Patent Application
20160203767
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a storage type display device, a storage type display device driving method, and an electronic apparatus.
2. Related Art
It has been known that, if an electric field is applied to a dispersion system in which charged corpuscles are dispersed in liquid, the charged corpuscles move (migrate) in the liquid. The phenomenon is referred to as electrophoresis. In the recent years, electrophoretic display devices, in which desired information (image) is displayed using electrophoresis, generally have begun to become widespread.
For example, JP-A-2010-256919 discloses an electrophoretic display device which includes a pixel electrode, a counter electrode, and a microcapsule-type electrophoretic element which includes microcapsules arranged between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode. The microcapsule is enclosed with a dispersion medium which disperses electrophoretic particles in the microcapsule, a plurality of white particles, and a plurality of black particles. A data line, which supplies a data signal, is connected to the pixel electrode, and the data signal is written in the pixel electrode through the data line.
In the device disclosed in JP-A-2010-256919, a memory is installed for each pixel, and a voltage, which is applied to the pixel electrode, is set according to the content of the memory. Specifically, when any one of a plurality of branched power supply lines is connected to the pixel electrode according to the content of the memory, the voltage, which is supplied to the power supply line, is applied to the pixel electrode. The plurality of branched power supply lines are provided in the respective rows of the display section, cross the plurality of branched power supply lines in the respective rows, a plurality of stem power supply lines, which are common to the plurality of branched power supply lines in the respective row, are connected to the plurality of branched power supply lines in the respective rows, and thus a voltage is supplied to the plurality of branched power supply lines in the respective rows from the plurality of stem power supply lines.
Therefore, for example, when display is changed in only a partial row, a voltage, which is necessary for the change, is supplied to the plurality of stem power supply lines, and thus the voltage is supplied to a plurality of branched power supply lines in all the rows. As a result, a complicated sequence is necessary to cause display in rows, in which display is not changed, to not be changed and the rewriting time becomes long. In addition, it is necessary to rewrite the content of the memories in the rows in which display is not changed, thereby resulting in the increase in electric power consumption.
An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to realize the reduction in time which is necessary to write a data signal to pixel electrodes and reduction in electric power consumption.
According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a storage type display device including: first control lines that are provided as many as N (N is an integer which is equal to or larger than 2) columns; second control lines that are provided as many as M (M is an integer which is equal to or larger than 2) rows; and a display section that includes display elements interposed between a pair of substrates and includes N×M pixels, in which the display section includes a pixel electrode, a counter electrode which faces the pixel electrode, a pixel switching element which is connected to the first control lines and the second control line and switches a power supply application state for the pixel electrode, and a pixel memory circuit which is connected to the pixel switching element. The storage type display device further includes a branched power supply line that supplies power to the pixel electrode in each row; a stem power supply line that supplies power to the branched power supply line which is commonly provided for the branched power supply line in each row; a pixel electrode switching circuit that switches a connection state between the branched power supply line and the pixel electrode according to content which is stored in the pixel memory circuit; a power supply line switching circuit that is connected between the stem power supply line and the branched power supply line in each row, and that selects the connection state between the stem power supply line and the branched power supply line in each row; and a control circuit that disconnects or connects the stem power supply line from or to the branched power supply line according to whether or not the content which is stored in the pixel memory circuit is rewritten.
In the storage type display device according to the aspect, when the content which is stored in the pixel memory circuit is rewritten, the branched power supply line may be connected to the stem power supply line by the control circuit in a row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit. In addition, when the content which is stored in the pixel memory circuit is not rewritten, the branched power supply line may be disconnected from the stem power supply line by the control circuit in the row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit. The content of the pixel memory circuit is rewritten in such a way that the pixel switch, which is connected to the pixel memory circuit by the second control line, is set to an ON state and a data signal according to rewriting is supplied from the first control lines which are connected to the pixel switch. When, for example, a data signal at a high level is written into the pixel memory circuit, the pixel electrode switching circuit causes the branched power supply line, which is used to supply a voltage corresponding to the high level, and the pixel electrode to be a connection state. In the row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit in which rewriting is performed, the branched power supply line is connected to the stem power supply line. Therefore, a voltage corresponding to the high level is supplied to the branched power supply line, which is used to supply the voltage corresponding to the high level, from the stem power supply line to which the voltage corresponding to the high level is supplied, with the result that the voltage corresponding to the high level is applied to the pixel electrode, and thus rewriting is performed according to the content of the pixel memory circuit. In addition, when a data signal at a low level is written in the pixel memory circuit, the branched power supply line, which is used to supply the voltage corresponding to the low level, and the pixel electrode are in the connection state. In the row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit in which rewriting is performed, the branched power supply line is connected to the stem power supply line, the voltage corresponding to the low level is supplied from the stem power supply line, to which the voltage corresponding to the low level is supplied, to the branched power supply line, which is used to supply the voltage corresponding to the low level. Therefore, the voltage corresponding to the low level is applied to the pixel electrode, and thus rewriting is performed according to the content of the pixel memory circuit. In contrast, when the content of the pixel memory circuit is not rewritten, the branched power supply line is disconnected from the stem power supply line in the row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit. Therefore, even when the pixel electrode switching circuit causes the branched power supply line and the pixel electrode to be a connection state according to the content of the pixel memory circuit, the voltage is not supplied to the branched power supply line, and thus, finally, the voltage is not applied to the pixel electrode. Therefore, in the row corresponding to the memory circuit, display is not changed. As described above, in the storage type display device according to the aspect, the branched power supply line may be connected to the stem power supply line in only the row in which the content of the pixel memory circuit is rewritten, and the pixel switching element may be driven by the second control line, and thus the rewriting time is decreased and the electric power consumption is decreased.
Meanwhile, in the storage type display device according to the aspect, the first control lines may include scanning lines, and a plurality of first control lines may be provided in each row. In addition, the second control lines may include data lines, and a plurality of second control lines may be provided in each row. The display element includes an electrophoretic element, liquid crystal, an electrochromic element, and the like. The pixel switching element includes a transistor, and a transfer gate. The pixel memory circuit includes a capacitor, a latch circuit, and the like. A plurality of branched power supply lines may be provided in each row, and a plurality of stem power supply lines corresponding to the branched power supply lines may be provided.
