal gland, and may induce unilateral or bilatering tearing. In certain variations, the stimulation may stimulate only the one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. In some variations, the stimulation may selectively stimulate the acinar and/or ductal cells of the lacrimal gland. The stimulation may stimulate a combination of acinar cells, ductals cells, efferent fibers, and/or afferent fibers of the lacrimal gland.
When implanted, the microstimulator may conform to the fossa for the lacrimal gland after implantation. The microstimulator may conform to an exterior aspect of a lacrimal gland after implantation. Implanting a microstimulator may further include conforming the microstimulator to an exterior aspect of the lacrimal gland. After implantation, the microstimulator may conform to an exterior aspect of the fossa for the lacrimal gland.
The microstimulator may be implanted using an insertion device. In some variations, the insertion device is a 12 or larger gauge needle. In other variations, the insertion device comprises a cannula. In some variations, the insertion device may comprise a piston assembly, which in some variations may be spring-powered. The microstimulator may be loaded into the insertion device, and the insertion device may be inserted into an insertion pathway. In some variations, using an anatomical landmark at the corner of the eye, a needle may be positioned in proximity to the lacrimal gland, and the microstimulator may be deployed using the needle. Anatomical landmarks include, but are not limited to, the lateral canthis, an eyelid margin, a palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland, the orbital rim, a bony protuberance on the superior-lateral aspect of the orbit, the vascular bed, or the like. In some variations, a microstimulator may be implanted by lifting the eyelid, forming an insertion pathway through the conjunctiva under the eyelid, and advancing the microstimulator into the insertion pathway. The insertion pathway may be formed using a dissection tool. In some variations, the insertion pathway may be formed using a dissection element of an insertion tool. In some variations, the insertion pathway may be formed between the periosteum and the orbital bone. In other variations, the insertion pathway may be formed between the periosteum and the lacrimal gland.
The stimulation may include a current having a pulse amplitude between about 250 μA to about 25 mA. The stimulation may include a pulse amplitude, a pulse width, and a pulse frequency, and one or more of the pulse amplitude, pulse width, or pulse frequency which may be varied over the treatment period. The stimulation may have a pulse frequency between about 2 Hz to about 270 Hz, between about 15 Hz to about 40 Hz, or between 30 Hz to about 60 Hz. The stimulation may include a current having a pulse width between about 50 μsec to about 2700 μsec. Stimulation having the above-mentioned parameters may be used to treat one or more conditions, such as dry eye. Stimulation pulses may be delivered continuously or intermittently, and may be delivered according to one or more patterns.
Implanting a microstimulator may further include identifying an insertion point for implantation based upon a feature of the orbit. The stimulation may be delivered in bursts and adjusted in response to a measured variable. The stimulation may include a current having a pulse width between about 50 μsec to about 2000 μsec. A controller may be positioned in proximity to the microstimulator and may generate a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be adjusted based on input from the user and/or based on the degree of coupling to the microstimulator. The magnetic field may be generated in bursts and coupled to the microstimulator to generate the stimulation. The magnetic field may have a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 100 MHz. The magnetic field may have a frequency of about 100 kHz to about 5 MHz. In some variations, the magnetic field may have a frequency between about 1 MHz and about 5 MHz.
In some variations, a system for treating dry eye may include a microstimulator configured for implantation into an orbit of an eye and a controller for generating a magnetic field to couple to the microstimulator. The controller may be housed within a hand-held device. The controller may comprise a patch which may be attached to a patient using one or more adhesive layers. The controller may be flexible and conformable, or may be partially flexible or comforable. The controller may be coupled to, or at least partially contained within, a flexible or conformable material. The microstimulator may have a length of about 0.6 cm to about 2 cm and a width of about 1 mm to about 8.5 mm and may include a passive stimulation circuit configured to receive the magnetic field generated by the controller. The controller may be flexible, conformable, and capable of detecting one or more operating parameters of the microstimulator. At least part of the controller may be disposable and rechargeable. The controller may be coupled to, or at least partially contained within, an eyeglass frame, a wrist watch, or other object. In some variations, the controller may be configured to attach to an eyeglass frame using one or more adhesive layers and/or mechanical coupling elements.
In some variations, a method for treating dry eye by stimulating one or more nerves that innervate lacrimal gland tissue may include positioning one or more stimulation electrodes adjacent to the lacrimal gland and applying stimulation to the lacrimal gland. A microstimulator may be adjacent the lacrimal gland fully implanted within an orbit of a patient's eye. The microstimulator may be adjacent to and directly contacting the lacrimal gland, adjacent to and at least partially penetrating into the lacrimal gland, and adjacent to and fully implanted into or completely within the lacrimal gland. Adjacent to the lacrimal gland may be about, within or partially in the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator may be fully implanted within the orbit of the eye. The one or more electrodes are electrically coupled to a pulse generator, which may be implantable. The pulse generator may be implantable in proximity to the one or more stimulation electrodes. The pulse generator may be implantable in proximity to the temporal bone, a subclavicular pocket, or a subcutaneous abdominal pocket. The method may further include positioning a controller in proximity to the pulse generator.
In some variations, a microstimulator may include a coil, a housing, and a pair of electrodes. The coil may be formed from a wire having a length turned into a plurality of windings and responsive to an induced field to produce an output signal. The microstimulator may be electrically coupled to receive the output from the coil and produce a signal responsive to the output. The housing may encompass the circuit and the coil, and may be adapted and configured for placement within an orbit and adjacent an eye within the orbit. The pair of electrodes may extend from the housing and be configured to receive the signal. In some variations, the electrodes may be integrated into the housing. The electrodes may have the same shape or may have different shapes. In some variations, one electrode may have a larger surface area, which may reduce the current density at that electrode. The electrodes may be spaced apart (e.g., by about 6 mm to about 15 mm), which may increase current flow through surrounding tissue. When positioned near the lacrimal gland, one or more of the electrodes may be placed in direct or indirect contact with the lacrimal gland.
The pair of electrodes and the housing may be shaped for injection through the lumen of an insertion device. The housing may be configured for placement adjacent to a lacrimal gland, within an orbit to permit selective stimulation of a lacrimal gland with the signal, and within a fossa near the lacrimal gland to position the pair of electrodes on, in or about a lacrimal gland.
The housing may be configured for placement in proximity to a lacrimal gland without being in proximity to a muscle of the eye. The housing may have a curvature conforming at least partially to the curvature of a fossa for the lacrimal gland, or a curvature conforming at least partially to an exterior aspect of a lacrimal gland.
The microstimulator may further include a second coil, a second rectifying and tuning circuit. The second coil may be within the housing and oriented nearly orthogonal to the second coil. The second rectifying and capacitive circuit may be within the housing and coupled to the second coil, such that the second rectifying and capacitive circuit is configured to produce a second signal. The selector switch may be within the housing and connected to receive the first signal and the second signal and supply one of the first signal and the second signal to the pair of electrodes. The selector switch may determine which one of the first signal and the second signal to send to the electrodes based on a comparison of the first signal and the second signal.
Current from the two signals may be summed without the use of a selector switch. The signal from the coil may have a frequency corresponding to the induced field, which may be generated from an external coil through mutual inductance. The induced field may be generated by an external controller.
