Patent Application
20220341020
This disclosure relates generally to a component having multiple magnetic and nonmagnetic regions, and a method of forming the same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a component having multiple magnetic and nonmagnetic regions, and formation of the same by nitriding (e.g., solution nitriding).
The need for high power density and high efficiency electrical machines (i.e., electric motors and generators) has long been prevalent for a variety of applications, particularly for hybrid and/or electric vehicle traction/propulsion applications. The current trend in hybrid/electric vehicle traction/propulsion motor applications is to increase rotational speeds to increase the machine's power density, and hence reduce its mass and cost. However, it is recognized that when electrical machines are used for traction applications in hybrid/electric vehicles, there is a clear tradeoff between power density, efficiency, and the machine's constant power speed range limited by rotor mechanical strength—and that this tradeoff presents numerous design challenges.
The power output of an electric machine may be increased by increasing the machine size, improving thermal management, increasing rotor speed, or by increasing the magnetic utilization. The magnetic utilization may be increased by using a combination of processing and alloying of a rotor lamination to create a dual phase magnetic material by developing localized areas of high and low permeability. The localized areas of high and low permeability generally reduce flux losses during rotor operation.
A range of ferrous based soft magnetic compositions of the rotor lamination may be austenitized by a combination of processes to form regions of low permeability. This phase transformation at selected regions may be thermally driven in the presence of carbides in the alloy. Upon local heating, the carbides that are present at selected locations dissolve in the matrix and depress the martensite start temperature, thereby aiding the stabilization of austenite regions at room temperature. However, the presence of carbides in a magnetic microstructure is known to increase coercivity and to lower the magnetic saturation, as compared to traditional ferrous-based magnetic steels. A different method of stabilizing the austenite phase at room temperature in intermediate regions of the soft magnet, while starting from a substantially single phase microstructure, is desired to decrease the coercivity.
Aspects and advantages will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be obvious from the description, or may be learned through practice of the invention.
A dual phase magnetic component is generally provided, along with methods of its formation. In one embodiment, the dual phase magnetic component includes an intermixed first region and second region formed from a single material, with the first region having a magnetic area and a diffused metal therein, and with the second region having a non-magnetic area. The second region generally has greater than 0.1 weight % of nitrogen.
In one embodiment, the method of forming a dual-phase magnetic component may include forming a metal coating on a portion of the surface of an initial component to form a masked area while leaving an unmasked area thereon. Thereafter, the initial component may be heated to a treatment temperature in the presence of nitrogen gas such that nitrogen diffuses into the unmasked area of the initial component to transform the magnetic ferrous composition to a non-magnetic austenite composition in the unmasked area. Heating may also diffuse the metal coating into the masked area of the initial component. Thereafter, the initial component may be cooled from the treatment temperature to form a dual-phase magnetic component having a magnetic region corresponding to the masked area and a non-magnetic region corresponding to the unmasked area.
These and other features, aspects and advantages will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain certain principles of the invention.
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth in the specification, which makes reference to the appended Figs., in which:
Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present invention.
Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Different embodiments of the present invention relate to a strengthened dual phase magnetic component, a magnetic composition of the strengthened dual phase magnetic component, and a method of forming the strengthened dual phase magnetic component.
In one embodiment of the invention, a strengthened dual phase magnetic component is disclosed. The term “dual phase magnetic component” as used herein may be a magnetic part of any product, such as for example, a rotor or a stator lamination of a motor that has intermixed first and second regions, where the first region includes a magnetic phase and the second region includes a non-magnetic phase. The “intermixed first and second regions” hereby means that there are many first regions and second regions that are in the vicinity of each other.
Thus, the dual phase magnetic component has dual magnetic regions with one set of regions having a magnetic phase, and another set having a non-magnetic phase. As used herein, the “magnetic phase” is a region where greater than 99 volume % of the region is magnetic, and in general, would act as a magnetic region. Further, a “non-magnetic phase” may be the region where greater than 90 volume % of the region is non-magnetic. The magnetic component as used herein is usually prepared from a single material. As an example, the material may be a composite magnetic member which is formed by providing a ferromagnetic portion and a non-magnetic portion, by nitriding in a controlled atmosphere. When the magnetic component is made using a single material, the negative effects of bonding a ferromagnetic portion and a non-magnetic portion are reduced by ensuring reliability, hermeticity, and the bond strength of the magnetic component.
The “magnetic phase” as used herein is a material in a magnetic state having a relative permeability greater than 1. In one embodiment, the relative permeability of the magnetic phase of the first region of the magnetic component is greater than 100, and a saturation magnetization is greater than 1.5 Tesla. A “non-magnetic phase” as used herein has greater than 90 volume % of the material in which the permeability is approximately 1, and the saturation magnetization is about zero.
