Patent Application
20130167705
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to stringed musical instruments.
2. Description of the Related Art
Stringed musical instruments create music when strings of the instrument vibrate at wave frequencies corresponding to desired musical notes. Such strings typically are held at a specified tension, and the musical tone emitted by the string is a function of the vibration frequency, length, tension, material and density of the string. In order to maintain the instrument in appropriate tune, these parameters must be maintained. Typically, musical strings go out of tune because of variation in string tension. Such tension changes commonly occur when, for example, the string slackens over time. Tension can also change due to atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and the like.
Tuning a stringed instrument is a process that can range from inconvenient to laborious. For example, tuning a piano typically is a very involved process that may take an hour or more. Tuning a guitar is not as complex; however, it is inconvenient and can interfere with play and/or performance.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus for mounting strings of a stringed musical instrument so that the instrument is more likely to maintain its correct tune, slower to go out of tune, easier and faster to place in tune, and so that retuning or adjusting the tune of the strings is easily and simply accomplished. There is also a need for a string instrument that will automatically adjust for string length changes without going out of tune.
In accordance with one embodiment, a stringed musical instrument is provided comprising a musical string having first and second ends, a first receiver adapted to receive the first end and hold the first end in an adjustably fixed position, and a string mounting system adapted to receive the second end. The string mounting system comprises a spring assembly configured to apply a tension to the second end of the string so as to hold the string at a perfect tune tension. The string mounting system is adapted so that as the second end of the musical string moves longitudinally over time due to string elongation or contraction, the string tension remains within a desired range defined about the perfect tune tension.
In another embodiment, the desired range is within about 90% of the perfect tune tension. In yet another embodiment, the string mounting system is adapted so that the spring maintains the string tension within the desired range when the second end moves longitudinally less than about 5% of the total string length. In some embodiments, the perfect tune tension is between about 5 pounds and 200 pounds.
In one embodiment, the desired range is within about 98% of the perfect tune tension. In other embodiments, the desired range is within about 99% or 99.5% of the perfect tune tension.
In some embodiments, the spring assembly comprises a single spring. In other embodiment, the spring assembly comprises a plurality of springs. In other embodiments, the spring assembly comprises a first spring and a second spring, the first spring adapted to support a greater magnitude of tension in the string than the second spring. The second spring is connected to the string through the mechanical interface so that a mechanical advantage or disadvantage of the second spring relative to the spring can be adjusted.
In further embodiments, the mechanical interface comprises a force modulating member that pivots as the second end of the string moves longitudinally, and the force modulating member is adapted to pivot within a range of about 10 degrees of rotation. In other embodiments, wherein the mechanical interface comprises a stop configured to prevent rotation in a rotational direction beyond a defined position. In still further embodiments, the mechanical interface comprises a sensor adapted to detect when the stop is engaged to prevent rotation and to generate a signal upon detection of such engagement.
In a still further embodiment, the stringed musical instrument additionally comprises a roller bridge disposed forwardly of the mechanical interface. The roller bridge comprises a roller and an axle, the roller being adapted to support the string and rotate about the axle, wherein a ratio of a diameter of the roller to a diameter of the axle is greater than about 20.
In accordance with another embodiment, the present invention provides a stringed musical instrument comprising a musical string, a spring, and a mechanical interface interposed between the string and the spring. The mechanical interface is adapted to communicate force from the spring to the string so that the spring provides substantially all of the tension in the musical string. The mechanical interface also is adapted to modify the force exerted by the spring so that a magnitude of tension in the musical string differs from a magnitude of force exerted by the spring.
In another such embodiment, the mechanical interface is configured so that a percent change in the force exerted by the spring corresponds to a percent change in the tension in the string, and the magnitude of the percent change in the tension in the string is less than the magnitude of the percent change in the force exerted by the spring. In some embodiments, the mechanical interface is adapted so that the magnitude of the change in tension applied to the string is not linearly related to the corresponding magnitude of the change in force exerted by the spring.
In further embodiments, the mechanical interface comprises a cam which can comprise a string receiver. In some such embodiments, the mechanical interface connects to the spring and the string so that the spring force acts with a mechanical advantage or disadvantage relative to the string. In some embodiments, the mechanical interface is configured so that as the magnitude of spring force increases, the mechanical advantage of the spring with relation to the string decreases. In some embodiments, the string receiver has a constant radius; in others, it has a varying cam radius.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a stringed musical instrument is provided comprising a musical string and a string mounting system comprising a spring assembly having a spring. A force from the spring assembly is communicated to the string so that the spring assembly provides substantially all of the tension in the musical string. Also, the string mounting system is adapted to condition the force exerted by the spring along a changing moment arm so that a change in the magnitude of force exerted by the spring results in a change in magnitude of tension applied by the spring assembly to the string that is less than the change in magnitude of force exerted by the spring.
In some embodiments, the string mounting system comprises a mechanical interface interposed between the spring and the string, and wherein the mechanical interface conditions the spring force relative to the string tension. In one such embodiment, the mechanical interface comprises a spiral-tracked conical pulley, and the musical string is supported in the track.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a stringed musical instrument is provided comprising a musical string and a string mounting system. The string mounting system comprises a string mount, a spring assembly having a spring, and a mechanical interface between the string mount and the spring assembly, The interface is adapted so that the spring assembly provides substantially all of the tension in the musical string. The spring is a constant force spring comprising a rolled, pre-stressed ribbon adapted to exert a force that varies less than 1% over a maximum elongation of the musical string.