The signal generated in the coil may have a frequency about equal to the frequency of the induced field generated by the external controller. The induced field generated by the external controller may have a frequency based on user input. The external controller may be contained within a hand-held device and may be disposable. The external controller may be contained within one of an adhesive patch, a pair of eye glasses, and a head set. The circuit may include a diode to rectify a current signal and a capacitor for storing charge and/or filtering the rectified signal. The circuit may include a rectifying circuit that may include a diode and a resistor connected in parallel. The signal may have a voltage with an amplitude of between 0.1V and 25V, a current with an amplitude between 10 μA and 25 mA, and a pulsed current with a frequency of 2 Hz to 1000 Hz. The pair of electrodes may be connected to leads, which may include tines.
In some variations, a method of implanting a microstimulator adjacent to the eye may include inserting an access device percutaneously into an orbit of an eye. A microstimulator may be advanced through the access device into a position in proximity to the superior lateral aspect of the orbit. A stimulation signal may be applied to a portion of the eye with the microstimulator. Before the inserting step, an insertion point may be inserted for the access device based on the insertion point's relation to a feature on the orbit. After the advancing, the microstimulator may be positioned within a fossa of the lacrimal gland, and at least one electrode of the microstimulator may be positioned on, in or adjacent to a lacrimal gland, and an electrode of the microstimulator is positioned on, in or adjacent a lacrimal gland.
Tear production may be increased in the eye. Vasodilation of the lacrimal gland may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. After advancing, an electrode of the microstimulator may be positioned on, in or adjacent to a neural structure associated with a lacrimal gland. During the applying, the signal only stimulates a lacrimal gland, the signal may selectively stimulate a lacrimal gland over a muscle of the eye, or the signal is selected to stimulate a lacrimal gland without stimulating a muscle fiber of the eye. After the advancing, an electrode of the microstimulator is positioned adjacent to a neural structure associated with a lacrimal gland and spaced apart from a muscle of the eye. The muscle of the eye may be a rectus muscle or an oblique muscle or a levator palpebrae muscle. The microstimulator may be adjacent a lacrimal gland and spaced apart from a superior rectus muscle or a lateral rectus muscle or a levator palpebrae muscle. The signal may stimulate a lacrimal gland without activating a rectus muscle or an oblique muscle or a levator muscle in proximity to the lacrimal gland.
In some variations, a method for using a microstimulator may include receiving a microstimulator at the orbit of a patient's eye. A magnetic field may be received by the microstimulator from an external power source such as a controller. A current may be generated by the microstimulator from the magnetic field. The current may be applied to the patient to produce tears in the patient's eye or vasodilation of the lacrimal gland.
In some variations, a method for using a microstimulator may include implanting a stimulation device within a patient's orbit. A controller with a power source may be placed external to the patient's skin and in communication with the microstimulator. A magnetic field may be applied to the microstimulator from the controller. A current may be generated in the microstimulator from the magnetic field. The current may be applied to produce tears in the patient's eye, cause vasodilation in the lacrimal gland, release lacrimal proteins into a patient's tear film, and/or cause lacrimation of the contralateral lacrimal gland.
In some variations, a system for treating a patient with dry eye syndrome may include a microstimulator and a controller. The microstimulator may be responsive to a magnetic field and placed within an orbit of a patient's eye. The microstimulator may be configured to generate a current based on the magnetic field and apply the current to a patient to produce tears in the patient's eye. The controller may be configured to generate the magnetic field and be placed at a location near the microstimulator.
In some variations, a method for treating a patient with dry eye syndrome may begin with insert a microstimulator within an orbit of a patient's eye using a positioning device. A controller, which may include a power source, may be placed external to a patient's skin and in proximity to the microstimulator. A magnetic field may be applied to the microstimulator by the controller. A current may be generated by the microstimulator from the magnetic field. The current may then be applied to a patient to produce tears in the patient's eye. In some variations, a method for using a microstimulator may begin with connecting a microstimulator to a multi-electrode lead positioned on, in or adjacent a lacrimal gland. One or more electrodes may be selected from the multi-electrode lead to activate tear production in a patient's eye.
Described here are stimulation systems for stimulating anatomical targets in a patient for the treatment of one or more conditions. The stimulation systems may include at least one controller and at least one microstimulator. The controller may be implemented as a part of the microstimulator, or as a separate device. When formed as a separate device, the controller may communicate with the microstimulator via a wireless and/or wired connection. The controller may produce a waveform signal which may convey power and/or information to the microstimulator and the microstimulator may deliver one or more stimulation signals to an anatomical target based on the waveform signal.
The stimulation systems may be used to stimulate any suitable anatomical target or targets to treat a number of conditions. In some variations, the stimulation systems described here may be used to treat dry eye. For example, the stimulation systems may be used to stimulate one or more nerves, tissues, glands, or other structures involved in the process of lacrimation or glandular vasodilation. For example, the systems may stimulate one or more of a lacrimal gland, one or more meibomian glands, lacrimal ducts, parasympathetic nerves, fibers and neurites, sympathetic nerves, fibers and neurites, rami lacrimales, lacrimal nerve, perivascular nerves of lacrimal artery and branches thereof, nerve fibers innervating the meibomian glands, myoepithelial cells of the lacrimal gland, acinar cells of the lacrimal gland, ductal cells of the lacrimal gland. Methods of treating dry eye and other conditions are described in more detail below. Also described here are delivery systems and methods for delivering or otherwise implanting one or more microstimulators and/or controllers into a patient.
Stimulation Systems
As shown in
When the stimulation signal (114) is delivered to an anatomical target (123), the stimulation may result in a desired physiological effect (such as, for example, generating tears in a patient). Stimulation of an anatomical target (123) may produce any suitable endocrinological or other physiological outcome, including, but not limited to, secretion of fluid, electrolytes, and proteins, vasodilatation, increasing the volume of tears, increasing the quality of tears, improving surface health, decreasing tear osmolarity, and decreasing ocular inflammation.
When the stimulation systems comprises a transmission line between a controller and microstimulator, or a lead connecting one or more electrodes to a microstimulator, the transmission line and/or leads may be tunneled. The tunneling pathway may depend on where the microstimulator, controller, and/or electrodes are implanted. For example, a tunneling pathway may extend from the ear region (superficial to the temporal bone) to the temporal aspect of the orbit into the superior lateral aspect of the orbit, through the orbital septum and to the anatomical target.
Microstimulators
As mentioned above, the stimulation systems described here comprise one or more microstimulators. The microstimulator may be any device suitable for delivering stimulation to tissue. In some variations, the microstimulator may comprise one or more passive stimulation circuits in which the device does not include any internal logic or intelligence (e.g., ASICs, microcontrollers or the like). In some of these variations, the microstimulator does not have an internal battery. In these variations, the microstimulator may include only a dissipation circuit that receives an output signal from a controller, generates a current based on the received signal, and delivers the generated current. The dissipation circuit may contain one or more signal conditioning units which may shape or otherwise modify the signal received from a controller. In some variations, the circuit may be configured to receive energy from an external source, rectify the energy into a stimulation pulse, and allow for passive charge balancing. In some variations the stimulation circuit may comprise one or more current rectifiers, one or more amplitude limiting units, and one or more ramping control units, combinations, thereof, or the like. In some variations, the dissipation circuit may comprise one or more adjustable/tunable components.
In other variations, a microstimulator may include internal logic which may be used to shape or modify a signal received from a controller. In some of these variations, the microstimulator may not include an internal battery, such that operating power is received by the output signal of a controller. In still other variations, the microstimulator may comprise an implantable pulse generator, which may include all of the circuitry necessary to generate and deliver electrical pulses to tissue. The stimulation circuits described here may contain elements which allow a controller to detect one or more operating parameters of the stimulation circuit.