According to the aspect of the invention, the storage type display device may further include a connection circuit that connects the branched power supply line, which is in a disconnection state for the stem power supply line, to the power supply line which is connected to the common electrode. In the storage type display device according to another aspect, in the row in which the content of the pixel memory circuit is not rewritten, the voltage which is applied to the common electrode is applied to the pixel electrode through the branched power supply line. Therefore, the potential of the pixel electrode is the same as the potential of the common electrode, and thus display is not changed.
In the storage type display device according to the aspect of the invention, the pixel memory circuit may be a capacitor. In the storage type display device according to another aspect, the connection state between the branched power supply line and the pixel electrode is switched according to the voltage which is accumulated in the capacitor by the pixel electrode switching circuit.
In the storage type display device according to the aspect of the invention, the pixel memory circuit may include a latch circuit. In the storage type display device according to another aspect, the connection state between the branched power supply line and the pixel electrode are switched according to the voltage, which is written into the latch circuit, by the pixel electrode switching circuit.
In the storage type display device according to the aspect of the invention, the power supply line switching circuit may include a transfer gate. In the storage type display device according to another aspect, the voltage, which is applied to the stem power supply line, is securely supplied to the branched power supply line by the transfer gate in which connection resistance is low.
The storage type display device according to the aspect of the invention may further include a power supply line memory circuit that is connected to the power supply line switching circuit, and is configured to determine a driving state of the power supply line switching circuit; and a reset circuit that resets content of the power supply line memory circuit. In the storage type display device according to the aspect, the power supply line switching circuit becomes an ON state or an OFF state based on the content which is written in the power supply line memory circuit. That is, the connection state between the stem power supply line and the branched power supply line is determined by the content which is written in the power supply line memory circuit. When display is changed, the content of all the power supply line memory circuit is reset by the reset circuit as initial setting. Therefore, in the case of initial setting, both the stem power supply line and the branched power supply line become the disconnection state, and the branched power supply line and the stem power supply line in the row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit, in which content is rewritten, become the connection state according to the content which is written in the power supply line memory circuit.
The storage type display device according to the aspect of the invention may further include a setting circuit that sets content of the power supply line memory circuit. In the storage type display device according to another aspect, it is possible to cause the branched power supply line and the stem power supply line to be the connection state in all the rows including the row, in which rewriting of display is not performed, by providing a setting circuit which performs setting, and thus it is possible to perform writing on an entire screen. When a period in which setting is performed is reduced by the setting circuit, it is possible to cause the borderline between the row in which rewriting is performed and a row in which rewriting is not performed to be not seen without largely changing a display color, and without increasing electric power consumption.
The storage type display device according to another aspect of the invention may further include: a memory switching element that switches the connection state between a power supply line selection signal line, which is connected to the second control line and supplies a voltage to be written in the power supply line memory circuit, and the power supply line memory circuit; and a gate enabling circuit that disconnects the pixel switching element from the second control line when the power supply line memory circuit and the power supply line selection signal line are in a connection state by the memory switching element. In the storage type display device according to the aspect, a voltage, which causes the memory switching element to be in the ON state, is supplied from the second control lines, the power supply line selection signal line and the power supply line memory circuit become the connection state, and the voltage, which is supplied to the power supply line selection signal line, is written in the power supply line memory circuit. In addition, when the power supply line selection signal line and the power supply line memory circuit become the connection state, the pixel switching element is disconnected from the second control lines by the gate enabling circuit. Therefore, variation in the voltage, which is supplied to the second control lines, does not affect the pixel switching element.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of driving a storage type display device including: first control lines that are provided as many as N (N is an integer which is equal to or larger than 2) columns; second control lines that are provided as many as M (M is an integer which is equal to or larger than 2) rows; and a display section that includes display elements interposed between a pair of substrates and includes N×M pixels, in which the display section includes a pixel electrode, a counter electrode which faces the pixel electrode, a pixel switching element which is connected to the first control line and the second control line and switches a power supply application state for the pixel electrode, and a pixel memory circuit which is connected to the pixel switching element, and wherein the storage type display device further includes a branched power supply line that supplies power to the pixel electrode in each row; a stem power supply line that supplies power to the branched power supply line which is commonly provided for the branched power supply line in each row; a pixel electrode switching circuit that switches a connection state between the branched power supply line and the pixel electrode according to content which is stored in the pixel memory circuit; a power supply line switching circuit that is connected between the stem power supply line and the branched power supply line in each row, and that selects the connection state between the stem power supply line and the branched power supply line in each row; and a control circuit that disconnects or connects the stem power supply line from or to the branched power supply line according to whether or not the content which is stored in the pixel memory circuit is rewritten, the method including: determining whether or not the content of the pixel memory circuit is rewritten; connecting the stem power supply line to the branched power supply line for a row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit which is determined that the content is rewritten; and disconnecting the stem power supply line from the branched power supply line for a row corresponding to the pixel memory circuit which is determined that the content is not rewritten.
According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided an electronic apparatus which includes the storage type display device according to the aspect of the invention. When display is changed for only a partial row, the electronic apparatus reduces the rewriting time and electric power consumption is decreased. Meanwhile, the electronic apparatus includes a tablet, an electronic book, a smart phone, or the like.
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements.
Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the invention will be described.
The electrophoretic panel 10 includes a display section 30 in which a plurality of pixel circuits P are arranged, a driving section 40 which drives each of the pixel circuits P, and a branched power supply line selection circuit 80. The driving section 40 includes a scanning line driving circuit 42 and a data line driving circuit 44.
The control circuit 20 integrally controls each of the sections of the electrophoretic panel 10 based on video signals and synchronization signals which are supplied from a host device.
