Patent Application
20110224242
The disclosure relates to quinoline derivatives, in particular endowed with inhibitory properties of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) integrase.
It also relates to a synthetic process for these derivatives and their biological uses.
The replication cycle of HIV and other retroviruses involves three major viral enzymes: reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase. Integrase catalyzes the integration of the viral DNA into chromosomal DNA of the host infected cell, it is an essential step for the replication of HIV and other retroviruses. Consequently, an integrase inhibitor constitutes ipso facto an accurate candidate for blocking infection by HIV, and possibly an effective therapeutic agent.
Poly therapy targeting reverse transcriptase and/or protease and/or integrase is today the only method to effectively combat the rapid development of the virus. Currently, HIV reverse transcriptase and protease are each targeted by about 10 therapeutic agents. However, integrase is targeted by only one commercialized medication: the Merck's Isentress (raltegravir or MK-0518), approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2007. A second integrase inhibitor, Gilead's elvitegravir (GS-9137), is in advanced clinical trials.
The integration of the viral DNA into the chromosomal DNA of the infected cells occurs through a two-steps process: (i) in the “3′ processing step”, integrase in the cytoplasm of the host cell removes a dinucleotide from 3′ end of the viral 25 DNA, while (ii) in the “strand transfer step”, integrase in the nucleus catalyzes the insertion of the processed 3′ end viral DNA into the host cell DNA.
Integrase inhibitors can be divided into two groups: (i) inhibitors of the 3′ processing (referred to as INBIs) and (ii) selective strand transfer inhibitors (referred to as INSTIs) (Pommier Y, and al. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005, 4:236-248). INBIs act as docking at the HIV DNA-binding site, preventing 3′ processing and strand transfer and INSTIs act as occupying the infected cells DNA-binding site, thus only preventing strand transfer (Johnson A A et al. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 71 (3):893-901). Raltegravir and elvitegravir belong to the INSTIs group. However, a limit of these inhibitors is the high rate of virus mutations in treated patients leading to INSTIs resistance.
It is thus a substantial advantage to identify a potent inhibitor of the 3′ processing step of integrase with a specific mechanism of action leading to the inhibition of the both steps of integration. Moreover this kind of inhibitor could remain still active on virus bearing mutations which lead to INSTIs resistance.
The disclosed quinoline derivatives have demonstrated anti-integrase properties in vitro as well as in vivo, these properties being accompanied by significant innocuity. WO 98/45269 discloses phenyl substituted quinolines, in particular styryl quinolines, where the various positions of the quinoleine and phenyl moieties may be optionally substituted.
The presence of a substituent on the 5-position of the quinoline moiety, combined with a 8-OH on the quinoline core, surprisingly leads to substantially increased properties, such as their antiviral efficacy, their stability, and/or their biodisponibility.
Noteworthy, the stability of the compounds disclosed herein is particularly advantageous. Indeed, styryl quinolines disclosed in WO 98/45269 showed poor stability, thus constituting a major drawback for further drug development.
Moreover, it is particularly desirable to provide drug candidates with satisfying solubility, in particular in aqueous medium at the pH of the intestinal tractus, to allow administration by oral route. Although, quinoline derivatives may have a low solubility, the disclosure identifies exemplary formulations of the compounds to increase solubility.
Further, the disclosed quinoline derivatives are moreover efficient against INSTIs resistant integrase. Noteworthy, the disclosed quinoline derivatives are particularly useful for inhibiting Raltegravir and/or Elvitegravir resistant integrase.
A combination of said quinoline derivatives with other anti viral agent(s) is also disclosed herein. Indeed, said combinations, in particular those of quinoline derivatives with INSTIs or reverse transcriptase inhibitors, show synergistic effects.
The disclosed derivatives are characterized in that they correspond to the general formula (I):
wherein:
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 identical or different, independently represent a hydrogen atom or a group chosen from —(CH2)n—Y or —CH═CH—Y, where Y represents a halogen atom, —OH, —OR, —COH, —COR, —COOH, —COOR, —CONH2, —CON(Rx,Ry), —CH═NOH, —CO—CH═NOH, —NH2, —N(Rx,Ry), —NO2, —PO(OR)2, —PO(OH)2, —C(═O)—NH—OH, —SH2, —SR, —SO2R, —SO2NHR, CN,
X represents a group chosen from —(CH2)n—Y or —CH═CH—Y, where Y represents —OH, —OR, —COH, —COR, —CONH2, —CON(Rx,Ry), —CH═NOH, —CO—CH═NOH, —NH2, —N(Rx,Ry), —PO(OR)2, —PO(OH)2, —C(═O)—NH—OH, —SH2, —SR, —SO2R, —SO2NHR, CN,
where R represents an alkyl, or an aryl or heterocycle, Rx and Ry, identical or different represent an alkyl, and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1 to 5; as well
as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, their diastereoisomers and enantiomers.
