Patent Grant
10227660
The invention relates to a method for detecting toxigenic Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) by strand-invasion based DNA amplification. The invention also relates to oligonucleotides, compositions and kits suitable for use in this method, and their use for detection of toxigenic C. difficile.
Clostridia are gram-positive, spore forming anaerobic bacteria. Pathogenic Clostridia species produce protein toxins of which the group of large clostridial cytotoxins (LCTs) consists of very large toxins with high in vivo toxicity as well as high structural and sequence homology (von Eichel-Streiber et al., 1996). C. difficile toxins A and B are the major cause of C. difficile pathogenicity. For a long time toxin A was considered the major virulence factor, but increasing amount of evidence is showing that in fact toxin B plays a major role in C. difficile infections (Lyras et al., 2009; Carter et al., 2012).
C. difficile toxin A and B are encoded by genes tcdA and tcdB, respectively, and the genes are located in a ˜19.6 kb pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). The PaLoc contains also two regulatory genes, namely tcdC and tcdR, which act as negative and positive regulators, respectively, of toxin expression. tcdE, also included in the PaLoc, encodes for a holin-like protein necessary for toxin A and B secretion. In non-toxigenic strains the PaLoc is replaced by a 115 bp sequence (Braun et al., 1996). DNA amplification has been used for detection of toxigenic C. difficile strains (Wren et al., 1990; McMillin et al., 1991; McMillin et al., 1992).
An isothermal DNA amplification process relying on an upstream primer, a downstream primer, and a strand invasion system is described in WO 2009/150467.
The present invention relates to detection of a target nucleic acid sequence of toxigenic C. difficile, to allow for the presence of toxigenic C. difficile in a sample to be determined. The method of the invention uses an upstream primer, a downstream primer, and a strand invasion oligonucleotide, each comprising a region complementary to said target nucleic acid sequence. In combination, the primers and strand invasion oligonucleotide provide for amplification of the target nucleic acid sequence. The strand invasion oligonucleotide renders at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence single-stranded to allow the binding of the upstream primer and downstream primer, thereby permitting amplification of DNA. Typically, the amplification is performed under isothermal conditions, without a requirement for thermal denaturation of double-stranded DNA.
If amplification of the target nucleic acid sequence is detected, this is indicative that a toxigenic strain of the target pathogen C. difficile is present in the sample, and not a non-toxigenic, non-pathogenic strain of C. difficile, or other Clostridium species. The inventors have shown that the method of the invention allows for highly specific and sensitive detection of different target nucleic acid sequences of toxigenic C. difficile.
The invention provides a method for detecting a target nucleic acid sequence of toxigenic C. difficile in a sample, said method comprising contacting said sample with at least one upstream primer, at least one downstream primer and at least one strand invasion oligonucleotide under conditions promoting amplification of said target nucleic acid sequence, wherein each said primer and said oligonucleotide comprises a region complementary to said target nucleic acid sequence; and wherein said strand invasion oligonucleotide renders at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence single-stranded to allow the binding of said upstream primer and a downstream primer.
The invention further provides a composition and a kit, each comprising at least two oligonucleotides selected from (a) an upstream primer, (b) a downstream primer and (c) a strand invasion oligonucleotide, wherein:
(I) the upstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant thereof, the downstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or a variant thereof, and the strand invasion oligonucleotide is an oligonucleotide of greater than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or a variant thereof, and further comprising one or more modified nucleotides in its 3′region; or
(II) the upstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or a variant thereof, the downstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or a variant thereof, and the strand invasion oligonucleotide is an oligonucleotide of greater than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or a variant thereof, and further comprising one or more modified nucleotides in its 3′region.
The invention further provides use of an upstream primer, a downstream primer, and a strand invasion oligonucleotide, each as defined in (I) above, or each as defined in (II) above in a method for detection of C. difficile.
The invention additionally provides a method for diagnosis of a C. difficile infection in a subject, comprising carrying out a method for detecting a target nucleic acid sequence of toxigenic C. difficile according to the invention in a sample from said subject.
SEQ ID NO: 1 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdB target region.
SEQ ID NO:2 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdB forward primer.
SEQ ID NO:3 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdB reverse primer.
SEQ ID NO: 4 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdB strand invading oligonucleotide.
SEQ ID NO: 5 is the nucleotide sequence of a modified tcdB strand invading oligonucleotide.
SEQ ID NO: 6 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdA target region.
SEQ ID NO: 7 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdA forward primer.
SEQ ID NO: 8 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdA reverse primer.
SEQ ID NO: 9 is the nucleotide sequence of a tcdA strand invading oligonucleotide.
SEQ ID NO: 10 is the nucleotide sequence of a modified tcdA strand invading oligonucleotide.
It is to be understood that different applications of the disclosed methods may be tailored to the specific needs in the art. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the invention only, and is not intended to be limiting. In addition as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a polypeptide” includes two or more such polypeptides, and the like. All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Method of Detection of Toxigenic C. difficile in a Sample
Sample
Commonly, the sample is a clinical sample, for example a sample obtained from a patient suspected of having, or having an infection by C. difficile. However, any sample can be used, provided that nucleic acid can be obtained or derived from the sample. Thus, reference samples of particular C. difficile strains, or environmental samples may be used in the present invention. Suitable types of clinical sample vary according to the particular type of infection that is present, or suspected of being present in a subject. The sample may be blood, plasma, serum, urine or a stool sample. In a preferred embodiment, the sample is a stool sample. The stool sample may be taken from a subject having a gastrointestinal tract infection. The infection may be present in a patient having diarrhoea.
