The present invention relates to a stimulation method for stimulating oil- or gas-containing parts of a formation and to a downhole stimulation system.
Geophysical surveys are used to discover the extent of subsurface mineral reservoirs such as reservoirs of oil, natural gas, water, etc. Geophysical methods may also be used to monitor changes in the reservoir, such as depletion resulting from production of the mineral over the natural lifetime of the deposit, which may be many years. The usefulness of a geophysical study depends on the ability to quantitatively measure and evaluate some geophysical analogue of a petrophysical parameter that is directly related to the presence of the mineral under consideration.
Effectively searching for oil and gas reservoirs often requires imaging of the reservoirs using two-, three- or four-dimensional mechanical wave data (with the fourth dimension being time). Mechanical waves may be applied and recorded at the surface or in wells, and an accurate model of the underlying geologic structure may be constructed by processing the data obtained from such mechanical waves in a formation. Imaging a formation by means of such data is a computationally intensive task, and typically application of mechanical waves downhole or uphole in wells drilled under water presents an expensive and tedious task for the oil and gas industry. However, relevant information obtained by such measurements may result in significant increases in the recovery of oil from oil fields due to increased knowledge of the formation that can be used to shape the strategy for draining the reservoir, and therefore the method is also of great value.
Furthermore, seismic or mechanical waves used for oil field stimulation is a known technique for enhancing oil recovery from an oil-bearing bed. As the waves pass through the formations in the ground, they cause particles of rock to move in different ways, pushing and pulling the rock.
Conventionally, seismic imaging is performed from the surface. However, well-to-well imaging has shown to be much more efficient. However, performing such imaging analysis of the formation using well-to-well techniques is not widely used in the oil fields even though it has proven to be efficient. It is only used as a probing technique in a few selected wells.
It is an object of the present invention to wholly or partly overcome the above disadvantages and drawbacks of the prior art. More specifically, it is an object to provide an improved method of extracting oil- or gas-containing fluid from a reservoir.
The above objects, together with numerous other objects, advantages, and features, which will become evident from the below description, are accomplished by a solution in accordance with the present invention by a stimulation method for stimulating oil- or gas-containing parts of a formation, said parts being situated between an injection or a production well and a production well, and the method comprising the steps of:
In an embodiment, the mechanical wave activation device may be mechanical wave activation means in which the means is a physical entity and not a fluid or chemical substance.
Also, the mechanical wave sensor may be a mechanical wave sensor means in which the means is a physical entity.
Moreover, the mechanical wave activation device may be activated by means of pressurised fluid, explosives or detonations, a motor, a chemical composition or solid fuel.
Further, the mechanical wave activation device may be a downhole perforation gun, a fluid-activated gun, a seismic source, a chemical reaction gun or a solid fuel gun. The gun may be an electromagnetic hammer.
Additionally, the perforation gun may be a non-perforating gun comprising non-perforating charges.
In one embodiment, the mechanical wave activation device may be arranged in the injection well.
Furthermore, the mechanical wave sensor may be arranged in the production well.
The injection well and/or the production well may be inside or in a proximity of the oil- or gas-containing parts of the formation.
Said stimulation method may further comprise the step of transmitting information to a user of the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces in the part of the formation situated between the mechanical wave activation device in the injection and/or production wells and the mechanical wave sensor in the at least one injection and/or production well in order to enable the user to monitor movement of water, gas and/or oil interfaces during injection of a fluid into the formation.
In another embodiment, the information of the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces may be transmitted chronologically.
Also, the stimulation method as described above may further comprise the step of transmitting the information of the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces to the user real-time.
Furthermore, the stimulation method as described above may comprise the step of controlling the preselected range of frequencies or a single frequency in which the mechanical wave activation device is activated depending on the information received by the user of the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces, so that the preselected range of frequencies or a single frequency may be increased if the information on the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces shows that the oil or gas in the monitored part of the formation moves slower than a predetermined value, or the preselected range of frequencies or a single frequency may be decreased if the information on the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces shows that the oil or gas in the monitored part of the formation moves faster than a predetermined value.
Moreover, the stimulation method as described above may further comprise the steps of:
In addition, the stimulation method as described above may comprise the steps of:
Also, the stimulation method as described above may comprise the step of injecting a fluid into the formation from the at least one central injection well towards the at least one production well.
