Patent Application
20160272926
The present invention relates to granular detergent compositions. Particularly, it relates to granular detergent compositions containing free-flowing structured detergent particles with high-level surfactant activity (e.g., 50 wt % to 90 wt %), which exhibited improved flowability and reduced moisture uptake.
Anionic surfactants containing linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (“LAS”) are one of the most commonly used cleaning actives in powder detergent formulations. Detergent granules containing LAS can be readily formed by various different agglomeration processes.
Typical LAS agglomerates have a surfactant activity that is 35 wt % or less. However, there is growing demand for detergent particles with surfactant activity much higher than what is typical for better product quality (e.g. faster dissolution, higher suds generation speed, and the like) and sustainability reason (e.g., product compaction). It is difficult to manufacture such high active LAS particles in practice using the agglomeration techniques. The key manufacturing challenges include poor intermediate powder flow and narrow process operating window for robust quality control. Further, even if successfully formed, high active LAS particles tend to suffer from poor flowability, and they have a strong tendency to absorb moisture from air over time, resulting in caking of the finished products.
There is therefore a need to provide detergent granules of higher surfactant activity that can be readily formed by the agglomeration process. Further, it will be advantageous to form high active detergent granules with improved flowability and reduced moisture uptake.
The present invention discovers that the above-mentioned need can be readily met by a structured detergent particle that contains: (a) from about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of an anionic surfactant that is a C10-C20 linear alkyl benzene sulphonate; (b) from about 10 wt % to about 50 wt % of a hydrophilic silica; and (c) from about 0 wt % to about 35 wt % of a water-soluble inorganic salt of an alkaline metal, while the structured detergent particle is characterized by: (1) a particle size distribution Dw50 of from about 100 μm to about 1000 μm; (2) a bulk density of from about 400 to about 1000 g/L; and (3) a moisture content of from 0 wt % to about 5 wt %.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a structured detergent particle that consists essentially of: (a) from about 70 wt % to about 80 wt % of an anionic surfactant that is a C10-C20 linear alkyl benzene sulphonate; (b) from about 15 wt % to about 30 wt % of a hydrophilic silica, while the structured detergent particle is characterized by: (1) a particle size distribution Dw50 of from about 100 μm to about 1000 μm; (2) a bulk density of from about 400 to about 1000 g/L; and (3) a moisture content of from 0 wt % to about 5 wt %.
The present invention also relates to a granular detergent composition containing the above-described structured detergent particles, which are preferably present in an amount ranging from about 0.5% to about 20%, preferably from about 1% to about 15% and more preferably from about 4% to about 12%, by total weight of the granular detergent composition.
These and other aspects of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading the following drawings and detailed description of the invention.
As used herein, articles such as “a” and “an” when used in a claim, are understood to mean one or more of what is claimed or described. The terms “include”, “includes” and “including” are meant to be non-limiting.
The term “structured detergent particle” as used herein refers to a particle comprising a hydrophilic silica and a cleaning active, preferably a structured agglomerate.
As used herein, the term “a granular detergent composition” refers to a solid composition, such as granular or powder-form all-purpose or heavy-duty washing agents for fabric, as well as cleaning auxiliaries such as bleach, rinse aids, additives, or pre-treat types.
The term “bulk density” as used herein refers to the uncompressed, untapped powder bulk density, as measured by the Bulk Density Test specified hereinafter.
The term “particle size distribution” as used herein refers to a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass or weight, of particles present according to size, as measured by the Sieve Test specified hereinafter.
The term “residual salt” as used herein refers to salts formed during the silica manufacturing process, for example as by-products of silica precipitation.
As used herein, the term “substantially neutralized” refers to at least 95 wt % neutralization of the HLAS.
As used herein, the term “substantially free of” means that that the component of interest is present in an amount less than 0.1% by weight.
As used herein, the term “consisting essentially of” means that there are no intentionally added components beyond those explicitly listed, but ingredients that are present as impurities or byproducts of others may be included.
As used therein, the term “water-swellable” refers to the capability of a raw material to increase volumetrically upon hydration.
In all embodiments of the present invention, all percentages or ratios are calculated by weight, unless specifically stated otherwise. The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
The present invention relates to a structured detergent particle that comprises from about 50% to about 90% of an anionic surfactant that is a C10-C20 linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), from about 10% to 50% of hydrophilic silica, and from about 0% to about 35% of a water-soluble inorganic salt of an alkaline metal, by total weight of such structured detergent particles.
Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the combination of LAS and silica (with or without the water-soluble inorganic salt) in the amounts specified hereinabove enables the formation of structured detergent particles by the agglomeration process with improved flowability and reduced tendency for moisture update and caking.
Preferably, the structured detergent particle is agglomerate, i.e., formed by an agglomeration process. Agglomeration process is relatively more cost-effectively and versatile, in comparison with the spray-drying process where heavy capital investment is required. Further, agglomerate has a higher density and allows better compaction of the finished products.
The C10-C20 linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or LAS are neutralized salts of C10-C20 linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid, such as sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, etc. Preferably, LAS is a sodium salt of a linear C10-C20 alkyl benzene sulphonic acid, and more preferably a sodium salt of a linear C11-C13 alkyl benzene sulphonic acid. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the structured detergent particles of the present invention comprise LAS in an amount ranging from about 60% to about 85%, preferably from about 70% to about 80%, by totally weight of the structured detergent particles.
Such structured detergent particles may contain only LAS as the sole surfactant, according to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In alternative embodiments of the present invention, such structured detergent particles may also contain one or more additional surfactants in addition, e.g., to provide a combination of two or more different anionic surfactants, a combination of one or more anionic surfactants with one or more nonionic surfactants, a combination of one or more anionic surfactants with one or more cationic surfactants, or a combination of all three types of surfactants (i.e., anionic, nonionic, and cationic).
Additional anionic surfactants suitable for forming the structured detergent particles of the present invention can be readily selected from the group consisting of C10-C20 linear or branched alkyl alkoxylated sulphates, C10-C20 linear or branched alkyl sulfates, C10-C20 linear or branched alkyl sulphonates, C10-C20 linear or branched alkyl phosphates, C10-C20 linear or branched alkyl phosphonates, C10-C20 linear or branched alkyl carboxylates, and salts and mixtures thereof.
Nonionic and/or cationic surfactants can also be used in addition to anionic surfactant in forming the structured detergent particles of the present invention. Suitable nonionic surfactants are selected from the group consisting of C8-C18 alkyl alkoxylated alcohols having a weight average degree of alkoxylation from about 1 to about 20, preferably from about 3 to about 10, and most preferred are C12-C18 alkyl ethoxylated alcohols having a weight average degree of alkoxylation of from about 3 to about 10; and mixtures thereof. Suitable cationic surfactants are mono-C6-18 alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chlorides, more preferred are mono-C8-10 alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chloride, mono-C10-12 alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chloride and mono-C10 alkyl mono-hydroxyethyl di-methyl quaternary ammonium chloride.
Hydrophilic silica is incorporated into the structured detergent particles of the present invention to enable formation of such particles in a free flowing form.
The hydrophilic silica powder raw material used herein has a relatively small dry particle size and low residue salt content. Specifically, the silica particles have a dry particle size distribution Dv50 (also referred to as the “mean particle size” of the hydrophilic silica) ranging from about 1 μm to about 40 μm, more preferably from about 2 μm to about 20 μm, and most preferably from 4 μm to about 10 μm. The residual salt content in the hydrophilic silica is less than about 10%, preferably less than about 5%, more preferably less than about 2% or 1% by total weight of said silica. In a most preferred embodiment, the hydrophilic silica is substantially free of any residue salt.
Amorphous synthetic silica can be manufactured using a thermal or pyrogenic or a wet process. The thermal process leads to fumed silica. The wet process to either precipitated silica or silica gels. Either fumed silica or precipitated silica can be used for practice of the present invention. The pH of the hydrophilic silica of the present invention is normally from about 5.5 to about 9.5, preferably from about 6.0 to about 7.0. Surface area of the hydrophilic silica may range preferably from about 100 to about 500 m2/g, more preferably from about 125 to about 300 m2/g and most preferably from about 150 to about 200 m2/g, as measured by the BET nitrogen adsorption method.
Silica has both internal and external surface area, which allows for easy absorption of liquids. Hydrophilic silica is especially effective at adsorbing water. Swelling of dried hydrophilic silica upon contact with excess water to form hydrogel particles can be observed by optical microscopy and can be measured quantitatively using particle size analysis by comparing the particle size distribution of the fully hydrated material (i.e., in a dilute suspension) with that of the dried powder. Generally, precipitated hydrophilic silica can absorb water in excess of 2 times of its original weight, thereby forming swollen hydrogel particles having a Swollen Factor of at least 5, preferably at least 10, and more preferably at least 30. Therefore, the hydrophilic silica used in the present invention is preferably amorphous precipitated silica. A particularly preferred hydrophilic precipitated silica material for practice of the present invention is commercially available from Evonik Corporation under the tradename Sipernat®340.