The disclosure also encompasses the following preferred exemplary embodiments and any of their combinations:
X represents a group chosen from a halogen atom, —OH, —OR, —COH, —COR, —COOH, —COOR, —NO2, CN; more preferably —COH, —COR, —OH or —NO2; and/or
R1 and R2 are H; and/or
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 identical or different, independently represent a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom or a group chosen from —OH, —OR, —COH, —COR, —COOH, —COOR, —NO2, —PO(OR)2, —PO(OH)2, —C(═O)—NH—OH, CN; more preferably chosen from a hydrogen atom, halogen atom or a group chosen from —OH, —OR, —COH, —COR, —COOH,
—COOR, —NO2; still more preferably chosen from a hydrogen atom, or a group chosen from —OH, —COR, —COOH, —NO2, and/or
two or three of R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 are distinct of H; and/or
at least one of R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 is OH; and/or
R6 is OH; and/or
X represents a group chosen from —(CH2)n—Y or —CH═CH—Y, where Y represents —OH, —OR, —COH, —COR, —COOR, —CONH2, —CON(Rx1Ry),
CH═NOH,
CO—CH═NOH, —NH2, —N(Rx1Ry), —PO(OR)2, —PO(OH)2, —C(═O)—NH—OH,
SH2, —SR, —SO2R, —SO2NHR, CN, more preferably, Y is —COR; and/or
R1=R2=H; and/or R4=R8=H, and/or
At least one of R5, R7 is chosen from a halogen atom or a group chosen from —COH, —COR, —COON, —COOR, —NO2, —PO(OR)2, —PO(OH)2,
—C(═O)—NH—OH, CN; more preferably chosen from a halogen atom or a —NO2.
Preferably, the compounds are chosen from:
as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, their diastereoisomers and enantiomers.
Unless specified otherwise, the terms used hereabove or hereafter have the meaning ascribed to them below:
“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
“Alkyl” represents an aliphatic-hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched, having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the chain unless specified otherwise. Preferred alkyl groups have 1 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably have 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl are attached to a linear alkyl chain. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl.
“Aryl” refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of 6 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably of 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, phenanthryl, biphenyl.
The terms “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” refer to a saturated or partially unsaturated non aromatic stable 3 to 14, preferably 5 to 10-membered mono, bi or multicyclic rings, wherein at least one member of the ring is a hetero atom. Typically, heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, and phosphorus atoms. Preferable heteroatoms are oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Suitable heterocycles are also disclosed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Edition, CRC Press, Inc., 1995-1996, pages 2-25 to 2-26, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Preferred non aromatic heterocyclic include, but are not limited to oxetanyl, tetraydrofuranyl, dioxolanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyranyl. Preferred aromatic heterocyclic, herein called heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolinyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzoimidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, and benzothiazolyl groups.
“Alkyl”, “aryl”, “heterocycle” also refers to the corresponding “alkylene”, “arylene”, “heterocyclene” which are formed by the removal of two hydrogen atoms.
The compounds herein described may have asymmetric centers. Compounds containing an asymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well-known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. Geometric isomers of double bonds such as olefins and C═N can also be present in the compounds described here, all the stable isomers are contemplated here. All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a compound are intended, unless the stereochemistry or the isomeric form is specifically indicated. All processes used to synthesize the disclosed compounds are considered as part of the present disclosure.
The term “substituted” as used herein means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
As used herein, the term “patient” refers to a warm-blooded animal such as a mammal, preferably a human or a human child, which is afflicted with, or has the potential to be afflicted with one or more diseases and conditions described herein.
As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound of the present disclosure which is effective in reducing, eliminating, treating or controlling the symptoms of the herein-described diseases and conditions. The term “controlling” is intended to refer to all processes wherein there may be a slowing, interrupting, arresting, or stopping of the progression of the diseases and conditions described herein, but does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of all disease and condition symptoms, and is intended to include prophylactic treatment and chronic use.
As used herein, the expression “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
As used herein, the expression “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, glucoronic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, toluenesulfonic, oxalic, fumaric, maleic, and the like. Further addition salts include ammonium salts such as tromethamine, meglumine, epolamine, etc., metal salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc or magnesium.
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and P. H. Stahl, C G. Wermuth, Handbook of Pharmaceutical salts—Properties, Selection and Use, Wiley-VCH, 2002, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The compounds of the general formula (I) having geometrical and stereoisomers are also a part of the disclosure.
The disclosure also relates to a synthetic process for the derivatives defined above. The compounds of formula (I) may be prepared in a number of ways well-known to those skilled in the art. In particular, they may be synthesized by application or adaptation of the process of preparation disclosed in WO 98/45269, or variations thereon as appreciated by the skilled artisan. The appropriate modifications and substitutions will be readily apparent and well-known or readily obtainable from the scientific literature to those skilled in the art.
In particular, such methods can be found in R. C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH publishers, 1989
It will be appreciated that the compounds of the present disclosure may contain one or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms, and may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Thus, all chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated. It is well-known in the art how to prepare and isolate such optically active forms. For example, mixtures of stereoisomers may be separated by standard techniques including, but not limited to, resolution of racemic forms, normal, reverse-phase, and chiral chromatography, preferential salt formation, recrystallization, and the like, or by chiral synthesis either from chiral starting materials or by deliberate synthesis of target chiral centers.