Furthermore, the stimulation method as described above may comprise the step of arranging the mechanical wave activation device in the at least one central injection or production well.
In said method, a tool having a receiving unit may enter the production well for receiving information from the mechanical wave sensor from which information of the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces may be derived.
The stimulation method as described above may further comprise the step of activating the mechanical wave activation device arranged in the injection and/or production wells in a predetermined pattern to optimise the creation of a tomography of the water, gas and/or oil interfaces.
Moreover, the stimulation method as described above may further comprise the step of arranging a plurality of mechanical wave sensors in one or more of the injection and/or production wells.
Also, the stimulation method as described above may further comprise the step of creating a three-dimensional representation of the tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces in the part of the formation situated between the mechanical wave activation device in the plurality of injection and/or production wells and the mechanical wave sensor in the at least one injection and/or production well from the mechanical waves signals received by the plurality of mechanical wave sensors arranged in the at least one injection and/or production well.
Said mechanical wave sensor may be arranged at several positions along the well.
Further, the mechanical wave sensor may be seismic probes or geophones.
The present invention also relates to a downhole stimulation system for stimulating oil- or gas-containing parts of a formation, comprising:
The downhole stimulation system as described above may further comprise a tool having a receiving unit for receiving information from the mechanical wave sensor from which information of a tomography of water, gas and/or oil interfaces may be derived.
Moreover, the mechanical wave activation device may be activated by means of pressurised fluid, explosives or detonations, a motor, a chemical composition or solid fuel.
The perforation gun may be a non-perforating gun comprising non-perforating charges.
Further, the mechanical wave sensors may be seismic probes or geophones.
Finally, the mechanical wave sensor may comprise a communication device so that the mechanical wave sensor can communicate tomography data to a neighbouring mechanical wave sensor.
The invention and its many advantages will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, which for the purpose of illustration show some non-limiting embodiments and in which
a-4c show cross-sectional views of an oil-containing reservoir during injection of an injection fluid.
All the figures are highly schematic and not necessarily to scale, and they show only those parts which are necessary in order to elucidate the invention, other parts being omitted or merely suggested.
The mechanical waves 6 transmitted by the mechanical wave activation device 4 stimulates the oil field, and by stimulating the oil field with a predetermined frequency, the production is stimulated on a regular basis and not just when the water cut is increasing. The pools of oil, i.e. subsurface oil accumulations such as volumes of rock filled with small oil-filled pores or micro bores, are then affected continuously by the discharged energies and the production of oil from the formation is enhanced. Simultaneously, the low frequency mechanical stimulation initiates micro-fracturing of the formation or even micro-collapses of cavities in the formation, especially in limestone formations but also in sandstone and other types of oil-bearing formations. The micro bores created by the stimulation enable the oil to flow and accumulate in larger pools or areas of oil-containing fluid. By injecting an injection fluid simultaneous to the stimulation of the reservoir by mechanical stimulation, the larger pools or areas of oil-containing fluid may be forced towards production wells close to the injection wells.
Water injection is typically performed to maintain reservoir pressure and thus done to increase the amount of oil which may be extracted from a reservoir. However, at some point, water injection will not be able to force any more oil out of the reservoir, leading to an increase in the water cut. The increase in water cut may originate from the water injection or from water presence close to the reservoir. At this point or even before, mechanical waves, through such part of the formation, may energise the formation so that oil droplets or particles in the formation may gain enough energy to escape surfaces binding the oil droplets or particles in the formation, thereby allowing them to be dissolved in the free-flowing fluids in the formation, e.g. injection fluid. This may further increase the oil production in the reservoir, leading to an increase in the oil content of the fluid in the production wells. At very high energies of the mechanical waves or when exposed to certain mechanical waves within certain frequency ranges, e.g. at Eigen frequencies of the combined well-formation system, the formation may be forced to crack, fracture or splinter, allowing oil droplets or particles to escape closed oil pools, closed micro bores in the formation or other closed cavities in the formation, thereby increasing the content of oil in the oil-containing fluid.
By having mechanical wave sensors 5 in the production well 3 as shown in
As shown in
In
Well-to-well seismic imaging methods may provide images of the formation structure and fluids between wells in the form of mechanical wave reflection sections showing acoustic impedance contrasts or in the form of velocity models obtained by converting arrival times of known mechanical waves according to a model (transmission tomography). The mechanical wave activation devices may also transmit pulses of electromagnetic radiation.