In operation, a magnetic field generated by a controller (not shown) may be applied to microstimulator coil (202). The microstimulator coil (202) may generate a current icoil as a result of the applied magnetic field (e.g., via inductive coupling). The tuning capacitor (208) may form a tuning circuit with the microstimulator coil (202) such that the microstimulator coil (202) only receives magnetic fields generated using a specific frequency or range of frequencies. The current may pass through the rectifying circuit of resistor (208) and diode (204) and deliver a current iload between first (210) and second (212) electrodes. The current iload may pass through tissue (214) (represented in
Because the passive stimulation circuit is configured to condition and deliver the output signal received from a controller, one or more characteristics of the stimulation signal delivered by a microstimulator may be at least partially dependent on one or more characteristics of the stimulation signal. The controller may adjust one or more characteristics of the output signal (e.g., the amplitude, burst width, burst frequency, etc.) to alter the one or more characteristics (e.g., amplitude, pulse width, pulse frequency, etc.) of the stimulation signal produced by the microstimulator. For example, the amplitude of a signal applied generated by a microstimulator may be adjusted by modifying the amplitude of an alternating magnetic field produced by a controller coil.
While the stimulation circuit (200) is shown in
In some variations, the stimulation circuit may be configured to receive ultrasound energy. For example, in some variations the microstimulator may comprise one or more ultrasound transducers which may generate current in response to a transmitted ultrasound signal. In some variations, the ultrasound signal may be focused on the microstimulator using one or more ultrasound transmitters. In other variations, the microstimulator may be configured to receive optical energy (e.g., infrared, ultraviolet, visible wavelengths, or the like) and generate a current in response thereto. For example, in some variations a stimulation circuit may comprise one or more photo-voltaic elements that generate a current in response to received optical energy. In other variations, the microstimulator may be configured to receive far-field RF energy. For example, high-frequency RF energy may be received by the microstimulator using an antenna, and may allow for tolerate for a variety of microstimulator orientations. It should be appreciated that in some variations, the microstimulators described here may be capable of receiving energy from a plurality of sources, such as a combination of magnetic, ultrasound, optical, and/or RF signals.
In variations where a stimulation circuit is configured to generate a current using inductive coupling, the stimulation circuit may be configured to improve tolerance to angular misalignment between internal and external components. In some of these variations, a microstimulator may include two or more coils positioned in non-parallel orientations.
While the passive stimulation circuit (200) described above with respect to
The stimulation circuits described here may comprise one or more electrical safety features. The electrical safety features may limit one or more parameters of the signals received or generated by the microstimulator, which may prevent a potentially harmful stimulation circuit from being supplied to a patient. Electrical safety features may include one or more elements such as a capacitor in series with the electrodes to limit charge delivery, one or more elements such as a capacitor in series with the electrodes to ensure DC charge-balanced stimulation, one or more resistors in parallel with the electrodes and/or series capacitor to allow for DC charge-balanced stimulation by capacitive discharge, one or more current-limiting diodes in series with the electrodes to limit maximum stimulation current amplitude, one or more zener diodes to limit maximum output voltage, combinations thereof or the like. The resistor in parallel with the electrodes may be of a larger impedance than the tissue load impedance to ensure power efficient stimulation.
In some variations, the stimulation circuits described here comprises one or more adjustable elements. For example, the stimulation circuit may comprise one or more variable resistance elements, variable capacitive elements, variable inductance elements, variable non-linear elements, or the like. The variable resistive elements, capacitive elements, inductive elements, or nonlinear elements may be used to alter a characteristic of the stimulation circuit, such as the resonant frequency, or stimulation parameter such as for example amplitude. In variations that include a variable component, the variable components may be reversibly varied, or irreversibly varied. In some instances, one or more of the variable components may be controlled and varied by an external controller, as described in more detail below. The variable components may be adjusted to adjust or otherwise alter one or more functions of the microstimulator. For example, an adjustable element may be used to alter the resonant frequency of a receiving unit or output unit of the microstimulator, which may control the frequency of output signals that the receiving unit is capable of receiving and the frequency of stimulation signals generated by the microstimulator. Additionally or alternatively, an adjustable element may be used to alter one or more parameters of stimulation provided by a microstimulator (e.g., amplitude, pulse width, etc.).
Any of the components of the stimulation circuits described here may be adjustable. For example, in some variations the tuning capacitor (208) from the stimulation circuit (200) may be tuned to adjust the output of the stimulation circuit (200).
In some variations, a microstimulator may comprise a passive stimulation circuit configured to passively ramp up the amplitude of stimulation signal that is supplied to the patient during stimulation. In some of these variations, the passive stimulation circuit may further be configured to limit the maximum amplitude of the stimulation signal provided to the patient.
The signal conditioning unit (3603) may include an amplitude limiting unit (3604) and a rectification unit (3606), although it should be appreciated that the signal conditioning unit (3606) may comprise any combination of units which may shape or otherwise alter the output signal received by the receiving unit (3602). In variations where the signal conditioning unit (3603) comprises a rectification unit (3606), the rectification unit (3606) may rectify the signal being received by the signal receiving unit (3602), and may comprise a full-wave rectifier or a half-wave rectifier. In variations that include an amplitude limiting unit (3604), the amplitude limiting unit (3604) may limit the amplitude of the stimulation current that is delivered to tissue. For example, the amplitude limiting unit (3604) may comprise one or more zener diodes, current limiting elements, or the like, which may clip or otherwise limit the amplitude of the signals within the stimulation circuit. For example, in some variations the output signal produced by a controller may be larger than the intended stimulation signal amplitude to account for potential alignment differences between the output stage of the controller and the receiving unit of the microstimulator. In these variations, an amplitude limiting unit (3604) may clip the excess power received by the receiving unit (3602). While shown in
The signal conditioning unit (3603) may provide the conditioned output signal to output unit (3610), which may deliver a stimulation signal to tissue via one or more electrodes. The amplitude of the stimulation signal delivered to the output unit (3610) from the signal conditioning unit (3603) may be at least partially controlled by the ramping control unit (3608). In some variations, the ramping control unit (3608) may comprise a charging unit (3612) and a field-effect transistor (3614). The signal conditioning unit (3603) and the output unit (3610) may be connected to the source and drain terminals of the field-effect transistor (3614), and the charging unit (3612) may be connected to the gate terminal of the field-effect transistor (3614). The voltage provided by the charging unit (3612) to the field-effect transistor (3614) may determine the current that flows between the signal conditioning unit (3603) and the output unit (3610). For example, when the charging unit (3612) is uncharged (which may occur when the receiving unit (3602) initially begins receiving an output signal from a controller), the field-effect transistor (3614) may prevent current flow between the signal conditioning unit (3603) and the output unit (3610), thereby preventing delivery of a stimulation signal to the patient. As the receiving unit (3602) provides power to the charging unit (3612), the voltage provided to the gate of the field-effect transistor (3614) increases (e.g., by charging a chargeable component, as will be described in more detail below), which increases the amount of current that may flow between the signal conditioning unit (3603) and the output unit (3610). Accordingly, the amplitude of the stimulation signal provided by the output unit (3610) may increase as the charging unit (3612) charges, and the amplitude of the stimulation signal may automatically be ramped upward until the charging unit (3612) is fully charged. The speed of this ramping may be determined by the rate at which the charging unit (3612) is charged. Additionally, the charging unit (3612) may be configured to discharge when power is not being supplied thereto. This may allow the ramping unit (3602) to reset between different treatment sessions, such that the stimulation circuit can ramp subsequent stimulation signals produced in subsequent treatments.