Compounds of the present disclosure may be prepared by a variety of synthetic routes. The reagents and starting materials are commercially available, or readily synthesized by well-known techniques by one of ordinary skill in the arts. All substituents, unless otherwise indicated, are as previously defined.
In the reactions described hereinafter, it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups may be used in accordance with standard practice, for examples see T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, 1991; J. F. W. McOmie in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press, 1973.
Some reactions may be carried out in the presence of a base. There is no particular restriction on the nature of the base to be used in this reaction, and any base conventionally used in reactions of this type may equally be used here, provided that it has no adverse effect on other parts of the molecule. Examples of suitable bases include: sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, thethylamine, alkali metal hydrides, such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride; alkyllithium compounds, such as methyllithium and butyllithium; and alkali metal alkoxides, such as sodium methoxide and sodium ethoxide.
Usually, reactions are carried out in a suitable solvent. A variety of solvents may be used, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or on the reagents involved. Examples of suitable solvents include: hydrocarbons, which may be aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene and xylene; amides, such as dimethyl-formamide; alcohols such as ethanol and methanol and ethers, such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
The reactions can take place over a wide range of temperatures. In general, it is convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature of from 0° C. to 150° C. (more preferably from about room temperature to 100° C.). The time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, provided that the reaction is effected under the preferred conditions outlined above, a period of from 3 hours to 20 hours will usually suffice.
The process of the disclosure is characterized in that it comprises the reaction of a quinaldine of formula (II):
with a compound of formula (III):
where R1′, R2′, R4′, R5′, R6′, R7′, R8′, X′ are defined as R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, X above, provided any reactive function present in R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, X may be protected by an appropriate protective group in R1′, R2′, R4′, R5′, R6′, R7′, R8′, X′ respectively, and where Pg denotes either H or a protective group of the OH function if required, followed by the deprotection of any protective group present as appropriate.
The coupling may be advantageously conducted in an organic solvent, such as acetic anhydride and/or a mixture of pyhdine/water. The reaction may be carried out at a temperature comprised between the room temperature and the boiling temperature of the reacting mixture.
Generally, OH groups may be protected in the form of acetoxy groups. The deprotection may be conducted by hydrolysis.
The derivatives used as starting products in these syntheses are commercially available or easily accessible by synthesis for a person skilled in the art.
Thus, for example, the derivatives of formula (II) may be synthesized in accordance with Meek et al., J. Chem. Engineering data, 1969, 14, 388-391 or Przystal et al, J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1967, 4, 131-2. As a representative example, the compound of formula (II) where R1=R2=H and X is —COR may be obtained by reacting the corresponding compound of formula (II) where R1=R2=X═H, with a compound of formula X-Hal, where Hal represents a halogen atom.
The compounds of formula (III) are generally commercially available.
If desired, the salts of the compounds of formula (I) may be obtained by adding the appropriate base or acid. For instance, where compounds of formula (I) comprise an acid function the sodium salt may be obtained by adding sodium hydroxide.
The process of the disclosure may also include the additional step of isolating the obtained product of formula (I). The compound thus prepared may be recovered from the reaction mixture by conventional means. For example, the compounds may be recovered by distilling off the solvent from the reaction mixture or, if necessary after distilling off the solvent from the reaction mixture, pouring the residue into water followed by extraction with a water-immiscible organic solvent and distilling off the solvent from the extract. Additionally, the product can, if desired, be further purified by various well known techniques, such as recrystallization, reprecipitation or the various chromatography techniques, notably column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography.
Study of the biological properties of the derivatives of the disclosure showed an inhibitory activity vis-á-vis HIV integrase in vitro. Further experiments have also shown their inhibitory effect on the replication of HIV and the absence of effect on the late phases of the replication of HIV. These results are thus extremely interesting for the treatment of an infection by this virus, especially as the toxicity studies have shown the significant innocuity of these derivatives.
The disclosure thus relates to pharmaceutical compositions characterized in that they contain an effective quantity of at least one derivative as defined above, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles.
In particular, the present disclosure concerns formulations of a compound of formula (I) suitable for oral administration. Said formulation may comprise one or more excipient(s) chosen from surfactant, emulsifier, solubility enhancers, etc. . . .
The compounds of the disclosure are advantageously used in combination with other anti-viral agents, such as HIV medicaments, in particular medicaments endowed with an inhibitory effect vis-á-vis the integrase, reverse transcriptase and/or protease.
Such combinations are particularly advantageous in that the compounds of the disclosure are active on resistant viruses, in particular viruses resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or to INSTI integrase inhibitors.
Further, such combinations are particularly advantageous in that they exhibit synergism.
The present disclosure thus also concerns such combinations of a compound of the disclosure with one or more integrase, reverse transcriptase and/or protease inhibitor(s), in particular, combinations of a compound of the disclosure with one or more INSTI inhibitor, such as raltegravir or elvitegravir.