The injected fluid may be any kind of suitable fluid, such as water or gas. The gas may be methane or carbon dioxide or other miscible or immiscible gasses. The injected fluid may have a higher temperature at the point of injection than the formation. By activating the oil field continuously with hot fluid, the oil-containing fluid changes density to a lower density and the mobility of the oil-containing fluid is thus substantially increased. The mobility is increased both by the vibrations and by the density change, causing the oil-containing fluid to accumulate in larger areas or pools in the formation, such as sandstone or limestone.
By activating the oil field continuously from various injection or production wells as shown in
The mechanical wave activation device is controlled to discharge energy in a predetermined pattern determining in which injection well the mechanical wave activation device is activated. Some of the mechanical wave activation device may be activated more than others, and some may even be activated on the same day. The mechanical wave activation device being activated more than some of the others is/are the first mechanical wave activation device determined as being nearest to the production well in which the water cut is increasing.
When the water cut is increasing, the mechanical wave activation devices are activated more frequently in the predetermined pattern or the pattern is changed. If the water cut still increases, the pattern is changed so that the activation device nearest to the production well, in which the water cut is increasing, is activated more frequently than others, or the pattern is maintained and the frequency is increased until the water cut is decreasing again.
In
When injecting fluid into the formation, the oil-containing area 11 is driven towards the production well 3 as shown in
The mechanical wave activation device 4 arranged in the injection wells and/or production well may be activated with a frequency of once within a period of 1-365 days, preferably once within the period of 1-185 days, more preferably once within the period of 1-90 days, even more preferably once within the period of 1-30 days, and even more preferably once within the period of 5-20 days, and with an energy discharge of at least 0.1 kilograms TNT (trinitrotoluene) equivalence per activation, preferably at least 0.5 kilograms TNT equivalence per activation, more preferably at least 1 kilograms TNT equivalence per activation, even more preferably at least 5 kilograms TNT equivalence per activation.
Thus, the activation device may be a downhole perforation gun, a fluid-activated gun, a seismic source, a chemical reaction gun or a solid fuel gun. The perforation gun may comprise non-perforating charges and thus be a non-perforating gun. The gun may also be an electromagnetic hammer.
The fluid-activated gun may be a gas-activated gun, and thus the injection fluid is gas, such as methane gas or carbon dioxide. In one embodiment, the gas accumulates in a piston chamber in the gun, driving a piston in one direction in the chamber compressing a spring, and when the spring cannot be compressed any further, a release mechanism is activated and the piston moves at a high velocity in the opposite direction, hammering into the back wall of the chamber, creating the mechanical waves. In another embodiment, the gas gun is activated by pulsed injection fluid, creating the hammering effect to generate the mechanical waves.
The chemical reaction gun is a gun in which at least two chemicals react to vaporise and thus provide mechanical waves travelling into the formation. The chemicals may be sent down in two flow lines, each supplying a chemical which is mixed in the gun. The chemicals may be the two gases oxygen and methane or the fluids potassium permanganate and dichromate. One or all of the chemicals that are to react may also be present in the gun from the beginning, working as an oxidant, such as potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate, that may be activated using another chemical, and thereby, in a controlled process, release energy and a rapidly expanding gas. Hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as gasoline, gasoil or diesel may also be used as reagents and be supplied through a flowline.
The solid fuel gun comprises solid fuel, such as charcoal, graphite or cordite, and potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate. The solid fuel may also be mixed with sulphur. The solid fuel gun is ignited by arc ignition.
In the event that the tools or the mechanical wave activation devices are not submergible all the way into the casing, a driving unit such as a downhole tractor can be used to push the tools all the way into position in the well. A downhole tractor is any kind of driving tool capable of pushing or pulling tools in a well downhole, such as a Well Tractor®. The downhole tractor comprises wheels arranged on retractable arms.
By a casing is meant any kind of pipe, tubing, tubular, liner, string etc. used downhole in relation to oil or natural gas production.
Although the invention has been described in the above in connection with preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be evident for a person skilled in the art that several modifications are conceivable without departing from the invention as defined by the following claims.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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11195003.6 | Dec 2011 | EP | regional |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/EP2012/076288 | 12/20/2012 | WO | 00 | 6/4/2014 |