In preferred embodiments, the samples are taken from animal subjects, such as mammalian subjects. The samples will commonly be taken from human subjects, but the present invention is also applicable in general to domestic animals, livestock, birds and fish. For example, the invention may be applied in a veterinary or agricultural setting.
The sample comprises nucleic acid which may be DNA or RNA. If the nucleic acid is present in the sample in a suitable form allowing for detection according to the invention, the sample may be used directly. However, typically, nucleic acid is derived, obtained or extracted from the sample. Methods for processing samples containing nucleic acids, extracting nucleic acids and/or purifying nucleic acids for use in detection methods are well-known in the art. Total nucleic acid may be isolated or DNA and RNA may be isolated separately.
Typically, a sample is processed in an appropriate manner such that nucleic acid is provided in a convenient form for contacting with the primers and strand invasion oligonucleotide. Where the nucleic acid is DNA, the DNA is typically provided in double-stranded form. Where the nucleic acid is an RNA, it is typically converted to cDNA using reverse transcriptase or a polymerase with reverse transcriptase activity. RNA may be useful for bacterial detection, owing to the very large number of ribosomes present in bacterial cells which effectively amplify the concentration of target sequences.
Target Nucleic Acid Sequence
The target nucleic acid sequence is a region of the C. difficile genome (or amplicon) suitable for use in specific detection of toxigenic C. difficile. This allows for a highly qualitative, unambiguous determination of the presence of toxigenic C. difficile in the sample, even if closely related organisms exist. The selection of specific target nucleic acid sequences in toxigenic strains of a specific pathogen, and the consequent design of primer and strand invasion oligonucleotides for detection of those sequences is an important consideration. Examples of appropriate sequences are provided herein.
Typically, the target nucleic acid sequence will be unique to the C. difficile genome. The target nucleic acid sequence will thus typically differ from any homologous nucleic acid sequence in a related species, for example in a homologous Clostridium species. Typically, the target nucleic acid sequence will comprise several mismatches with a homologous nucleic acid sequence in a related species. Preferably, the target nucleic acid sequence is not present in a Clostridium species other than C. difficile that harbours genes for large clostridial toxins. The target nucleic acid sequence is preferably not present in C. sordellii and/or C. novyi. The target nucleic acid sequence typically allows for specific detection of C. difficile from a sample containing C. difficile and C. sordellii and/or C. novyi.
The target nucleic acid sequence typically has good inclusivity for different C. difficile toxinotypes, and thus is typically present and can be detected in more than one C. difficile toxinotype. Preferably, the target nucleic acid sequence is inclusive for at least three, more preferably at least five, at least seven, at least ten, at least fifteen, at least twenty, at least twenty five, at least thirty, at least thirty five, most optimally for all C. difficile toxinotypes. C. difficile toxinotypes include Toxinotypes 0, I, II, IIIa, IIIb, Inc, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XIa, XIb, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII; XIX, XX, XXI; XXII; XXIII; XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII and XXXIII, and any further toxinotypes described in the art or existing in nature. Typically, the target nucleic acid sequence is inclusive for C. difficile toxinotypes found to be of clinical relevance in disorders associated with C. difficile infection.
The target nucleic acid sequence typically has a higher GC content than the average GC content of the C. difficile genome, which is 29.1% for C. difficile reference strain 630. The target nucleic acid sequence may have a GC content of at least 30%, more preferably at least 31%, at least 32% or at least 33%. Where the target nucleic acid sequence is present in the tcdA or tcdB gene, the average GC content of these genes is 27%, and so the preferred GC contents above are also higher compared to the average for these genes. The GC content of the target nucleic acid sequence is also selected with regard to the requirement for binding of primers and melting of the target sequence under the isothermal temperature conditions used.
The target nucleic acid sequence or amplicon is of a sufficient length to provide for specific detection of toxigenic C. difficile and for hybridisation of the upstream and downstream primers and strand invasion oligonucleotide in a suitable manner to different portions of the target sequence. Preferably, the amplicon is at least 45 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 50, at least 55 or at least 60 nucleotides in length, as measured from the 5′ site of binding of the upstream primer to the 5′ site of binding of the downstream primer.
The target nucleic acid sequence may be present in any region of the C. difficile genome, provided it has the necessary characteristics for specific detection of toxigenic C. difficile as discussed above. The target nucleic acid sequence may be present in a noncoding DNA region specific to toxigenic C. difficile or a coding region specific to toxigenic C. difficile. The target nucleic sequence may be present in the pathogenicity locus of C. difficile. Preferably, the target nucleic acid sequence is present in the tcdA gene or the tcdB gene of C. difficile. Other suitable target genes may include the tcdC, tcdE, tcdR genes within PaLoc or binary toxin genes of C. difficile. Sequences are available at the listed accession numbers for the Clostridium difficile 630 complete genome (GenBank: AM180355.1), tcdA gene (AM180355.1: 795843-803975, tcdB gene (AM180355.1: 787393-794493).