In some embodiments, the mechanical interface comprises a moment arm disposed operatively between the spring and the string. The moment arm can be adjusted to tune the mechanical advantage or disadvantage provided to the spring relative to the string. In other embodiments, the constant force spring is chosen to exert a substantially constant force substantially equal to a perfect-tune tension of the musical string.
The following description presents embodiments illustrating aspects of the present invention. It is to be understood that various types of musical instruments can be constructed using aspects and principles as described herein, and embodiments are not to be limited to the illustrated and/or specifically-discussed examples, but may selectively employ various aspects and/or principles disclosed in this application. For example, for ease of reference, embodiments are disclosed and depicted herein in the context of a six-string guitar. However, principles as discussed herein can be applied to other stringed musical instruments such as, for example, violins, harps, and pianos.
With initial reference to
In a conventional guitar, the string mounting system 60 comprises a stop having a plurality of slots generally corresponding to the strings. Preferably, the second end of each string includes a ball or the like that is configured to fit behind the slot so that the string ball is prevented from moving forwardly past the slot. A bridge usually is provided in front of the stop. By turning the tuning knobs a user tightens the strings so that they are suspended between the bridge and the nut. This suspended portion of the string 50, when vibrated, generates a musical note and can be defined as a playing zone 63 of the strings. The tuning knobs 48 are used to adjust string tension until the desired string tune is attained.
The illustrated embodiment is an electric guitar, and additionally provides a plurality of pickups 64, which include sensors 66 adapted to sense the vibration of the strings 50 and to generate a signal that can be communicated to an amplifier. Controllers 68 such as for volume control and the like are also depicted on the illustrated guitar 30.
In the embodiment illustrated in
With reference next to
With more particular reference to
With specific reference to
A plurality of string holders 100 are provided, each having two receivers 102, 104. A first receiver 192 is adapted to engage the ball 98 on the first end 94 of the spring connector 90. A second receiver 104 of each string holder 100 is adapted to receive and secure a ball connector 108 on the second end 54 of the respective musical string 50. As such, the string holder 100 connects a musical string 50 to the spring connector 90, and the spring connector 90 connects the string holder 100 to the spring 71. Thus, each spring 71 is mechanically connected to a corresponding musical string 50 so that spring tension is communicated to the string 50. In this embodiment, the connection is achieved by a mechanical interface that includes the spring connector 90 and string holder 100. It is to be understood that, in other embodiments, mechanical interfaces having different structural characteristics may be used to connect the string 50 to the spring 71.
An elongate stop 110 is provided on and attached to each elongate spring connector 90. Preferably, each stop 110 includes a ridge 112 sized and adapted to engage an end 114 of the corresponding spring tube 82 when the corresponding string 50 is slack or unconnected. As such, the spring 71 is kept in a pre-stressed condition, even when the corresponding musical string 50 is slack or not attached. Since the spring is already pre-stressed when the string 50 is connected when stringing the instrument, it is relatively quickly and easily tightened to string tension corresponding to correct tune. Thus, quick initial tuning is facilitated by this structure.
Preferably, each spring 71 is chosen and arranged so that its pre-stressed condition is close to, but not less than, the nominal tension associated with the corresponding string's proper tuning. For instance, if the string 50 is properly tuned at a tension of 17 lb., the pre-stressed condition of the spring 71 preferably is greater than about 15 lbs., and may be almost 17 lbs. Preferably, the pre-stressed condition is within about 25% of the proper tuning tension. More preferably, the pre-stressed condition is within about 10% of the proper tuning tension. Even more preferably, the pre-stressed condition is within about 5% of the proper tuning tension.
Properly pre-stressing the spring 71 may be accomplished in various ways. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the first end 84 of each spring 71 is attached to its corresponding base connector 88 arranged in the tube 82. The base connector 88 is placed along the length of the tube 82 so that when the first end 84 of the spring 71 is attached to the base connector 88 and the second end 86 of the spring 71 is attached to the spring connector 90, the spring 71 is maintained at its appropriate pre-stressed tension. In a preferred embodiment, the position of each base connector 88 is chosen so that the corresponding spring 71 is placed in a desired pre-stressed tension when connected. It is to be understood, however, that other factors may also be varied. For example, in addition to or instead of varying the position of the base connector 88, varying characteristics of the spring, such as using a spring having a special chosen spring rate, may customize the spring arrangement for specific corresponding strings.
In the illustrated embodiment, the base connectors 88B, 88C, 88E comprise screws driven through the tubes 82 at desired locations. In additional embodiments, the base connectors may have different structures. For example, base connector 88F is a rod extending through the tube 82. In other embodiments, such base connector structures may be attached, welded, clipped or the like at specified locations along the tube. Preferably, connectors 116 are also provided at a distal end 118 of each tube 82 and, as with base connector 88A, may function as the base connector.
