Patent Application
20220348129
The invention pertains to the technical field of lashing systems for securing loads, and to strap fittings in particular.
Lashing systems comprising straps and strap fittings (such as buckles) are well known for securing loads.
EP 1 980 169, for instance, discloses a buckle for securing a strap. The buckle comprises two side walls with multiple crossbars extending therebetween. Each of the crossbars is provided with a serration. The latter allows the strap to pass through, while biting into the strap with the least tension applied.
Such serrations may at first glance improve connectivity between strap and buckle. However, the strapping material will also experience local spikes in stress and strain, in the neighborhood of each serration. Therefore, more stringent mechanical requirements (in terms of yarn and or material tensile strength) will apply to the strapping material. Indeed, the strapping material should be able to withstand such locally increased values of stress and strain.
More generally, strapping material is over-dimensioned by default: it is typically much stronger than required for handling the loading forces only. In particular, the strapping material not only needs to withstand the loading force, but also the local peak stresses and strain, at its interfaces with strap fittings such as buckles. As such, it is never possible to fully exploit the capabilities of the strapping material. The required over-dimensioning of the strapping material boosts its overall production costs.
Apart from the above, U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,135 further discloses a metal fitting for connection with flexible web slings. The fitting has two parallel sides, and a crossbar extending therebetween. The transverse cross-section of the crossbar defines a circular surface adjoining a flat surface. Moreover, the crossbar may also bulge transversely. The skilled person will recognize that such “bulges” have the advantageous effect of forcing straps into alignment, in case of self-centering buckles. At the same time, however, such bulges may locally increase stress and strain in a middle portion of the strap, as compared its strap edges. Again, more stringent mechanical requirements will apply (than required for handling the loading force only).
The present invention aims to resolve at least some of the problems mentioned above. In particular, a lashing system is envisaged in which the full mechanical capabilities of the strap and/or of the strap fitting can be maximally exploited. Also, material and production costs in relation to straps and strap fittings should be reduced, and the lifetime of straps and strap fittings should be increased.
To such end, the invention provides a strap fitting according to claim 1, configured for engaging a strap. In particular, a first support surface portion (of the inner crossbar) has a curvature that progressively increases, along an input sense for the strap. As is customary, the “(local) curvature” is herein defined as the reciprocal value of the “(local) radius of curvature”.
Quite advantageously, this fitting overcomes traditional problems of local spikes in curvature stress and strain, acting on the strap. Generally, the strapping material needs to be over-dimensioned, as to be able to cope with such local spikes in stress and strain. The axial strain in the strapping material will gradually decrease, along the first support surface. In the present design, the local curvature is optimized such that the total strain present in the strapping material will be minimized, and will have a higher uniformity. Preferably, there are no spikes or peak values. Such a lashing can be loaded up to the System Break Strength (SBS), which will now better emulate the Linear Break Strength (LBS) of the strapping material itself. The strapping material is maximally exploited. In principle, the strapping material could be made lighter, thereby lowering its material and production costs.
A particular further advantage of a progressively increasing curvature, is that the overall crossbar cross-section is reduced in size (as compared to a crossbar of invariant, low curvature). Material and production costs in relation to the fitting can thus be lowered. Of course, it is important that the fitting can still withstand the lashing forces without breaking and/or plastically deforming.
In a preferred embodiment of claim 4, the inner crossbar has a surface portion of maximum curvature, adjoining the aforementioned first support surface portion. In doing so, the crossbar material is mostly contributing to the first support surface portion. The material and production costs related to the fitting are optimized.
In further aspects, the invention provides a lashing system according to claim 13, a lashing kit according to claim 14, and a method according to claim 15, for securing a load.
The present invention concerns a strap fitting, a lashing system, a lashing kit, and a method for securing a load.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in disclosing the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. By means of further guidance, term definitions are included to better appreciate the teaching of the present invention.
As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings:
“A”, “an”, and “the” as used herein refers to both singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. By way of example, “a compartment” refers to one or more than one compartment.
“About” as used herein referring to a measurable value such as a parameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of +/−20% or less, preferably +/−10% or less, more preferably +/−5% or less, even more preferably +/−1% or less, and still more preferably +/−0.1% or less of and from the specified value, in so far such variations are appropriate to perform in the disclosed invention. However, it is to be understood that the value to which the modifier “about” refers is itself also specifically disclosed.
