1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to inverter controllers for controlling power to fluorescent lamps and more particularly to an inverter controller with reliable lamp ignition and open lamp voltage regulation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fluorescent lamps are used in a number of applications where light is required but the power required to generate the light is limited. One particular type of fluorescent lamp is a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). CCFLs are used for back lighting or edge lighting of liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which are typically used in notebook computers, web browsers, automotive and industrial instrumentations, and entertainment systems. Such fluorescent lamps require a high starting voltage (on the order of 700-1,600 volts) for a short period of time to ionize the gas contained within the lamp tubes for ignition. After the gas in the CCFL is ionized and the CCFL is fired, less voltage is needed to keep the CCFL on.
A CCFL tube typically contains a gas, such as Argon, Xenon, or the like, along with a small amount of Mercury. After an initial ignition stage and the formation of plasma, current flows through the tube, which results in the generation of ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light in turn strikes a phosphorescent material coated in the inner wall of the tube, resulting in visible light.
A power conversion circuit, known as an inverter, is generally used for driving the CCFL. The inverter accepts a direct current (DC) input voltage and provides an alternating current (AC) output voltage to the CCFL. The brightness (or the light intensity) of the CCFL is controlled by controlling the current (i.e., the lamp current) through the CCFL. For example, the lamp current can be amplitude modulated or pulse width modulated to control the brightness of the CCFL.
One type of inverter includes a resonant circuit. The inverter includes switching transistors in a half bridge topology or a full bridge topology using power metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) to provide the DC to AC conversion. Maximum power is provided at the output of the inverter by switching the MOSFETs with driving signals at a resonant frequency. To control the output voltage as well as the current through the lamp, the inverter can change the frequency of the driving signals either towards the resonant frequency or away from the resonant frequency.
One aspect of the present invention is an inverter with a closed feedback loop that sequentially controls a duty cycle sweep and a frequency sweep of at least one driving signal for igniting a lamp and regulating an open lamp voltage. In one embodiment, the closed feedback loop includes a detector circuit, a control voltage generator and two voltage converters. The detector circuit monitors an output voltage of the inverter and indicates when the output voltage of the inverter is greater than a predetermined threshold. The control voltage generator generates a control voltage signal that can vary from a first level to a second level at a predefined rate when the inverter enters a strike mode to ignite the lamp. The control voltage generator is coupled to an output of the detector circuit and the control voltage signal stops varying at the predefined rate when the output of the detector circuit indicates that the output voltage of the inverter is greater than the predetermined threshold. One voltage converter generates a first control output in response to a first range of values for the control voltage signal and another voltage converter generates a second control output in response to a second range of values in the control voltage signal. In one embodiment, the first range of values do not overlap with the second range of values for the control voltage signal so that the duty cycle sweep and the frequency sweep of the driving signal do not occur at the same time during an ignition attempt. In another embodiment, the duty cycle sweep and the frequency sweep partially overlap. The duty cycle sweep or the frequency sweep may be terminated to regulate the output voltage of the inverter at a desired open lamp voltage level. In addition, the strike mode ends when the lamp ignites (e.g., when the lamp conducts a current above a predetermined level) or when a time out condition occurs without ignition of the lamp.
In one embodiment, a method of igniting a lamp (e.g., a fluorescent lamp) includes sequentially controlling a duty cycle sweep and a frequency sweep in a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller to provide an increasing output voltage to the lamp. For example, the method controls both parameters (duty cycle and frequency) in a novel manner for lamp ignition and open lamp voltage regulation. The method allows for seamless operation of ignition and open lamp voltage regulation schemes during a strike mode of the PWM controller.
The method advantageously provides reliable lamp ignition and open lamp voltage regulation in applications that have variables (e.g., battery voltage, transformer parameters, lamp characteristics, printed circuit board parasitics, etc.) with wide operating ranges. In one embodiment, a lamp is coupled to a secondary winding of a transformer. The lamp strikes when a voltage across the secondary winding (e.g., secondary voltage or lamp voltage) is sufficiently high. In one embodiment, the secondary voltage is dependent on three parameters: duty cycle of signals (e.g., switching signals) coupled to a primary winding of the transformer, frequency of the switching signals, and battery voltage applied to the primary winding.