With the spring 71 in a pre-stressed state, initial tuning of the guitar 30 is relatively quick and easy. To string the guitar 30 illustrated in
In a preferred embodiment, a spring 71 having a rate of about 20 lb./in is employed. However, it is to be understood that a wide range of spring rates can be employed. For example, a spring 71 having a rate of about 40 lb./in could be used, and would enable use of shorter spring tubes 82. Conversely, a spring having a rate of 1-5 lb./in could also be used. With such a spring, elongation of the corresponding musical string, which happens naturally, will have little effect on tune of the string, and thus the instrument will stay in or close to tune despite string elongation.
In the illustrated embodiment, the spring connector bodies 95 and the attached stops 110 are matingly threaded so that each stop 110 is movable over its corresponding elongate spring connector 90. Further, a tune indicator line 120 preferably is provided circumferentially around a portion of each stop 110; a tune indicator reference line 122 is also provided on each tube 82. A view hole 124 preferably is formed through each tube 82 so that a portion of the stop 110 within the tube 82 is visible through the view hole 124. Preferably, the reference line 122 on the tube is provided adjacent the view hole 124.
With specific reference to
Musical strings tend to stretch during play due to environmental changes or other factors. In the past, a musician would have to periodically stop play to check or retune his instrument. Such tuning required plucking or otherwise sounding the string 50, and then using a tuner, ear, or other method to verify and/or adjust the tune. Certain electronics-based products including sensors may also be used to determine tune. Also, electromechanical devices employing motor-driven tuning knobs controlled by electronic controllers based on sensor input can also be employed.
In the illustrated embodiment, change in the elongation of the strings 50 will be mechanically indicated by the stop and tube reference indicators 120, 122 going out of alignment. This can be visually checked by the user, and even visually corrected by adjusting the tuning knob 48 until the indicators 120, 122 are again aligned. With the indicators 120, 122 returned to alignment, the instrument is again in perfect tune since the spring 71 is again stretched to the displacement (and corresponding tension) corresponding to perfect tune, which measurement was established when the instrument was initially tuned. As such, tune can be checked and corrected without ever sounding the string 50. Also, elongation of a string 50 can be identified and corrections made even before there is an audible effect on the string's tune.
With continued reference to
Other embodiments can use various structures and methods to increase visibility of the indicator lines 120, 122. For example, in one embodiment, the indicator lines are made using a phosphor or other material that will enable the lines to glow and/or more readily reflect light. As such, the alignment of the indicator lines 120, 122 can be easily observed even by a musician performing in a darkened venue. In still another embodiment a light source, such as an LED or laser, is provided on the mounting system, such as in or around the frame 72, in or on the spring tubes 82, or elsewhere, so as to directly or indirectly illuminate the indicator lines 120, 122 and/or provide a back light to aid viewing of the indicator lines. Still further lighting structures and methods, such as fiber optics and the like, can also be employed.
For example, the indicator 122 may include an aperture, and the indicator 120 may comprise a precisely-focused light, such as from a laser or fiber optic. When the indicators 120, 122 are appropriately aligned, the light is visible through the aperture. In another embodiment, the aperture includes a light-diffusing material that will glow when light impinges thereon. In still another embodiment, indicator 120 includes the aperture and indicator 122 includes the light.
In yet another embodiment, rather than providing a view aperture 124 in the spring tubes 82, the reference tune is determined by aligning the stop reference line 120 with the end 114 of the spring tube 82. In still other embodiments, a reference for aligning with the stop 120 can be provided on the body of the guitar, on the frame, or in any other suitable location.
In still another embodiment, a first photodetector is disposed immediately adjacent a first side of the reference line 122 and a second photodetector is disposed immediately adjacent a second side of the reference line 122. A laser or other precisely-focused light source is provided at the stop reference line 120. The photodetectors are adapted so that they do not see the light source when the stop is properly aligned. However, if the string elongates or contracts sufficient to move the stop 100, the light source will be detected by one of the photodetectors.
Preferably, each photodetector is adapted to generate a signal to indicate that the particular string 50 is varying from perfect tune. For example, if the first photodetector detects the light source, a yellow signal lamp is lit, signaling the musician to tighten the string, but if the second photodetector detects the light source, a red signal lamp is lit, signaling the musician to loosen the string. The signal is extinguished when perfect tune is again achieved. Thus, visual tuning can be achieved using media other than the musician's eyes to detect changes in string tension and tune.
In yet another embodiment, the photodetector signals may trigger automatic tuning correction without direct intervention by the musician. U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,226, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a system in which a transducer detects a string vibration, which is then analyzed to determine if it is in proper tune. If the string is out of tune, motors are actuated to tighten or loosen the string to restore it to proper tune. In the present embodiment, such motors may be actuated by the photodetector signals without the need of detecting and analyzing string vibrations. Strings may be automatically kept in tune without requiring sounding of the string.
In the embodiment illustrated in
In still further embodiments, the springs can be at least partially embedded in the body of the guitar and may act in a direction transverse and/or opposite to the direction of the string. In such embodiments, the spring may be connected to the string by a pulley, lever, cam, or other mechanical interface to provide a mechanical advantage, disadvantage, and/or redirect the spring tension.