The target nucleic acid sequence preferably comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof (for detection of tcdA) or SEQ ID NO: 6 or a variant thereof (for detection of tcdB). It should be understood that the target nucleic acid sequence is a duplex which comprises a sense strand representing SEQ ID NO:1 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO: 6 or a variant thereof, and a complementary anti-sense strand. The upstream and downstream primers used to amplify the target nucleic acid sequence bind to opposing strands of this duplex.
The target nucleic acid sequence may comprise a naturally occurring variant sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:6 which is present in a different toxinotype to reference strain C. difficile 630. Naturally occurring variants of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6 are found in the known sequences of different C. difficile toxinotypes, and for instance the corresponding sequence in some known toxinotypes comprises 1, 2 or 3 mismatches with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. Not yet sequenced toxinotypes may also comprise mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 6. The inventors have surprisingly shown that the method of the invention is inclusive for detection of a wide range of toxinotypes even in the existence of such mismatches.
Variants of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6 may comprise a region which is partly or full complementary to at least 35 contiguous nucleotides, more typically at least 40, preferably at least 45 or at least 50 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6. The variants may comprise a region which has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or more mismatches (substitutions) with respect to a region of the corresponding original target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6. Thus, for instance the variants may comprise a region of at least 35 nucleotides in length which has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mismatches, such as 1-3 or 1-5 mismatches, to a corresponding region of at least 35 contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding original target sequence. The variants may comprise a region of at least 40, 45, or 50 nucleotides in length which has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, such as 1-5 or 1-8 mismatches to a corresponding region of an equivalent length in the corresponding original target sequence. Any mismatches in the variant sequence may be at least 2, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 10 nucleotides apart.
Alternatively, the variants may comprise a region of at least 35, 40, or 45 nucleotides in length which is in full complementarity with the original target sequence.
Most preferably, the target nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6 and a complementary antisense strand.
More than one target nucleic acid sequence may be detected in a method of the invention, by providing two or more sets of upstream primer, downstream primer and strand invasion oligonucleotide, each set adapted for detection of a different target nucleic acid sequence. For example, a method of the invention may detect both tcdB and tcdA.
Upstream and Downstream Primers
Suitable upstream and downstream primers are selected based on the target nucleic acid sequence of interest, and having regard to the site of binding of the strand invasion oligonucleotide that renders at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence single-stranded to allow the binding of the upstream primer and downstream primer.
The upstream and downstream primers comprise a sequence that is partly or fully complementary to the target and optionally a 5′ and/or 3′ flanking non-complementary sequence. Alternatively, the upstream and downstream primers may consist entirely of partly or fully complementary sequence to the target. The length of the primer sequence that is complementary to the target is sufficient to provide specific hybridisation to the target nucleic acid sequence. The length of complementary sequence is typically at least 10 nucleotides, more preferably at least 15, at least 16, or at least 17 nucleotides. The length of complementary sequence may be 10-25, 15-25, 10-30 or 15-30 nucleotides.
It should be understood that the above sequence lengths refer to portions of the primers which may be partly or fully complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. Mismatches may be present between the primers and the target sequence at particular positions while still allowing for specific amplification and detection of the target sequence, in particular having regard to the combined use of upstream and downstream primers and a strand invasion oligonucleotide to achieve amplification. There may be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mismatches between the complementary region of the primer and the corresponding region of the target sequence.
Preferably, the primer is designed to allow for specific detection of toxigenic C. difficile. Thus, the primer typically specifically or selectively hybridises to a complementary sequence found only in toxigenic C. difficile. However, the primer may also hybridise to other sequences, such as sequences found in other Clostridium species, provided that when used in combination with the second primer and strand invasion oligonucleotide, specific amplification of a sequence found only in toxigenic C. difficile is obtained.
Specific or selective hybridisation refers to the binding of a primer only to a particular nucleotide sequence under given conditions, when that sequence is present in a nucleic acid in a sample, such as a complex biological mixture including total cellular and foreign DNA or RNA. Appropriate hybridisation conditions are known in the art. See for example, Sambrook, Fritsche and Maniatis “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Appropriate hybridisation conditions are also provided in the Examples below. As is known to the skilled person, appropriate hybridisation conditions may vary depending on the length of a probe and its base composition. Hybridisation is typically performed at the same temperature as amplification, and thus also depends on the activity profile of the polymerase and recombinase enzymes employed.
Typically the upstream and downstream primer will be less than 30 nucleotides in total in length, more preferably less than 25 nucleotides in length, such as 15 to 25, or 15 to 23 nucleotides in length. It is particularly preferred that primers of less than 30 nucleotides in length are used where a recombinase is used for strand invasion. The primers are not capable of acting as substrates for recombinases.
The upstream (or forward) primer binds to the 5′ region of one strand of the duplex target nucleic acid sequence, at a position proximal or overlapping with the 5′ binding site of the strand invasion oligonucleotide. The downstream (or reverse) primer binds to the 5′ region of the opposing strand of the duplex target nucleic acid sequence to the upstream primer, at a position proximal or overlapping with the 3′ binding site of the strand invasion oligonucleotide. The 5′ binding sites of the upstream and downstream primers are typically at least 45 nucleotides, more preferably at least 50, at least 55 or at least 60 nucleotides apart on the duplex target sequence.