As mentioned above, the signal received by the receiving unit (4322) may be passed to the signal conditioning unit (4324) and the ramping control unit (4326). In the variation shown in
In variations that include an amplitude control unit (4336), the amplitude control unit (4336) may be configured to limit the maximum amplitude of the signal delivered by the output stage (4328). For example, the amplitude control unit (4336) shown in
In variations where the signal conditioning unit (4324) comprises a current source unit (4338), the current source unit (4338) may be configured to act as a voltage-controlled current source which may output a current based on a voltage input received by the current source unit (4338). For example, in some variations (such as that shown in
Once the received output signal has been conditioned by the signal conditioning unit (4324), the signal may be passed to the output unit (4328). The output unit (4328) may thus deliver the processed signal as an output signal to tissue (4350) via electrodes (4352). In some variations, the output unit (4328) may be configured to allow for passive charge balancing. For example, output unit (4328) may comprise a capacitor (4354) and resistor (4356). The capacitor (4354) may charge when signal conditioning unit (4324) is delivering current to the output unit (4328) and tissue (4350), and may discharge when the signal conditioning unit (4324) is not delivering current to the output unit (4328), which may allow the output unit (4328) to provide a biphasic, charge-balanced, stimulation signal to tissue (4350). In some variations, the output unit (4328) may comprise a current-limiting device (not shown) or the like, which may limit the magnitude of the balancing current produced by the capacitor (4354).
As mentioned above, the ramping control unit (4326) may be configured to ramp the signal provided from the signal processing unit (4324) to the output unit (4326). As shown in
Charging unit (4326) may be configured to increase the voltage provided to the field-effect transistor (4360) as the receiving unit (4322) receives an output signal generated by a controller. For example, as shown in
The microstimulators described above may take any of several shapes and forms.
While shown in
In some variations, the contact lens (622) may have a power supply (e.g., a battery or the like). Additionally or alternatively, the contact lens (622) may comprise one or more coils (624) or other elements which may receive energy from a controller.
As mentioned above, the microstimulators described here may comprise one or more electrodes. The electrodes may be attached to any suitable portion or portions of the microstimulator, and in some instances may be connected to the microstimulator via one or more leads. In some variations, the electrodes may be configured to allow for capacitive charge transfer, but not faradaic charge transfer. When the microstimulator comprises a planar body, such as the microstimulator (606) described above with respect to
In some variations, one or more electrodes may be attached to a microstimulator via one or more leads. The leads may or may not be flexible or comprise one or more flexible portions. For example,
In variations where a microstimulator includes electrodes attached to the body of the microstimulator via one or more leads, the leads may allow for the body of the microstimulator to be located remotely from the site of stimulation. For example,
As mentioned above, a microstimulator may be configured to change shape upon implantation from a delivery device. For example,
When the microstimulator (800) is released from the delivery device (802) (e.g., via a pusher or the like), the microstimulator (800) may take on a second form. When in its second form, the microstimulator (800) may conform to one or more anatomical structures, such as a fossa for the lacrimal gland. The microstimulator (800) may transition between the first and second forms in any suitable manner. For example, in some variations the microstimulator (800) may unfold, unfurl, or otherwise change shape due to release of stored energy in the microstimulator (800) (e.g., shape memory energy, spring or coil energy, or the like). In other instances, the microstimulator (800) may change shape due to mechanical manipulation, or by virtue of degradation or other removal of a structure holding the microstimulator (800) in the low-profile form.
In some variations, the microstimulators may comprise one or more components which may aid in insertion of the device into tissue. For example, in some variations a microstimulator may comprise one or more rounded edges which may reduce tissue damage as the microstimulator is advanced into or past tissue. Additionally or alternatively, a microstimulator may comprise one or more sharpened tips which may aid in advancing the microstimulator at least partially into or through tissue. For example,
In variations where a microstimulator comprises a sharpened tip, the tip may be formed as a single device or may be formed separately from and attached to the microstimulator. In some variations, the tip may be configured to degrade or otherwise detach from the microstimulator after implantation. For example,
The microstimulators described here may also comprise one or more elements which may help to maintain the microstimulator in place relative to tissue. In some variations, the microstimulator may comprise one or more coatings (e.g., an adhesive coating or the like) which may help hold in the microstimulator in place relative to tissue. In other variations, the microstimulator may comprise one or more materials (e.g., a Dacron covering) or structures that may promote tissue ingrowth. In some variations, the microstimulator may comprise one or more fixation elements, such as hooks, barbs, anchors, bumps, or other protrusions. For example,
It should be appreciated that a microstimulator may comprise a plurality of different fixation elements. For example,
In some variations of the microstimulators described here, the microstimulator may comprise one or more features to facilitate minimally invasive retrieval. For example,
The extension (4204) may be formed from a flexible material such as silicon, and may comprise a first electrode (4206), a second electrode (4208), and a coil (4210). In some variations, the extension (4204) may be a molded component, such as molded silicon. The flexible extension (4204) may conform to one or more portions of the anatomy (e.g., the orbit or the lacrimal gland) when implanted in tissue.
While shown in
The electrodes (4206) and (4208) and coil (4210) may be connected to the microstimulator circuitry via one or more feedthroughs. For example,
The microstimulators described here may be made from any materials or combinations of materials. For example, the composition of the electrode may include, but is not limited to, platinum, iridium, platinum iridium, iridium oxide, sputtered iridium oxide, titanium nitride, tantalum, and combinations thereof. In some variations, the implantable microstimulators described here may be configured to be compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. In some of these variations, the device may be configured to minimize device movement that may result from magnetic forces created during MRI imaging or minimize heating that may occur in the components of the microstimulator. For example, in some variations, the microstimulator may be made from non-ferromagnetic or reduced-ferromagnetic materials. In other variations, the microstimulator may comprise ferromagnetic materials, but the relative amount of these components may be small enough such that forces provided on these components during MRI imaging do not substantially move the device. In other variations, the microstimulators may be configured such that MRI imaging does not cause inadvertent stimulation or other activation of the microstimulator. For example, when the microstimulators comprise a receiving circuit having a resonant frequency (as discussed in more detail above), the microstimulator may be configured such that the resonant frequency is outside of the frequency ranges produced during MRI imaging (e.g., the frequencies produced by the main field, gradient field, and/or RF fields of an MRI scanner).
In some variations, the microstimulator may comprise one or more sensors which may measure one or more physical parameters of the patient. In some variations, the sensors may be used to implement closed loop stimulation of one or more anatomical structures.
Closed loop stimulation may work by detecting a condition (surface impedance to detect wetness) that provides information about the requirement of tear production and generating a condition signal. The microstimulator (or controller) may then modulate its output in response to this condition signal to modify its output in tear production. Detecting the condition may include measurement of one or more variables. Measured variables for use in the closed loop stimulation may include one or more of tear conductivity, tear volume, and gland conductivity. A sensing element may be part of an implantable microstimulator, or could be separate (e.g., provided in a contact lens, part of the controller, etc.) from the implanted microstimulator. The adjustment of stimulation output may be based on an algorithm.
Controller
As mentioned above, the stimulation systems described here may comprise a controller, which may communicate with the stimulation devices described here to transmit and/or receive power, information, or the like. The components of the controller and the microstimulator may be implemented as a single device or as separate devices. The controller may communicate with the microstimulator wirelessly and/or via a wired connection. The controller may be configured for implantation within the body, or may be configured to remain external to the body. The controller may be disposable, may be reusable, or may be partially reusable. In some instances, one or more components of the microstimulator may be reusable, while other components may be disposable. In some instances, the controller may be rechargeable.