Upon hydration, i.e., when the structured detergent particles of the present invention come into contact with water or other laundry liquor during a washing cycle, the hydrophilic silica as described hereinabove swells up significantly in volume to form swollen silica particles, which are characterized by a particle size distribution Dv50 of from about 1 μm to about 100 μm, preferably from about 5 μm to about 80 μm, more preferably from 10 μm to 40 μm, and most preferably from about 15 μm to about 30 μm. More specifically, the swollen silica particles formed by the hydrophilic silica upon hydration are characterized by a particle size distribution of Dv10 ranging from about 1 μm to about 30 μm, preferably from about 2 μm to about 15 μm, and more preferably from about 4 μm to about 10 μm; and Dv90 ranging from about 20 μm to about 100 μm, preferably from about 30 μm to about 80 μm, and more preferably from about 40 μm to about 60 μm.
The hydrophilic silica is present in the structured detergent particles of the present invention in an amount ranging from about 10% to about 50%, preferably from about 15% to about 40%, and more preferably from about 20% to about 30%, by total weight of the structured detergent particles.
In addition to LAS and hydrophilic silica, the structured detergent particles of the present invention also comprise one or more water-soluble inorganic salt of an alkaline metal. Suitable alkali metal salts include sulphates or carbonates, while sulfates are preferred because they provide more stable finished products in comparison with carbonates. Suitable water-soluble alkali metal sulfates that can be used for practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, sodium sulphate and potassium sulfate. Sodium sulfate is particularly preferred.
The water-soluble inorganic salt of the alkali metal may be used in the structured detergent particles at an amount ranging from 0% to about 35% by total weight of the structured detergent particles. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the structured detergent particles contain 0 wt % of said water-soluble inorganic salt. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the structured detergent particles contain from about 5% to about 30% of said water-soluble salt, preferably sodium sulfate, by total weight of the structured particles.
The water-soluble alkali metal salt is in a particulate form and is preferably characterized by a particle size distribution Dw50 ranging from about 10 microns to about 600 microns, more preferably from about 30 microns to about 500 microns, and most preferably from about 50 microns to about 300 microns.
The structured particles of the present invention may comprise other cleaning actives, such as builders, chelants, polymers, enzymes, bleaching agents, and the like.
For example, the structured particles may contain from 0% to about 30%, preferably from 0% to about 20%, more preferably from 0% to about 10% and most preferably from 0% to about 5%, of an alkali metal carbonate, as measured by total weight of such structured detergent particles.
For another example, the structured particles may contain from 0% to about 30%, preferably from 0% to about 10%, more preferably from 0% to about 5% and most preferably from 0 wt % to about 1%, of a zeolite builder, as measured by total weight of such structured detergent particles. It may also contain from 0% to about 5%, more preferably from 0% to about 3%, and most preferably from 0% to about 1%, of a phosphate builder, as measured by total weight of the structured detergent particles. Preferably, but not necessarily, the structured detergent particle of the present invention contains little or no zeolite and little or no phosphate.
The moisture content of such structured detergent particle is no more than 5% (i.e., from 0-5%), preferably no more than 4% (i.e., from 0-4%), more preferably no more than 3% (i.e., 0-3%), and most preferably no more than 2.5% (i.e., 0-2.5%) by total weight of the particles.
The structured detergent particles of the present invention have a particle size distribution particularly Dw50 of from 100 μm to 1000 μm, preferably from 250 μm to 800 μm, and more preferably from 300 μm to 600 μm. The bulk density of such structured detergent particles may range from 400 g/L to 1000 g/L, preferably from 400 g/L to 800 g/L, more preferably from 400 g/L to 700 g/L.
The above-described structured detergent particles may be formulated into a granular detergent composition in an amount ranging from 0.5% to 20%, preferably from 1% to 15%, and more preferably from 4% to 12% by total weight of the granular detergent composition.
The granular detergent composition may comprise one or more other detergent particles, i.e., independent of the structured detergent particles as described hereinabove.
