Patent Application
20150096666
The present invention is directed in general to a stretch frame for a stretching process during manufacturing and more specifically, to a stretch frame for a stretching process during high volume manufacturing processes for producing electroactive polymer cartridges and transducers.
A tremendous variety of devices used today rely on actuators of one sort or another to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. Conversely, many power generation applications operate by converting mechanical action into electrical energy. Employed to harvest mechanical energy in this fashion, the same type of device may be referred to as a generator. Likewise, when the structure is employed to convert physical stimulus such as vibration or pressure into an electrical signal for measurement purposes, it may be characterized as a sensor. Yet, the term “transducer” may be used to generically refer to any of the devices.
A number of design considerations favor the selection and use of advanced dielectric elastomer materials, also referred to as “electroactive polymers”, for the fabrication of transducers. These considerations include potential force, power density, power conversion/consumption, size, weight, cost, response time, duty cycle, service requirements, environmental impact, etc. As such, in many applications, electroactive polymer technology offers an ideal replacement for piezoelectric, shape-memory alloy and electromagnetic devices such as motors and solenoids.
An electroactive polymer transducer comprises two electrodes having deformable characteristics and separated by a thin elastomeric dielectric material. When a voltage difference is applied to the electrodes, the oppositely charged electrodes attract each other thereby compressing the polymer dielectric layer therebetween. As the electrodes are pulled closer together, the dielectric polymer film becomes thinner (the Z-axis component contracts) as it expands in the planar directions (along the X- and Y-axes), i.e., the displacement of the film is in-plane. The electroactive polymer film may also be configured to produce movement in a direction orthogonal to the film structure (along the Z-axis), i.e., the displacement of the film is out-of-plane. U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,681 discloses electroactive polymer film constructs which provide such out-of-plane displacement—also referred to as surface deformation or as thickness mode deflection.
The material and physical properties of the electroactive polymer film may be varied and controlled to customize the deformation undergone by the transducer. More specifically, factors such as the relative elasticity between the polymer film and the electrode material, the relative thickness between the polymer film and electrode material and/or the varying thickness of the polymer film and/or electrode material, the physical pattern of the polymer film and/or electrode material (to provide localized active and inactive areas), the tension or pre-strain placed on the electroactive polymer film as a whole, and the amount of voltage applied to or capacitance induced upon the film may be controlled and varied to customize the features of the film when in an active mode.
Numerous applications exist that benefit from the advantages provided by such electroactive polymer films whether using the film alone or using it in an electroactive polymer actuator. One of the many applications involves the use of electroactive polymer transducers as actuators to produce haptic, tactile, vibrational feedback (the communication of information to a user through forces applied to the user's body), and the like, in user interface devices. There are many known user interface devices which employ such feedback, typically in response to a force initiated by the user. Examples of user interface devices that may employ such feedback include keyboards, keypads, game controller, remote control, touch screens, computer mice, trackballs, stylus sticks, joysticks, etc. The user interface surface can comprise any surface that a user manipulates, engages, and/or observes regarding feedback or information from the device. Examples of such interface surfaces include, but are not limited to, a key (e.g., keys on a keyboard), a game pad or buttons, a display screen, etc.
The feedback provided by these types of interface devices is in the form of physical sensations, such as vibrations, pulses, spring forces, etc., which a user senses either directly (e.g., via touching of the screen), indirectly (e.g., via a vibrational effect such as when a cell phone vibrates in a purse or bag) or otherwise sensed (e.g., via an action of a moving body that creates a pressure disturbance sensed by the user). The proliferation of consumer electronic media devices such as smart phones, personal media players, portable computing devices, portable gaming systems, electronic readers, etc., can create a situation where a sub-segment of customers would benefit or desire an improved haptic effect in the electronic media device. However, increasing feedback capabilities in every model of an electronic media device may not be justified due to increased cost or increased profile of the device. Moreover, customers of certain electronic media devices may desire to temporarily improve the haptic capabilities of the electronic media device for certain activities.
Use of electroactive polymer materials in consumer electronic media devices as well as the numerous other commercial and consumer applications highlights the need to increase production volume while maintaining precision and consistency of the films.