When the controller is configured to remain external to the body, the controller may be configured to be at least temporarily affixed to the patient. For example, the controller may be configured to adhesively affix to the patient's skin, may be magnetically attached to a patient's skin (e.g., via one or more magnets positioned in the patient's head), may be incorporated into a pair of eyeglasses, may be configured to be worn over or otherwise attach to the ear, may be incorporated into or otherwise couple to a wrist-watch or bracelet, or the like. The controller may be configured for placement against any suitable skin surface, such as the temple, forehead, brow, ear, neck, or the like, as may be appropriate to position a controller in proximity to an implanted stimulator. In other variations, the controller may comprise one or more hand-held devices, such as a key fob.
In some variations, the controller may comprise a patch or similar structure which may be configured to at least temporarily affix the controller to a patient.
While the controller circuitry (1626) is shown in
While the patch (1622) is shown in
In some variations, a coating layer may be disposed between different components of the controller circuitry. For example,
It should be appreciated that one or more of the patch components may be flexible and/or may be configured to at least partially conform to the contours of the patient. For example, the circuitry of the controller may be incorporated into a flexible substrate or layer (e.g., a flexible circuit board). In variations where a patch comprises one or more pads or fabric layers, these layers may be flexible. The patch may also be formed from one or more translucent materials, or may be colored to match a patient's skin tone, which may make the patch less noticeable.
As discussed above, the patch may comprise one or more adhesive layers for affixing the controller to a surface. In some variations, the adhesive layer may comprise a double-sided adhesive, in which one side of the adhesive adheres to one or more patch components (e.g., a fabric layer, printed circuit board, or the like) and the other side of the adhesive adheres to the skin. An adhesive layer may be configured to last any suitable amount of time. In some variations, the adhesive layer may be configured to last for one or more hours (e.g., one hour, four hours, eight hours, or the like), one or more days (e.g., one day, two days, three days, etc.), or one or more weeks (e.g., one week, two weeks, etc.). The patches described here may further comprise a release liner, but need not. In variations that do comprise a release liner, the release liner may comprise a wax-coated paper or other material that temporarily covers an adhesive layer. The release liner may be peeled off or otherwise removed to expose a surface of the adhesive layer, thereby allowing the adhesive layer to be placed against skin or another desired surface. In some variations, the controller may be configured such that removal of a release liner activates one or more functions of the device. For example, in some variations, removal of a release liner may initiate the generation of a timed output signal, as will be described in some detail below.
As mentioned above, in some variations a patch may comprise multiple adhesive layers.
It should be appreciated that in variations where a patch comprises multiple adhesive layers, each adhesive layer may comprise the same adhesive, or different layers may comprise different adhesives. Additionally or alternatively, each of the adhesive layers may be configured to last the same amount of time, or different adhesive layers may be configured to last for different amounts of time. Additionally, when a controller comprises multiple release liners covering multiple adhesive layers, it should be appreciated that removal of some or all of the release liners may activate one or more functions of the controller. In some of these variations, removal of each release liner may activate a function of the controller. For example, removal of a first release liner may initiate the generation of a first timed output signal, and removal of a second release liner may initiate the generation of a second timed output signal. In other variations, removal of some release liners may activate one or more controller functions, while removal of other release liners does not alter the controller function. For example, in some variations, removal of a first release liner may initiate the generation a first timed output signal, but removal of subsequent release liners does not affect operation of the controller.
In some variations of the stimulation systems described here, a controller may be incorporated into a pair of eyeglasses.
While the controller (1702) shown in
In other variations, a controller may be incorporated into a device which may be worn over or behind the ear of a user. For example,
In still other variations, the controller may be attached to a portion of the ear itself. For example,
In some variations, a controller may be configured for placement in the fornix of an eye under the eyelid. For example,
As mentioned above, some variations of the stimulation systems described here may comprise an implantable controller. For example,
In still other variations, some or all of the controller components may be incorporated into an implantable stimulation device. For example, in some variations a stimulation device may comprise an implantable pulse generator with an internal power source.
When an implantable stimulation device comprises an implantable pulse generator with an internal power source, the pulse generator may be implanted in any suitable location in the body. For example,
As mentioned above, the controller may be configured to transmit one or more signals to an implanted microstimulator. In some variations, the output signal produced by the controller may provide power to the microstimulator. For example, in variations in which a stimulation system comprises a microstimulator having a passive stimulation circuit (or a stimulation circuit that does not otherwise include a battery or internal power supply), the controller signal may power the stimulation device. In variations in which a microstimulator of a stimulation system comprises a power source, the signal of the controller may temporarily provide power to the microstimulator to assist in microstimulator operation and/or to recharge the power supply of the microstimulator. In variations where a stimulation system comprises an implanted controller, an external controller may provide a signal to recharge or otherwise power the implanted controller.
In some variations, one or more of the signals produced by the controller may transmit information to one or more portions of the stimulation system. For example, in variations where a stimulation system comprises a microstimulator having an implantable pulse generator, the controller may provide programming instructions (e.g., stimulation parameters, stimulation times, etc.) to the implantable pulse generator. Similarly, in variations where a stimulation system comprises an in implanted controller, an external controller may be configured to provide one or more control signals or other information to the implanted controller. In variations where a microstimulator comprises an adjustable component, one or more output signals of the controller may be used to adjust the adjustable component.
Input module (3004) may provide one or more inputs signals to controller (3006) based on input received from a user such as a patient, a health professional, or other external source. For example, the user input may be a depressed button, an input along a slide bar, or some other input that indicates whether to apply stimulation to one or more anatomical targets (such as a lacrimal gland), what type of stimulation to apply, and/or what stimulation parameters to apply. The input signals may also be generated from logic inside the input module (3004). For example, input module (3004) may include logic to apply stimulation to a lacrimal gland periodically, in a ramped fashion, continuously, in a patterned fashion, in response to detecting a condition of low or decreased tear production, or some other condition. In some variations the stimulation may be ramped to prevent activation of pain sensation.
Controller (3006) may receive power from power source (3002) and input signals from input module (3004) to generate an output signal. The output signal may be a voltage signal or a current signal applied to transmission element (3008). The output signal may vary in frequency, amplitude, period and/or phase based on the input received from input module (3004) and power received from controller (3002). The transmission element (3008) may be any element suitable for conveying energy and/or information to a microstimulator (not shown), such as one or more coils, ultrasound generators, optical energy generators, or the like. When the output signal is applied to a transmission element (3008) including a coil, the coil may generate a magnetic wave having a radio frequency and amplitude based on the output signal and coil. In some variations, the controller (3006) may detect one or more operating parameters of the microstimulator.
While the controller (3006) is shown in
The power source (4512) may provide power to the controller (4514), which may generate an output signal. In the variation shown in
The output signal produced by the controller (4514) may be transmitted to a microstimulator using transmission portion (4516). The transmission portion (4516) may comprise one or more coils, ultrasound generators, light sources, or the like which may transmit the output signal. For example, as shown in
When the voltage source (4602) is connected to the controller circuit (4600), the voltage source (4602) may charge the first capacitor (4606) until the bipolar junction transistor (4608) begins to conduct. While the bipolar junction transistor (4608) is conducting, an oscillating signal may be passed through the transmission coil (4610) to produce an oscillating magnetic field. The frequency of the oscillating output signal may be determined by the inductance value of the transmission coil (4610) and the capacitance values of the second (4614) and third (4616) capacitors. The choke (4612) may provide DC-biasing during generation of the oscillating output signal. The oscillating signal may continue until the first capacitor (4606) has discharged through the bipolar junction transistor (4608) and the bipolar junction transistor (4608) stops conducting. At this point, the voltage source (4602) may recharge the first capacitor (4606), thereby repeating the production of the oscillating output signal. In this way, the oscillating signal may be continually produced at set intervals until the voltage source (4602) is disconnected or otherwise depleted. The resistance of the resistor (4604) may determine the rate at which first capacitor (4606) charges, which may determine the delay between subsequent administrations of the oscillating output signal. In some variations, the resistor (4604) may be adjustable to vary the delay. Additionally, the capacitance of the first capacitor (4606) may at least partially determine the duration of the oscillating output signal. In some variations, the first capacitor (4606) may be adjustable to vary the oscillating output signal duration.
