Patent Application
20150096434
1. Field of Invention
The present disclosure relates in general to a device for perforating a wellbore. More specifically, the present invention relates to a liner for a shaped charge having a liner inserted into a case, where a gap exists between the respective outer and inner diameters of the liner and case.
2. Description of Prior Art
Perforating systems are used for the purpose, among others, of making hydraulic communication passages, called perforations, in wellbores drilled through earth formations so that predetermined zones of the earth formations can be hydraulically connected to the wellbore. Perforations are needed because wellbores are typically lined with a string of casing and cement is generally pumped into the annular space between the wellbore wall and the casing. Reasons for cementing the casing against the wellbore wall includes retaining the casing in the wellbore and hydraulically isolating various earth formations penetrated by the wellbore. Sometimes an inner casing string is included that is circumscribed by the casing. Without the perforations oil/gas from the formation surrounding the wellbore cannot make its way to production tubing inserted into the wellbore within the casing.
Perforating systems typically include one or more perforating guns connected together in series to form a perforating gun string, which can sometimes surpass a thousand feet of perforating length. The gun strings are usually lowered into a wellbore on a wireline or tubing, where the individual perforating guns are generally coupled together by connector subs. Included with the perforating gun are shaped charges that typically include a housing, a liner, and a quantity of high explosive inserted between the liner and the housing. When the high explosive is detonated, the force of the detonation collapses the liner and ejects it from one end of the charge at very high velocity in a pattern called a jet that perforates the casing and the cement and creates a perforation that extends into the surrounding formation. Each shaped charge is typically attached to a detonation cord that runs axially within each of the guns.
Provided herein are embodiments for perforating a wellbore. In one example, a shaped charge for use in perforating a wellbore is described that includes a case having an opening, a liner inserted into a space in the case and having an open end and an apex, explosive disposed between the liner and case, a hole in the apex of the liner, and a gap between an outer diameter of the open end of the liner and inner diameter of the opening in the case. The hole can optionally have a diameter that ranges from about 10% to about 82% of an axial length of the liner. Optionally, an outer diameter of the open end of the liner ranges from about 60% to about 75% of an inner diameter of the opening of the case. In an example, the hole ranges from about 7% of the liner outer diameter to about 60% of the liner outer diameter. The shaped charge can be selectively retained within a gun tube by a coupling that is provided with the case. In an alternate embodiment, the shaped charge is selectively disposed in the wellbore within a perforating string. The shaped charge can further include a slot on an end of the case opposite the opening that selectively receives a detonating cord, and an initiator in a passage formed through the case between the detonating cord and the explosive. A protective covering may optionally be included in the gap and over the explosive.
Also disclosed herein is a shaped charge for use in perforating a wellbore that includes a case having an opening, a liner in the case, explosive between the liner and case, and a gap defined an outer diameter of the open end of the liner and inner diameter of the opening in the case, and having a diameter that ranges from about 60% to about 75% of the inner diameter of the opening in the case. A hole may be included in in an apex of the liner. In this example, the hole has a diameter that ranges from about 29% to about 82% of a length of the liner. The case can be fitted with a coupling to selectively mount the shaped charge in a perforating string, and the perforating string can be disposed in the wellbore. Further in this example, detonating the explosive causes the liner to form a metal jet that penetrates into a formation adjacent the wellbore to form a perforation.
A method of perforating a wellbore is also provided herein that includes providing a shaped charge made up of a case having an opening, a liner inserted in the opening that comprises an apex, a hole in the apex, and an open end with an outer diameter spaced radially inward from an inner diameter of the opening to define an annular gap, and explosive between the liner and the case. The method further includes installing the shaped charge in a perforating gun, deploying the perforating gun in the wellbore, and detonating the explosive so that a detonation wave is generated that collapses the liner to form a metal jet that penetrates into a wall of the wellbore and perforates the formation. In an example of the method, the outer diameter of the liner ranges from about 60% to about 75% of the inner diameter of the opening. In another embodiment of the method, the hole ranges from about 15% of the liner outer diameter to about 44% of the liner outer diameter. The perforating gun of the example method can be a part of a perforating string that is deployed on a line, and wherein a detonating signal is transmitted from surface through the line and to perforating gun. Further optionally in the method, the shaped charge is mounted into a gun tube that is inserted in the perforating gun.
Some of the features and benefits of the present invention having been stated, others will become apparent as the description proceeds when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
While the invention will be described in connection with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The method and system of the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which embodiments are shown. The method and system of the present disclosure may be in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey its scope to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
It is to be further understood that the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the exact details of construction, operation, exact materials, or embodiments shown and described, as modifications and equivalents will be apparent to one skilled in the art. In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed illustrative embodiments and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purpose of limitation. Examples exist wherein the term “about” when used in conjunction with a cited value, defines the scope of the cited value to range from a value that is less than the cited value by an amount that is 5% of the cited value, and/or greater than the cited value by an amount that is 5% of the cited value. Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range.
Shown in side sectional view is one example of a shaped charge 10 that is made up of a shaped charge case 12 and having an opening 13 on one end that opens up into a space within the case 12. A thin walled liner 14 shown inserted into the opening 13 and having an apex A directed towards a closed end of the space within the case 12. An open end 15 of liner 14, which is opposite apex A, is a plane that is generally parallel with a plane in which the opening 13 is disposed. The liner can be formed from a composition of particles pressed and held together with a ductile or malleable binder. A non-exhaustive list of particle material includes tungsten, molybdenum, depleted uranium, hafnium, copper, bismuth, tantalum, and combinations thereof. A non-exhaustive list of binder materials includes bismuth, zinc, tin, uranium, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, copper, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, copper, tungsten, palladium, and combinations thereof.
An explosive 16 is shown provided in the space within the case 12 and between an outer surface of the liner 14 and inner surface of space. Examples of explosives include compositions sold under trade designations HMX, HNS, RDX, HNIW, PYX and TNAZ. A hole 18 is shown formed through the liner 14 and proximate apex A. Example holes 18 can have a shape that is curved, circular, elliptical, and alike. A protective covering 20 is shown over the portion of the explosive 16 exposed to hole 18. In the example of
A detonating cord 24 is shown for providing detonation of explosive 16 within case 12 where a booster charge 26 is shown extending through the end of the case 12 and from the closed end of space and to adjacent the detonation cord 24. A slot 25 is formed in the end of the case 12 opposite its opening 13 and provides a place for insertion and retention of the detonation cord 24.
In the example of
Shown in
Referring now to
The present invention described herein, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as others inherent therein. While a presently preferred embodiment of the invention has been given for purposes of disclosure, numerous changes exist in the details of procedures for accomplishing the desired results. These and other similar modifications will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and are intended to be encompassed within the spirit of the present invention disclosed herein and the scope of the appended claims.