“Comprise”, “comprising”, and “comprises” and “comprised of” as used herein are synonymous with “include”, “including”, “includes” or “contain”, “containing”, “contains” and are inclusive or open-ended terms that specifies the presence of what follows e.g. component and do not exclude or preclude the presence of additional, non-recited components, features, element, members, steps, known in the art or disclosed therein.
The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers and fractions subsumed within that range, as well as the recited endpoints.
A “strap fitting”, as used herein, is generally understood as a device providing an interface for straps. In particular, it is suitable for engaging at least one strap. To such purpose, the strap fitting is provided with at least one “strap-engaging portion”. Preferably, latter strap-engaging portion comprises means for attaching a strap, and for adjusting the length of the strap so attached. Preferably, said means comprise one or more “crossbars”(=“rungs”).
As is customary, the “curvature” is understood as the reciprocal value of the “radius of curvature”. Thus, in case the radius of curvature is expressed in mm, the curvature itself is expressed in mm−1. A progressively increasing curvature, along an input sense for the strap, is to be understood as a progressively decreasing radius of curvature, along said same input sense. Preferably said curvature gradually increases, between a lower “onset curvature” value, and a higher “end curvature” value.
The expression “% by weight”, “weight percent”, “% wt” or “wt %”, here and throughout the description unless otherwise defined, refers to the relative weight of the respective component based on the overall weight of the formulation.
The inventors found that the breaking strength of the strap on its own (the so-called “Linear Breaking Strength”, LBS) does generally not correspond to the breaking strength of a system which comprises latter strap, further engaged within a fitting (the so-called “System Breaking Strength”, SBS). In various cases, the system breaking strength was found to be at least 12%, and up to 29% lower. Therefore, the system breaking strength is a critical characteristic for lashing systems. It inhibits full exploitation of the strapping material strength.
Further research uncovered that, at the strap-fitting interface, the local strain may be different in an outer surface section of the strap, as compared to the central section of the strap. In fact, the strapping material experiences two types of strain. Axial strain, on the one hand, is primarily due to the loading force. Curvature strain, on the other hand, is due to the strap being curved around a crossbar. The value of curvature strain mostly depends on the local curvature (and therefore on the local radius of curvature).
The central section of the strap is mostly subjected to axial strain. Curvature strain manifests itself more in the outer surface sections of the strap, wherever the strap is curved around a crossbar. It gives rise to local surplus spikes in strain, depending on the local curvature. The total strain in any section of the strap is the sum of axial strain and curvature strain. Of course, the total strain should always be lower than the failure strain, in all segments and sections of the strapping material. Therefore, local spikes in curvature strain are seriously limiting the extent to which the strapping material can be loaded.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a strap fitting configured for engaging a strap, which fitting comprises an inner crossbar and an outer crossbar, said crossbars extending between opposite side walls of the fitting, in which the inner and outer crossbar respectively have first and second support surface portions, which support surface portions face away from each other, and which support surface portions are configured for supporting portions of strap curving around said respective crossbars. In particular, said first support surface portion has a curvature that progressively increases, along an input sense for the strap. In other words: the local radius of curvature progressively decreases, along said same input sense. The curvature may gradually increase, from a lower “onset curvature” value, up to a higher “end curvature” value.
In any case, it is a major advantage that the onset curvature, where the strap first touches the inner crossbar, is relatively low. At this point, the axial strain in the strap is actually the highest (and mostly governed by the loading forces). Any local spikes in strain (e.g. due to a high local curvature) should thus be avoided.
In its course around the inner crossbar, along the first support surface, the strap will experience an axial strain that is continuously diminishing. Indeed, the loading force is gradually transferred towards the fitting, via mutual friction. At the same time, the curvature of the first support surface progressively increases. This means that, in contrast to the axial strain, the curvature strain is gradually increasing. The latter is mostly acting on the corresponding, outer surface section of the strap curving around said inner crossbar. The total strain, being the sum of axial and curvature strain, will thus be minimized and have a higher uniformity. The same strapping material, having the same breaking strain, will be able to handle a higher loading force, since it is loaded more uniformly. In other words, the system breaking strength is increased, for the same strapping material. Conversely, for the same loading force, the strapping material may be chosen lighter. It should for instance be possible to reduce the number of warp yarns in the strapping material. Material and production costs are lowered.