Present techniques for stretching and laminating films to produce electroactive polymer devices require many steps and require that the stretch frame is cleaned after each use, which is very labor intensive. The present disclosure provides various stretch frames for producing electroactive polymer devices as described herein in the detailed description of the invention section of the present disclosure. The present disclosure also provides various stretching processing techniques for producing electroactive polymer devices as described herein in the detailed description of the invention section of the present disclosure.
Electroactive polymer devices that can be used with these designs include, but are not limited to planar, diaphragm, thickness mode, roll, and passive coupled devices (hybrids) as well as any type of electroactive polymer device described in the commonly assigned patents and applications cited herein.
In one embodiment, an apparatus comprising a frame and a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) applied to at least a portion of the frame is provided. The pressure sensitive adhesive is arranged to bond a pre-strained film to the frame.
In some variations, a method comprising providing a stretch frame, applying a pressure sensitive adhesive on at least a portion of the stretch frame, providing a film, stretching the film, and laminating the pre-strained film onto the pressure sensitive adhesive coating of the stretch frame is provided.
In other variations, a method of making a stretch frame is provided. The method comprises providing a frame and applying a pressure sensitive adhesive on at least a portion of the frame. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the use of a release layer between the frame and the adhesive.
As noted above, there remains a need to mass produce such electroactive polymer devices while maintaining the performance characteristics obtained through batch production or lower volume manufacturing processes.
The present disclosure provides stretch frames and stretching processes for producing electroactive polymer devices and reducing manufacturing cycle time, waste, and labor for cleaning conventional stretch frames after uses. Other benefits include cost reduction, improvement in lamination integrity, enabling the use of narrower frames, providing efficient use of silicone film, increasing throughput, and the film printing process after the film lamination process is made easier with thinner stretch frames.
These and other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading the details of the invention as more fully described below. In addition, variations of the processes and devices described herein include combinations of the embodiments or of aspects of the embodiments where possible are within the scope of this disclosure even if those combinations are not explicitly shown or discussed.
The invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, the same reference numerals have been used (where practical) to designate similar elements are common to the drawings. Included in the drawings are the following:
Variation of the invention from that shown in the figures is contemplated.
Examples of electroactive polymer devices and their applications are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,343,129; 6,376,971; 6,543,110; 6,545,384; 6,583,533; 6,586,859; 6,628,040; 6,664,718; 6,707,236; 6,768,246; 6,781,284; 6,806,621; 6,809,462; 6,812,624; 6,876,135; 6,882,086; 6,891,317; 6,911,764; 6,940,221; 7,034,432; 7,049,732; 7,052,594; 7,062,055; 7,064,472; 7,166,953; 7,199,501; 7,199,501; 7,211,937; 7,224,106; 7,233,097; 7,259,503; 7,320,457; 7,362,032; 7,368,862; 7,378,783; 7,394,282; 7,436,099; 7,492,076; 7,521,840; 7,521,847; 7,567,681; 7,595,580; 7,608,989; 7,626,319; 7,750,532; 7,761,981; 7,911,761; 7,915,789; 7,952,261; 8,183,739; 8,222,799; 8,248,750; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.; 2007/0200457; 2007/0230222; 2011/0128239; and 2012/0126959, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In various embodiments, the present invention provides a stretch frame for stretching film and/or laminating the stretched film onto the stretch frame. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a stretching process employing the stretch frame for stretching and/or laminating the stretched film. In one embodiment, a polymer film is stretched and/or laminated using the stretch frame and process according to the present disclosure to manufacture electroactive polymer devices. Embodiments of the stretch frame and stretching process according to the present disclosure can be used to stretch and laminate film to reduce manufacturing costs relative to conventional techniques by eliminating numerous processing steps and preclude the need for cleaning the stretch frames after each use, which can be labor intensive. Various embodiments of the present invention employ a unique coating stack to hold a pre-strained film tightly during manufacturing of electroactive polymer devices and to enable easy removal of film remnants left on the stretch frame after the devices are removed, e.g., cut out, from the stretch frame. In one embodiment, the stretch frames are disposable. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the stretch frame can be incorporated permanently into the transducer.