The display section 30 is formed with m scanning lines 32 which extend in the X direction as examples of second control lines, and n data lines 34 which extend in the Y direction and cross the scanning lines 32 as examples of first control lines (m and n are natural numbers). The plurality of pixel circuits P are arranged at the intersections of the scanning lines 32 and the data lines 34, and are arranged in a matrix shape of vertical m rows and horizontal n columns.
The selection switch Ts, which is an example of a pixel switching element, includes a negative metal oxide semiconductor (N-MOS). In the selection switch Ts, the scanning line 32 is connected to a gate section, the data line 34 is connected to a source side, and the memory circuit 25 is connected to the drain side, respectively. The selection switch Ts is used to input a data signal, which is input from the data line driving circuit 44 through the data line 34, to the memory circuit 25 by connecting the data line 34 to the memory circuit 25 during a period in which a scanning signal is input from the scanning line driving circuit 42 through the scanning line 32.
The memory circuit 25, which is an example of a pixel memory circuit, is a latch circuit, and includes two positive metal oxide semiconductors (P-MOSs) 25p1 and 25p2, and two N-MOSs 25n1 and 25n2. A first power supply line 13 is connected to the source sides of the P-MOSs 25p1 and 25p2, and a second power supply line 14 is connected to the source sides of the N-MOSs 25n1 and 25n2. Therefore, the source sides of the P-MOS 25p1 and the P-MOS 25p2 are the high potential power supply terminals of the memory circuit 25, and the source sides of the N-MOS 25n1 and the N-MOS 25n2 are the low potential power supply terminals of the memory circuit 25.
In addition, the switching circuit 35, which is an example of a pixel electrode switching circuit, includes a first transfer gate 36 and a second transfer gate 37. The first transfer gate 36 includes a P-MOS 36p and an N-MOS 36n. The second transfer gate 37 includes a P-MOS 37p and an N-MOS 37n.
The source side of the first transfer gate 36 is connected to a first branched power supply line 63, and the source side of the second transfer gate 37 is connected to a second branched power supply line 64. The drain sides of the transfer gates 36 and 37 are connected to a pixel electrode 51.
The memory circuit 25 includes an input terminal N1 which is connected to the drain side of the selection switch Ts, and a first output terminal N2 and a second output terminal N3 which are connected to the switching circuit 35.
The gate section of the P-MOS 25p1 and the gate section of the N-MOS 25n1 in the memory circuit 25 function as the input terminal N1 of the memory circuit 25. The input terminal N1 is connected to the drain side of the selection switch Ts and is connected to the first output terminal N2 (the drain side of the P-MOS 25p2 and the drain side of the N-MOS 25n2) of the memory circuit 25.
Further, the first output terminal N2 is connected to the gate section of the P-MOS 36p of the first transfer gate 36 and the gate section of the N-MOS 37n of the second transfer gate 37.
The gate section of the P-MOS 25p2 and the gate section of the N-MOS 25n2 in the memory circuit 25 function as the second output terminal N3 of the memory circuit 25. The second output terminal N3 is connected to the drain side of the P-MOS 25p1 and the drain side of the N-MOS 25n1, and is connected to the gate section of the N-MOS 36n of the first transfer gate 36 and the gate section of the P-MOS 37p of the second transfer gate 37.
The memory circuit 25 is used to maintain a data signal, which is sent from the selection switch Ts, and to input the data signal to the switching circuit 35.
The switching circuit 35 functions as a selector which alternatively selects any one of the first and second branched power supply lines 63 and 64 based on the data signal, which is input from the memory circuit 25, and connects the selected branched power supply line to the pixel electrode 51. At this time, only one of the first and second transfer gates 36 and 37 operates according to the level of the data signal.
Specifically, when a low level (L) is input to the input terminal N1 of the memory circuit 25 as the data signal, the low level (L) is output from the first output terminal N2. Therefore, in the transistors which are connected to the first output terminal N2 (input terminal N1), the P-MOS 36p operates and the N-MOS 36n, which is connected to the second output terminal N3, operates, and thus the transfer gate 36 is driven. Therefore, the first branched power supply line 63 is electrically connected to the pixel electrode 51.
In contrast, when a high level (H) is input to the input terminal N1 of the memory circuit 25 as the data signal, the high level (H) is output from the first output terminal N2. Therefore, in the transistors which are connected to the first output terminal N2 (input terminal N1), the N-MOS 37n operates and the P-MOS 37p, which is connected to the second output terminal N3, operates, and thus the transfer gate 37 is driven. Therefore, the second branched power supply line 64 is electrically connected to the pixel electrode 51. Further, the first branched power supply line 63 or the second branched power supply line 64 is conducted to the pixel electrode 51 through the operated transfer gate, and a voltage is applied to the pixel electrode 51.
In addition, the memory circuit 25 can maintain the data signal, which is input through the selection switch Is as described above, as the voltage, and can maintain the state of the switching circuit 35 without performing a refreshing operation for a fixed period of time. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the voltage of the pixel electrode 51 by the function of the memory circuit 25. In addition, since it is possible to provide a plurality of output terminals which output different signals, it is possible to perform appropriate control according to the configuration of the switching circuit 35.
The electrophoretic element 50 includes a pixel electrode 51 and a common electrode 52 which face each other, and a plurality of microcapsules 53 which are arranged between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, as illustrated in
The electrophoretic element 50 as an example of a display element includes the plurality of microcapsules 53. The electrophoretic element 50 is fixed between the element substrate 28 and the counter substrate 29 using adhesive layers 31. That is, the adhesive layers 31 are formed between the electrophoretic element 50 and both the substrates 28 and 29.
Meanwhile, the adhesive layer 31 on the side of the element substrate 28 is essentially necessary for adhesion with the surface of the pixel electrode 51. However, the adhesive layer 31 on the side of the counter substrate 29 is not essentially necessary. The reason for this is that only the adhesive layer 31 on the side of the element substrate 28 is assumed as the essentially necessary adhesive layer 31 when the common electrode 52, the plurality of microcapsules 53 and the adhesive layer 31 on the side of the counter substrate 29 are manufactured on the counter substrate 29 through a coherent manufacturing process and then treated as an electrophoretic sheet.