In theory it would also be possible to reduce curvature (and hence curvature strain) by increasing the overall cross-section of the crossbars, while maintaining e.g. a constant radius of curvature that is sufficiently low (constant low curvature=constant large radius). This however, would boost the material and production costs in relation to the fitting. Moreover, large and heavy fittings are difficult to handle. The current invention provides an elegant solution by means of a curvature that progressively increases. The overall crossbar cross-section can be made smaller, while ensuring that the total strain (axial+curvature) acting on the strap does not surpass its breaking strain. Material and production costs in relation to the fitting can thus be lowered. U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,135, on the contrary, does not disclose a support surface portion having a progressively increasing curvature. It merely discloses a circular support surface portion. The above advantages do not apply.
The crossbars and sidewalls may or may not form an integral piece. The crossbars and sidewalls may or may not be integrally formed. Preferably, the crossbars are non-moveably and non-rotatably affixed to the side walls.
The strap fitting may or may not comprise a serration and/or a surface roughening. Preferably, the first and second support surface portions are curved smoothly; they do not feature a serration. Alternatively, at least one of the first and second support surfaces is provided with a serration and/or a surface roughening. The latter may be beneficial in dynamic situations, avoiding slip of the strap in the buckle. The first support surface portion therein has a curvature that progressively increases, taken along the general contour of the crossbar cross-section. (Local) curvatures related to serrations, if any, are not taken into account.
The fitting may comprise one strap-admitting portion, or more than one strap-admitting portion. In particular, the fitting may be a ladder buckle comprising two strap-admitting portions (i.e. two side walls and four crossbars). However, the invention is in general not limited to such ladder buckles only.
In a further or alternative embodiment, both the first and second support surface portions have curvatures that progressively increase, in the same rotational sense. The above advantages can be repeated.
The first and second support surface portions may each have a curvature that steadily increases, starting from a corresponding “onset curvature” value, and up to a corresponding “end curvature” value. The onset of each support surface portion preferably corresponds to the location where a lashing portion of the strap is first supported by the fitting, in normal use. The end of each support surface portion preferably corresponds to the location where the strap has made a full 180° U-turn, when curving around the crossbar.
Preferably, the first and second support surface portions are comprised of substantially convex support surfaces having a steadily increasing curvature along their extension. The curvature of the first support surface may be chosen such that stress and strain in the outer section of the strap lashing portion are more or less constant. The curvature of the second support surface portion may be chosen such that it is non-critical to lashing stress and strain.
In a further or alternative embodiment, an end curvature of the first support surface portion is larger than, or at least equal to an onset curvature of the second support surface portion. A steady reduction of axial strain and buildup of curvature strain is thus resumed, once the strap has crossed from the first crossbar to the second crossbar. A sudden rise in curvature strain is particularly avoided.
In a further or alternative embodiment, the inner crossbar further has a surface portion of maximum curvature, which surface portion of maximum curvature adjoins said first support surface portion. A “surface portion of maximum curvature”, as used herein, should be understood as comprising the maximum curvature(=the minimum radius of curvature) taken along the general contour of the crossbar cross-section. Curvatures related to serrations, if any, are not taken into account.
Preferably, latter surface portion immediately precedes the support surface portion. It does not contact the strapping material in normal use. It does not contribute to curvature strain. However, as will be clear from the added figures, such a surface portion allows for reducing the crossbar cross-section considerably.
In a further or alternative embodiment, the inner crossbar further has a surface portion of minimum curvature, which surface portion of minimum curvature adjoins said surface portion of maximum curvature. A “surface portion of minimum curvature”, as used herein, should be understood as comprising the minimum curvature taken along the general contour of the crossbar cross-section. Curvatures related to serrations, if any, are not taken into account.
Preferably, latter surface portion immediately precedes the surface portion of maximum curvature. It does not contact the strapping material in normal use. It does not contribute to curvature strain. However, as will be clear from the added figures, such a surface portion provides a most convenient handling by maximizing the gap between the crossbars. This is particularly the case for flat surface portions of zero curvature(=infinite radius of curvature). Also, as will be clear from the added figures, such a surface portion allows for further reducing the crossbar cross-section considerably. This is particularly the case for concave surface portions of negative curvature(=opposite radius of curvature). The general invention is limited to none of both.