The voltage source (4602) may be selectively connected to the controller circuit to determine when the oscillating output signal is produced by the controller circuit (4600). For example, in variations where the controller circuit (4600) is incorporated into a patch having a release liner, such as described in more detail above, removal of the release liner may connect the voltage source (4602) to the controller circuit (4600) (or otherwise complete the circuit) to initiate the periodic generation of the transmission signal. In these variations, the voltage source (4602) may comprise one or more batteries which may power the controller circuit (4600) for a set period of time (e.g., about four hours, about eight hours, or the like). In other variations, the controller may be configured to disconnect the voltage source (4602) after a set period of time (or upon some input from a patient). In some variations, the controller may comprise one or more controllers and/or user inputs which may control the connection of the voltage source (4602) to the controller circuit (4602).
In some variations, a controller may be configured to output a signal independent of any feedback from an implanted microstimulator (or another controller). For example, in some variations, a controller may be configured to produce a pre-set signal for a pre-set amount of time when the controller is activated (e.g., by depressing a button on the controller, removing a release liner from an adhesive layer, or the like). In some variations, as will be described in more detail below, the pre-set signal may be modified by user input.
In other variations, a controller may be configured to alter its output in response to feedback received from an implanted microstimulator. In some instances, a controller may be configured to alter its output based on feedback to account for misalignment or other movement between the controller and the microstimulator. For example, in some variations, the implanted microstimulator may be configured to transmit to the controller information regarding the strength of the signal received by the microstimulator, and the controller may be configured to alter its output in response to the received information. In other variations, the controller may be configured to detect and measure a load positioned within a field produced by the controller, and may alter the strength of the produced field as a function of the measured load. Additionally or alternatively, the controller may be configured to receive one or more signals measured from the patient (e.g., a signal indicative of dryness of the eyes), and may be configured to alter the output of the controller in response to the measured signal. In variations where the implanted microstimulator comprises one or more adjustable/tunable components, altering the output of the microstimulator may comprise adjusting the adjustable components.
In still other variations, it may be desirable to allow for a patient to alter the intensity of stimulation by increasing or decreasing the output strength of the controller. In some variations, a controller may comprise one or more buttons, sliders, levers, knobs, or other mechanisms a patient may manipulate to alter the output strength of the controller. In other variations, a stimulation system may comprise one or more external programmers which may be used to alter the output of the controller. For example, the hand-held controller (2102) described above in relation to
In some variations, a controller may comprise one or more safety elements. For example, in some variations a controller may comprise a temperature sensor which measures the temperature inside the controller. In these variations, the controller may be configured to shut down when the temperature inside the controller exceeds a certain threshold. This may prevent the controller from reaching a temperature which may injure a patient (e.g., when the patient is holding the controller, when the controller is attached to the patient, etc.).
In some variations, a stimulation set may comprise a plurality of controllers, wherein each controller is configured to produce a different output signal.
In some instances, it may be desirable to deliver a particular stimulation signal to a patient for a predetermined amount of time. Accordingly, it may be desirable to configure the stimulation system to provide a controlled “dose” of stimulation to a patient. For example, it may be desirable to configure a stimulation system to provide stimulation for a set period of time (e.g., four hours, eight hours, twelve hours or the like). Accordingly, the controllers described here may be configured to generate an output signal for a predetermined period of time, which may result in the generation of a corresponding stimulation signal by a microstimulator implanted in the patient.
In variations where a controller comprises a patch having an adhesive layer covered by a release line, such as those described in more detail above, the removal of the release liner may initiate a dose of stimulation therapy. In variations where a stimulation system comprises a microstimulator having a passive stimulation system, the stimulation therapy may comprise generating and transmitting an output signal to a microstimulator, as described in more detail above. In variations where a stimulation system comprises a microstimulator having an implantable pulse generator, the stimulation therapy may comprise delivering one or more signals to the implantable pulse generator instructing the microstimulator to deliver stimulation to tissue. The controller may continue to output the signal or signals for the duration of the dose of stimulation therapy. In some instances, the controller may be programmed to shut down or otherwise cease producing signals after a set period of time. In other instances, a power source of the controller may only have sufficient charge to power the controller for the duration of the dose of stimulation therapy.
In variations where a patch controller has a plurality of adhesive layers separated by release liners, removal of each release liner may begin a different dose of stimulation therapy. For example, it may be desirable for a patient to receive one dose of stimulation therapy each day. To begin a stimulation dose on the first day, a patient may remove a first release liner from a first adhesive layer and may affix the controller to a skin surface via the first adhesive layer. Removal of the first release liner may initiate a first dose of stimulation therapy, which may be delivered to the patient while the controller is affixed thereto. The patch may be removed from the patient following administration of the first dose. On the next day, the patient may remove a second release liner from a second adhesive layer (which may initiate a second dose of stimulation therapy), and may reaffix the controller to the skin surface to allow for delivery of the second dose of stimulation therapy. This may be repeated until each of the adhesive layers of the patch controller has been used, or until the patient has administered a prescribed number of doses.
In other variations, a plurality of disposable controllers may be used to deliver a plurality of doses of stimulation therapy. For example,
While the controller set (2500) shown in
As mentioned above, the controllers described here may be disposable, or may be reusable. In some variations, the controller may be configured to prevent tampering or other modification of device components. For example, in some variations one or more components of the controller (e.g., a battery, a coil, or the like) may be welded to or otherwise integrally formed within the controller body such that accessing and/or removing one or more of these components may disable functionality of the device. This may prevent a user from improperly trying to replace or modify one or more components of the controller. In some variations, the controller may be configured such that one or more components of the controller is disposable, while one or more components of the controller is reusable. For example, in some variations a controller may be configured such that one or more components of the controller, such as a battery, adhesive layer, or coil, may be replaced without needing to replace the entire controller.
Methods
Also described here are methods for stimulating tissue. In some variations, one or more of the stimulation systems described here may be used to deliver stimulation to one or more anatomical targets. Generally, a microstimulator of the stimulation system may be implanted within the patient, and may be used to generate a stimulation signal which is applied to tissue (e.g., via one or more electrodes). In some variations, the microstimulator comprises a passive stimulation circuit, and the stimulation signal is passively generated from an output signal generated by a controller. The stimulation systems and associated methods may be used to treat one or more conditions. In some variations, the stimulation systems may be configured to treat one or more ocular conditions. For example, the stimulation systems described here may be configured to treat dry eye.
For the purposes of illustration,
There are two bony depressions in the orbital cavity that may be referred to as the lacrimal fossa. The first is a smooth, concave shallow depression located on the inferior surface of each orbital plate of the frontal bone. This depression houses the lacrimal gland and is referred to as the “fossa for the lacrimal gland” (2730). The second is a smooth, more deeply concave depression on the lacrimal bone, which forms the medial wall of the orbital cavity. This depression houses the lacrimal sac and is referred to as the “fossa for the lacrimal sac” (2732).