The element substrate 28 is a substrate which is formed of, for example, glass or plastic. The pixel electrode 51 is formed on the element substrate 28, and the pixel electrode 51 is formed in a rectangular shape for each of the pixel circuits P. Although not shown in the drawing, the scanning line 32, the data line 34, the first branched power supply line 63, the second branched power supply line 64, the power supply lines 13 and 14, the selection switch Ts, the memory circuit 25, the switching circuit 35 and the like, which are illustrated in
Since the counter substrate 29 corresponds to a side on which an image is displayed, the counter substrate 29 is, for example, a substrate, such as glass, which has translucency. A material, which has translucency and conductivity, is used for the common electrode 52 which is formed on the counter substrate 29. For example, magnesium silver (MgAg), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and the like are used.
Meanwhile, generally, the electrophoretic element 50 is formed on the side of the counter substrate 29 in advance, and is treated as an electrophoretic sheet which includes up to the adhesive layer 31. In addition, a protective release paper sticks to the side of the adhesive layer 31.
In the manufacturing process, the display section 30 is formed by sticking the electrophoretic sheet, from which the release paper is peeled off, to the element substrate 28 in which the separately manufactured pixel electrode 51 or the circuit, is formed. Therefore, in a general configuration, the adhesive layer 31 is present on only the side of the pixel electrode 51.
The microcapsule 53 is spherical, and enclosed with charged corpuscles, such as a dispersion medium 54 which is a solvent for disperse the electrophoretic particles, a plurality of white particles (electrophoretic particles) 55 as the electrophoretic particles, and a plurality of black particles (electrophoretic particles) 56, inside thereof. In the embodiment, the white particles are charged with plus, and the black particles are charged with minus. Meanwhile, the invention is not limited to such an aspect. The white particles may be charged with minus and the black particles may be charged with plus.
The dispersion medium 54 is liquid which disperses the white particles 55 and the black particles 56 in the microcapsule 53.
As the dispersion medium 54, it is possible to mix a surfactant with the single material or the mixture of, for example, alcohol system solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, octanol and methyl cellosolve, various types of esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, ketones such as acetone, methyl ehthyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone, aliphatic hydrocarbon such as pentane, hexane and octane, alicyclic hydrocarbon such as cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane, benzens such as benzene, toluene, xylene, hexyl benzene, heptyl benzene, octyl benzene, nonyl benzene, decyl benzene, undecyl benzene, dodecyl benzene, tridecyl benzene and tetradecyl benzene, which have a long chain alkyl group, halogenated hydrocarbon such as aromatic hydrocarbon, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and 1,2-dichloroethane, carboxylate salt, or other various types of petroleum.
The white particles 55 are particles (polymer or colloid) which are formed of, for example, white pigments such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or antimony trioxide, and, for example, are positively charged.
The black particles 56 are particles (polymer or colloid) which are formed of, for example, black pigments such as aniline black or carbon black, and, for example, are negatively charged.
Therefore, white particles 55 and the black particles 56 can be migrated by electric fields which are generated by the potential difference between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52 in the dispersion medium 54.
It is possible to add electrolyte, a surfactant, metallic soap, a resin, gum, oil, varnish, charge control agents, which include particles, such as compound, dispersing agents, such as titanium-coupling agents, aluminum-coupling agents, and silane-coupling agents, lubricant, stabilizing agents, and the like to the pigments as necessary.
The white particles 55 and the black particles 56 are covered by ions in the solvent, and ion layers 57 are formed on the surfaces of the particles. An electric double layer is formed between the white particles 55, the black particles 56, and the ion layer 57, which are charged. Generally, it has been known that, even when the charged corpuscles, such as the white particles 55 and the black particles 56, receive an electric field at a frequency of 10 kHz or higher, the charged corpuscles little respond to the electric field and little migrate. It has known that, since the ions, which are present in the vicinity of the charged corpuscles, have very small particle diameters compared to the charged corpuscles, the ions migrate according to an electric field when an electric field at a frequency of 10 kHz or higher is applied.
When the pixel electrode 51 is set to low potential and the common electrode 52 is set to high potential in the relationship between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, the white particles 55, which are charged with plus, migrate to the side of the pixel electrode 51 in the microcapsule 53 by the electric field generated by the electrodes. In contrast, the black particles 56 which are charged with minus migrate to the side of the common electrode 52 in the microcapsule 53. Therefore, the black particles 56 accumulate on the side of the display surface (the side of the common electrode 52) in the microcapsule 53. When the pixel circuit P is viewed from the side of the common electrode 52, which is the observation side, “black” which is the color of the black particles 56 is recognized.
In contrast, when the pixel electrode 51 is set to high potential and the common electrode 52 is set to low potential in the relationship between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, the black particles 56, which are charged with minus, migrate to the side of the pixel electrode 51 in the microcapsule 53 by the electric field generated by the electrodes. In contrast, the white particles 55 which are charged with plus migrate to the side of the common electrode 52 in the microcapsule 53. Therefore, the white particles 55 accumulate on the side of the display surface (the side of the common electrode 52) in the microcapsule 53. When the pixel circuit P is viewed from the side of the common electrode 52, which is the observation side, “white” which is the color of the white particles 55 is recognized.
As described above, it is possible to acquire desired gray scale display by setting the voltage between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52 to a value according to gray scale (brightness) which is desired to be displayed and causing the electrophoretic particles to migrate.
Meanwhile, when the application of a voltage between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52 stops, the electric field disappears, and thus the electrophoretic particles stops by the viscous resistance of the solvent. The electrophoretic particles can stop at a prescribed location for a long time due to the viscous resistance of the solvent, and thus the electrophoretic particles have a property (storage) in which a display state acquired when a prescribed voltage is applied is maintained after the application of the prescribed voltage stops.
Here, although description is performed using two types of particles, that is, white and black, one type of particles or three or more types of particles may be used. The colors of the particles are not limited to white and black, and the combination of arbitrary color particles may be used.