In a further or alternative embodiment, said surface portion of minimum curvature is a flat surface portion. Advantages are the design compatibility with production methods such as drop forging, while minimizing the crossbar cross-section, and while maximizing the intercrossbar gap.
In a further or alternative embodiment, the inner crossbar and the outer crossbar respectively have first and second rear surface portions, which rear surface portions face towards each other, and which rear surface portions each comprise a surface portion of maximum curvature adjoining a surface portion of minimum curvature. In a further or alternative embodiment, said rear surface portions are comprised of flat and/or convex surface portions. The same above advantages apply for both crossbars.
In a further or alternative embodiment, a division plane can be devised for conceptually dividing said fitting into an upper half and a lower half, latter division plane passing through said inner and outer crossbars, orthogonally to said first and second support surface portions, and orthogonally to said first and second rear surface portions. Advantageously, such a design is compatible with the drop forging method of production for metal fittings. Preferably, the fitting has about the same material mass above and below said division plane. The fitting may or may not comprise a metal. The fitting may or may not consist of a metal.
In a further or alternative embodiment, said inner crossbar has a larger cross-section than said outer crossbar. Indeed, the inner crossbar is subjected to a higher amount of loading forces, since it directly engages a lashing portion of the strap.
In a further or alternative embodiment, said crossbars are substantially straight, and said crossbars have a substantially invariant cross-section. This ensures that forces are equally distributed across the width of the strap, between the strap edges.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a lashing system comprising a strap and at least one strap fitting. In particular, said fitting may correspond to any of the fittings described above. Similar features and advantages may thus apply.
In a third aspect, the invention provides a lashing kit comprising one or more straps, and at least one strap fitting. In particular, said fitting may correspond to any of the fittings described above. Similar features and advantages may thus apply.
In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for securing a load using a strap and a corresponding strap fitting, which fitting comprises opposite side walls with an inner crossbar and an outer crossbar extending therebetween, and wherein a lashing portion of the strap is led:
In particular, said lashing portion of the strap thereby acquires a progressively increasing curvature, along said input sense, and around said inner crossbar. The same advantages as discussed above may therefore apply. In particular, the fitting may correspond to any of the fittings described above.
The invention is further described by the following non-limiting examples and figures which further illustrate the invention, and which are not intended to, nor should they be interpreted to, limit the scope of the invention.
The strap 2 connects to the fitting 3 in a manner that is known per se: a “lashing portion” 7 of the strap 2 (e.g. stemming from the load to be lashed) is fed to the fitting 3, along an input sense 9 for the strap 2. Said lashing portion 7 subsequently runs towards and around the inner crossbar 5, towards and around the outer crossbar 6, then diagonally back towards the inner crossbar 5, curving oppositely around the inner crossbar 5. A “free portion” 8 of the strap 2 leaves the fitting 3 along an output sense 10. In the vicinity of the inner crossbar 5, latter free portion 8 is overlaid by the former, lashing portion 7.
The inventors found that such prior art lashing systems 1 suffer from spikes in local stress and strain, acting on, and present in the strapping material. This finding is based, inter alia, on simulation analyses illustrated in
As can be seen, in a central section of the strap 2, there is an overall reduction of strain, along the course of the strap 2. In
However, the inventors found great discrepancies between (a) the local strain in a central section 11 of the strap 2 and (b) the local strain in a surface section 12 of the strap 2. While the local strain in the central section 11 is gradually lowered at curvatures b-i, the local strain rockets in the outer surface sections 12 (see for instance curvatures b-f), and plummets in the inner surface sections 12 (see for instance curvatures g-i). Indeed, the outer surface sections 12 are stretched at the curved surface portions, while the inner surface sections 12 are compressed. For an effective strapping thickness t of 1.3 mm, and a curvature radius R of 5 mm, the curvature strain is roughly calculated as t/2, or about 0.13. Latter value more or less corresponds to the height of peaks b-f in
In general, in relation to safety and effective lashing, the local stress and strain should at no point surpass the breaking stress and strain of the strapping material. This is particularly true for spikes in local stress and strain, at outer curvatures or serrations.
The inventors found that, due to spikes in local stress and strain, prior art strapping material is typically over-dimensioned. Traditionally, the strapping material is way stronger than required for handling the loading forces only. A further observation was that local spikes stress and strain are seriously threatening the strapping material lifetime.