The method also provides accurate (or improved) regulation of open lamp voltage (e.g., when lamp is missing during the strike mode). In one embodiment, the ignition scheme works in conjunction with the open lamp voltage regulation scheme. For example, if the lamp is not present or defective during the strike mode, the PWM controller regulates the secondary voltage to prevent damage to the secondary winding. The open lamp voltage regulation scheme advantageously controls (or limits) the secondary voltage to a window (or range) of secondary voltages that are sufficient to ignite a lamp without causing damage to the secondary winding. The open lamp voltage regulation scheme reduces overshoot in the secondary voltage and regulates the secondary voltage over a wide range of variables. For example, the open lamp peak voltage regulation is specified to be within five percent in one embodiment.
In one embodiment, the invention is used in notebook or laptop computer backlighting applications in which duty cycle and frequency vary over a wide range for lamp ignition and open lamp voltage regulation. The invention also applies to television, automotive and other applications that use backlighting for visual displays. The invention advantageously controls both duty cycle and frequency in a stable closed feedback loop (e.g., with minimal overshoot in the secondary voltage). A combination of duty cycle control and frequency control provides flexibility to generate a secondary voltage sufficient to strike the lamp without exceeding a maximum rating of the secondary winding in applications with different lamps, transformers, printed circuit board layouts, battery voltages, etc. For example, the invention ensures that a striking frequency is not too low or too high, a duty cycle is not too low for relatively lower battery voltages or too high for relatively higher battery voltages, or open lamp voltage does not exceed secondary voltage ratings.
In one embodiment, a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) controller is interfaced to a primary winding of a transformer to control power to a CCFL coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer. The CCFL controller controls a set of switches (e.g., by alternately turning on and off semiconductor switches) to generate an alternating current (AC) signal in the primary winding with a frequency and duty cycle determined by the CCFL controller. In one embodiment, a transformer primary to secondary turns ratio is chosen to increase a voltage across the secondary winding. The secondary winding is part of a high Q, resonant circuit comprising the secondary winding's parasitic inductance along with resistors, capacitors, and other parasitics coupled to the secondary winding.
The secondary peak voltage is a parameter of interest for lamp ignition and open lamp voltage regulation. The secondary voltage is relatively high (e.g., 1.5 Kilo-volts) to ignite the CCFL. The secondary voltage is dependent on applied battery voltage, duty cycle and frequency. Since the secondary winding is part of the high Q, resonant circuit (or secondary tank circuit) that has steep skirts, the secondary voltage may change rapidly in response to frequency or duty cycle changes near the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency may vary considerably due to different lamp characteristics and printed circuit board parasitics.
In one embodiment, a square wave switching signal (or driving signal) is used to generate the AC signal in the primary winding. The square wave switching signal is comprised of odd harmonic frequencies with magnitude ratios determined by the square wave switching signal's duty cycle. Energy in each pulse of the square wave switching signal is distributed to the harmonic frequencies. A square wave switching signal with narrow pulses results in a secondary voltage with relatively narrow peaks of high voltage. A square wave switching signal with wider pulses results in a secondary voltage that has a wider, more sinusoidal shape with relatively lower peak amplitudes. There is a diminishing increase in the peak amplitudes of the secondary voltage as the duty cycle (or pulse width) of the square wave switching signal increases further.
In one embodiment of the invention, a controller changes the duty cycle of a driving signal during a first stage of a strike mode and changes the frequency of the driving signal during a second stage of the strike mode to ignite a CCFL. The adjustment of the duty cycle (e.g., from a minimum to a maximum duty cycle) followed by adjustment of the frequency (e.g., from a lower frequency to a higher frequency), as needed, has many advantages. First, closed loop regulation (e.g., open lamp voltage regulation) is easier to control and compensate since the initial stage of changing (or sweeping) the duty cycle does not change the closed loop gain. Second, loop stability improves by maximizing the secondary voltage at the lower frequency which is achieved by sweeping the duty cycle to a maximum duty cycle before sweeping the frequency. As the frequency increases toward a resonant frequency, the closed loop gain changes rapidly. The closed loop gain does not change dramatically at lower frequencies away from the resonant frequency. Thus, maximizing the secondary voltage at a low frequency provides loop stability which leads to a more stable open lamp voltage regulation. Third, sweeping the duty cycle first is helpful in applications with relatively high battery voltages in which a relatively lower duty cycle is sufficient to strike the CCFL and a relatively high duty cycle may cause the secondary voltage to exceed a specification for a maximum open lamp voltage. Fourth, transformer saturation (in which the primary winding appears as a short circuit) can be avoided by sweeping the duty cycle from the minimum to the maximum duty cycle. This method of duty cycle sweeping allows the CCFL to safely ignite at a relatively lower duty cycle before reaching transformer saturation. Transformer saturation depends on a product of the battery voltage and the driving signal pulse width.