With reference next to
With reference next to
A first portion 152 of the tensioner body 142 is defined generally adjacent the first end 148. An offset section 154 is interposed between the first portion 152 and a second portion 156 of the tensioner body 142, which is defined on a side of the offset section 154 opposite the first portion 152. As such, a longitudinal center line 160 of the first portion 152 preferably is generally parallel to but spaced from a longitudinal center line 162 of the second portion 156, as best shown in
A depending portion 164 extends downwardly and, preferably, forwardly from the first portion 152. Preferably a cavity 166 is formed in the guitar body 32 (see
A plurality of mounts 170 preferably are provided for engaging the guitar body 32 and holding the string tensioner 135 in place. In the illustrated embodiment, three apertures 172A-C are formed in the second portion 156 of the tensioner body 142. Each aperture 172A-C is configured to accommodate an elongate fastener 174 adapted to extend into the guitar body 32. In one embodiment, the fasteners 174 comprise screws. In another embodiment, the fasteners 174 comprise bolts. In still another embodiment, bolt receivers (not shown) are embedded into the guitar body 32 and the fasteners comprise bolts adapted to engage the bolt receivers so as to hold the string tensioner body 142 firmly in place on the guitar body 32.
With continued reference to
A cam portion 184 of the modulation member 140 extends generally upwardly from the pivot 182 and comprises a string receiver 190. As illustrated, the string receiver 190 preferably comprises a saddle 192 or string track 192 adapted to accommodate and hold the guitar string 50 therein as shown in
An arm 200 of the force modulating member 140 extends generally rearwardly and through the body 142 to a point below the tensioner body bottom surface 146. A string connector 202 preferably extends upwardly from the arm 200 and is spaced from the string receiver 190. In the illustrated embodiment, the string connector 202 comprises a generally cylindrical rod 204 adapted to engage a corresponding connector 206 disposed on the end 54 of the musical string 50. Preferably, the connector 206 on the string 50 comprises an eyelet that slips over the rod 204. It is anticipated that other string connecting structures may be used in other embodiments.
A spring mount 210 is provided on the modulating member arm 200 generally below the bottom surface 146 of the body 142. Preferably, the spring mount 210 comprises a pin 212 adapted to accommodate an end of a tension spring 138. The pin 212 can be a rod, axle, bolt, screw, or other suitable structure. In the illustrated embodiment, spring tension is communicated to the arm 200 via the pin 212. Further, a distance 214 between the modulating member pivot 180 and the spring mount pin 212 is fixed, and helps define the proportion of spring tension communicated through the arm 200 to the associated string 50.
A stop engagement portion 220 of the arm 200 extends rearwardly relative to the spring mount 210 and, preferably, below the bottom surface 146 of the tensioner body 142. A stop aperture is formed through the tensioner body 142. Preferably, a stop bolt 224 is threadingly advanced through the aperture. The stop bolt 224 is configured to engage the stop engagement portion 220 of the arm 200 to define a limit to rotation of the arm 200 in a counter-clockwise direction.
Continuing with reference to
Preferably, an elongate guide member 236 depends from the first portion 152 adjacent to the first end 148 of the body 142. Preferably, the guide 236 terminates in a stop 238 attached thereto. In the illustrated embodiment, an elongate adjustment bolt 240 also depends from the depending portion 164 of the body 142 in a direction generally parallel to the elongate guide 236. In the illustrated embodiment, the guide 236 and bolt 240 extend in a direction generally downwardly and forwardly from the tensioner body 142. Preferably, the adjustment bolt 240 is threaded. An elongate shank 242 of the adjustment bolt 240 fits through an aperture 244 defined through the tensioner body 142, and a bolt head 246 is accessible through the top surface 144 of the body 142 so that the adjustment bolt 240 can be rotated through the use of a tool or the like. Since the adjustment bolt head 246 is disposed in the first portion 152, which is offset relative the second portion 156, the bolt head 246 is not aligned with the musical string 50 corresponding to the tensioner 135 (see, for example,
A shuttle 250 is provided over the elongate guide 236 and adjustment bolt 240. The shuttle 250 preferably comprises a first aperture 252 adapted to fit slidably over the elongate guide 236 and a second, threaded aperture 254 adapted to mate with the threads of the adjustment bolt 240. As such, when the adjustment bolt head 246 is rotated, the shuttle 250 is advanced or retracted along the bolt 240 and guide 236. For instance,
With continued reference to
With reference next to
With specific reference next to
With continued reference to
With additional reference to
With additional reference to
As just discussed, as the force modulating member 140 is rotated counter-clockwise, such as when the string 50 is being tightened on the guitar, the spring 138 elongates, and spring tension thus linearly increases. However, at the same time, the lever arm distance 280 upon which the spring 138 is acting linearly decreases. These effects act in opposition to one another, thus creating a special advantageous effect on string tension during such angle changes. For example, with additional reference to
It should be appreciated that the scale of
For a stringed instrument such as a guitar, the most typical reason the instrument goes out of tune is that over time the strings stretch or otherwise relax, and thus the tone emitted by that string goes flat as the tension is lost. Stretching of the string and/or other factors such as friction at the guitar nut or bridge, and string interference when wound about the tuning pegs, or environmental factors such as humidity and heat, among other possible factors, can cause a string to elongate, and thus slacken.