The upstream and/or downstream primer may have a region of sequence overlap with the sequence of the strand invasion oligonucleotide. The region of sequence overlap is typically 1-8 nucleotides in length, and may be at least 5 or at least 6 nucleotides in length. The downstream primer may also have a region of sequence overlap of 1-8 nucleotides in length with the sequence of the strand invasion oligonucleotide.
Alternatively, there may be no sequence overlap between the upstream and/or downstream primer and the strand invasion oligonucleotide, with the primer binding instead at a position that is proximal in the target sequence to the binding site of the strand invasion oligonucleotide.
Where a primer binds proximal to the strand invasion oligonucleotide, typically there is 25 nucleotides or less, more preferably 20 nucleotides or less, 15 nucleotides or less, or 10 nucleotides or less between the relevant binding site of the strand invasion oligonucleotide and the 5′ end of the primer. This ensures that the primer is able to hybridise to the single-stranded region created by binding of the strand invasion oligonucleotide.
Specific examples of suitable upstream and downstream primers for binding of target nucleotide sequences in the C. difficile tcdA and tcdB genes are provided herein. Preferred upstream and downstream primers for detection of the tcdB target sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 are the primers of SEQ ID NOs 2 and 3, or variants thereof. Preferred upstream and downstream primers for detection of the tcdA target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 are the primers of SEQ ID NOs 7 and 8, or variants thereof.
Variants of SEQ ID NOs 2, 3, 7 and 8 may be oligonucleotides of up to 30 nucleotides in length comprising a region which is partly or fully complementary to at least 10 contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding original primer sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 7 or 8. Preferably, said variants will comprise a region which is partly or fully complementary to at least 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding original primer sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 7 or 8. Where the original primer sequence is longer than 16 nucleotides in length, such as up to 21 nucleotides in length (SEQ ID NO:2) the variants may correspondingly comprise a region which is partly or fully complementary to 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 contiguous nucleotides thereof.
The above variants may comprise a region which has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mismatches (substitutions) with respect to the corresponding region of the original primer sequence (and thus the target sequence) and thus is partly complementary thereto. Thus, for instance, the variants may comprise a region of at least 10 nucleotides in length which has 1, 2, or 3 mismatches, such as 1 or 2 mismatches to a corresponding region of at least ten contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding original primer sequence. The variants may comprise a region of at least 13, 14 or 15 nucleotides in length which has 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mismatches, such as 1-3 mismatches to a corresponding region of an equivalent length in the corresponding original primer sequence. Any mismatches in the variant primer sequence may be at least 2, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 10 nucleotides apart.
Alternatively, the variants may comprise a region of at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 nucleotides in length which is in full complementarity with the original primer sequence.
Variants of SEQ ID NOs 2, 3, 7 and 8 may also be oligonucleotides of up to 30 nucleotides in length which have at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence of the corresponding original primer sequence, preferably at least 75%, at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% sequence identity.
Additionally, the variant primers may comprise a 5′ or 3′ flanking nucleotide sequence from the tcdA or tcdB gene with respect to the binding region of the original primers, such as 5-10 nucleotides from the 5′ flanking region and/or 3-region. The variant primers may additionally comprise sequence unrelated to the target sequence.
Any upstream or downstream primer used in the invention may comprise one or more modified nucleotides and/or a detectable label, for example a fluorescent dye.
Strand Invasion Oligonucleotide
A suitable strand invasion oligonucleotide is selected based on the target nucleic acid sequence of interest, and having regard to the site of binding of the upstream and downstream primers and the requirement for the strand invasion oligonucleotide to render the target nucleic acid sequence single-stranded in the relevant regions to allow for the binding of the upstream primer and downstream primer.
The strand invasion oligonucleotide comprises a sequence that is complementary to the target and optionally additional flanking non-complementary sequence(s). The length of the sequence that is complementary to the target may be determined by the skilled person empirically and is sufficient to provide for efficient strand invasion of the target nucleic acid sequence, optionally under isothermal conditions. The complementary sequence may comprise RNA-DNA complementary base pairing and modified nucleotides. Typically, the length of complementary sequence is at least 25 or at least 27 nucleotides, typically at least 30 nucleotides, such as least 32, at least 33 or at least 35 nucleotides, more preferably at least 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 nucleotides in length or greater. The length of complementary sequence may be 30-50, 32-50, 35-50, 40-50, 35 to 48, 35 to 46, 38 to 45 or 40 to 45 nucleotides in length.
It should be understood that the above sequence lengths refer to a portion of the strand invasion oligonucleotide which may be partly or fully complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. Mismatches may be present between the strand invasion oligonucleotide and the target sequence at particular positions while still allowing for specific amplification and detection of the target sequence, in particular having regard to the combined use of upstream and downstream primers and a strand invasion oligonucleotide to achieve amplification. There may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 mismatches between the complementary region of the strand invasion oligonucleotide and the corresponding region of the target sequence, depending on the total length of complementary sequence.
Preferably, the complementary sequence of the strand invasion oligonucleotide is designed to allow for specific detection of toxigenic C. difficile. Thus, the strand invasion oligonucleotide preferably specifically or selectively hybridises to a complementary sequence found only in toxigenic C. difficile. However, the strand invasion oligonucleotide may also hybridise to other sequences, such as sequences found in other Clostridium species, provided that when used in combination with the primers, specific amplification of a sequence found only in toxigenic C. difficile is obtained.