In another embodiment of the invention, a controller changes the frequency of a driving signal during a first stage of a strike mode and changes the duty cycle of the driving signal during a second stage of the strike mode to ignite a CCFL. The sequence of sweeping the frequency first and then sweeping the duty cycle also has advantages. For example, a transformer is capable of more power transfer at relatively higher frequencies. In some applications using an under-designed transformer, the transformer may saturate when operating at a relatively low frequency and a high duty cycle. Thus, one striking sequence sweeps the driving signal from a relatively low frequency to a relatively high frequency at a relatively low duty cycle first and then, as needed, sweeps the driving signal from the relatively low duty cycle to a relatively high duty cycle at the relatively high frequency. Starting with a low, but fixed, duty cycle driving signal and sweeping the frequency of the driving signal first is a safer way to prevent transformer saturation since higher frequency operation reduces the danger of saturation, especially in applications without feed forward circuits that limit duty cycle as a function of the battery voltage.
For the purpose of summarizing the invention, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the invention have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.
Further descriptions of several embodiments of the invention will be described hereinafter with reference to the drawings.
For example, the voltage detector circuit 102 receives a first feedback signal (VSNS) indicative of an output voltage (or a voltage across the lamp 100) and generates an output indicating when the output voltage is greater than a predetermined voltage level corresponding to a first reference voltage (VREF1). The control voltage generator 104 generates a control voltage (VC) that can vary at a first predefined rate (e.g., from a first level to a second level) until an output of the voltage detector circuit 102 indicates that the voltage across the lamp is greater than the predetermined voltage level (e.g, when VSNS is greater than VREF1). The voltage detector circuit 102 stops the control voltage generator 104 from varying at the first predefined rate and adjusts the control voltage in response to the first feedback signal so as to regulate the output voltage of the inverter at approximately the predetermined voltage level. For example, the control voltage can be adjusted by being reduced at a second predefined rate when the first feedback signal exceeds the first reference voltage (e.g., a partial discharge of capacitor 120 through resistor 144). Thus, if the lamp 100 is not present during the strike mode, the output voltage is regulated at approximately the predetermined voltage level to prevent damage to inverter components (e.g., a high voltage transformer).
The control voltage is provided to the first voltage converter 106 and the second voltage converter 108. The first voltage converter 106 responds to a first range of the control voltage to generate a first control output that determines duty cycles of driving signals during the strike mode. The second voltage converter 108 responds to a second range of the control voltage to generate a second control output that determines frequency of the driving signals during the strike mode. For example, the first control output and the second control output are selectively provided to a PWM circuit 110 during the strike mode to generate a PWM signal for controlling power to the lamp 100. In one embodiment, the PWM circuit 110 is implemented in a common controller integrated circuit 154 with the voltage detector circuit 102, the control voltage generator 104, the first voltage converter 106, and the second voltage converter 108
In one embodiment, the PWM signal is provided to a bridge driver 112 to generate a plurality of driving signals for controlling respective semiconductor switches in a switching network 114. The switching network 114 couples a supply voltage (e.g., a substantially DC source voltage or VBAT) in alternating polarity across a primary winding of a transformer 116 to generate a substantially AC voltage across a secondary winding of the transformer 116. The lamp 100 is coupled to the secondary winding of the transformer 116.
In the embodiment shown in
In one application, the control voltage (VC) has an initial state of zero volts at the beginning of a strike mode and increases at a predefined rate to a preset value (e.g., VDD or a supply voltage). The control voltage can be generated by many methods using different circuit topologies, and
The control voltage is provided to input terminals (or input ports) of the first and second voltage converters 106, 108. In one embodiment, the voltage converters 106, 108 have limited and non-overlapping input ranges. For example, the first voltage converter (or voltage converter #1) 106 has a first limited input range (e.g., from 0-1 volt) while the second voltage converter (or voltage converter #2) 108 has a second limited input range (e.g., from 1-2 volts). The output of each voltage converter changes when the control voltage is within the respective limited input range.