In addition, the invention is not limited to the configuration in which the particles and the dispersion medium are enclosed in the microcapsule. For example, a structure may be provided in which partition walls for division are formed of an epoxy resin or the like in a small space on the element substrate 28, the space is filled with the particles and the dispersion medium, and the counter substrate 29, on which the common electrode 52 is formed, is bonded to the apexes of the partition walls in the adhesive layer 31.
Description returns to
The data line driving circuit 44 generates data signals Vx[1] to Vx[n] corresponding to one row (n) pixel circuits P which are selected by the scanning line driving circuit 42, and outputs the data signals to the respective data lines 34. Here, a data signal, which is output to the data line 34 in a j-th column, is expressed as Vx[j].
Here, a case in which a data signal Vx is supplied to the pixel circuit P which is located in the j-th column of the i-th row, is assumed. In this case, the data line driving circuit 44 is synchronized at timing in which the scanning line driving circuit 42 selects the scanning line 32 in the i-th row, and outputs a voltage signal, which has a size according to gray scale (“designated gray scale”) designated to the pixel circuit P, to the data line 34 in a j-th column as a data signal Vx[j]. In addition, the data line driving circuit 44 has a function of setting all of the data lines 34 to high impedance as necessary.
The data signal Vx[j] is supplied to the input terminal N1 of the memory circuit 25 of the pixel circuit P through the selection switch Ts in the ON state (refer to
As described above, the driving section 40 selects the scanning line 32 in the i-th row, and outputs the data signal Vx[j], which has the size according to the designated gray scale of the pixel circuit P located in the j-th column of the i-th row, to the data line 34 in the j-th column. The operation is referred to as an operation of writing the data signal Vx[j] to the pixel circuit P.
The shift register 44-1 shifts a start pulse SP according to a clock signal CK, which is supplied from the control circuit 20, and sequentially outputs sampling signals s1 to sn from a first stage corresponding to the data line 34 in a first column to an n-th stage corresponding to the data line 34 in an n-th column.
The first latch circuit 44-2 sequentially captures video signals VIDEO from a stage, to which the sampling signals s1 to sn are input, during periods corresponding to the sampling signals s1 to sn, and outputs the video signals to the second latch circuit 44-3. Meanwhile, video signals VIDEO are supplied from the control circuit 20 to the first latch circuit 44-2.
The second latch circuit 44-3 captures and maintains the video signal VIDEO (data signals Vx[1] to Vx[n]), which are supplied from the respective stages of the first latch circuit 44-2, at timing in which the latch pulses LAT is activated, and simultaneously supplies the data signals Vx[1] to Vx[n], which correspond to one row, to the data lines 34 which correspond to the first column to the n-th column.
Specifically, after, for example, data signals Vx[1] to Vx[n], which correspond to an i-th row, are captured from the video signal VIDEO to the first latch circuit 44-2 under the control of the control circuit 20, the latch pulse LAT is activated, and the data signals Vx[1] to Vx[n], which correspond to the i-th row, are simultaneously supplied to the data lines 34 corresponding to from the first column to the n-th column. The scanning line driving circuit 42 sets a scanning signal Gw[i] to an active level in synchronization with the supply of the data signal.
Therefore, the memory circuits 25 of all of the pixel circuits P on the i-th row are programmed to designated gray scale
Hereinafter, the configuration and the operation of the branched power supply line selection circuit 80 will be described.
As illustrated in
The selection switch Tra, which is an example of a memory switching element, includes an N-MOS. The selection switch Tra includes a gate section which is connected to the scanning line 32, a source side which is connected to the signal line 60 that is an example of the power supply line selection signal line, and a drain side which is connected to a capacitor C1 that is an example of a power supply line memory circuit, to a first branched power supply line selection switch Trb, and to the gate section of a second branched power supply line selection switch Trc, respectively. The selection switch Tra is used to set the voltage of the capacitor C1 to the voltage VSEL of the signal line 60 by connecting the signal line 60 to the capacitor C1.
The first branched power supply line selection switch Trb includes an N-MOS. The first branched power supply line selection switch Trb includes a gate section which is connected to the capacitor C1, a source side which is connected to a first stem power supply line 61, and a drain side which is connected to the source side of the first transfer gate 36, respectively. The first branched power supply line selection switch Trb is used to set the voltage of the pixel electrode 51 to the voltage VEPS0 of the first stem power supply line 61 through the first transfer gate 36 by connecting the first stem power supply line 61 to the first branched power supply line 63.
The second branched power supply line selection switch Trc includes a negative metal oxide semiconductor (N-MOS). The second branched power supply line selection switch Trc includes a gate section which is connected to the capacitor C1, a source side which is connected to a second stem power supply line 62, and a drain side which is connected to the source side of the second transfer gate 37, respectively. The second branched power supply line selection switch Trc is used to set the voltage of the pixel electrode 51 to the voltage VEPS1 of the second stem power supply line 62 through the second transfer gate 37 by connecting the second stem power supply line 62 to the second branched power supply line 64.
Subsequently, a method of driving the electrophoretic display device 100 will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As illustrated in
When display is changed, it is necessary to rewrite the content of the memory circuit 25 as a pixel memory circuit. Here, the control circuit 20 determines whether or not to rewrite the content of the memory circuit 25, and specifies a row corresponding to the memory circuit 25, in which the content is rewritten, as the partial row. Further, in programming period ST2, the control circuit 20 applies a voltage VH as the voltage VSEL of the signal line 60, and controls the scanning line driving circuit 42 such that the high level voltage VH is sequentially supplied to only the scanning line 32 in the partial row one line at a time, as illustrated in
When the voltage VH is sequentially supplied to the scanning lines 32 in the partial rows from the first to j-th rows, the selection switches Ts in the image circuits P connected to the scanning lines 32 from the first to j-th rows become an ON state, and the voltages of the data lines 34 connected to the selection switches Ts are written in the memory circuits 25 which are connected to the selection switches Ts. That is, in the image circuit P which displays black, the data signal having the voltage VL is written in the memory circuit 25. In the image circuit P which displays white, the data signal having the voltage VH is written in the memory circuit 25.