Austenite, also known as gamma phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron. Heating the iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a temperature at which it changes crystal structure from ferrite to austenite is called austenitization. The addition of certain alloying elements, such as manganese, nickel, nitrogen, and carbon, can stabilize the austenitic structure even at room temperature. A dual phase magnetic component may be formed by stabilizing austenite at room temperature, in some regions of the magnetic component, while retaining the strongly ferromagnetic martensite or ferrite phases at some other regions of the magnetic component.
The presence of carbon is known to stabilize the non-magnetic austenite structure. Earlier efforts had been directed at dissolving formed carbides at selected regions of the magnetic component to stabilize non-magnetic phases at those regions of the magnetic component. In one embodiment of the present invention, a non-magnetic region of the magnetic component is formed by stabilizing a low permeability austenite structure by the addition of nitrogen, rather than carbon. Carbides as second phases are known to be undesirable for the magnetic component. Thus, in some embodiments of the present invention, the material forming the magnetic component is substantially free of carbon.
However, in other embodiments of the invention, the composition may contain a relatively small level of carbon, which can sometimes increase the tensile strength of the magnetic region. In these embodiments, the total amount of carbon in the magnetic and non-magnetic regions must be less than about 0.05 weight %.
The second (non-magnetic) region includes nitrogen in a quantity that stabilizes the austenite phase. Like carbon, as nitrogen dissolves into a ferrous alloy, the austenite phase is stabilized. Generally, the presence of carbides, which serve to stabilize the austenite phase upon local heat treatment and dissolution, is established by alloying the initial materials with carbon in the melt. When nitrogen is used to alloy iron, the workability of the alloy is often reduced. In certain embodiments of the present application, nitriding is used after substantial working of the component has been completed.
In one embodiment, a method of preparing a magnetic component is disclosed. Thermodynamic and empirical calculations may be used to predict ferrous alloy compositions that upon the addition of nitrogen at elevated temperatures form the austenite phase. A magnetic component using the designed ferrous alloy composition may be formed by using the traditional methods. In one embodiment, the formed magnetic component is subjected to selective nitriding of the near-final component, without the need to substantially alter the shape and size of the formed magnetic component after nitriding. As used herein the term “selective nitriding” is the nitriding of some (required) regions of the magnetic component, without substantially altering the ferromagnetic nature of the nearby regions. The ferromagnetic nature of the nearby regions may be considered to be “substantially altered”, if the average saturation magnetization of those regions is reduced by more than 5 percent.
In one embodiment, the selective nitriding of the magnetic component may be attained by using a metal coating that discourages nitrogen diffusion into the magnetic component may be used as the “nitrogen stop-off” material at some regions.
Nitriding may be carried out through a solid, liquid, gaseous, or plasma route. In one embodiment of the present invention, elevated temperature gas nitriding is used as the preferred method to introduce nitrogen to the part. The elevated temperatures in this technique allow for fast diffusion of nitrogen, providing a quick processing route. Alternately, plasma nitriding may be used for the nitrogen diffusion. In order to avoid nitrogen diffusion in those areas which are intended to stay ferritic (and thus magnetic), in one embodiment, a metal coating is applied to locations where nitrogen diffusion is not desirable. Thus, in this embodiment, the pre-selected regions that correspond to the regions that are supposed to remain magnetic are masked, using the metal coating as a nitrogen stop-off material (i.e., inhibiting and/or substantially stopping the nitrogen from entering into the masked area).
The magnetic component that is subjected to the selective nitriding and metal coating diffusion into substrate to form the strengthened dual-phase magnetic component may be exemplified in
As more particularly shown in
The magnetic component 10 has a certain length (l), width (w), and thickness (t). The magnetic component 10 includes two marked regions, a first region 20 and a second region 30. The regions are situated so that the first region 20 (corresponding to an underlying masked area 21) has a metal coating 16 on its surface portion of the component, and second region 30 (corresponding to an unmasked area 31) that has an unmasked surface (i.e., substantially free from any metal coating thereon). The first region 20 is designed to be the magnetic region, and is masked, using the metal coating 16 in the component 10. The second region 30 is not masked and hence allows the nitrogen to diffuse through the component 10, making the regions non-magnetic. One skilled in the art would understand that depending on the shape and size of the required magnetic and non-magnetic regions, the masks may be designed of different shapes and at different surfaces.