In the embodiment shown in
During steady state operations (or run mode), a substantially fixed reference voltage (VREF3) is selectively provided to the second input terminal of the PWM circuit 110 to establish a substantially constant operating frequency for the inverter. During the run mode, the first input terminal of the PWM circuit 110 is selectively coupled to a current feedback loop comprising an error amplifier 130. For example, the current feedback loop senses current conducted by the lamp 100 and generates a current feedback signal (ISNS) indicative of the lamp current level. In one embodiment, the current feedback signal is a voltage generated across a sensing resistor 132 coupled in series with the lamp 100. A capacitor 134 is optionally coupled in parallel with the sensing resistor 132 for filtering. The current feedback signal is provided to a full wave rectifier 136 to generate a substantially DC signal for a first input terminal of the error amplifier 130. A voltage (VREF2) indicative of desired lamp current amplitude is provided to a second input terminal of the error amplifier 130. In one embodiment, the error amplifier 130 is a transconductance amplifier and a capacitor (C1) 138 is coupled to an output terminal of the error amplifier 130 to generate an error voltage for the first input terminal of the PWM circuit 110 during the run mode. The error voltage is used to adjust the pulse width (or duty cycle) of the PWM signal at the output of the PWM circuit 110 to achieve the desired lamp current amplitude during the run mode.
In one embodiment, the first voltage converter 106 is configured to transfer a 0-1 volt input voltage into an output voltage that is within a trough and peak of the sawtooth waveform generated by the oscillator 124. For example, the sawtooth waveform may have a peak-to-peak voltage of 3 volts with a 1 volt trough (or offset) voltage. The output voltage of the first voltage converter 106 is provided as a reference voltage to the first input terminal of the PWM comparator 126. As the reference voltage at the first input terminal of the PWM comparator 126 changes, the duty cycle of the signal at the output terminal of the PWM comparator 126 changes (e.g., sweeps or changes without significant discontinuity). In the embodiment shown in
In one embodiment, the second voltage converter 108 is configured to transfer a 1-2 volts input voltage from the control voltage (VC) into an output voltage that is used to sweep the frequency of the oscillator 124 from a starting frequency (e.g., a normal lamp running frequency) to several times (e.g., two times) the starting frequency. Other frequency sweeping ranges are also possible. Since the control voltage ramps starting from zero volt and the input range of the first voltage converter 106 is less than the input range of the second voltage converter 108, the output voltage of the first voltage converter 106 will vary (or sweep) before the output voltage of the second voltage converter 108.
In the embodiment described above, the input ranges for the voltage converters 106, 108 are chosen such that the output of the PWM comparator 126 sweeps in duty cycle first at a starting frequency and then sweeps in frequency at a predetermined (or maximum) duty cycle. Preferably, the duty cycle and the frequency sweep independently and do not interact simultaneously. In one embodiment, the predetermined duty cycle is limited by a feed-forward circuit that correlates duty cycle with applied battery voltage. For example, the feed-forward circuit adjusts the duty cycle to compensate for variations in the applied battery voltage. Details of some feed-forward circuits are disclosed in co-owned U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/849,211, filed on Oct. 4, 2006 and entitled “Compensation for Supply Voltage Variations in a PWM,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/849,254, filed on Oct. 4, 2006 and entitled “PWM Duty Cycle Inverse Adjustment Circuit,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In other embodiments, the input ranges of the voltage converters 106, 108 are chosen (or limited) such that the frequency sweep occurs before the duty cycle sweep. For example, the input voltage ranges for the voltage converters 106, 108 can be altered as described above with reference to
Referring to
A closed feedback loop is formed since an output of the voltage detector circuit 102 is coupled to the control voltage that regulates ignition. The closed feedback loop regulates the transformer secondary voltage by adjusting the control voltage until the output of the full wave rectifier 140 is approximately equal to the reference voltage VREF1.
In one embodiment, two single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switches are used to toggle (or select) between strike and run modes in
While certain embodiments of the invention have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/773,611, filed Jul. 5, 2007, entitled “Striking and Open Lamp Regulation for CCFL Controller”; and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/806,714, filed on Jul. 6, 2006 and entitled “Striking and Open Lamp Regulation for CCFL Controller”; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/849,211, filed on Oct. 4, 2006 and entitled “Compensation for Supply Voltage Variations in a PWM”; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/849,254, filed on Oct. 4, 2006 and entitled “PWM Duty Cycle Inverse Adjustment Circuit,” each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20090273295 A1 | Nov 2009 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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60806714 | Jul 2006 | US | |
60849211 | Oct 2006 | US | |
60849254 | Oct 2006 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11773611 | Jul 2007 | US |
Child | 12501700 | US |