As a result, when the data signal having the voltage VL is written in the memory circuit 25, the first transfer gate 36 of the transfer gates, which are connected to the memory circuit 25, becomes the ON state, and the second transfer gate 37 becomes the OFF state. Therefore, the first branched power supply line 63 and the pixel electrode 51 become the conduction state through the first transfer gate 36. In addition, when the voltage VH is written in the memory circuit 25, the second transfer gate 37 of the transfer gates, which are connected to the memory circuit 25, becomes the ON state, and the first transfer gate 36 becomes the OFF state. Therefore, the second branched power supply line 64 and the pixel electrode 51 become the conduction state through the second transfer gate 37.
In addition, the control circuit 20 connects the first stem power supply line to the second stem power supply line and connects the first branched power supply line to the first branched power supply line in the partial row, and disconnects the first stem power supply line from the second stem power supply line and disconnects the first branched power supply line from the first branched power supply line in rows other than the partial row. That is, when the voltage VH is supplied to the scanning line 32 in the partial row, the selection switch Tra, which is connected to the scanning line 32, becomes the ON state, the voltage VSEL of the signal line 60, which is connected to the selection switch Tra, that is, the voltage VH is applied to the capacitor C1 which is connected to the selection switch Tra. As a result, the voltage of the capacitor C1 is the voltage VH. In the example, voltages of the capacitors C1[1] to C1[j] are the voltage VH. Therefore, both the first branched power supply line selection switch Trb and the second branched power supply line selection switch Trc, which are connected to the capacitors C1[1] to C1[j], become the ON state, the first stem power supply line 61 is electrically connected to the first branched power supply line 63, and the second stem power supply line 62 is electrically connected to the second branched power supply line 64. As above, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, which correspond to the partial row, are electrically connected to the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, respectively.
In contrast, the voltage VL is supplied to the scanning lines 32 other than the scanning line in the partial row, and thus the selection switch Tra, which is connected to the scanning line 32, becomes the OFF state and the voltage of the capacitor C1, which is connected to the selection switch Tra, maintains the voltage VL. In the example, the voltages of the capacitors C1[j+1] to C1[m] maintain the voltage VL. Therefore, both the first branched power supply line selection switch Trb and the second branched power supply line selection switch Trc, which are connected to the capacitors C1[j+1] to C1[m], become the OFF state. Therefore, the first stem power supply line 61 is electrically disconnected to the first branched power supply line 63, and the second stem power supply line 62 is electrically disconnected to the second branched power supply line 64. As above, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, which correspond to rows other than the partial row, are electrically disconnected to the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, respectively.
Subsequently, as illustrated in
In addition, in the driving period ST3, a pulse-shaped signal, in which the voltage VL and the voltage VEPH are repeated at prescribed cycles as illustrated in
Further, in the pixel circuit P which displays white, the voltage VEPH is applied to the pixel electrode 51. Therefore, during the period in which the voltage Vcom of the common electrode 52 is the voltage VEPH, the potential difference does not occur between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, and thus the black particles 56 and the white particles 55 of the electrophoretic element 50 do not migrate. However, during the period in which the voltage Vcom of the common electrode 52 is the voltage VL, the large potential difference occurs between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, and thus the negatively-charged black particles 56 of the electrophoretic element 50 migrate to the side of the pixel electrode 51 and the positively-charged white particles 55 migrate to the side of the common electrode 52. As a result, white is displayed in the display the pixel circuit P.
In contrast, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, which correspond to the rows other than the partial row, are electrically disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, respectively. Therefore, a high-impedance state occurs, and thus the pixel electrode 51, which is in the conductive state with any one of the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, becomes the high-impedance state, and thus an electric field is not generated between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, and the black particles 56 and the white particles 55 of the electrophoretic element 50 do not migrate. Therefore, the display in the rows other than the partial row is not changed.
Subsequently, as illustrated in
As described above, in the invention, the connection state of the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 with the pixel electrode 51 is switched by the switching circuit 35 as a pixel electrode switching circuit according to the content which is stored in the memory circuit 25 as a pixel memory circuit. In addition, the connection states of the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line with the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 for each row are selected by the branched power supply line selection circuit 80 as a power supply line switching circuit, respectively. Further, the branched power supply line selection circuit 80 as the power supply line switching circuit is controlled by the control circuit 20. That is, the control circuit 20 disconnects or connects the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62 from or to the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 for each row based on whether or not the content, which is stored in the memory circuit 25 as the pixel memory circuit, is rewritten. Specifically, in the partial row where the content, which is stored in the memory circuit 25 as the pixel memory circuit, is rewritten, the selection switch Tra becomes the ON state, with the result that the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62 are connected to the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, and thus display is changed according to the data signal in the partial row. As a result, the display of the alphabet letter “A” in the display section 30 is changed to the display of the alphabet letter “B”. However, in the rows other than the partial row where the content stored in the memory circuit 25 as the pixel memory circuit is not rewritten, the selection switch Tra becomes the OFF state, the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62 are disconnected from the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, with the result that the voltage is not applied to the pixel circuits P in the rows, and thus the display is not changed.
Subsequently, a comparative example, which is compared with the embodiment of the invention, will be described. The comparative example in
In the comparative example, the first stem power supply line 61 and the first branched power supply line 63 are normally electrically connected to the second stem power supply line 62 and the second branched power supply line 64. Therefore, when the voltage VEPS0 of the first stem power supply line 61 is set to the voltage VL, and the voltage VEPS1 of the second stem power supply line 62 is set to the voltage VEPH in order to rewrite only the partial row, not only the voltage VEP0 of the first branched power supply line 63 and the voltage VEP1 of the second branched power supply line 64 in the partial row but also the voltage VEP0 of the first branched power supply line 63 and the voltage VEP1 of the second branched power supply line 64 in rows other than the partial row are set to the voltage VEPS0 of the first stem power supply line 61 and the voltage VEPS1 of the second stem power supply line 62, respectively. As a result, unlike the above-described embodiment of the invention, the voltage is applied to the pixel electrodes 51 of the pixel circuits P in not only the partial row but also the rows other than the partial row during the driving period. Therefore, in the comparative example, it is necessary to set the data signal to be written in the memory circuit 25, the voltage VEP0 of the first branched power supply line 63, the voltage VEP1 of the second branched power supply line 64, and the voltage Vcom of the common electrode 52 such that display is not changed in the rows other than the partial row.