In one embodiment, a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) and release coat are applied to the stretch frame to hold a pre-strained film on the stretch frame and to enable easy removal of any pressure sensitive adhesive and/or film remnants from the stretch frame after each use, respectively. In addition to reducing manufacturing costs by decreasing the number of stretching and laminating steps and labor costs of cleaning stretch frames after each use, embodiments of the present invention also enable the use of narrower stretch frames, which provides additional printing area for an equally sized frame with the same outside dimensions, leading to increased manufacturing throughput.
For some electroactive polymer device configurations, the adhesives can be printed after film-to-film lamination. Conventional stretch frames that employ two aluminum stretch frames, it is difficult to build more than two layers of film in a lamination due to the thickness of the stretch frames. Embodiments of the present invention provide thinner single stretch frames to simplify the stretching and/or lamination processes.
Films useful in embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to those made from polymers such as silicone, polyurethane, acrylate, hydrocarbon rubber, olefin copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, fluoroelastomer styrenic copolymer, and adhesive elastomer.
Prior to describing the stretch frame and stretch/laminating process according to various embodiments of the present invention, the description now turns to
It is additionally desirable to select the elastic modulus, thickness, and/or the geometry of electrodes 14, 16 such that the additional stiffness they contribute to the actuator is generally less than the stiffness of the dielectric layer 12, which has a relatively low modulus of elasticity, i.e., less than about 100 MPa and more preferably less than about 10 MPa, but is likely thicker than each of the electrodes. Electrodes suitable for use with these compliant capacitive structures are those capable of withstanding cyclic strains greater than about 1% without failure due to mechanical fatigue.
As seen in
With a voltage applied, the transducer film 10 continues to deflect until mechanical forces balance the electrostatic forces driving the deflection. The mechanical forces include elastic restoring forces of the dielectric layer 12, the compliance or stretching of the electrodes 14, 16 and any external resistance provided by a device and/or load coupled to transducer 10. The resultant deflection of the transducer 10 as a result of the applied voltage may also depend on a number of other factors such as the dielectric constant of the elastomeric material and its size and stiffness. Removal of the voltage difference and the induced charge causes the reverse effects.
In some cases, the electrodes 14 and 16 may cover a limited portion of dielectric film 12 relative to the total area of the film. This may be done to prevent electrical breakdown around the edge of the dielectric or achieve customized deflections in certain portions thereof. Dielectric material outside an active area (the latter being a portion of the dielectric material having sufficient electrostatic force to enable deflection of that portion) may be caused to act as an external spring force on the active area during deflection. More specifically, material outside the active area may resist or enhance active area deflection by its contraction or expansion.
The dielectric film 12 may be pre-strained using the various embodiments of the stretch frame and process according to the present invention described herein. The pre-strain improves conversion between electrical and mechanical energy. i.e., the pre-strain allows the dielectric film 12 to deflect more and provide greater mechanical work. Pre-strain of a film may be described as the change in dimension in a direction after pre-straining relative to the dimension in that direction before pre-straining. The pre-strain may include elastic deformation of the dielectric film and be formed, for example, by stretching the film in tension and fixing one or more of the edges while stretched, as indicated in
The transducer structure of
Furthermore, in variations where the electrodes contain conductive particles, like charges distributed across each electrode may cause conductive particles embedded within that electrode to repel one another, thereby contributing to the expansion of the elastic electrodes and dielectric films. In alternate variations, electrodes do not contain conductive particles (e.g., textured sputtered metal films). The dielectric layer 26 is thereby caused to deflect with a change in electric field. As the electrode material is also compliant, the electrode layers change shape along with dielectric layer 26. As stated hereinabove, deflection refers to any displacement, expansion, contraction, torsion, linear or area strain, or any other deformation of a portion of dielectric layer 26. This deflection may be used to produce mechanical work. As shown, the dielectric layer 26 can also include one or more mechanical output bars 34. The bars 34 can optionally provide attachment points for either an inertial mass (as described below) or for direct coupling to a substrate in the electronic media device.