In an instrument employing a mounting system 134 as discussed herein, as the string 50 elongates, the spring 138 maintains tension on the string 50, and thus counteracts slackening. More specifically, the force modulating member 140 rotates clockwise. Although such clockwise rotation may result in a decrease of the force exerted by the spring 138, the corresponding increase in lever arm 280 for spring operation assures that tension will remain at or near perfect-tune levels, as portrayed in the example plots of
Notably, certain factors can cause the string to attempt to contract, and thus tighten. Such tightening may cause the string to go out of tune. The illustrated mounting system 134 also maintains an appropriate tension on the string 50 as the string contracts, thus counteracting tightening.
In a typical guitar, as a string elongates or attempts to contract, the string ends remain fixed, thus, a string that elongates becomes slack, and a string that attempts to contract tightens. In the illustrated embodiment, the second end 54 of the string is attached to the modulating member 140, which enables the second end 54 of the string to move. By allowing the second end 54 to move as the string elongates or contracts, but still applying an appropriate tension, the illustrated embodiment counteracts slackening and tightening.
Applicants have tested embodiments of structures for modulating spring forces. Such an analysis, though performed with an embodiment having features resembling that of
In one example:
a=0.95 in.;
b=1.45 in.;
c0=spring free length=1.545 in.;
c=stretched length of spring (this parameter changes as the arm 200 rotates;
k=9.492 lb./in.; and
spring pre-load=1.344 lb.
The tension T in the spring is calculated by: T=k (c−co)+1.344 lb. Also, per the law of cosines, c2=a2+b2−2ab cos(θ). Since θ=180−δ, cos(180−δ)=−cos(δ). Thus: c2=a2+b2+2ab cos(δ), and c=(a2+b2+2ab cos(δ))1/2.
Per properties of trigonometry, L=b sin(α). Per the law of sines, sin(α)/a=sin(θ)/c, Thus, sin(α)=(a/c)sin(θ). By trigonometric identities, sin(θ)=sin(180−δ)=sin(δ). Thus, sin(α)=(a/c)sin(δ). Solving for L: L=(ab/c)sin(δ).
Using the mathematical relationships discussed above, Table A was prepared to show force characteristics of the sample embodiment relative to angle δ:
As shown in the data for the specific example presented above, the range of δ at which the torque applied by the spring to the pivot point 182 changes the slowest is between about 55-65°. Thus, preferably the above embodiment operates so that the string 50 is at a perfect-tune tension when the angle δ is between about 55-65°. Even more preferably, the embodiment is adapted to operate within a smaller range of angular change, such as less than about 5°. Further, this example shows that operating parameters, specifically the lengths a, b, and c0, and any preloading of the spring, determine the range of degrees through which there is relatively small change in torque applied by the spring to the pivot point.
It is to be understood that a “sweet spot”, or point at which the rate of change of the torque applied to the pivot point reaches zero, can be determined. Such a point can be calculated by finding the point at which T*L transitions from an increasing to a decreasing calculated value. Most preferably, the string mounting system is configured so that anticipated string elongation is confined to a range of arm rotation (less than 10° or, more preferably, less than 5°) about this sweet spot in order to minimize the magnitude of the change in tension applied by the spring to the string upon elongation of the string. Such an operational range can be defined simply as an expected range of angular operation or can be mechanically determined by the device itself. For example, in the string tensioner 135 of
Additionally, it is to be understood that a diagram such as is depicted in
The above example illustrates a design having a preferred operating range based on optimizing factors related to the distances a, b from mounts to the pivot point. It is to be understood that, in another embodiment, the radius 198 can also be varied over the preferred operating range so as to vary the effective moment of the cam portion 184 of the modulation member 140, thus counteracting the small changes in torque at the pivot 182. For example, in one embodiment that may be used in conjunction with properties such as disclosed above in connection with Table A, the radius 198 is lesser when δ is 60° than when δ is 55° or 65°. As such, the changing radius 198 compensates for the slightly increased torque (T*L) at 60° so that the tension applied to the musical string 50 is even closer to a constant magnitude.
In still another embodiment, instead of or in addition to a lever-arm-type spring structure as described above, the cam 184 may be replaced by a spiral-tracked conical cam structure, similar to a fusee, that can compensate for a changing applied force by providing a corresponding change in effective moment arm for applying the force to the musical string.
Applicants have had marked success in employing the structure just described above in connection with
In order to tune an embodiment as depicted in
Another preferred method of tuning can be performed without first adjusting the shuttle 250. In this embodiment, the string is first tuned in a manner as with a conventional guitar. During this process, the forward or rear stop engagement portion 220 usually engages, preventing rotation of the modulating member 140 and removing the spring from consideration in string tuning. Once the string is appropriately tuned, the shuttle is adjusted until the stop engagement portions are no longer engaged.
As such, a visual indicator of perfect tune is provided. As discussed above, during play, as the string 50 elongates and the string tensioner 135 compensates for such elongation without substantially changing the actual string tension, the fact that string elongation has occurred will be visually and mechanically reflected since the tip 234 will no longer be aligned with the preferred line 230A, thus indicating a change in angular position of the modulating member 140. Thus, a musician will be able to tell when the string 50 has stretched by observing the visual indicator, even though the string pitch or tune likely will not have changed to a magnitude that is audibly detectable by the human ear. By periodically checking his instrument, the musician can detect when a string 50 has moved from the perfect tune position, and will be able to use the tuning knobs 48 to incrementally tighten the string 50 to return the string 50 to the perfect tune position indicated by the aligned tip 234 and reference line 230A.