The complementary sequence of the strand invasion oligonucleotide hybridises to a portion of the target sequence intervening the binding regions for the upstream and downstream primers (and typically overlapping with one or more thereof). The strand invasion oligonucleotide may have a region of overlap of 1-8 nucleotides, such as a region of at least 5 or at least 6 nucleotides in length, with the upstream and/or downstream primers.
The 5′ portion of the complementary sequence of the strand invasion oligonucleotide typically binds within 25 nucleotides or less, more preferably 20 nucleotides or less from the 5′ boundary of the duplex target nucleotide sequence to be melted (the amplicon).
The strand invasion oligonucleotide optionally further comprises non-complementary sequence region(s) to the target that flank the complementary sequence region. The strand invasion oligonucleotide may comprise a non-complementary 5′ region which may be of any nucleotide sequence. The 5′ non-complementary region is typically at least 3 nucleotides in length, more typically at least 6, at least 8, preferably at least 10, at least 12 or at least 14 nucleotides in length. The 5′ non-complementary region may assist binding of recombinase. The strand invasion oligonucleotide may comprise a 3′ non-complementary region typically of 1-3 nucleotides in length which comprises nucleotides which block polymerase extension such as invdT.
The strand invasion oligonucleotide is typically at least 30 nucleotides in length where a recombinase is used in conjunction with the oligonucleotide. The strand invasion oligonucleotide is preferably at least 35, at least 40 or at least 45 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 50, and may be at least 55 nucleotides in length or greater. The strand invasion oligonucleotide may be 40-70, 45-70, 45-70, 50-70, 55-70, 45-65, 50-65, 50-60 or 55-65 nucleotides in length.
Typically the strand invasion oligonucleotide has a non-extendible 3′terminus, such that it cannot serve as a substrate for DNA amplification, and the target sequence is then only amplified on the further binding of the specific upstream and downstream primers. This avoids formation of non-specific amplification products. The strand invasion oligonucleotide may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more modified nucleotides in its 3′region, such as in the 10-15 or 10-20 nucleotides from the 3′terminus. The strand-invasion oligonucleotide may comprise a 3′ modification of the 3′terminal nucleotide, and may be a dideoxynucleotide, or comprise a 3′amino-allyl group, a 3′carbon spacer, 3′phosphate, 3′biotin, 3′sialyl, or 3′thiol. The 3′ nucleotide may be a nucleotide incorporated in a reversed orientation by a 3′-3′ linkage. Alternatively or additionally, the 3′ region of the strand-invasion oligonucleotide may comprise nucleotides with poor substrate capability for DNA polymerases, such as PNA (peptide nucleic acid) nucleotides, LNA (locked nucleic acid), 2′-5′ linked DNA or 2′-O-methyl RNA, or combinations thereof.
Where the strand-invasion oligonucleotide is a PNA oligomer comprised wholly of PNA, such an oligonucleotide can destabilise and invade duplex DNA in the absence of a recombinase enzyme. Thus, where a PNA oligonucleotide is used, the methods of the invention may be performed without presence of a recombinase enzyme.
Specific examples of suitable strand invasion oligonucleotides for target nucleotide sequences in the C. difficile tcdA and tcdB genes are provided herein. A preferred strand invasion oligonucleotide for detection of the tcdB target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is SEQ ID NO: 4. A particularly preferred strand invasion oligonucleotide is a modified derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4, most preferably SEQ ID NO: 5. A preferred strand invasion oligonucleotide for detection of the tcdA target sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 is SEQ ID NO: 9. A particularly preferred strand invasion oligonucleotide is a modified derivative of SEQ ID NO: 9, most preferably SEQ ID NO: 10.
As discussed above, it is preferred that a strand invasion oligonucleotide used in the invention comprises one or more modified oligonucleotides in its 3′region to block its use as a polymerase substrate. Thus, a modified derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 9 may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more modified nucleotides in its 3′region, typically in the 10-15 or 10-20 nucleotides from the 3′terminus. The modifications may be selected from any of those discussed above. The modified derivative may be a PNA oligomer of corresponding sequence to SEQ ID NO: 4 or 9.
In addition to modified derivatives of SEQ ID NOs 4 and 9, variant strand invasion oligonucleotides may be used.
Variants of SEQ ID NOs 4 and 9 are typically oligonucleotides of greater than 30 nucleotides, more preferably at least 35, at least 40, or at least 45 nucleotides in length, comprising a region which is partly or fully complementary to at least 30 contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding original target-complementary sequence present in SEQ ID NO: 4 or 9. Preferably, said variants will comprise a region which is partly or fully complementary to at least 32, 35, 37, 40, 42 or 45 contiguous nucleotides of the target-complementary sequence present in SEQ ID NO: 4 or 9.
The above variants may comprise a region which has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 mismatches (substitutions) with respect to the corresponding target-complementary region of the original strand invasion oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 9 (and thus the target sequence) and thus is partly complementary thereto. Thus, for instance, the variants may comprise a region of at least 30 nucleotides in length which has 1, 2, 3, or 4, such as 1-4 or 1-3 mismatches to a corresponding region of at least 40 contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding original strand invasion oligonucleotide. The variants may comprise a region of at least 35, 40, 42, or 45 nucleotides in length which has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, such as 1-5, or 1-3 mismatches to a corresponding region of an equivalent length in the corresponding original strand invasion oligonucleotide. Any mismatches in the variant strand invasion oligonucleotide sequence may be at least 2, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 10 nucleotides apart.