In fabricating a transducer, an elastic film 26 can be stretched and held in a pre-strained condition usually by a rigid frame or stretch frame 8. In those variations employing a four-sided frame, the film can be stretched bi-axially. It has been observed that pre-strain improves the dielectric strength of the polymer layer 26, thereby enabling the use of higher electric fields and improving conversion between electrical and mechanical energy, i.e., the pre-strain allows the film to deflect more and provide greater mechanical work. Preferably, the electrode material is applied after pre-straining the polymer layer, but may be applied beforehand. The two electrodes provided on the same side of layer 26, referred to herein as same-side electrode pairs, i.e., electrodes on the top side of dielectric layer 26 and electrodes on a bottom side of dielectric layer 26, can be electrically isolated from each other. The opposed electrodes on the opposite sides of the polymer layer form two sets of working electrode pairs, i.e., electrodes spaced by the electroactive polymer film 26 form one working electrode pair and electrodes surrounding the adjacent exposed electroactive polymer film 26 form another working electrode pair. Each same-side electrode pair can have the same polarity, whereas the polarity of the electrodes of each working electrode pair is opposite each other. Each electrode has an electrical contact portion configured for electrical connection to a voltage source.
Examples of electroactive polymer films can be found in the commonly assigned patents and patent applications disclosed and incorporated by reference herein.
Now turning to
Having described the film stretching and laminating process for manufacturing electroactive polymer devices using a conventional stretch frame 100 and process 200, the disclosure now turns to
The reusable stretch frame 300 can be manufactured with thinner, narrower, stretch frame elements 302, which provides the additional advantage of increasing the pre-strained film 106 area available for printing the electroactive polymer components, for example. In other words, thinner or narrower stretch frame elements 302 increase the ratio of print area over the overall area defined by the stretch frame element 302.
As shown in
Another embodiment of this invention is that at least a portion of the disposable stretch frame can be incorporated into the structure of the transducer cartridge. For example, an adhesive coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with apertures could be laminated onto a pre-strained dielectric film, processed through printing stations to add electrodes, and singulated into individual transducers by die-cutting through the entire materials stack. Using the disposable stretch frame material in the final product could reduce product cost by eliminating the steps used to print a frame in an electroactive polymer cartridge.
Although the reusable and disposable stretch frames 300, 400 are illustrated as having a generally rectilinear shape, the shape of these stretch frames 300, 400 should not be limited as such. In general, the stretch frames 300, 40( ) may be implemented using any suitable triangular, square, rectangular, rhomboidal, polygonal, circular, oval, irregular, or other suitable shape.
The cleaning process is simple. After the device or plurality of devices is removed from the pre-strained film 106, the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 and film remnants are peeled easily from the release coating 304. The reusable stretch frame 300 with the release coating 304 is reusable. For materials selection, consideration is given to the tack and peel adhesion properties of the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 as well as the release properties of the pressure sensitive adhesive 306. In other words, the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 should not be too easily released from the release coating 304 so it will remain during the manufacturing process, but should be easily released for the cleaning process. For making the release coating 306 permanent, an adhesion promoter can be applied to a portion of the stretch frame 300 prior to applying the release coating 304 thereon.
Various materials can be employed for the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 and the release coating 304. In one embodiment the pressure sensitive adhesive 306 is a Dow Corning 2013 (a solvent-free silicone pressure sensitive adhesive that, when used with SYL-OFF 4000 catalyst (a blend of platinum catalyst and vinyl functional silicone polymer), offers the ability to prepare pressure sensitive constructions at low curing temperatures) material, among other materials, for example; the release coating 304 is a Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7785 (an 88% active solids dispersion of fluorofunctional silicone polymer in heptane), among other materials, for example; and optionally, an adhesion promoter for the release coating 304 to aluminum stretch frame 302 is NuSil CF2-135 (silicone primer), among other materials, for example.