One popular guitar playing method is for the guitarist to “bend” notes during play. This is accomplished when the musician pushes a string 50 against the fretboard 42, and then further deflects the string relatively radically, thus changing the tension of the string 50 and correspondingly changing the note emitted by the string. In a preferred embodiment, after the instrument has been tuned, the user tightens the stop bolt 224 to a point where an end of the stop bolt 224 is near but either slightly spaced from or barely engaging the corresponding stop engagement arm 220. As such, when a guitarist bends notes by radically deflecting the strings 50, rather than rotating the modulating member 140 counter-clockwise, and thus cancelling or muting the bend effect, the engagement arm 220 will engage the stop bolt 224, preventing such counter-clockwise rotation. Thus, the spring 138 is removed from consideration and prevented from softening the bend effect, and a guitarist can obtain a substantial note bending effect through normal play.
In yet another embodiment, an arrangement may be provided to aid in setting the position of the stop bolt 224. In this embodiment, the stop bolt is electrically energized. An electrical contact is disposed on the stop engagement arm 220 and aligned with the bolt so that when the bolt touches the contact an electrical circuit is completed. Completion of the electrical circuit generates a signal. Such a system may be especially helpful when setting the position of the stop bolt. For example, an electric guitar may have a bend stop setting in which detection of the signal indicating completion of the electric circuit results in some effect, such as cutting off the signal to the amplifier, actuation of a lighting or aural effect, or the like so that the user will know that the arm 220 and bolt 224 are engaged. The user then backs the bolt 224 just until the signal stops, indicating that the arm 220 and bolt 224 are not engaged, but are positioned very close to one another. In this position, engagement of the arm 220 and bolt 224 is nearly instantaneous when the guitarist deflects strings to get the bending effect. After setting the arm 220 and bolt 224 position, the guitar setting preferably is changed so that, during play, the signal does not interfere with play.
In another embodiment, the arm 220 and bolt 224 may be intentionally set relatively far from each other so that the bend effect is, generally, avoided. Such a setting may be particularly preferred by beginner guitarists who, due to inaccurate finger positioning, may unintentionally bend notes, resulting in a too-sharp emitted note.
In still another embodiment, an electrical circuit that is selectively completed when the bolt 224 and arm 220 are engaged may be employed to intentionally trigger certain effects during a performance. For example, in one embodiment, completion of the circuit may trigger an aural effect, such as automatically triggering the distortion effect of the electric guitar and/or amplifier. In another embodiment, lights such as LEDs may be attached to the guitar, and completion of the circuit may trigger a visual effect such as temporarily turning on some or all of the LEDs.
In still another embodiment, the guitar may be electronically connected, via wire or wireless connection, to a computer system, and completion of the circuit may be detected by the computer system, which may control other effects. For example, in a stage show, certain lighting, pyrotechnic, or other effects may be computer-controlled. Upon detection of a signal from the guitar indicating string bending, the computer system thus can generate a lighting or other effect to enhance the aural effect already being generated by the guitar.
In yet another embodiment, a contact on the arm 220 includes a pressure sensitive transducer so that the signal generated upon completion of the circuit can also include an indication of the intensity of the bending effect. Each of the above-discussed embodiments may accordingly be enhanced and modified depending on the sensed intensity of the bending effect.
It is to be understood that various electrical circuit configurations may be employed to both electrically indicate engagement of the bending effect and the intensity of the effect. It is also to be understood that the guitar, amplifier, or other equipment preferably is set up to allow a user to change the setting between a setup configuration, no-effect configuration, and/or special-effect configuration, or other desired configurations.
In the embodiment depicted in
With reference next to
The illustrated string tensioner 310 operates on principles similar to those employed in the embodiment discussed above, but may have different structure. For instance, the illustrated embodiment includes a shuttle 324 riding over an adjustment bolt 330 and not having a separate guide member. Preferably, the adjustment bolt 330 is rotatably secured adjacent the bolt head 322 and adjacent a distal end 334 of the bolt 330. The shuttle 324 moves linearly as the bolt 330 is rotated. Additionally, rather than employing a pin for mounting of the spring ends, the shuttle 324 and the force modulating member arm 320, both comprise an aperture 336 through which ends of a coiled tension spring 138 can be inserted.
Further, embodiments described above showed the stop bolt 224 as having a hex bolt construction requiring a tool for adjustment. In the illustrated embodiment, the stop bolt comprises a winged head 340 that can be easily hand-adjusted without using of tools. This or other constructions can be used for other structures. For example, in another embodiment the adjustment bolt 330 may be adapted to be adjustable without the use of separate tools and/or may be accessible for adjustment through the back of the guitar. In still another embodiment, the guitar may be modified to have a tool receiver portion or cavity sized and adapted to store an adjustment tool for adjusting the adjustment bolt and/or other components so that the tool is always with the instrument.