The supraorbital process (2744) is a passage in the frontal bone for the supraorbital artery and nerve. The supraorbital process (2744) is located on the superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. The orbit of the skull (2740) is lined with a periosteum (not shown) and contains the eye (2730), extraocular muscles for movement of the eye (2730), veins (not shown), arteries (not shown), and nerves (not shown) which traverse the orbit into the face and the lacrimal gland (2710).
The extraocular muscles include the lateral rectus (2750), the medial rectus (not shown), the superior rectus (2752), inferior rectus (2754), superior oblique (2756), inferior oblique (2758), and the levator palpebrae superioris (not shown). The lateral rectus (2750) abducts the eye away from the nose and the medial rectus adducts the eye towards the nose. The lateral rectus (2750) and the medial rectus move the eye only in a horizontal plane. The superior rectus (2752), inferior rectus (2754), superior oblique (2756), and inferior oblique (2758) control vertical motion. The levator palpebrae superioris originates on the sphenoid bone (2736) and is responsible for elevating the upper lid (2720). The malar process (2726) is a rough projection from the maxilla (not shown) that articulates with the zygomatic bone (2770).
The insertion device may be removed from the patient at step (2802). A waveform signal may be generated at step (2804). The waveform signal may be generated as an output signal of a controller. The waveform may be generated automatically based on closed loop control or based on user input received by the controller. A stimulation signal may be generated from the waveform signal at step (2806). The stimulation signal may be generated by a microstimulator based on the output signal generated by the controller and received by the microstimulator. The stimulation signal may then be applied to the anatomical target at step (2808).
When implanting a microstimulator as mentioned in relation to step (2800), the microstimulator may be implanted at any suitable location relative to the body. In some variations, the microstimulator may be implanted in the orbit of the skull adjacent to the eye. In some variations, the microstimulator may be implanted into about, in proximity to, within or partially in the lacrimal gland. In some variations, the microstimulator may be implanted into the fossa for the lacrimal gland. In instances where the microstimulator is used to treat dry eye, the microstimulator may be used to stimulate one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland tissue, as will be described in more detail below.
As shown in
The microstimulators or electrodes thereof may be positioned in or adjacent to any of the bony structures and regions of the skull that provide access to one or more of the anatomical targets specific to the process of lacrimation, such as those shown in
In some variations, one or more microstimulators may be positioned on a surface of the eye, such as microstimulator (620) described above with respect to
It should be appreciated that any of the microstimulators described above may be implanted on or adjacent an anatomical target such as a lacrimal gland.
While discussed above as being implanted in, on, or near one or more structures around the ocular cavity, it should be appreciated that microstimulators described here may be implanted in any suitable location. In some variations, a microstimulator may be implanted in a location to provide stimulation to one or more target nerves. For example, the microstimulator may be positioned to stimulate an occipital nerve (e.g., to treat headache or other pain), a vagus nerve (e.g., to treat epilepsy, depression, or the like), a dorsal genital nerve (e.g., to treat erectile or sexual dysfunction, urinary incontinence, or the like), or the like. When positioned to stimulate a nerve, in some instances the electrodes of the microstimulators may be located on the epineurium of a nerve or away from the portion of the nerve that innervates tissue or gland. An example of a direct nerve stimulator is a nerve cuff which includes electrodes carried on the inside walls of a cylindrical polymeric sheath. The nerve cuff may be wrapped around the nerve to bring the electrodes into direct contact with an isolated portion of a nerve to be stimulated. Indirect stimulation of a nerve may include delivering low amplitude electrical stimulation via electrodes that are in close proximity, but not in direct contact, with the nerve to be stimulated. Nerves that are in a bundle, plexus or innervating tissue or a gland are not isolated from other nerves or structures. Target nerves or structures that are not isolated may stimulated indirectly by using electrical selectivity.
In other variations, one or more microstimulators may be implanted in one or more locations in or around the mouth or salivary glands. For example, in some variations a microstimulator may be positioned in, on, or around a submandibular gland, a parotid gland, a sublingual gland, or the like. In these variations, the stimulation systems may be used to provide stimulation (as described hereinthroughout) to one or more of these anatomical targets to treat one or more conditions such as dry mouth. The microstimulator may be implanted using any suitable approach. For example, in some variations, a microstimulator may be placed subcutaneously to position the microstimulator in, on, or around the sublingual gland. When positioning a microstimulator in, on, or around the submandibular gland or the sublingual, the microstimulator may be advanced through the floor of the mouth, or may be advanced using a submandibular approach. The microstimulator may be delivered using one or more of the delivery systems described above.
The microstimulators described here may be delivered in any suitable manner. Described here are delivery systems and methods for delivering a microstimulator to a region of tissue. The delivery systems generally comprise at least one insertion device, and in some variations may comprise a dissection tool. Delivery of the microstimulators may be done under direct visualization and/or indirect visualization (e.g., ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or the like).
The insertion device may contain one or more energy storage devices to facilitate insertion, for example a spring. The insertion device may contain an element by which the implanting physician triggers the insertion or deployment of the microstimulator, such as a plunger or button.
In some variations, the delivery systems may comprise one or more dissection tools which may be used to form an insertion pathway from outside a patient to a delivery location for a microstimulator. For example,
Once an insertion pathway is formed, an insertion device (4010) may be advanced through the insertion pathway. In some variations, the dissection tool (4008) may be partially or fully withdrawn prior to advancing the insertion device (4010). In some variations, the insertion device (4010) is advanced along the dissection tool (4008) to introduce the insertion device (4010) at least partially into the insertion pathway, as shown in
While the dissection tool (4008) is shown in
In some variations, the delivery systems may comprise a guiding element for helping to direct or otherwise position one or more dissection tools and/or insertion devices of the delivery system. For example,
Either during or after placement of the microstimulator, a physician may test one or more stimulation parameters of the stimulation system. For example, a test signal may be applied to the patient using the microstimulator, one or more electrodes incorporated into the delivery system, a percutaneous needle stimulator, or the like. The physician may assess one or more outcomes of the test signal, such as tear production, discomfort, sensation, or the like), and may alter stimulation parameters and/or positioning of the device. For example, in some variations, the microstimulator may be repositioned if the test signal does not result in adequate tear production, or if the test signal results in discomfort in the patient. Additionally or alternatively, one or more stimulation parameters (e.g., pulse width, amplitude, etc.) may be adjusted depending on the results of the test signal. In some variations, this may comprise adjusting one or more adjustable elements of the microstimulator, as described in more detail above. The stimulation parameters and/or positioning of the microstimulator may be repeated as necessary to achieve a desired stimulation outcome.
Once the microstimulator is in place relative to the body, the microstimulator may be used to deliver stimulation to one or more tissues. For example, when used to treat dry eye, stimulation may be applied to the lacrimal gland. The stimulation may selectively stimulate one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. In some variations, the stimulation only stimulates one or more nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. In other variations, the stimulation may be applied to tissue in or around the puncta, lacrimal ducts and/or nasolacrimal ducts.
When stimulating one or more of the nerves or tissues described above, it may be desirable to stimulate these nerves without stimulating the ocular muscles discussed above. The autonomic efferent fibers may be selectively stimulated over the sensory afferent fibers and the A-delta pain fibers. The efferent fibers may be selectively stimulated over the C pain fibers. In some variations it may be desirable to select a pulse width that stimulates efferent fibers over pain fibers. In some of these variations, stimulation using short pulse widths (e.g., 50 μsec-300 μsec) may bias stimulation toward efferent fibers.