Alternatively, the variants may comprise a region of at least 32, 35, 37, 40, 42 or 45 nucleotides in length which is in full complementarity with the target-complementary region of the original strand invasion oligonucleotide.
Variants of SEQ ID NOs 4 and 9 may also be oligonucleotides of greater than 30 nucleotides in length comprising a target-complementary region which has at least 70% sequence identity to the target-complementary sequence of the corresponding original strand invasion oligonucleotide, preferably at least 75%, at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% sequence identity.
Additionally, the variant strand invasion oligonucleotides may comprise additional sequence complementary to the 5′ or 3′ flanking nucleotide sequence of the tcdA or tcdB gene with respect to the binding region of the original strand invasion oligonucleotide, such as 5-10 or 5-15 nucleotides from the 5′ flanking region and/or 3-region.
The remaining sequence of the variant strand invasion oligonucleotides is typically unrelated to the target sequence, and also typically unrelated to the original strand invasion oligonucleotide.
The variant strand invasion oligonucleotides further comprise one or more modified oligonucleotides in their 3′region such as, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more modified nucleotides, which may be in the 10-15 or 10-20 nucleotides from the 3′terminus The modifications may be selected from any of those discussed above.
A strand invasion oligonucleotide of the invention may further comprise a detectable label, for example a fluorescent dye.
Amplification of the Target Nucleic Acid Sequence
The nucleic acid derived from the sample is contacted with the upstream and downstream primers and the strand invasion oligonucleotide for detection purposes, under conditions promoting amplification of the target nucleic acid sequence.
Such conditions typically comprise the presence of a DNA polymerase enzyme. Suitable conditions include any conditions used to provide for activity of polymerase enzymes known in the art.
The conditions typically include the presence of all four dNTPs, dATP, dTTP, dCTP and dGTP or analogues thereof, suitable buffering agents/pH and other factors which are required for enzyme performance or stability. The conditions may include the presence of detergents and stabilising agents. The temperature used is typically isothermal, i.e constant throughout the amplification process. The temperature used typically depends on the nature of the polymerase enzyme and other enzyme components, and also reflects the hybridisation temperature required for the primers and strand invasion oligonucleotides. Where Bsu polymerase is used, a suitable temperature is 40 degrees centigrade.
The polymerase used typically has strand-displacement activity. The term “strand displacement” is used herein to describe the ability of a DNA polymerase, optionally in conjunction with accessory proteins, to displace complementary strands on encountering a region of double stranded DNA during DNA synthesis. Suitable DNA polymerases include poll from E. coli, B. subtilis, or B. stearothermophilus, and functional fragments or variants thereof, and T4 and T7 DNA polymerases and functional fragments or variants thereof. A preferred polymerase is Bsu DNA polymerase or a functional fragment or variant thereof.
The conditions may further comprise the presence of a recombinase. Any recombinase system may be used in the method of the invention. The recombinase system may be of prokaryotic or eukaryotic origin, and may be bacterial, yeast, phage, or mammalian. The recombinase may polymerise onto a single-stranded oligonucleotide in the 5′-3′ or 3′-5; direction. The recombinase may be derived from a myoviridae phage, such as T4, T2, T6, Rb69, Aeh1, KVP40, Acinetobacter phage 133, Aeromonas phage 65, cyanophage P-SSM2, cyanophage PSSM4, cyanophage S-PM2, Rb14, Rb32, Aeromonas phage 25, Vibrio phage nt-1, phi-1, Rb16, Rb43, Phage 31, phage 44RR2.8t, Rb49, phage Rb3, or phage LZ2. In a preferred embodiment, the T4 recombinase UvsX (Accession number: P04529) or a functional variant or fragment thereof is used. The Rad systems of eukaryotes or the recA-Reco system of E. coli or other prokaryotic systems may also be used.
The conditions may further comprise the presence of recombinase accessory proteins, such as single-stranded binding protein (e.g. gp32, accession number P03695) and recombinase loading agent (e.g. UvsY, accession number NP_049799.2). In a preferred embodiment, the conditions comprise the presence of the T4 gp32, UvsX and UvsY proteins.
The recombinase (such as UvsX), and where used the recombinase loading agent (such as UvsY) and single stranded DNA binding protein (such as gp32), can each be native, hybrid or mutant proteins from the same or different myoviridae phage sources. A native protein may be a wild type or natural variant of a protein.
The conditions may further comprise other factors used to enhance the efficiency of the recombinase such as compounds used to control DNA interactions, for example proline, DMSO or crowding agents which are known to enhance loading of recombinases onto DNA (Lavery P et. Al JBC 1992, 26713, 9307-9314; WO2008/035205).
The conditions may also comprise the presence of an ATP regeneration system. Various ATP regeneration systems are known to the person skilled in the art, and include glycolytic enzymes. Suitable components of an ATP regeneration system may include one or more of phosphocreatine, creatine kinase, myokinase, pyrophosphatase, sucrose and sucrose phosporylase. The conditions may further comprise the presence of ATP.
Additional components such as magnesium ions, DTT or other reducing agents, salts, BSA/PEG or other crowding agents may also be included.