Nitrogen may be diffused into the component 10 through gas nitriding in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere at a treatment pressure and treatment temperature sufficient for diffusing nitrogen into the component 10 in the second regions 30. Generally, the diffusion of nitrogen is expected to increase with a higher heat-treatment temperature, and an increased equilibrium surface concentration of nitrogen. The increased pressure of the gases surrounding the magnetic component 10 often leads to an increased surface concentration of nitrogen. Therefore, at a given condition in a pure nitrogen atmosphere, a higher than atmospheric pressure and a higher temperature will generally provide a faster nitriding process. For example, a treatment pressure of greater than 1 atmosphere and a treatment temperature of 900° C. or greater is used for nitriding and metal diffusion (e.g., 900° C. to 1400° C.), such as a treatment temperature greater than 1000° C. (e.g., 1000° C. to 1250° C.). In particular embodiments, the treatment temperature may be greater than the melting point of the metal coating (e.g., greater than the melting point of the metal coating to 140% of the melting point of the metal coating, such as greater than the melting point of the metal coating to 130% of the melting point of the metal coating). For example, when the metal coating is made of pure copper (having a melting point of 1085° C.), then the treatment temperature may be greater than 1085° C. (e.g., greater than 1085° C. to 1410° C.).
In one embodiment, a nitrogen-rich atmosphere is used. For example, the nitrogen-rich atmosphere may include 90% nitrogen by volume or greater (e.g., 95% nitrogen by volume or greater). In one embodiment, nitriding is conducted in a substantially pure nitrogen atmosphere. The substantially pure nitrogen atmosphere may be created by filling nitrogen in a furnace cavity after evacuating the air from the furnace cavity, then purging with nitrogen or continuously flowing nitrogen into the atmosphere chamber during processing.
The metal coating 16 may be applied onto the surfaces 12, 14 of the component 10 depending on the desired pattern of metal diffusion (without nitrogen diffusion) verses nitrogen diffusion for the component 10. In one embodiment, all surfaces of the component 10 are defined by either the first region 20 or the second region 30 such that the entire surface of the component 10 is either a metal diffused region (i.e., a magnetic region) or nitrogen diffused region (i.e., a non-magnetic phase). Generally, the nitrogen diffused region is substantially free of any added metal (from metal diffusion) other than the metals initially present in the initial alloy itself since the metal coating is absent on the surface forming the non-magnetic region.
The metal coating 16 may be formed by any suitable method to a coating thickness sufficient to inhibit nitriding therethrough as well as sufficient to increase the strength properties of the component 10 through its diffusion. However, if the metal coating 16 is too thick, then too much of the diffused metal could change the magnetic properties of the underlying component 10. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that higher amounts of the diffused metal (particularly copper) increases strength of the component 10, but that too much of the diffused metal could alter the magnetic saturation of the component 10. In particular embodiments, the metal coating 16 is formed to a coating thickness of 0.1 μm to 25 μm in the masked area, such as a coating thickness of 0.5 μm to 10 μm in the masked area (e.g., 1 μm to 5 μm).
The metal coating 16 may be formed from a metal or metal alloy that is suitable for inhibiting nitriding therethrough and suitable for diffusion into the the ferrite composition of the component 10 to provide either solid solution or precipitation strengthening. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that metal having slow nitrogen diffusion rates are suitable for maskants. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the diffused metal (e.g., copper) is incorporated as solid solution in the ferrite matrix or formation of precipitate dispersion in the ferrite matrix, which increases the strength of the component 10. Particularly suitable metals for the metal coating 16 include those metals that serve to form solid solution or precipitates into host metal compositions, as in a ferrite composition.
In particular embodiments, the metal coating 16 may include copper, nickel, tin, chromium, silver, platinum, gold, boron, magnesium, thorium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, vanadium, or alloys thereof. For example, the metal coating 16 may be a copper-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater copper), a nickel-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater nickel), a tin-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater tin), a chromium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater chromium), a silver-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater silver), a platinum-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater platinum), a gold-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater gold), a boron-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater boron), a magnesium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater magnesium), a thorium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater thorium), a zirconium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater zirconium), a hafnium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater hafnium), a niobium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater niobium), a tantalum-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater tantalum), a molybdenum-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater molybdenum), a tungsten-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater tungsten), a rhenium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater rhenium), or a vanadium-based composition (i.e., 50% by weight or greater vanadium). In one particular embodiment, the metal coating 16 may have a copper-based composition that is 50% by weight or greater copper (e.g., 75% by weight to 100% by weight copper).