The doses and administration methods are adapted as a function of the single-drug, two-drug or three-drug combination therapy treatment used.
The disclosure also relates to the use of the derivatives defined above as biological reagents usable in particular for mechanism studies concerning the viral infection.
The identification of those subjects who are in need of treatment of herein-described diseases and conditions is well within the ability and knowledge of one skilled in the art. A clinician skilled in the art can readily identify, by the use of clinical tests, physical examination and medical/family history, those subjects who are in need of such treatment.
The compounds of the disclosure may be advantageously used for inhibiting INSTIs resistant integrase.
A therapeutically effective amount can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as one skilled in the art, by the use of conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the therapeutically effective amount, a number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species of subject; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual subject; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristic of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances.
The amount of a compound of formula (I), which is required to achieve the desired biological effect, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the dosage of the drug to be administered, the chemical characteristics (e.g. hydrophobicity) of the compounds employed, the potency of the compounds, the type of disease, the diseased state of the patient, and the route of administration.
In general terms, the compounds of this disclosure may be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing 0.1 to 10% w/v compound for parenteral and/or oral administration. Typical dose ranges are from 1 μg/kg to 0.1 g/kg of body weight per day; a preferred dose range is from 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day. A preferred daily dose for adult humans includes 1, 5, 50, 100 and 200 mg, and an equivalent dose in a human child. The preferred dosage of drug to be administered is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, and formulation of the compound excipient, and its route of administration.
The compounds of the present disclosure are capable of being administered in unit dose forms, wherein the term “unit dose” means a single dose which is capable of being administered to a patient, and which can be readily handled and packaged, remaining as a physically and chemically stable unit dose comprising either the active compound itself, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, as described hereinafter. As such, typical daily dose ranges are from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg of body weight. By way of general guidance, unit doses for humans range from 0.1 mg to 1000 mg per day. Preferably, the unit dose range is from 1 to 500 mg administered one to four times a day, and even more preferably from 1 mg to 300 mg, once a day. Compounds provided herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions by admixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Such compositions may be prepared for use in oral administration, particularly in the form of tablets or capsules; or parenteral administration, particularly in the form of liquid solutions, suspensions or emulsions; or intranasally, particularly in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols; or dermally, for example, topically or via trans-dermal patches or ocular administration, or intravaginal or intra-uterine administration, particularly in the form of pessaries or by rectal administration.
The compositions may conveniently be administered in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art, for example, as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th ed.; Gennaro, A. R., Ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, Pa., 2000. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent carrier or an edible carrier.
The tablets, pills, powders, capsules, troches and the like can contain one or more of any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, or gum tragacanth; a diluent such as starch or lactose; a disintegrant such as starch and cellulose derivatives; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, or methyl salicylate. Capsules can be in the form of a hard capsule or soft capsule, which are generally made from gelatin blends optionally blended with plasticizers, as well as a starch capsule. In addition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials that modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or enteric agents. Other oral dosage forms syrup or elixir may contain sweetening agents, preservatives, dyes, colorings, and flavorings. In addition, the active compounds may be incorporated into fast dissolve, modified-release or sustained-release preparations and formulations, and wherein such sustained-release formulations are preferably bi-modal.
Preferred formulations include pharmaceutical compositions in which a compound of the present disclosure is formulated for oral or parenteral administration, or more preferably those in which a compound of the present disclosure is formulated as a tablet. Preferred tablets contain lactose, cornstarch, magnesium silicate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, magnesium stearate, or talc in any combination. It is also an aspect of the present disclosure that a compound of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a food product or a liquid.
Liquid preparations for administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. The liquid compositions may also include binders, buffers, preservatives, chelating agents, sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, and the like. Non-aqueous solvents include alcohols, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, acrylate copolymers, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include mixtures of alcohols and water, hydrogels, buffered media, and saline. In particular, biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be useful excipients to control the release of the active compounds. Intravenous vehicles can include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for these active compounds include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes.
Alternative modes of administration include formulations for inhalation, which include such means as dry powder, aerosol, or drops. They may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel to be applied intranasally. Formulations for buccal administration include, for example, lozenges or pastilles and may also include a flavored base, such as sucrose or acacia, and other excipients such as glycocholate. Formulations suitable for rectal administration are preferably presented as unit-dose suppositories, with a solid based carrier, such as cocoa butter, and may include a salicylate. Formulations for topical application to the skin preferably take the form of an ointment, cream, lotion, paste, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil. Carriers which can be used include petroleum jelly, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, alcohols, or their combinations. Formulations suitable for transdermal administration can be presented as discrete patches and can be lipophilic emulsions or buffered, aqueous solutions, dissolved and/or dispersed in a polymer or an adhesive.
Alternative administrations include also solutions, ointments or other formulations acceptable for ocular administration.
According to a particular aspect, the compound of the disclosure may be administered by the cutaneous, ocular or inhalation route as disclosed above. These formulations are particularly advantageous as they ensure a local treatment, without associated lymphopenia which may occur with systemic administration routes.