The various components described above, inclusive of the primers and strand invasion oligonucleotide, may be provided in varying concentrations to provide for DNA amplification. The skilled person can select suitable working concentrations of the various components in practice.
Detection of Presence of Amplified DNA
The presence of amplified DNA resulting from the contacting of the target nucleic acid sequence with the primers and strand invasion oligonucleotide under conditions promoting DNA amplification may be monitored by any suitable means.
One or both of the primers, or the strand invasion oligonucleotide may incorporate a label or other detectable moiety. Any label or detectable moiety may be used. Examples of suitable labels include radioisotopes or fluorescent moieties, and FRET pairs of a fluorophore and acceptor moiety. Alternatively, or additionally one or more probes that detect the amplified DNA may be used, again incorporating a label or other detectable moiety. The probes may bind at any suitable location in the amplicon. Probes detecting different amplified target sequences may signal at different fluorescent wavelengths to provide for multiplex detection. Dyes which intercalate with amplified DNA may also be used to detect the amplified DNA, such as SYBR green and thiazole orange.
The detection of the signal from the amplified DNA may be made by any suitable system, including real-time PCR.
Primers and Oligonucleotides
The invention further provides the primers and strand invasion oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs 2 to 5 and 7 to 10 and variants thereof as products per se, and compositions and formulations comprising said primers and strand invasion oligonucleotides. The primers and optionally the strand invasion oligonucleotide may be used in any method for detection of toxigenic C. difficile. Typically, the method is a strand-invasion based DNA amplification method. However, any suitable DNA amplification method that allows for specific detection of toxigenic C. difficile may be used. The upstream and downstream primers may be used in a DNA amplification method that does not require use of a strand invasion oligonucleotide, such as PCR.
Compositions and Kits
The invention also provides compositions and kits comprising at least two oligonucleotides selected from (a) an upstream primer, (b) a downstream primer and (c) a strand invasion oligonucleotide. The upstream primer, downstream primer and strand invasion oligonucleotide are as described above. The composition or kit may comprise an upstream and a downstream primer, an upstream primer and a strand invasion oligonucleotide, or a downstream primer and a strand invasion oligonucleotide. Preferably, the composition or kit comprises an upstream primer, a downstream primer and a strand invasion oligonucleotide. The composition or kit may be suitable for detection of C. difficile in accordance with the method of the invention, or an alternative DNA amplification method.
Where the composition or kit is suitable for use for detecting the target nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (tcdB), typically the upstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant thereof, the downstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or a variant thereof, and the strand invasion oligonucleotide is an oligonucleotide of greater than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or a variant thereof, and further comprising one or more modified nucleotides in its 3′region. The strand invasion oligonucleotide may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
Where the composition or kit is suitable for use for detecting the target nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (tcdA), typically the upstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or a variant thereof, the downstream primer is an oligonucleotide of less than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or a variant thereof, and the strand invasion oligonucleotide is an oligonucleotide of greater than 30 nucleotides in length comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or a variant thereof, and further comprising one or more modified nucleotides in its 3′region. The strand invasion oligonucleotide may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
The composition or kit may provide a first set of oligonucleotides allowing for detection of the target nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and additionally a second set of oligonucleotides allowing for detection of the target nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
The above composition may be for example a solution, lyophilisate, suspension, or an emulsion in an oily or aqueous vehicle.
In the above kit, the at least two oligonucleotides may be provided as a mixture, or in separate containers. The kit optionally further comprises instructions for use in a method of the invention. The kit may comprise a means for detection of amplified DNA.
The kit or composition optionally comprises one or more probes that detect amplified DNA. The kit or composition optionally comprises one or more of a DNA polymerase, a recombinase, and recombinase accessory proteins. Preferably, the DNA polymerase is Bsu polymerase. Preferably, the recombinase is bacteriophage T4 UvsX, optionally in combination with the recombinase accessory proteins UvsY and gp32. The kit or composition may further comprise dNTPs, suitable buffers and other factors which are required for DNA amplification in the method of the invention as described above.
Diagnosis of an Infection by C. difficile and Medical Applications
The present invention is particularly advantageous in the medical setting. The detection methods of the invention provide a highly specific test to allow for determination of whether a clinical sample contains a target nucleic acid sequence from toxigenic C. difficile. The method may be applied to a range of disease settings associated with toxigenic C. difficile. Additionally, the method may be applied for screening of carriers of toxigenic C. difficile.
The determination of whether or not toxigenic C. difficile is present may be in the context of any disease or illness present or suspected of being present in a patient. Such diseases may include those caused by, linked to, or exacerbated by the presence of toxigenic C. difficile. Thus, a patient may display symptoms indicating the presence of toxigenic C. difficile, and a sample may be obtained from the patient in order to determine the presence of C. difficile and optionally also the toxinotype thereof by the method described above.
The invention thus provides a method of diagnosing an infection caused by toxigenic C. difficile in a subject, comprising determining the presence of a target nucleic acid sequence from toxigenic C. difficile according to the invention in a sample from said subject. The method may further comprise other steps of identifying the strain of toxigenic C. difficile, such as by microbiological culture from a sample provided by the subject.
A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the identification of toxigenic C. difficile present in patients having a gastrointestinal tract infection, in particular having symptoms of diarrhoea.