In accordance with yet another embodiment, a roller bridge 340 may be provided having a roller structure 342 dedicated to each string 50. Preferably, the roller structures 342 are adapted to generate very little friction during use. As such, an embodiment is contemplated in which each roller structure 342 comprises a roller 344 adapted to rotate about an axle 346 that is rotatably mounted in an axle support member 348. In one embodiment illustrated in
In the embodiment illustrated above in connection with
In still another embodiment, a single spring can apply tension to two or more strings simultaneously. In embodiments in which the corresponding musical strings are designed to operate at different string tensions, a different lever arm distance preferably is provided in the corresponding force modulating member 140 so that the same spring can apply differing actual tensions to the corresponding strings. Preferably, the rate of change in operating lever arm of the spring as the modulating member rotates is identical for both strings so that the magnitude of force actually applied to the strings changes uniformly for each of the attached strings.
The illustrated embodiments have employed coil-type springs to apply tension to the strings. It is to be understood, however, that various other types and configurations of springs may be employed. Further, the term “spring” should be understood to be a broad term including embodiments as discussed above, and, generally, structures that can store and mechanically impart energy, or force, upon a string directly or through a mechanical interface, and may include a single spring member or a plurality of members that work together in some way.
For example, gas springs can be employed to provide appropriate tension while maintaining compact size. Several gas spring options are available, and such gas springs can be obtained from McMaster-Carr and other manufacturers. Another capable example is a flexible bar or the like that may function as a spring. Such a bar could even have a unique geometry resulting in specially-tailored spring action directions that inherently create a moment arm relative to a connection point, thus including spring and force modulation in a single member.
With reference next to
With next reference to
With continued reference to
Due to the rolled structure of the constant force spring 370, the applied force of the spring varies very little from its rated level, such as less than about 1% over 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% or more of its length of operation. As such, a constant force spring can provide a consistent application of force so as to provide a consistent, near constant tension to the musical string 50, thus enabling the string to keep substantially the same tension, and thus tune, even when the string elongates or contracts.
Although the above embodiments employ moment arms, it is to be understood that a constant force spring having a specific desired output force may be attached end-to-end with a corresponding musical string in order to apply a desired tension force to the string. The constant force spring preferably is chosen to apply the desired tension without force modulation between the spring and the string.
Although the illustrated embodiments have employed adjustable levers, it is to be understood that other structures, such as a variable radius pulley, can also be used to provide an adjustable moment arm so as to fine tune the precise tension exerted by the spring on the associated musical string.
With reference next to
In the embodiment illustrated in
In another embodiment, the second spring may be a different type of spring, such as a coil-type spring. Also, the second spring may be attached to the string 50 in a manner similar to the illustrated embodiment, or through some other type of force modulating member. Since the second spring is relied upon for only a relatively small magnitude of tension, a coil spring having a relatively small spring constant may be chosen. Such a spring would have a lesser change in magnitude over a particular range of string elongation or contraction. As such, the concept of using multiple springs working together increases the options available to string mounting system designers.
With reference next to
The body portion 142a supports a threaded adjustment bolt 240a upon which a shuttle 250a is arranged. The longitudinal position of the shuttle 250a along the bolt 240a can be adjusted by rotating the bolt using the knob 246a. The shuttle 250a includes a spring mount 260a adapted to receive a second end of the spring 138a.
In this embodiment, the force modulating member 140a rotates about the pivot 182a, and force from the spring 138a is modulated and provides tension to the string 50 in a manner functionally similar to the embodiment discussed in connection with
In embodiments discussed above in connection with
The discussion below establishes certain mathematical relationships that may be considered when developing embodiments employing springs to supply a tension to a corresponding musical string, which tension preferably is relatively slow-changing upon stretching of the string over time and more preferably is generally constant notwithstanding stretching of the string over a range.
Certain mathematical equations include:
frequency of vibrating string: f=(1/2L)(T/d)1/2. 1)
where
L is the length of the string;
T is the string tension; and
d is the string diameter
Young's modulus of elasticity: Δ=FI/(Ax) 2)
where
Δ is the modulus of elasticity;
F is the force along some axis Z of the material;
I is the natural length along the same axis Z of the material;
A is the cross sectional area of the material along axis Z; and
x is the linear displacement (the stretch).
F=−Kx. 3)
where
K is the spring constant, or spring rate, of the spring.
Rearranging equation 2 we get F=(ΔA/I)x, which is equation 3 where ΔA/I=K. For steel, Δ is about 30,000,000 lbs./in.̂2; for nylon, Δ is about 1,500,000 lbs./in.̂2. As such, steel is about 20 times stiffer then nylon. However, nylon strings will have a wider cross sectional area compared with steel strings because, as equation 1 shows, density is a variable in the emitted frequency. The density of steel is about 0.28 lbs./in.̂3 the density of nylon is about 0.04 lbs./in.̂3. Thus, the cross sectional area of a nylon string is about 7 times that of a steel string (0.28/0.04) if we are to keep the mass per unit length density (as used in equation 1) of the steel and nylon strings substantially the same. If the density of the strings is held constant, the same length string under the same tension will emit the same frequency.
Since K is proportional to the cross sectional area, the “stretchiness” of a nylon string with the same mass per unit length of a steel string will be 20/7 (˜3 times) that of a steel string. Put another way, knylon=(7/20)Ksteel.