For example, the granular detergent composition can include one or more composite detergent particles containing both LAS and alkylethoxy sulfate (AES) surfactants. In one embodiment, the LAS and AES surfactants can be simply mixed together, preferably with one or more solid carrier such as silica or zeolite. In a preferred but not necessary embodiment, the LAS and AES components of the composite detergent granules are arranged in a unique spatial relationship, i.e., with LAS in the core and AES in the coating layer, so to provide protection of the LAS component by AES against the Ca2+ ions in hard water washing environments, thereby maximizing the water hardness tolerance of the surfactants. Specifically, the composite detergent particles each comprise a core particle and a coating layer over the core particle, while the core particle contains a mixture of silica, LAS and optionally AES; the coating layer comprises AES. The composite detergent particles are characterized by a particle size distribution Dw50 of from about 100 μm to about 1000 μm and a total surfactant content ranging from about 50% to about 80% by total weight thereof. The composite detergent particles are preferably characterized by a LAS-to-AES weight ratio of from 3:1 to 1:3, preferably from 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, and more preferably from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
Such composite detergent particles can be provided in the granular detergent composition in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 30%, preferably from about 1.5% to about 20% and more preferably from about 2% to about 10%, by total weight of said granular detergent composition.
In addition to the structured detergent particles and the composite detergent particles as described hereinabove, the granular detergent compositions of the present invention may also contain one or more other detergent particles, such as detergent particles formed by spray-drying, agglomerates of cleaning polymers, aesthetic particles, and the like.
The granular detergent compositions of the present invention may further comprise a water-swellable cellulose derivative. Suitable examples of water-swellable cellulose derivatives are selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl celluloses and salts thereof, such as ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), cross-linked CMC, modified CMC, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, such cellulose derivative materials can rapidly swells up within 10 minutes, preferably within 5 minutes, more preferably within 2 minutes, even more preferably within 1 minute, and most preferably within 10 seconds, after contact with water. The water-swellable cellulose derivatives can be incorporated into the structured particles of the present invention together with the hydrophilic silica, or they can be incorporated into the granular detergent compositions independent of the structured particles, in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 5% and preferably from 0.5% to 3%. Such cellulose derivatives may further enhance the mechanical cleaning benefit of the granular detergent compositions of the present invention.
The granular detergent compositions may optionally include one or more other detergent adjunct materials for assisting or enhancing cleaning performance, treatment of the substrate to be cleaned, or to modify the aesthetics of the detergent composition. Illustrative examples of such detergent adjunct materials include: (1) inorganic and/or organic builders, such as carbonates (including bicarbonates and sesquicarbonates), sulphates, phosphates (exemplified by the tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates, and glassy polymeric meta-phosphates), phosphonates, phytic acid, silicates, zeolite, citrates, polycarboxylates and salts thereof (such as mellitic acid, succinic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, polymaleic acid, benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid, and soluble salts thereof), ether hydroxypolycarboxylates, copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene or vinyl methyl ether, 1,3,5-trihydroxy benzene-2,4,6-trisulphonic acid, 3,3-dicarboxy-4-oxa-1,6-hexanedioates, polyacetic acids (such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid) and salts thereof, fatty acids (such as C12-C18 monocarboxylic acids); (2) chelating agents, such as iron and/or manganese-chelating agents selected from the group consisting of amino carboxylates, amino phosphonates, polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents and mixtures therein; (3) clay soil removal/anti-redeposition agents, such as water-soluble ethoxylated amines (particularly ethoxylated tetraethylene-pentamine); (4) polymeric dispersing agents, such as polymeric polycarboxylates and polyethylene glycols, acrylic/maleic-based copolymers and water-soluble salts thereof of, hydroxypropylacrylate, maleic/acrylic/vinyl alcohol terpolymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyaspartates and polyglutamates; (5) optical brighteners, which include but are not limited to derivatives of stilbene, pyrazoline, coumarin, carboxylic acid, methinecyanines, dibenzothiphene-5,5-dioxide, azoles, 5- and 6-membered-ring heterocycles, and the like; (6) suds suppressors, such as monocarboxylic fatty acids and soluble salts thereof, high molecular weight hydrocarbons (e.g., paraffins, haloparaffins, fatty acid esters, fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols, aliphatic C18-C40 ketones, etc.), N-alkylated amino triazines, propylene oxide, monostearyl phosphates, silicones or derivatives thereof, secondary alcohols (e.g., 2-alkyl alkanols) and mixtures of such alcohols with silicone oils; (7) suds boosters, such as C10-C16 alkanolamides, C10-C14 monoethanol and diethanol amides, high sudsing surfactants (e.g., amine oxides, betaines and sultaines), and soluble magnesium salts (e.g., MgCl2, MgSO4, and the like); (8) fabric softeners, such as smectite clays, amine softeners and cationic softeners; (9) dye transfer inhibiting agents, such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, manganese phthalocyanine, peroxidases, and mixtures thereof; (10) enzymes, such as proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases, and peroxidases, and mixtures thereof; (11) enzyme stabilizers, which include water-soluble sources of calcium and/or magnesium ions, boric acid or borates (such as boric oxide, borax and other alkali metal borates); (12) bleaching agents, such as percarbonates (e.g., sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, sodium pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, and sodium peroxide), persulfates, perborates, magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate, the magnesium salt of metachloro perbenzoic acid, 4-nonylamino-4-oxoperoxybutyric acid and diperoxydodecanedioic acid, 6-nonylamino-6-oxoperoxycaproic acid, and photoactivated bleaching agents (e.g., sulfonated zinc and/or aluminum phthalocyanines); (13) bleach activators, such as nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS), tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED), amido-derived bleach activators including (6-octanamidocaproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-nonanamidocaproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-decanamidocaproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, and mixtures thereof, benzoxazin-type activators, acyl lactam activators (especially acyl caprolactams and acyl valerolactams); and (9) any other known detergent adjunct ingredients, including but not limited to carriers, hydrotropes, processing aids, dyes or pigments, and solid fillers.