The invention thus provides a diagnostic method for gastrointestinal illnesses, such as diarrhoea that are caused by toxigenic C. difficile. The diagnostic method may further comprise detecting antibiotic resistance markers and virulence markers. The method provides for a dramatic improvement in the patient management of gastrointestinal illnesses because it allows for the optimal therapeutic treatment for a given patient. Thereby the test would reduce the length of hospital stays, the frequency of re-admission and reduce costs.
The diagnostic method may conveniently be performed based on nucleic acid derived from a sample of a patient, providing an indication to clinicians whether the gastrointestinal illness is due to an infection by toxigenic C. difficile. The diagnostic method may also provide an indication as to the toxinotype and virulence of C. difficile and whether the C. difficile is resistant to any antibiotics. Depending on the outcome of the test the medical treatment can then be optimised, for example by use of antibiotics.
The following Examples illustrate the invention.
Designing specific oligonucleotides for the detection and amplification of tcdA and tcdB genes was challenging. tcdA and tcdB genes show high sequence homology not only between each other but also to the other large clostridial toxins. C. sordellii cytotoxin gene, tcsL, is the closest homolog of tcdB (Popoff, 1987; Green, 1995). Antibodies for C. sordellii tcsL are cross-reactive with C. difficile toxin B. Thus, lateral flow tests for the detection of C. difficile toxin B commonly cross-react with C. sordellii tcsL. Design of specific oligonucleotides was further complicated by the requirement for a specific invading oligonucleotide.
Further, the GC content of C. difficile genome is low (29.1%) which applies also to tcdB gene, the GC content of which is 27.4%. This low GC content also made design of oligonucleotides suitable for DNA amplification challenging. Primers with low GC content will have a low melting temperature (Tm), which destabilizes binding of oligonucleotides and results in poor efficiency of amplification.
Firstly, suitable regions of the tcdA and tcdB genes were selected for targeting for detection and amplification. Particular target regions for tcdB (SEQ ID NO:1) and tcdA (SEQ ID NO: 6) are shown below. The target regions were selected 1) to be specific for C. difficile, i.e. to differ from closely homologous Clostridium species, 2) to show good inclusivity of C. difficile toxinotypes and 3) have a higher GC content than the C. difficile genome in average.
Secondly, specific oligonucleotides were designed for amplification of the target regions. Particular oligonucleotides used for detection and amplification of C. difficile tcdB gene and tcdA gene are shown below (SEQ ID NOs 2-5 and 7-10).
tcdB detecting oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs 2, 3 and 5 were used to amplify C. difficile tcdB gene by isothermal strand invasion DNA amplification at 40° C. DNA binding fluorescent dye Sybr Green I was used for detection of amplification and fluorescence was measured either with a fluorometer or a real-time PCR instrument. The reaction mixture contained reaction buffer (10 mM Tris-acetate, pH 8, 0.5 mM EDTA, 4 mM DTT, 150 mM sucrose, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 5% DMSO), 2 mM ATP, 5% PEG1000, 60 mM phosphocreatine di(tris) salt, dNTPs (with dTTP replaced by dUTP), 12.5 mU/μl sucrose phosphorylase, 25 mU/μl creatine phosphokinase, 62.5 mU/μl Bsu polymerase, 0.1-0.3 mg/ml T4 bacteriophage UvsX, 0.25-0.5 mg/ml T4 bacteriophage gp32, 10 mM Mg-acetate and oligonucleotides in the presence or absence of template DNA.
The ability of the end primers and invading oligonucleotide to produce primer-dimers or self-priming was tested in the absence of template DNA (no template control, NTC). The ability of the oligonucleotides to detect and amplify the correct target DNA was tested in the presence of C. difficile BAA-1382 genomic DNA (gDNA). The presence or absence of amplification product was determined both by increase in SybrGreen I fluorescence (
The amplification products were further analyzed with MultiNA microchip electrophoresis system (
Specificity of the tcdB assay was tested by using C. sordellii ATCC 9714 gDNA as template in a reaction as described in Example 2. C. sordellii toxin gene tcsL is the closest found homolog of tcdB. Results are shown in
Sensitivity of the tcdB assay was tested with dilution series of C. difficile BAA-1382 (630) and amplification was measured with Sybr Green I fluorescence and detected by real-timePCR. Results are shown in
Inclusivity of the tcdB assay was tested with C. difficile toxinotypes 0, III, VIII and X. Results are shown in
Inclusivity of the tcdB assay was further tested with a larger panel of 37 C. difficile Toxinotypes 0, I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XIa, XIb, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII; XIX, XX, XXI; XXII; XXIII; XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII and XXXIII. Results are shown in
tcdA detecting oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs 7, 8 and 10 were used to amplify C. difficile tcdA gene at 40° C. with a reaction mixture as described in Example 1. The ability of the end primers to produce primer-dimers or self-priming was tested in the absence of template DNA (no template control, NTC). The ability of the oligonucleotides to detect and amplify the correct target DNA was tested in the presence of 10-10 000 cp/reaction C. difficile BAA-1382 genomic DNA (gDNA). The presence or absence of amplification product was determined by increase in SybrGreen I fluorescence (
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| PCT/EP2014/058257 | 4/23/2014 | WO | 00 |
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| WO2014/173963 | 10/30/2014 | WO | A |
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