In a typical guitar, the nominal string diameter of the steel high E string (the stretchiest string) is about 0.009″ in diameter, and the maximum natural length of this string is about 40″. From these parameters, we can calculate that the spring constant for this string is about 30,000,000*(0.009/2)̂2*PI/40=47.71 lb./in. for steel, and about 47.71/(20/7)=16.7 lb./in. for nylon. The ultimate strength of steel is about 213,000 lbs./in.̂2; thus a steel high E string will likely fail if stretched more than about 213,000*PI*(0.009/2)̂2=13.5 lbs. Maximum deflection of the E string at this maximum tension is 13.5 lbs./(47.71 lbs./in.)=0.28 inches which is, for a typical 40″ guitar string, about 0.7% elongation.
Similarly, based on these assumptions and calculations, the stretchiest string (E) of the stretchiest material (nylon) of a conventional guitar will stretch about 0.28*(20/7)=0.81 inches or about ¾″ which is, for a typical 40″ guitar string, about 1.9% elongation.
An additional embodiment has a structure generally similar to those disclosed above in connection with
In the 12-tone musical scale, moving down a full step (note) is achieved at a frequency that is 2(−2/12)=0.89 times the original note. Thus, a pitch emitted within about 90% of the original frequency of a tuned string is within about 1 full step of the original pitch.
Further to the above discussion, spring arrangements can be chosen so that even larger string elongations, such as elongation by one or two inches (of a 40 in. guitar string), results in a frequency that is still 90% or more of the original, perfect-tune frequency.
In yet another embodiment, a constant torque spring motor, such as the NEG'ATOR product discussed above, or a constant force-type spring, is coupled with a string so as to apply a near-constant force even during elongation of the spring by several inches. As such, even if the spring operates on a lever arm, the change in spring tension is very small even if the string were to elongate 1, 2 or more inches, and substantially negligible for the relatively small stretch anticipated during use.
In a still further embodiment, musical string is constructed of wire manufactured according to very tight tolerances. For example, preferably a string that is adapted to be the high E string of a guitar has a nominal diameter of about 0.009 inches, and a diameter tolerance of less than 0.5%, more preferably less than 0.25%, and most preferably below 0.1%. As such, consistency of actual natural frequency of the string at a specified tension and effective length is achieved. For example, the guitar high E string nominally vibrates at 330 Hz. Applicant has determined that a string diameter that varies from the nominal diameter by +−0.25% will vibrate at between 329.175 and 330.825 Hz, which corresponds to about 1.65 beats per second. Adherence to 0.1% diameter tolerances will result in under 0.66 beats per second, which is an inaudible difference in tune. Preferably, manufacturing tolerances are such that the variation from nominal frequency generates a beat frequency of less than about 2 beats per second, more preferably less than about 1.65 beats per second, still more preferably less than about 1 beat per second, and most preferably about 0.66 beats per second or less.
In connection with a tight-tolerance string, an embodiment may employ a spring having similarly tight-tolerances joined end-to-end with the string. As such, substantially no adjustments will be necessary. In such an embodiment, indicia may be provided adjacent the spring/string connection to indicate the actual tension of the string. Thus, when mounting the string on the instrument, the user tightens the tuning knob until the spring/string connection aligns with the appropriate indicia mark. Also, if the string is to change in length due to relaxation or the like, the user may adjust the tuning knob to realign the connection with the appropriate indicia mark.
It is also to be understood that embodiments described herein can be adapted to be used with strings of various sizes, tones, lengths and the like. For instance, different guitar strings typically have an ideal (perfect tune) tension between about 10-20 lb., and sometimes between about 10-30 lb. Certain relatively large piano strings are configured so that their perfect tune tension approaches 200 lb. and, if multiple strings are combined and powered by a single spring, such tension requirement may approach 1,000 lb. It is contemplated that certain musical strings may find a perfect tune tension at or even below 5 lb. Applicants contemplate arranging embodiments to accommodate such ranges of string tensions.
Although the inventions disclosed herein have been disclosed in the context of certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present inventions extend beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the inventions and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while a number of variations have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of these inventions, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the inventions. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed inventions. For instance, lighting sources discussed in connection with
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/449,224, filed on Apr. 17, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/025,868, filed on Feb. 11, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/543,429, filed on Aug. 18, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,888,570, filed on Feb. 15, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/724,724, filed on Mar. 15, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,592,528, issued Sep. 22, 2009, which is based on and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/782,602, filed on Mar. 15, 2006, 60/830,323, filed on Jul. 12, 2006, 60/858,555, filed on Nov. 10, 2006, and 60/880,230, filed on Jan. 11, 2007. The entirety of each of these priority applications is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60782602 | Mar 2006 | US | |
| 60830323 | Jul 2006 | US | |
| 60858555 | Nov 2006 | US | |
| 60880230 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13449224 | Apr 2012 | US |
| Child | 13775805 | US | |
| Parent | 13025868 | Feb 2011 | US |
| Child | 13449224 | US | |
| Parent | 12543429 | Aug 2009 | US |
| Child | 13025868 | US | |
| Parent | 11724724 | Mar 2007 | US |
| Child | 12543429 | US |