The process of making the structured detergent particles of the present invention, preferably in an agglomerated form, comprising the steps of: (a) providing the raw materials in the weight proportions as defined hereinabove, in either powder and/or paste forms; (b) mixing the raw materials in a mixer or granulator that is operating at a suitable shear force for agglomeration of the raw materials; (c) optionally, removing any oversize particles, which are recycled via a grinder or lump-breaker back into the process stream, e.g., into step (a) or (b); (d) the resulting agglomerates are dried until the moisture content therein is no more than 5%, preferably no more than 3%, and more preferably no more than 2.5% (e) optionally, removing any fines and recycling the fines to the mixer-granulator, as described in step (b); and (f) optionally, further removing any dried oversize agglomerates and recycling via a grinder to step (a) or (e). Preferably, the process is carried out without any subsequent drying step.
Any suitable mixing apparatus capable of handling viscous paste can be used as the mixer described hereinabove for practice of the present invention. Suitable apparatus includes, for example, high-speed pin mixers, ploughshare mixers, paddle mixers, twin-screw extruders, Teledyne compounders, etc. The mixing process can either be carried out intermittently in batches or continuously.
The granular detergent composition, which is provided in a finished product form, can be made by mixing the structured detergent particles of the present invention with a plurality of other particles containing the above-described surfactants and adjunct materials. Such other particles can be provided as spray-dried particles, agglomerated particles, and extruded particles. Further, the surfactants and adjunct materials can also be incorporated into the granular detergent composition in liquid form through a spray-on process.
The granular detergent compositions of the present invention are suitable for use in both machine-washing and hand-washing context. The laundry detergent is typically diluted by a factor of from about 1:100 to about 1:1000, or about 1:200 to about 1:500 by weight. The wash water used to form the laundry liquor is typically whatever water is easily available, such as tap water, river water, well water, etc. The temperature of the wash water may range from about 0° C. to about 40° C., preferably from about 5° C. to about 30° C., more preferably from 5° C. to 25° C., and most preferably from about 10° C. to 20° C., although higher temperatures may be used for soaking and/or pretreating.
The following techniques must be used to determine the properties of the detergent granules and detergent compositions of the invention in order that the invention described and claimed herein may be fully understood.
The granular material bulk density is determined in accordance with Test Method B, Loose-fill Density of Granular Materials, contained in ASTM Standard E727-02, “Standard Test Methods for Determining Bulk Density of Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides,” approved Oct. 10, 2002.
This test method is used herein to determine the particle size distribution of the agglomerated detergent granule's of the present invention. The particle size distribution of the detergent granules and granular detergent compositions are measured by sieving the granules through a succession of sieves with gradually smaller dimensions. The weight of material retained on each sieve is then used to calculate a particle size distribution.
This test is conducted to determine the Median Particle Size of the subject particle using ASTM D 502-89, “Standard Test Method for Particle Size of Soaps and Other Detergents”, approved May 26, 1989, with a further specification for sieve sizes used in the analysis. Following section 7, “Procedure using machine-sieving method,” a nest of clean dry sieves containing U.S. Standard (ASTM E 11) sieves #8 (2360 μm), #12 (1700 μm), #16 (1180 μm), #20 (850 μm), #30 (600 μm), #40 (425 μm), #50 (300 μm), #70 (212 μm), and #100 (150 μm) is required. The prescribed Machine-Sieving Method is used with the above sieve nest. The detergent granule of interest is used as the sample. A suitable sieve-shaking machine can be obtained from W.S. Tyler Company of Mentor, Ohio, U.S.A. The data are plotted on a semi-log plot with the micron size opening of each sieve plotted against the logarithmic abscissa and the cumulative mass percent (Q3) plotted against the linear ordinate.