Other materials that may be employed for the pressure sensitive adhesive 304 include: Dow Corning 280A (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content.), Dow Corning 282 (a dispersion of polydimethyldisiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7355 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene and toluene to an average 56.5 percent silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7358 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene and toluene to an average 56.5 percent silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7388 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% to 58% silicone solids content), Dow Corning 7651, 7652, 7657, Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7566 (a dispersion of polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content), Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7735 (a peroxide-curable silicone pressure sensitive adhesive designed to provide low, stable release from liners made with Dow Corning SYL-OFF Q2-7785 Release Coating, while maintaining high subsequent tack and adhesion properties; the adhesive is a dispersion of siloxane gum and silicone resin diluted with xylene to 55% silicone solids content), Dow Coming SYL-OFF Q2-7406 (a polydimethylsiloxane gum and resin dispersion), Momentive SILGRIP PSA529 (silicone pressure sensitive adhesive), Momentive SILGRIP PSA590 (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a toluene solution of polysiloxane gum and resin and supplied at 60% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), Momentive SILGRIP PSA595 (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a xylene solution of polysiloxane gum and resin and supplied at 55% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), Momentive SILGRIP PSA6573A (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a toluene solution of polysiloxane gum and resin and supplied at 60% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), Momentive SILGRIP PSA6574 (a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive based on a toluene solution of phenyl based polysiloxane gum and resin supplied at 55% silicone solids and may be further diluted with aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated solvents), NuSil PSA-1170 (a silicone based pressure sensitive adhesive), among other materials, for example. Other adhesives may also be employed that are not pressure sensitive adhesives such as hot-melt, liquid, thermal curing, UV curing, and B-staged adhesives. A wide range of adhesives can be used including silicones, fluorosilicones, acrylates, polyurethanes, olefins, hydrocarbon rubbers, styrene copolymers, epoxies, hot-melt adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives, thermal curing adhesives, UV curing adhesives, liquid adhesives, and any combinations thereof, among other materials.
Materials that may be employed for the release coating 304 include: Momentive FSR2000 (a fluorosilicone polymer containing platinum catalyst), epoxy silicone, fluoropolymer, fluorosilicone, among other materials, for example. The choice of the release coating is highly dependent on the materials used for the stretch frame, adhesive, and stretched dielectric film.
Additional materials that have been tested but have not performed as well as the above listed materials for a silicone film design include, for the release coating 304: Magnaplate coatings including polymer-based LECTROFLUOR, TUFRAM surface enhancement coating, and TEFLON (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene), mold release, EASE RELEASE 200, among other materials. These materials may find utility for other chemistries, however.
Portions of the surface of the stretch frame may be pre-treated prior to the application of the release coating to improve the formation and adhesion of a strong, durable release coating. Treatment agents include solvents, primers, coupling agents, and etchants. An exemplary adhesion promoter for a fluorosilicone release coating 304 to the aluminum stretch frame 302 is NuSil MED1-161 (silicone primer specially formulated primer designed for use with platinum-cured systems where conventional silicone primers are insufficient.
As previously discussed, the various embodiments of the stretch frames 300 (400) and process 601) for stretching and laminating the film 106 onto the stretch frames 300 (400) provide several advantages over the conventional stretch frame 100 and process 200. Such advantages include, without limitation, cost reduction, improved lamination integrity, enables use of narrower frames to increase the film area available for printing, efficient use of silicone film, and increase throughput. Also, printing after the lamination process becomes easier with thinner stretch frames.
As for other details of the present invention, materials and alternate related configurations may be employed as within the level of those with skill in the relevant art. The same may hold true with respect to process-based aspects of the invention in terms of additional acts as commonly or logically employed. In addition, though the invention has been described in reference to several examples, optionally incorporating various features, the invention is not to be limited to that which is described or indicated as contemplated with respect to each variation of the invention. Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalents (whether recited herein or not included for the sake of some brevity) may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Any number of the individual parts or subassemblies shown may be integrated in their design. Such changes or others may be undertaken or guided by the principles of design for assembly.
Also, it is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventive variations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one or more of the features described herein. Reference a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “said,” and “the” include plural referents unless the specifically stated otherwise. In other words, use of the articles allow for “at least one” of the subject item in the description above as well as the claims below. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation. Without the use of such exclusive terminology, the term “comprising” in the claims shall allow for the inclusion of any additional element irrespective of whether a given number of elements are enumerated in the claim, or the addition of a feature could be regarded as transforming the nature of an element set forth in the claims. Stated otherwise, unless specifically defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein are to be given as broad a commonly understood meaning as possible while maintaining claim validity.
This application claims the benefit, under 35 USC §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/660,887 filed Jun. 18, 2012 entitled “STRETCH FRAME CONCEPT FOR RE-ENGINEERED STRETCHING PROCESS” the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2013/046248 | 6/18/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61660887 | Jun 2012 | US |