Other features of the disclosure will become apparent in the course of the following description of exemplary embodiments that are given for illustration of the claimed invention and not intended to be limiting thereof.
To a solution of commercial 2-methylquinolin-8-ol (4.00 g, 25.13 mmol) in nitrobenzene (10 mL) were added acetyl chloride (1.96 mL, 27.64 mmol) and aluminium chloride (8.38 g, 62.82 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. overnight. After the mixture cooled, water and HCl 10% (10 mL) were added with stirring, and reaction mixture was heated at 160° C., collecting nitrobenzene with a Dean-stark trap. After cooling and ethyl acetate washing, mixture was neutralized to pH 6-7 with NaOH. Aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate, then organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under vacuo. Crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 100:0 to 60/40) to give 1-(8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-5-yl)ethanone as a pale yellow powder (3.51 g, 70%).
To a solution of quinoline (0.300 g, 1.49 mmol) in acetic anhydride (10 mL) was added commercial aromatic aldehyde (0.772 g, 4.47 mmol). Mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 160° C. for 16 h and concentrated under vacuo. Residue was redissolved in a pyridine (10 mL)/water (5 mL) mixture and heated at 130° C. for 3 h. Solvents were evaporated and residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane 0:1 to 1:0) to yield (E)-1-(2-(3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxystyryl)-8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)ethanone as a yellow solid (0.010 g, 2%).
Fp: 256°-258′C
ESI Mass: m/z 355.92 ([M+H]+)
To a solution of commercial 2-methylquinolin-8-ol (4.00 g, 25.13 mmol) in nitrobenzene (10 mL) were added acetyl chloride (1.96 mL, 27.64 mmol) and aluminum chloride (8.38 g, 62.82 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. overnight. After the mixture cooled, water and HCl 10% (10 mL) were added with stirring, and reaction mixture was heated at 160° C., collecting nitrobenzene with a Dean-stark trap. After cooling and ethyl acetate washing, mixture was neutralized to pH 6-7 with NaOH. Aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate, then organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under vacuo. Crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl propionate/ethyl acetate 100:0 to 60/40) to give 1-(8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-5-yl)ethanone as a pale yellow powder (3.51 g, 70%).
To a solution of quinoline (0.300 g, 1.49 mmol) in acetic anhydride (15 mL) was added commercial aromatic aldehyde (0.743 g, 4.47 mmol). Mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 160° C. for 12 h and concentrated under vacuo. Residue was redissolved in a pyridine (10 mL)/water (10 mL) mixture and heated at 110° C. for 2 h. Solvent were evaporated and residue was triturated with methanol, to give (E)-5-(2-(5-acetyl-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)vinyl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.217 g, 41.79%) as a dark brown solid.
Fp: 266° C.-268° C. ESI
Mass: m/z 348.40 ([M+H]+)
The following compounds were also synthesized by application or adaptation of the procedures above, from the corresponding starting materials:
1—Biochemical Activity Assay
Integrase Preparation and Purification
The pET-15b-IN plasmid contains the cDNA encoding the HBX2 HIV integrase. His-tagged integrase protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified under native conditions. Briefly, at an OD of 0.8, fusion protein expression was induced in bacterial cultures by the addition of IPTG (1 mM). Cultures were incubated for 3 h at 37° C., of ter which cells were centrifuged. The cell pellet was resuspended in ice-cold buffer A [20 mM Ths-HCl (pH 8), 1 M NaCl, 4 mM β-mercaptoethanol, and 5 mM imidazole], treated with lysozyme for 1 h on ice, and sonicated. After centrifugation (30 min at 10 000 rpm), the supernatant was filtered (0.45 μm) and incubated for at least 2 h with Ni-NTA agarose beads (Pharmacia). The beads were washed twice with 10 volumes of buffer A, 10 volumes of buffer A with 50 mM imidazole, and 10 volumes of buffer A with 100 mM imidazole. His-tagged integrase was then eluted with buffer A supplemented with 50 μM ZnSO4 and 1 M imidazole. The integrase concentration was adjusted to 0.1 mg/mL in buffer A. The fusion protein was cleaved using thrombin and dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Ths-HCl (pH 8), 1 M NaCl, and 4 mM (3-mercaptoethanol. After removal of biotinylated thrombin by incubation with streptavidin-agarose magnetic beads (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), a second dialysis was performed for 2 h against 20 mM Ths-HCl (pH 8), 1 M NaCl, 4 mM mercaptoethanol, and 20% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Fractions were aliquoted and rapidly frozen at −80° C.