An example of the above data representation is given in ISO 9276-1:1998, “Representation of results of particle size analysis—Part 1: Graphical Representation”, Figure A.4. The Median Weight Particle Size (Dw50) is defined as the abscissa value at the point where the cumulative weight percent is equal to 50 percent, and is calculated by a straight line interpolation between the data points directly above (a50) and below (b50) the 50% value using the following equation:
D
w50=10 [Log(Da50)−(Log(Da50)−Log(Db50))*(Qa50−50%)/(Qa50−Qb50)]
where Qa50 and Qb50 are the cumulative weight percentile values of the data immediately above and below the 50th percentile, respectively; and Da50 and Db50 are the micron sieve size values corresponding to these data. In the event that the 50th percentile value falls below the finest sieve size (150 μm) or above the coarsest sieve size (2360 μm), then additional sieves must be added to the nest following a geometric progression of not greater than 1.5, until the median falls between two measured sieve sizes.
This test method must be used to determine a fine powder's (e.g. raw materials like silica) Weight Median Particle Size (Dw50). The fine powder's Weight Median Particle Size (Dw50) is determined in accordance with ISO 8130-13, “Coating powders—Part 13: Particle size analysis by laser diffraction.” A suitable laser diffraction particle size analyzer with a dry-powder feeder can be obtained from Horiba Instruments Incorporated of Irvine, Calif., U.S.A.; Malvern Instruments Ltd of Worcestershire, UK; Sympatec GmbH of Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; and Beckman-Coulter Incorporated of Fullerton, Calif., U.S.A.
The results are expressed in accordance with ISO 9276-1:1998, “Representation of results of particle size analysis—Part 1: Graphical Representation”, Figure A.4, “Cumulative distribution Q3 plotted on graph paper with a logarithmic abscissa.” The Median Particle Size is defined as the abscissa value at the point where the cumulative distribution (Q3) is equal to 50 percent.
% Moisture Absorption of Xmins=(Weight at Xmins+Weight at 0 mins)*100/weight at 0 mins
All enzyme levels expressed as rug active enzyme protein per 100 g detergent composition.
Surfactant ingredients can be obtained from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany (Lutensol®); Shell Chemicals, London, UK; Stepan, Northfield, Ill., USA; Huntsman, Huntsman, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Clariant, Sulzbach, Germany (Praepagen®).
Sodium tripolyphosphate can be obtained from Rhodia, Paris, France.
Zeolite can be obtained from Industrial Zeolite (UK) Ltd, Grays, Essex, UK.
Citric acid and sodium citrate can be obtained from Jungbunzlauer, Basel, Switzerland.
NOBS is sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, supplied by Eastman, Batesville, Ark., USA.
TAED is tetraacetylethylenediamine, supplied under the Peractive® brand name by Clariant GmbH, Sulzbach, Germany.
Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate can be obtained from Solvay, Brussels, Belgium.
Polyacrylate, polyacrylate/maleate copolymers can be obtained from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Repel-O-Tex® can be obtained from Rhodia, Paris, France.
Texcare® can be obtained from Clariant, Sulzbach, Germany.
Sodium percarbonate and sodium carbonate can be obtained from Solvay, Houston, Tex., USA.
Na salt of Ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid, (S,S) isomer (EDDS) was supplied by Octel, Ellesmere Port, UK.
Hydroxyethane di phosphonate (HEDP) was supplied by Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich., USA.
Enzymes Savinase®, Savinase® Ultra, Stainzyme® Plus, Lipex®, Lipolex®, Lipoclean®, Celluclean®, Carezyme®, Natalase®, Stainzyme®, Stainzyme® Plus, Termamyl®, Termamyl® ultra, and Mannaway® can be obtained from Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
Enzymes Purafect®, FN3, FN4 and Optisize can be obtained from Genencor International Inc., Palo Alto, Calif., US.
Direct violet 9 and 99 can be obtained from BASF DE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Solvent violet 13 can be obtained from Ningbo Lixing Chemical Co., Ltd. Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
Brighteners can be obtained from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2015/074553 | Mar 2015 | WO | international |