In order not to change the display in the rows other than the partial row, it is considered that, in the programming period, a data signal, which is the same as the data signal used for current display, is written in the memory circuits 25 of the pixel circuit P in the rows other than the partial row, and that, in the driving period, the current display is maintained through the common swing driving as the same as in the above-described embodiment. However, in the process, electric power consumption increases, and control becomes complicated. Here, in the comparative example, a driving method is used in which, when the display of the alphabet “A” is changed to the display of the alphabet “B”, the same voltage is applied to the pixel electrodes 51 and the common electrodes 52 in the pixel circuits P, which are continuously displaying white in the partial row, and the pixel circuits P in the rows other than the partial row, with the result that the black particles and the white particles in the electrophoretic element 50 do not migrate, and thus display is not changed. Therefore, in the comparative example, the pixel circuits P which display white in the partial row are not directly changed to display black, and the display of the partial row, in which the alphabet letter “A” is displayed, is caused to be the display of white at once. Further, when the alphabet letter “B” is displayed, potential difference is generated between the pixel electrodes 51 and the common electrodes 52 of the pixel circuits P which display black. When the alphabet “A” is changed to the alphabet “B”, the same voltage is applied to the pixel electrodes 51 and the common electrodes 52 in the pixel circuits P which maintain the display of white and the pixel circuits P in the rows other than the partial row, with the result that the black particles and the white particles in the electrophoretic element 50 do not migrate, and thus display is not changed.
Hereinafter, a method of driving the electrophoretic display device 500 according to the comparative example will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
In a state in which the alphabet letter “A” is displayed in the partial row, in the first programming period, the memory circuits 25 of the pixel circuits P which display black of the alphabet “A” in the partial row are programmed with the voltage VL, and the memory circuits 25 of the pixel circuits P for colors other than black of the alphabet “A” and the pixel circuits P in rows other than the partial row are programmed with the voltage VH.
As illustrated in
In contrast, the voltage VL is applied to the pixel electrodes 51 of the pixel circuit P which displays white and the pixel circuits P in rows other than the partial row. Therefore, the potential of the pixel electrode 51 is the same as the potential of the common electrode 52, with the result that the black particles 56 and the white particles 55 of the electrophoretic element 50 do not migrate, and thus display is not changed. When the above-described driving is performed, all the display in the partial row becomes the display of white, and thus the display in the rows other than the partial row is not changed.
In the second programming period ST2b, the memory circuits 25 of the pixel circuits P which display black of the alphabet “B” in the partial row are programmed with the voltage VL, and the memory circuits 25 of the pixel circuits P for colors other than black of the alphabet “B” and all the pixel circuits P in rows other than the partial row are programmed with the voltage VH.
As illustrated in
In contrast, the voltage VEPH is applied to the pixel electrodes 51 of the pixel circuit P in a location corresponding to white and the pixel circuits P in rows other than the partial row. Therefore, the potential of the pixel electrode 51 is the same as the potential of the common electrode 52, with the result that the black particles 56 and the white particles 55 of the electrophoretic element 50 do not migrate, and thus display is not changed. When the above-described driving is performed, all the display in the partial row is changed from a white state to a state in which the alphabet letter “B” is displayed, and thus the display in the rows other than the partial row is not changed. In this manner, rewriting is performed on the display in only the partial row.
As it is apparent when the comparative example is compared with the first embodiment of the invention, in the comparative example, when rewriting is performed on the display in the partial row, the first stem power supply line 61 and the first branched power supply line 63, and the second stem power supply line 62 and the second branched power supply line 64 are normally electrically connected in all the rows, it is necessary to perform programming and driving control on all the pixel circuits P. As a result, a process, in which the display of the pixel circuits P which continuously display white and the pixel circuits P in the rows other than the partial row are not changed while displaying the entire partial row by white at once, is necessary, and thus two programming periods and two driving periods are necessary. In contrast, in the first embodiment of the invention, when the display of the partial row is rewritten, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in the rows other than the partial row are electrically disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to directly rewrite the current display using subsequent display in the partial row without affecting the display in the rows other than the partial row, and thus one programming period and one driving period are necessary. In the first embodiment, the initial setting period is necessary. However, since the initial setting period is an extremely short period, and thus there is no problem. Therefore, according to the invention, it is possible to drastically reduce the time which is necessary to rewrite the display of the partial row. As a result, in the invention, it is possible to drastically decrease the electric power consumption.
Subsequently, a second embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to
As illustrated in
In the case of such a configuration, it is possible to connect the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62 to the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in only the partial row in which rewriting is performed, and it is possible to disconnect the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62 from the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in rows other than the partial row.
With such a configuration, it is possible to raise the upper limit of a voltage VEH, which is supplied to the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, up to the voltage VH. If so, it is possible to increase the electric field intensity between the pixel electrode 51 and the common electrode 52, thereby enabling further high-speed rewriting to be performed.
When a viewpoint is changed, it is possible to cause the voltage VH to be a low voltage, and thus electric power consumption is decreased.
Subsequently, a third embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to
In the first embodiment, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in the rows other than the partial row are disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62. In the configuration, it is conceivable that some sort of voltage is applied to the pixel electrodes 51 of the pixel circuits P in the rows other than the partial row due to leak current or the like, and thus the display colors of pixels are changed.
Here, in the embodiment, at the same time that the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in the rows other than the partial row are disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, a branched power supply line connection circuit 81 is provided as an example of a connection circuit which is connected to the power supply line 65 of the common electrode 52.
For example, as illustrated in
In the circuit configuration illustrated in
The selection switch Trd includes an N-MOS. The selection switch Trd includes a gate section which is connected to a scanning line 32, a source side which is connected to the signal line 66, and a drain side which is connected to a capacitor C2 and the gate sections of the selection switches Tre and Trf. The selection switch Trd is used to set the voltage of the capacitor C2 the voltage of the signal line 66, that is, the voltage VSEL of the signal line 60 to the inverted voltage by connecting the signal line 66 to the capacitor C2.