Nucleic Acid Substrates
Oligonucleotides U5B (5′-GTGTGGAAAATCTCTAGCAGT-3′), U5B-2 (5′-GTGTGGAAAATCTCTAGCA-3′), U5A (5′-ACTGCTAGAGATTTTCCACAC-3′) were purchased from Eurogentec (Liege, Belgium) and further purified on an 18% denaturing acrylamide/urea gel. For processing, strand transfer, 100 pmol of U5B, U5B-2, respectively, were radiolabeled using T4 polynucleotide kinase and 50 μCi of [γ-32P]ATP (3000 Ci/mmol). The T4 kinase was heat inactivated, and unincorporated nucleotides were removed using a Sephadex G-10 column (GE Healthcare). NaCl was added to a final concentration of 0.1 M, and complementary unlabeled strand USA was added to either U5B or U5B-2. The mixture was heated to 90° C. for 3 min, and the DNA was annealed by slow cooling.
3′ LTR Processing Assays
Processing reaction was performed using U5A-U5B, in buffer containing 20 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM DTT, and 10 mM MgCl2. The reaction was initiated by addition of substrate DNA (12.5 nM), IN 200 nM and the mixture was incubated for up to 2 h at 37° C. The reactions were stopped by phenol/chloroform extraction, and DNA products were precipitated with ethanol. The products were separated in TE containing 7 M urea and electrophoresed on an 18% denaturing acrylamide/urea gel. Gels were analyzed using a STORM Molecular Dynamics phosphorimager and quantified with Image Quant™ 4.1 software.
Strand Transfer Assays
Processing, strand transfer reactions were performed using U5A-U5B-2, in buffer containing 20 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM DTT, 1 OmM MgCl2. The reaction was initiated by addition of substrate DNA (12.5 nM), IN 200 nM and the mixture was incubated for up to 2 h at 37° C. The reaction was stopped by phenol/chloroform extraction, and DNA products were precipitated with ethanol. The products were separated in TE containing 7 M urea and electrophoresed on an 18% denaturing acrylamide/urea gel. Gels were analyzed using a STORM Molecular Dynamics phosphorimager and quantified with Image Quant™ 4.1 software.
2—Stability Assays
Two protocols were carried out:
2.1. Hepes Buffer 0.5M, pH 7.5. 16 μl of drug at 25 mM, in 8 ml of Hepes Buffer. Different time points were done, Oh, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h.
Stability of the compounds was performed in HEPES Buffer 0.5 M (pH 7.5) at 37 O, at a concentration of 50 μM. Compounds SQE94 and 79 were tested at a concentration of 25 μM to avoid parasite precipitation phenomena. Typically, stock solutions of compounds in DMSO (25 mM) were diluted in HEPES Buffer. Dilutions were stored at 37° C., protected from light. Sampling was done at different time points. Samples were analyzed on an UV-spectrophotometer using a wavelength scan between 200 and 700 nm. Superposition of UV-spectra gives the qualitative aspect of the stability of the drug. Based on the Beer-Lambert law, percentage of degradation of the drug over time was calculated, when placed at the maximum absorption wavelength. Results are summarized below:
These results show that the compounds of the disclosure show an improved compared to compound FZ41 of the prior art (WO 98/45269) which shows a poor stability.
2.2. The second stability assay consists in the assessment according to standard HPLC analysis protocols over 24 hrs in PEG400 and Vitamine E-TPGS/PEG 400 mixtures, by focusing on the evolution of the concentration and peak purity of the compound.
Compounds were dissolved in appropriate amounts of solvent and let under stirring protected from light for 24 hrs. Aliquots were transferred into eppendorfs and centrifuged at 10 000 g for 10 min. Supernatants were collected and appropriately diluted in DMSO/mobile phase mixtures before HPLC analysis. The Waters HPLC analysis system equipped with an ultraviolet detector and a Waters Symmetry Shield C18 column of 2.1 mm×50 mm (3.5 μM) was used. A mobile phase of water/acetic acid 0.1% (Solvant A): Acetonitrile/acetic acid 0.1% (solvent B) mixture or a water/trifluoroacetic acid 0.1% (Solvant A): Acetonitrile/trifluoroacetic acid 0.1% (solvent B) mixture in the case of compound FZ41 was pumped according to a binary gradient described below, at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min.
Results are summarized below:
Compound SQE94:
Compound FZ41 (WO98/45269):
The compounds of the disclosure, and more particularly compound SQE94, demonstrated high stability over 24 hrs at room temperature in several mixtures of excipients with less than 10% degradation, whereas FZ41 exhibited at least 10% degradation within only 3 hrs, as stated by the apparition of impurity peaks.
Moreover, the compounds and more particularly compound SQE94, exhibited very stable chemical profiles over 24 hrs at pH comprised between 1 and 7, whereas FZ41 degradated at rates reaching 50-60% within less than 24 hrs.
3—Antiviral & Viability Assays
Viability Assay
The cytotoxicity of compounds was evaluated using un-infected and infected Hel_a-P4 cell and CEM leukemia cells. CEM cell were obtained from the American Type Tissue Collection (Rockville, Md.).
A serial dilution of drugs is done to evaluate the cytotoxicity concentration and is identified by CC50 (concentration of drug which induces 50% of cytotoxicity)
The HeLa-P4 was cultured in the presence or absence of compounds for 2 days. After this time period, cells were cultivated with MTT for 3 hours, further the medium is removed. And the lysis buffer is incubated for 1 hour, followed by plate reading at 540 nm in a microplate reader.