In
When the magnetic component is subjected to gas nitriding, the nitrogen diffuses into the component 10, through all unmasked surfaces of the component 10, including the top surface 12, bottom surface 14, and all of the unmasked side surfaces of the component. The nitrogen during nitriding is diffused from the surfaces into the interior portions of the component 10 in the unmasked areas 30. This diffused nitrogen, in conjunction with the composition of the magnetic component, changes the local phase stability in those regions, and converts those regions into non-magnetic austenite. Even though the nitrogen diffuses through the surface, the nitriding parameters allow the nitrogen to diffuse further into the length, width, and thickness of the magnetic component, through all the surfaces of the magnetic component 10, while the masked areas 30 prevent substantial nitrogen diffusion through those regions.
The nitrogen may be diffusing into the interior of the component 10 through the non-masked surface regions, but depending on the pressure and temperature, and certain other parameters, the diffused nitrogen may also slightly undercut the surface masked regions 20, thereby diffusing into some of the interior masked regions 21. Hence, the strict boundaries of the magnetic and non-magnetic regions in the surface portion may be more diffuse in the interior portions. As a result, the percentage of non-magnetic regions in the interior portion may be greater than the percentage of the non-magnetic regions in the surface portion. Thus, in one embodiment, the volume % of the second region in the interior portion is equal to or greater than the volume % of the second region in the surface portion. Thus, if a hypothetical line starting from the surface of a second, nonmagnetic, region is drawn through the interior portion in a direction perpendicular to the surface portion, it is highly likely that the perpendicular line encounters substantially 100% of the second region. However, the same may not always be true for a line that is drawn in the same manner, starting from the surface of a first, magnetic region. In one embodiment, an “undercut” of the non-magnetic phase is less than 200 micrometers.
Through empirical and thermodynamic calculations, the parameters of nitriding may be adjusted, and the nitrogen diffusion at different directions may be predicted for certain regions of the magnetic component 10, and accordingly, the mask size and shape may be altered so that the end product obtained is approximately the desired outcome of the nitriding process.
The under-cutting of the non-magnetic phase may be less in the thinner magnetic components. In thinner components, the majority of the nitrogen diffuses through the top and bottom surfaces 12, and 14 respectively (
Width 22 (
Nitriding of the magnetic component at designed conditions allows the introduction of a tailored amount of nitrogen to be diffused interstitially into the magnetic component. In one embodiment, the second (unmasked) region 30 includes greater than 0.4% of nitrogen. The intermixing and the concentration of nitrogen is not only limited to the unmasked areas of the surface but is present in both the surface portion and the interior portion of the magnetic component 10. The concentration of nitrogen in the surface portion and the interior portion need not be uniform.
The metal coating 16 diffuses into the masked areas 21 at the treatment temperature during nitriding or at a diffusion temperature (that is greater than the treatment temperature) following nitriding, to form a diffused area 103. In certain embodiments, the diffused area 103 may have a depth within the component 100 from the surface 12,14 that is greater than the thickness of the original metal coating.
Similar to the nitriding, the diffusion of the metal coating 16 into the interior of the masked areas 21 may also slightly undercut the surface unmasked regions 30, thereby diffusing into some of the interior unmasked regions 31. Hence, the strict boundaries of the metal diffusion area in the surface portion may be more diffuse in the interior portions. However, the masked area 21 corresponding to the first region 20 has a greater metal concentration of the diffused metal than the unmasked area 31 corresponding to the second region 30. For example, the masked area 21 corresponding to the first region 20 may have a diffused metal concentration that is 10 times greater than the diffused metal concentration the unmasked area 31 corresponding to the second region 30.
In particular embodiments, the diffusion of the metal coating 16 into the masked area 21 removes the need for a mask removal process (e.g., mechanical or chemical etching) on the surface of the component 10.
Depending on the applications, the desired magnetic region and the non-magnetic region shapes and ratios may vary, and the diffusion of nitrogen may be designed to satisfy these requirements. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a volume percent of the first region in the surface and interior portions is equal to or greater than the volume percent of the second region in the surface and interior portions. In one embodiment, at least one of the first and second regions has an interconnected geometry. The “interconnected geometry” as used herein implies that a region is connected all through the component and is hence not isolated completely from the similar regions, being surrounded by the other regions completely.
Different topologies may be presented, having dual phase magnetic materials, by using this technology.
With continued reference to
A copper coating was applied via electroplating to a thickness of less than 1 mil onto portions of a magnetic ferrous substrate. Another portion of the magnetic ferrous substrate was left uncoated (i.e., with an exposed surface of the magnetic ferrous substrate).
The selectively coated substrate was then nitrided under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas at a nitriding temperature of 1150° C. for a period of 30 minutes. The ramp rate for this substrate was 10° C. per minute up to the nitriding temperature. Then, the nitride substrate was nitrogen quenched for fast cooling. In this example, the substrate was moved from a hot zone to a cold zone and nitrogen gas quenched by increasing nitrogen gas flow (e.g., 25 cubic foot per hour or higher). Other nitrogen quenching methods may be used (e.g., forced nitrogen gas cooling by increasing nitrogen gas flow in the treatment temperature with the heat source off/removed).