Such a ladder buckle 3′ is in fact a more specific embodiment of the fitting 3, featuring two strap-admitting portions 15, 15′. Alternatives, featuring only one strap-admitting portion are depicted in
In accordance with the invention, the inner crossbar 5 defines a first support surface portion 16, and the outer crossbar 6 defines a second support surface portion 17. These support surface portions 16, 17 face away from each other. They are configured for supporting strapping material that is curved around the crossbars 5, 6. The strap 2 is first led along an input sense 9 for the strap 2, towards and around the inner crossbar 5. It further runs towards and around the outer crossbar 6, diagonally back to the inner crossbar 5, and back around the inner crossbar 6, in an output sense 10 that is opposite to said input sense 9. At said first support surface portion 16, a lashing portion 7 of the strap overlays a free portion 8 of the strap. The lashing portion 7 can be used for lashing a load (not shown), through application of a loading force. In its passage through the fitting 3, the strap 2 conveniently transfers the loading force towards the fitting 2.
In particular, the first support surface portion 16 has a curvature that progressively increases, along the input sense 9 for the strap 2. That is, the curvature value gradually rises from a lower onset curvature 18, up to a higher end curvature 19. See also
As mentioned above, the lashing portion 7 of the strap 2 (entering the fitting 2) is subjected to relatively high loading forces, while the free portion 10 of the strap 2 (exiting the fitting 3) is subjected zero forces, or to low forces only. Therebetween, there is an overall stress reduction, along the course of the strap 2. Loading forces are transferred towards the fitting 3.
Within the context of
Quite advantageously, the present fitting 3 provides a lower onset curvature 18. As such, in a region where the lashing portion 9 of the strap 2 is subjected a relatively high axial stress (mostly dictated by the loading force), the curvature is relatively low. The outer surface section 12 of the strap 2 thus only experiences a moderate surplus curvature stress, or none at all. As the lashing portion 7 of the strap 2 curves around the support surface portion 16, axial stress present therein is gradually reduced. At the same time, the curvature progressively increases, up to a higher end curvature 19. As such, the surplus curvature stress acting on the outer surface section 12 of the strap 2 is gradually raised. The total stress acting on the outer surface section 12 of the strap 2 is thus more uniform, through combination of a gradually decreasing loading stress and a gradually increasing curvature stress. Preferably, local spikes in stress and strain are avoided wherever possible. As a consequence, the strapping material can be made lighter and cheaper. Indeed, it does not need to cope with such local spikes in stress and strain.
As can be seen in
The inner crossbar 5, on the one hand, has a first support surface portion 16 and a first rear surface portion 21. In particular, said rear surface portion 21 comprises a flat surface portion 21″ (of minimum curvature), and a surface portion 21′ of maximum curvature, immediately preceding said first support surface portion 17. The outer crossbar 5, on the other hand, has a second support surface portion 16 and a second rear surface portion 22. In particular, said rear surface portion 22 comprises a flat surface portion 22″ (of minimum curvature), and a surface portion 22′ of maximum curvature, immediately preceding said second support surface portion 17.
In normal use, the surface portions 21′, 22′ of maximum curvature will not contact the strap 2. See also
As can be seen on the figures, the inner crossbars 5, 5′ have a larger cross-section than the outer crossbars 6, 6′ have. In general, they need to withstand larger forces. Preferably, the inner crossbar 5 has a transverse offset 23 w.r.t. the outer crossbar 6. As such, strap portions 7, 8 entering and exiting the fitting 3 will not interfere directly with the outer crossbar 5. See also
As can be seen in
The first fitting 3 (according to the prior art;
According to a possible embodiment, the fitting 3 may comprise a metal material having a tensile strength of between 730 and 840 Map, a yield strength of between 680 MPa and 720 MPA, and elongation at break of about 10%, and a Brinell Hardness of between 230 and 250 HB. The fitting 3 may be fabricated via drop forging. Preferably, the fitting 3 may be loaded up to about 25 kN.
In general, the fitting according to the invention preferably has at least one strap-engaging portion that comprises the aforementioned inner and outer crossbars. This strap-engaging portion may be supplemented with:
The invention is generally not limited to any of these.
The numbered elements on the figures are:
It is supposed that the present invention is not restricted to any form of realization described previously, and that some modifications can be added to the presented examples and figures without reappraisal of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023864 | Sep 2019 | NL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2020/076160 | 9/18/2020 | WO |