Antiviral Activity Assay on Hela P4 Cells
The antiviral activity is determined by infecting HelaP4 cells with a wild type HIV-1 virus (NL 4.3 strains at 3 ng) on cells in presence or absence of drugs.
A serial dilution of drugs is done to evaluate the EC50. The effective concentration is the concentration of product at which virus replication is inhibited by 50 percent.
After 48 hours incubation, the quantification is done by the evaluation of β-Galactosidase produced by the infected Hela P4 cells. The viral activity is evaluated by colorimethc assay, CPRG, followed by plate reading at 570 nm with a reference of 690 nm. The CPRG test is a colorimetric assay which allows to quantity the β-galactosidase produced by HIV-1 infected indicator cells (the β-Gal gene being under the control of the HIV-1 LTR).
Antiviral Activity Assay CEM Cells
The activity is determined by infecting CEM cells with a wild type HIV-1 virus (NL 4.3 strains at 3 ng) on cells in presence or absence of drugs.
A serial dilution of drugs is done to evaluate the EC50.
The effective concentration is the concentration of product at which virus replication is inhibited by 50 percent.
After 48 hours incubation, the quantification is done by the evaluation of the viral protein p24 with a commercial Elisa Kit. P24 is a protein essential to the replication virus cycle. The quantification of this enzyme is proportional to the amount of virus produced by the infected cells.
A summary of results obtained in Biochemical activity, and Antiviral & viability assays is showed below:
As a comparative example, the following FZ41 compound representative for compounds disclosed in WO98/45269 was also tested, as shown below:
It is apparent from the results above that the compounds of the disclosure are more active than those of the prior art, in particular during the first step (3′ processing), and the second step (strand transfer step).
4—Cross-Resistance Assay
Antiviral products targeting the same protein (typically products of the same drug class) may develop mutations that lead to reduced susceptibility to one antiviral product and can result in decreased or loss of susceptibility to other antiviral products in the same drug class. This observation is referred to as cross-resistance. Cross-resistance is not necessarily reciprocal, so it is important to evaluate the activity of our new compounds on viruses containing mutations observed with other drugs of the anti-integrase class or reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) class. Mutant viruses which are Raltegravir & Elvitegravir resistant were constructed on the NL43 backbone.
Mutants viruses were as followed, where the first letter corresponds to the wild type amino acid, the number corresponds to the position of the amino acid in the integrase sequence and the second letter corresponds to the mutated amino acid.
NL4.3 E92Q,
NL4.3 G140S,
NL4.3 Q148H,
NL4.3 N155H,
NL4.3 E92Q+N155H,
NL4.3 G140S/Q148H.
Resistant mutant viruses of RTI are known and include K103N, Y178L, Y181C, G190A, V108I/Q151M, K103N/G190A, K103N/Y188C, K103N/Y181C, M41L/T215Y/K103N, M41L/T215Y/Y181C, M41 L/T215Y/M184V.
The assay to evaluate the activity against resistant viral strains is the same that antiviral assay. Instead of using a Wild-type virus, the virus studied contains mutations. The results are presented as a fold change corresponding to the ratio between the IC50 obtained for the mutant virus and the IC50 obtained for the wild type virus. More the virus is resistant to the compound more the fold change is elevated. If the mutation has no impact on the activity of the drug, the fold change is around 1.
The results obtained with the SQE94 compound of the disclosure on INSTIs mutants are illustrated on
The results obtained with the SQE94 compound of the disclosure on RTIs mutants, compared to common RTIs are illustrated on
5—Synergism with Other Anti-Viral Compounds
A combination manifests therapeutic synergy if it is therapeutically superior to the addition of the therapeutic effects of the independent constituents. The efficacy of a combination may be demonstrated by comparing the IC50 values of the combination with the IC50 values of each of the separate constituents in the study in question. This efficacy may be readily determined by the one skilled in the art. From the IC50 values, a combination index (Cl) may be calculated, for instance using the computer program CalcuSyn software from Biosoft, for inhibition efficiencies of 50%, 75% or 90%. The program CalcuSyn performs multiple drug dose-effect calculations using the Median Effect methods described by Chou et al Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 4:450-454, 1983 and Chou et al Enzyme Regul. 22, 27-55, 198″, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The combination index (CI) equation is based on the multiple dose effect equation of Chou et al derived from enzyme kinetics model. The synergism is defined as a more than expected additive effect and antagonism as a less than expected additive effect. Chou et al proposed the designation of CI=1 as the additive effect. Thus from the multiple drugs effect equation of two drugs, for mutually non exclusive drugs that have totally independent modes of action, CI is calculated as follows:
CI=[(D1)/(Dx1)]+[(D2)/(Dx2)]+[(D1D2)/(Dx1Dx2)]
In the equation, (D1) and (D2) are the concentrations of drug 1 and 2, respectively, for which x % of inhibition is obeyed in the drug combination. (Dx1) and (Dx2) are the concentrations of drug 1 and 2 respectively for which x % of inhibition is obeyed for drugs alone.