The selection switches Tre and Trf includes an N-MOS. The selection switches Tre and Trf include gate sections which are connected to the capacitor C2, source sides which are connected to the power supply line 65 of the common electrode 52, and drain sides which are respectively connected to the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64. The selection switches Tre and Trf are used to connect the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 to the power supply line 65 of the common electrode 52 when the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 are disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62. With such a configuration, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in the rows other than the partial row are disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, and are connected to the power supply line 65 of the common electrode 52 by the branched power supply line connection circuit 81. Therefore, the potential of the pixel electrode 51 is the same as the potential of the common electrode 52, and display is not changed in the rows other than the partial row.
In addition, when the branched power supply line selection circuit 80 includes the transfer gates 90 and 91, the memory circuit 92, and the selection switch Tra as in the second embodiment, the branched power supply line connection circuit 81 may include transfer gates 96 and 97 as illustrated in
As described above, according to the embodiment, when the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 in the rows other than the partial row are disconnected from the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62, the first stem power supply line 61 and the second stem power supply line 62 is connected to the power supply line 65 of the common electrode 52 by the branched power supply line connection circuit 81. Therefore, the potential of the pixel electrode 51 is the same as the potential of the common electrode 52, and thus it is possible to securely prevent the display in the rows other than the partial row from being changed.
Hereinafter, modification examples of the above-described embodiments will be described. In order to avoid repetition of description, differences from the above-described embodiment will be described and description pertaining to the common configuration or the like will not be repeated.
In the above-described first embodiment, the voltage VSEL of the signal line 60 is set to the voltage VL during the initial setting period, all the scanning lines 32 are selected by the scanning line driving circuit 42, and the 0capacitor C1 in each row is reset to the voltage VL. At this time, the selection switches Is in all the pixel circuits become the ON state, the input/output terminals of the memory circuits 25 of all the pixel circuits P in the same column are electrically connected to the source side of the selection switch Ts, and thus there is a case in which unnecessary consumption current occurs depending on the content of each of the memory circuits 25.
In order to avoid this, the capacitors C1 in all the rows may be reset to the voltage VL in a circuit configuration as illustrated in
In addition, as illustrated in
Further, as illustrated in
In addition, a gate enabling circuit 98 using an AND circuit may be provided such that a gate signal is not transmitted to the side of the pixel circuit P in the case of the initial setting, as illustrated in
When the display of the partial row is rewritten as in each of the above-described embodiments and each of the modification examples, there is a case in which the border line between the part of the partial row and the part of non-rewriting rows other than the partial row is seen. It is conceivable that the reason for this is that a small optical state, such as flexibility, causes temporal change in the part of non-rewriting rows other than the partial row.
Here, in the modification example, a setting circuit which includes a selection switch Trj is added to the memory circuit 92 in each row, as illustrated in
As illustrated in
In contrast, in the rows other than the partial row, which are non-rewriting rows, the transfer gates 96 and 97 become the ON state, the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64 are connected to the power supply line 65 of the common electrode 52. Therefore, the potential of the voltage VEPB0 of the first branched power supply line 63 and the potential of the VEPB1 of the second branched power supply line 64 are the same as the potential of the common electrode 52, and the potential of the pixel electrode 51, which is connected to the first branched power supply line 63 and the second branched power supply line 64, is the same as the potential of the common electrode 52. Therefore, the display in the rows other than the partial row is not changed.
In such a state, when a setting signal nSET of the voltage VL is supplied to the setting signal line 69 in a setting period ST5, the memory circuits 92 in all the rows are set to the voltage VH, thereby causing a connection state in which all the first branched power supply lines 63 are connected to the first stem power supply line 61 regardless of the partial row which is the rewriting row and the rows other than the partial row which are non-rewriting rows. As a result, the potential of the voltage VEPB0 of the first branched power supply line 63 and the potential of the VEPB1 of the second branched power supply line 64 in the rows other than the partial row, which are non-rewriting rows, are the same as the potential of the voltage VEPB0 of the first branched power supply line 63 and the potential of the VEPB1 of the second branched power supply line 64 in the partial row which is the rewriting row, and thus it is possible to perform over-writing on the entire screen.
However, since the length of the setting period ST5 is 10% of the length of the driving period ST3 as an example, a voltage waveform at this time is a voltage waveform which supplies not energy, which is large as much as the display color is largely changed, but energy which causes small chemical change. As a result, it is possible to prevent the border line between the partial row which is the rewriting row and the rows other than the partial row, which are non-rewriting rows from being seen without largely changing the display color and without increasing electric power consumption.
Meanwhile, as illustrated in
The pixel circuit P may be configured as illustrated in
In addition, as illustrated in
An electronic apparatus to which the invention is applied will be described below.
The electronic apparatuses, to which the invention is applied, are not limited to the above examples. It is possible to use the electrophoretic display device according to the invention for, for example, various types of electronic apparatus, such as a mobile phone, a clock (wrist watch), a portable sound reproduction device, an electronic organizer, and a touch panel mounted display device.
In addition, the display element according to the invention is not limited to the electrophoretic element, and can be applied to an electrochromic element, a liquid crystal element, or the like. Therefore, the storage type display device according to the invention is not limited to the electrophoretic display device, and can be applied to an electrochromic display device or a liquid crystal display device, which has a memory. In addition, as an example of the electronic apparatus, it is possible to use the storage type display device according to the invention for various types of electronic apparatuses, such as an information terminal, a mobile phone or a clock (wrist watch), a portable sound reproduction device, an electronic organizer, and a touch panel-mounted display device, using the electrochromic display device or the liquid crystal display device.
The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2015-002422, filed Jan. 8, 2015 and 2015-054546, filed Mar. 18, 2015 are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-002422 | Jan 2015 | JP | national |
| 2015-054546 | Mar 2015 | JP | national |