The nitriding temperature was higher than the melting point of copper (about 1,085° C.). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the copper coating melted and alloyed with the substrate at the nitriding temperature. Then, the fast cool from the nitriding temperature caused fine Cu precipitates to form within the substrate.
After nitriding, the copper coated region remained magnetic, suggesting that copper effectively blocks nitrogen diffusion into substrate. Additionally, it was apparent that the copper coating diffused into the ferrous substrate by the color change of the exterior surface of the substrate.
The measured saturation magnetization of the Cu diffused region was 14.9 kG, which was close to 15.3 kG of the initial substrate. As such, there was little or no debit on the magnetic properties of the substrate by the copper diffusion therein.
Additionally, it was shown that the hardness increased from 2 HRC to 25 HRC, which also confirmed the Cu precipitate strengthening.
The unmasked regions became non-magnetic, showing that nitriding occurred into the unmasked areas.
Further aspects of the invention are provided by the subject matter of the following clauses:
1. A dual phase magnetic component, comprising: an intermixed first region and second region formed from a single material, wherein the first region comprises a magnetic area and has a diffused metal therein, and wherein the second region comprises a non-magnetic area, wherein the second region comprises greater than 0.1 weight % of nitrogen.
2. The component of any preceding clause, wherein the diffused metal comprises copper, nickel, tin, boron, magnesium, thorium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, vanadium, or an alloy thereof.
3. The component of any preceding clause, wherein the diffused metal comprises a copper-based metal, a nickel-based metal, or a tin-based metal.
4. The component of any preceding clause, wherein the diffused metal comprises at least 50% by weight copper.
5. The component of any preceding clause, that has a strength greater in the first region than an otherwise identical component but for the diffused metal coating therein.
6. The component of any preceding clause, wherein the diffused metal forms a compositional gradient within the first region such that the diffused metal has a surface concentration on the first region that is greater than an interior concentration within the first region.
7. The component of any preceding clause, wherein the second region comprises greater than 0.4 weight % of nitrogen.
8. The component of any preceding clause, wherein the first region has a nitrogen concentration that is less than 0.1 weight %.
9. The component of any preceding clause, wherein a concentration of carbon in both the first region and the second region is less than 0.05 weight %.
10. A method of forming a dual-phase magnetic component from an initial component comprising a magnetic ferrous composition and having a surface, the method comprising: forming a metal coating on a portion of the surface of the initial component to form a masked area while leaving an unmasked area thereon; thereafter, heating the initial component to a treatment temperature in the presence of nitrogen gas such that nitrogen diffuses into the unmasked area of the initial component to transform the magnetic ferrous composition to a non-magnetic austenite composition in the unmasked area, wherein heating also diffuses the metal coating into the masked area of the initial component; and thereafter, cooling the initial component from the treatment temperature to form a dual-phase magnetic component having a magnetic region corresponding to the masked area and a non-magnetic region corresponding to the unmasked area.
11. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the diffused metal coating increases the strength of the initial component in the magnetic region.
12. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the metal coating comprises copper, nickel, tin, boron, magnesium, thorium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, vanadium, or an alloy thereof
13. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the metal coating comprises a copper-based composition, a nickel-based composition, or a tin-based composition.
14. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the metal coating comprises 75% by weight copper or greater.
15. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the non-magnetic region comprises greater than 0.4 weight % of nitrogen, wherein the metal coating inhibits diffusion of nitrogen into the masked area such that the magnetic region has a nitrogen concentration that is less than 0.1 weight %.
16. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the metal coating is formed to a thickness of 0.1 μm to 25 μm in the masked area.
17. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the treatment temperature is 900° C. or greater.
18. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the metal coating has a melting point, and wherein the treatment temperature is greater than the melting point of the metal coating to 130% of the melting point of the metal coating.
19. The method of any preceding clause, wherein heating the initial component to the treatment temperature in the presence of nitrogen gas comprises: forming a nitrogen-rich atmosphere around the initial component, wherein the nitrogen-rich atmosphere includes 90% nitrogen by volume or greater, wherein the nitrogen-rich atmosphere has a treatment pressure that is 0.5 atmosphere or greater.
20. The method of any preceding clause, wherein the diffused metal forms a compositional gradient within the magnetic region such that the diffused metal has a surface concentration on a surface of the magnetic region that is greater than an interior concentration within the magnetic region.
This written description uses exemplary embodiments to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