CI<1, =1 and >1 respectively indicates synergism, additive effect and antagonism.
Compounds of the Disclosure (SQE94) Show Synergism with INSTI:
Synergistic interactions between compounds of the disclosure (SQE94) and INSTI (Raltegravir or RGV) were investigated using a NL43 HIV-1 laboratory strain replication assay. Virus infectivity in the presence of inhibitors was monitored with HelaCD4+β-Gal indicator cells (P4 cells). Inhibition by combination of SQE94 and INSTI was evaluated at two fixed molar SQE94/INSTI ratios: (i) 100:1 when the combination is tested on wild type virus and (ii) 6:1 when the combination is tested on INSTI resistant virus.
Interactions were calculated by the multiple drug effect equation of Chou et al 1983 and 1984 (supra) based on the median effect principle, using CalcuSyn® software (Biosoft, UK). Efficacy of drug combination was given by the combination index for the inhibition efficiencies of 50%, 75% and 90%. At a given effective dose, drugs were classically considered synergistic when the combination index was <1 and antagonistic when combination index was >1.
Material and Methods
Step 1: Preparation of HeLa P4 Cells in a 96 Flat Bottom Well Plate
Two days before the test, 4000 HeLa P4 cells per well are seeded in 100 μl of 10% FBS DMEM supplemented with 100 UI/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 0.5 mg/ml geneticin (G418).
One plate is used for the 2 drugs alone. Half a plate is used for the combination between the two drugs. The cytotoxicity of the drugs alone and the combination is tested by MTT assay.
Step 2: Drug Dilution
The dilutions tested for the “Wild type” virus are as follows:
16IC50→8IC50→4IC50→2IC50→1IC50→IC50/2→IC50/4→IC50/8→IC50/16→IC50/32
Drugs Alone:
Combination SQE94+RGV:
The dilutions tested for the “INSTI's Mutants” virus are as follows:
60IC50→20IC50→6.7IC50→2.2IC50→0.74IC50→0.25IC50→0.08IC50→0.03IC50→0.009IC50→0.03IC50
Drugs Alone:
Combination SQE94+RGV:
Combination Index for the Combination SQE94+RGV:
The combinations of the compounds of the disclosure with an INSTI show synergism on wild type viruses and INSTI resistant viruses.
6-Formulations of the compounds of the disclosure
Quinoline derivatives may present a low solubility in aqueous buffers at pH 5, 6 and 7. Two formulations were identified to solve this drawback:
Formulation A: Tween 80/Labrafac® Lipophile/DMSO:65/25/10
Formulation B: Tween 80/Labrafil® M1944 CS/DMSO:65/25/10
Labrafil® and Labrafac® are solubility enhancers; Labrafil® M1944 CS comprises Oleoyl Macrogolglycerides (Polyoxylglycehdes) and Labrafac® Lipophile is a mixture of Medium Chain Triglycerides.
Tween 80, Labrafac™ Lipophile WL 1349 and Labrafil M1944 CS are purchased from Gattefosse (France).
Solubility of Compound SQE94 in pH-Buffers and Formulations
Solubility of compound SQE94 was determined in pH-buffers at pH values of 5, 6 and 7. 10 mg of SQE94 are added to 10 ml of each pH-buffer. Each solution is stirred at room temperature, away from light, for 24 h, then centrifugated. The amount of dissolved compound is determined by HPLC analysis.
Solubility of compound SQE94 was determined in formulation A and B. 50 mg of product is dissolved in 5 mL of formulation and stirred at 370 for 24 h, then centrifugated. The amount of dissolved compound is determined by HPLC analysis.
Dilution of Formulated Compound in pH-Buffers at pH 5, 6 and 7.
Formulated compound SQE94 (in formulation A or B) is diluted 1/10e with 370 pH-buffers (pH 5, 6 and 7). Samples are immediately collected and centrifuged. The amount of dissolved compound is determined by HPLC analysis.
Material:
Formulation A and B enable to increase the solubility of compound SQE94 at pH 5, 6 and 7 by at least a 80-fold. These pHs mimic the pH within the intestinal tractus, where the maximum of absorption of a drug takes place. Results are summarized in following table:
Formulations A and B show good solubility, suitable to oral formulation of quinoline derivatives of the disclosure.
Further tests were conducted on the compounds of the disclosure, including Log D determination, and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME). These tests confirmed the drug candidate profile of quinoline derivatives of the disclosure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08161000.8 | Jul 2008 | EP | regional |
| 09305237.1 | Mar 2009 | EP | regional |
This application is a National Phase of International Application PCT/EP2009/059494, filed on Jul. 23, 2009, which claims priority to European Patent Application 08161000.8 filed on Jul. 23, 2008, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/269,241 filed on Nov. 12, 2008, and European Patent Application 09305237.1 filed on Mar. 13, 2009, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/059494 | 7/23/2009 | WO | 00 | 5/10/2011 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12269241 | Nov 2008 | US |
| Child | 13055703 | US |