The stimulation signal produced by the microstimulator may include a pulse amplitude, a pulse width, and a pulse frequency. One or more of the pulse amplitude, pulse width, or pulse frequency may be varied over the treatment period. The stimulation signal may include a current having a pulse amplitude between about 500 μA to about 25 mA. The stimulation signal may have a pulse frequency between about 2 Hz to about 200 Hz. The pulse frequency may be between about 30 Hz to about 40 Hz. The stimulation signal may include a current having a pulse width between about 50 μsec to about 2000 μsec. In some variations, the stimulation may be adjusted in response to a measured variable. The stimulation signal may be delivered in bursts and may include a current having a pulse width between about 100 μsec to about 1000 μsec. Stimulation using these stimulation parameters may be used to treat dry eye, as described herein.
The stimulation may be delivered in a pattern. The patterned stimulation may be used to ensure the comfort of the patient. The patterned stimulation may be used to efficacy of the stimulation. The stimulation may be delivered periodically at regular or irregular intervals. Stimulation bursts may be delivered periodically at regular or irregular intervals. The stimulation amplitude, pulse width or frequency may be modified during the course of stimulation. For example, the stimulation amplitude may be ramped from a low amplitude to a higher amplitude over a period of time. Stimulation amplitude may be ramped from a high amplitude to a lower amplitude over a period of time. Stimulation pulse width may be ramped from a low pulse width to a higher pulse width over a period of time. Stimulation pulse width may be ramped from a high pulse width to a lower pulse width over a period of time. The ramp period may be between 1 second and 15 minutes. The ramp period may be between 5 seconds and 30 seconds. Stimulation may be delivered at night time. Stimulation may only be delivered at night time. Stimulation may consist of very high frequency pulses to block activity in the target tissue. These very high frequency pulses may be of a frequency between 1,000 Hz and 100,000 Hz.
As mentioned above the stimulation provided by the microstimulator may be generated in response to an output signal produced by a controller. In these variations, a controller may be activated to initiate the output signal of a controller, and the controller may be brought near a receiving portion of the microstimulator to transmit the output signal to the controller. In some variations, this may comprise connecting or otherwise affixing the controller to a portion of the anatomy. For example, in variations where a microstimulator is positioned in, on, or around the lacrimal gland, a controller may be positioned near the ocular cavity of the patient. For example, in variations where the controller comprises a patch, the patch may be positioned on the temple, brow, forehead, cheek, or other suitable location of the patient. The patch may be held in place via an adhesive (as described in more detail above) or via one or more magnets in the controller (which may be attracted to one or more magnets positioned within the patient). In variations where a stimulation system comprises an implanted controller, the controller may be programmed to output the output signal on a timed basis and/or may be configured to produce an output signal in response to a signal received from an external programmer.
When the stimulation systems described here are used to treat dry eye by stimulating one of the anatomical structures listed above, such as the lacrimal gland, it may be desirable to first evaluate whether the use of the stimulation systems described here is appropriate for a patient. For example, in some patients, the lacrimal gland may be irreparably damaged to the point where it is unable to secrete tears. In these variations, a test may be conducted to evaluate whether the lacrimal gland is capable of secreting tears. In some variations, one or more stimulation signals may be administered to the lacrimal gland prior to or during delivery of a microstimulator. For example, a transcutaneous skin stimulator or a percutaneous needle stimulator may be used to provide a test signal to the lacrimal gland, and a physician or other user may evaluate a physiological response from the patient (e.g., tear production). The test signal may be configured such that if administration of the test signal produces a physiological response from the patient, then treatment using the stimulation systems described here is appropriate for that patient. It should be appreciated that one or more electrodes may be incorporated into one or more of the insertion devices described above, such that one or more test signals may be administered during delivery of a microstimulator to a patient.
When the stimulation systems and methods described above are used to treat dry eye, it should be appreciated that the stimulation provided by the stimulation current may be configured to rehabilitate the lacrimal gland. In these variations, a treatment regimen may be supplied to the lacrimal gland to improve the functioning of the lacrimal gland over time. In some instances, a treatment regimen may comprise stimulating the lacrimal gland at predetermined times (e.g., daily stimulation), or the like. The stimulation provided by the microstimulator may comprise any suitable stimulation parameters, such as those described in more detail above.
While the methods described above discuss delivering electrical stimulation to one or more anatomical tissues, it should be appreciated that the stimulation systems may additionally or alternatively stimulate tissue using one or more chemical, optical, magnetic, thermal, and/or acoustic stimulation. For example, when the methods described above are used to treat dry eye, it may be desirable to additionally or alternatively provide one or more drugs or active agents to one or more of the anatomical structures described in more detail above (such as the lacrimal gland). The agents delivered may any suitable agent or combination of agents (such as pilocarpine or one or more parasympathetic agents), and may be delivered in any suitable manner. In some variations, the microstimulator may be configured to release one or more drugs or active agents therefrom. Additionally or alternatively, a drug-releasing implant may be delivered to the lacrimal gland, the fossa for the lacrimal gland, the fornix, a lacrimal duct, the eye (e.g., via a contact lens). For example, one or more biodegradable depots comprising one or more agents (e.g., pilocarpine) may be implanted in, on, or near the lacrimal gland. The depot or depots may comprise one more biodegradable polymers (e.g., PLA, PLGA, combinations thereof, or the like), and may be configured to release the one or more agents over a certain period of time (e.g., one weeks, two weeks, one month, or the like). Additional depots may be implanted to prolong administration of the one or more agents to the lacrimal gland.
In some variations, the methods described here may additionally comprise providing optical stimulation to an anatomical target such as the lacrimal gland. For example, optical stimulation may comprise photo-electric activation of a drug (such as a drug released from one or more of the implants described above), infrared stimulation using a Vanderbilt/Jensen technique, or the like, or therapy using an optogenetics technique. In some variations, the methods described here may additionally comprise providing magnetic stimulation to one or more anatomical targets. For example, in some variations one or more external magnetic fields may be configured to induce a current in tissue. In some variations, the methods described here may comprise increasing or decreasing the temperature in or around a certain tissue to activate or otherwise assist in therapy of that tissue. In still other variations, the methods described here may comprise providing ultrasound or other acoustic energy to an anatomical target.
The stimulation systems and methods described above may be used to treat a number of conditions. For example, the stimulation devices described here may be used to stimulate one or more tissues in or around the eye to treat one or more conditions, including but not limited to, allergies, amblyopia, Bell's Palsy, blepharitis, corneal ulcers, eye occlusions, eye twitch, macular hole, nystagmus, ocular migraine, ocular rosacea, optic neuritis, photophobia, pinguecula, pterygium, ptosis, strabismus, uveitis, conjunctivitis, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma (e.g., via ciliary body/nerve stimulation), keratoconus, macular degeneration, macular dystrophy, ocular hypertension, retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, diplopia, hyperopia, myopia, and presbyopia.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/441,806, filed on Apr. 6, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/298,042, filed on Nov. 16, 2011, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,918,181 on Dec. 23, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/414,293, filed on Nov. 16, 2010, to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/433,645, filed Jan. 18, 2011, to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/433,649, filed Jan. 18, 2011, and to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/433,652, filed on Jan. 18, 2011. U.S. application Ser. No. 13/441,806 also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/473,141, filed on Apr. 7, 2011, and to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/523,732, filed on Aug. 15, 2011. Each of the foregoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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