Sub-micron high input voltage tolerant input output (I/O) circuit

Abstract

A method of providing bias voltages for input output connections on low voltage integrated circuits. As integrated circuit voltages drop generally so does the external voltages that those circuits can handle. By placing input and output devices, in series, external voltages can be divided between the devices thereby reducing junction voltages seen by internal devices. By using external voltages as part of a biasing scheme for integrated circuit devices, stress created by the differential between external voltages and internal voltages can be minimized. Additionally device wells can be biased so that they are at a potential that is dependent on the external voltages seen by the low voltage integrated circuit.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to integrated circuits (ICs), such as interface circuits, that are designed having reduced feature sizes, for example, 0.13 μm. More particularly, the invention relates to ICs that include interfaces (such as input/output (I/O) circuits) that are capable of interfacing with comparatively high-voltage signals from other sources, for example a 3.3 volt IC interfacing with signals from a 5 volt IC, or any other disparate ranges. Moreover, the invention relates to integrated circuits in which the semiconductor devices are biased such that the stress across the gate-oxides and junctions, as well as the leakage currents, are maintained at tolerable levels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The trend in CMOS-based processing technology is to produce integrated circuit (IC) cores having a higher density of semiconductor devices, such as transistors, and faster clock rates than their predecessors. I/O circuits, which electrically couple an IC core to external components, are accessed through I/O circuit pads that surround the IC core. The IC core and the I/O circuit pads are generally fabricated from the same processing technology. There is however no requirement that they comprise the same technology and hybrid circuits are known in the art. The inventive concepts herein are applicable to a variety of fabrication technologies.

[0005] The performance of the IC cores may generally be improved by shrinking the feature sizes of the semiconductor devices, for example field-effect transistors (FETs). Unfortunately, reducing the IC feature sizes may proportionally decrease the maximum operating voltage that the semiconductor devices within the IC can withstand. For example, an I/O circuit pad, fabricated from a CMOS process having 0.30 micron features, typically withstands a maximum operating voltage of about 3.6 volts. In such a case the maximum operating voltage of the I/O circuit pad is insufficient to drive the external components which have a higher voltage requirement, such as 5 volts. Furthermore, if the IC is interfaced with a greater than the maximum operating voltage, the IC may fail.

[0006] One way to attempt to resolve such requirements of circuits with mismatched voltage requirements is to increase the robustness of the fabrication process, for example by increasing the thickness of the gate-oxide layer of the semiconductor devices which comprise the IC circuitry. A thick gate-oxide layer may provide semiconductor devices, such as FETs, with the ability to support a higher voltage requirement. However, this voltage robustness is commonly accompanied by a decreases the performance of the IC, because the thick gate-oxide layer reduces the overall gain of the devices which comprise the IC. Reducing the gain minimizes the benefit which occurs by reducing the feature size.

[0007] Other attempts have included increasing the complexity of the CMOS fabrication process so there are multiple sets of devices where each set meets different voltage requirements. Each set of devices requires a different gate-oxide. Each additional gate-oxide requires a separate mask. The resulting hybrid process may significantly increase the manufacturing costs of the IC.

[0008] One way to avoid the drawbacks of the aforementioned processing-based solutions is to use a “level-shift” chip as an external component. The IC core and the I/O circuits are fabricated from the same process. The “level-shift chip” may be fabricated from a process that supports the discrete voltage requirement by stepping up the core output signals to support the discrete voltage range and stepping down the external drive signals to support the IC core voltage range. Such a level-shift chip can be a waste of much needed space on a crowded printed circuit board and may degrade performance.

[0009] An I/O circuit that transforms voltages between different voltage levels without degrading the overall performance of the integrated circuit and maximizing use of space on the printed circuit board or multi-chip substrate may be beneficial. It would be a further benefit if such an I/O circuit could use voltages presented at the I/O circuit in order to provide such protective biasing.

[0010] Commonly an I/O power supply may vary +/−10% and may vary significantly more during transient conditions. When the I/O power supply varies, circuits may have higher stress on the gate-oxides of the devices in the I/O circuit, such stresses may not be desirable in many process technologies. It may be desirable to provide bias voltages to various devices in the I/O circuit such that the device gate-oxide is protected from high-voltages under various conditions of operation even when the power-supply voltage varies by a large amount.

[0011] Embodiments of the present invention may be optimized, for example where 5 volt input tolerance is required, even when the power supplies are varying in steady state by +/−10%.

[0012] Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in an optimized form for I/O circuits where a 5 volt+/−10% input tolerance is required for normal operating range. Additionally the inventive concepts herein are described in terms of CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) integrated circuits. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the fact that techniques described with respect to CMOS ICs are readily applicable to any circuits having disparate power supply and/or drive signal requirements for different portions of the circuitry. The CMOS example chosen is one likely to be familiar to those skilled in the art. There is, however, no intent to limit the inventive concepts to CMOS ICs as the techniques are equally applicable to a wide variety of integrated circuit fabrication techniques.

SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0013] An exemplary embodiment of the invention includes an integrated circuit having a four device input output circuit in a push pull configuration. Two of the devices, termed upper devices, comprise PMOS (P-Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) devices and two of the devices, termed lower devices, comprise NMOS (N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) devices. The devices are biased to eliminate hazardous voltages across device junctions and to reduce the magnitude of the voltage being passed on to the core circuitry. The biases are derived from the input output state of the circuit and the voltage presented to the I/O circuit connection (VPAD) Additionally PMOS device well bias voltage may be developed based on VPAD.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a description of the following figures, in which like numbers refer to similar items throughout.

[0015] FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of an exemplary environment in which embodiments of the invention may be utilized.

[0016] FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration of a prior art input output circuit and connection.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a schematic of a portion of a CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) input output circuit in which single push pull output devices, as illustrated in FIG. 2, have been replaced by two devices each.

[0018] FIG. 4 is input output circuit, including a well biasing circuit, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0019] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the relationship between well voltage and pad voltage for the input (or a tristate) mode, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0020] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of I/O circuitry biasing according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of a bias voltage (VGP1) as a function of pad voltage (VPAD), according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0022] FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of a portion of a circuit configuration used to provide the pad voltage to the core circuitry, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram of the generation of Bias_Mid voltage, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 9B is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment for the generation of Bias_Mid voltage, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 9C is a schematic diagram of yet another alternative embodiment for generation of Bias_Mid voltage, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0026] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary well biasing circuit, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0027] FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram of a circuit used to generate VGP1.

[0028] FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram illustration of the generation of VDDO−VTP depicted in FIG. 11A.

[0029] FIG. 11C is a graph illustrating the relationship between Bias_Mid and VPAD according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 11D is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary illustration of a transistor implementation of block 901.

[0031] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a circuit that may be used to prevent power on stress of devices, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 13 is a circuit and block diagram of a portion of an over voltage protection circuit.

[0033] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modification of FIG. 9A.

[0034] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a transistor implementation of block 1401.

[0035] FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a transistor implementation of FIG. 14.

[0036] FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a circuit that may be used to prevent stress on devices when voltage spikes appear at an I/O pad.

[0037] FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a circuit including several previously illustrated embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0038] FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of an exemplary environment in which embodiments of the invention may be utilized. In FIG. 1 a personal computer system is represented generally at 101. Within the computer system is circuit board 103 on which a CPU integrated circuit chip 105 is mounted. The CPU is a type which uses 3.3 volts as its supply voltage. A keyboard interface integrated circuit chip 107 is also mounted on circuit board 103. The keyboard interface integrated circuit uses a supply voltage of 5.0 volts. The CPU 105 is coupled to the Keyboard chip 107. The CPU 105 may be of a type which contains integrated devices that may be damaged by interfacing with a device having a higher supply voltage. Because of the disparity in supply voltages that may exist in such situations an output circuit which can compensate for the higher interface voltages may be useful.

[0039] FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration of a prior art input output circuit and connection. A common input output circuit comprises a pull up device, such as PMOS (P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) device 215 and a pull down device, such as NMOS (N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) device 217, such as illustrated in FIG. 2. Devices 215 and 217 are coupled together at an input/output (I/O) pad 219. The substrate for the NMOS device is commonly coupled to ground potential, e.g. as shown at 221. The substrate for the NMOS device is typically a substrate which is common for the entire integrated circuit chip on which it resides. PMOS devices are commonly fabricated in their own isolated well.

[0040] In deep submicron fabrication, the component integrated devices can tolerate only limited differential voltages across their junctions. Commonly the voltage which can be tolerated across the junctions is on the order of 2.5 Volts.

[0041] In the Illustration of FIG. #2 pad 219 interfaces to a 5 volt circuit, and hence the pad may commonly see voltages in the neighborhood of 5.5 volts. A 5 volt signal applied to pad 219 may stress devices within the chip 105. For example if gate 205 of device 217 is at a zero volt potential then the voltage across the 205-203 gate-oxide can exceed 5 volts, thereby stressing device 217. For this reason more than one device may be used to divide the voltages in pull up and pull down I/O circuits.

[0042] FIG. 3 is a schematic of a portion of a MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) input output circuit in which each push pull output device illustrated in FIG. 2 has been replaced by two devices. That is output device 215 has been replaced by devices 301 and 303 and device 217 has been replaced by devices 305 and 307. By replacing devices 215 and 217 by two devices each, the output voltage appearing at pad 309 may be safely divided over the two upper (301 and 303) and the two lower (305 and 307) I/O devices. The middle NMOS device 303 and the middle PMOS device 305 have their gates biased to intermediate potentials to avoid excessive voltages under various I/O pad, 309, voltages.

[0043] FIG. 4 is input output circuit 404, including a well biasing circuit, according to an embodiment of the invention. Devices 301 and 303 are fabricated in wells, illustrated schematically as 400 and 402, which are essentially at a floating potential. Because devices in wells at floating potential can have problems, such as device latch up, wells may commonly be coupled to a known bias voltage. The wells of devices 301 and 303 are coupled to the highest circuit potential available using well biasing circuit 401. The inputs to the well biasing circuit are the pad voltage present on input output pad 309, VDDO and voltage VGP1 which are illustrated in FIG. 7.

[0044] During the operation of input output circuit 404. in an output mode (when pad 309 is in an output driving mode), wells 400 and 402 are coupled to VDDO. When the pad 309 is in an input mode, the well voltage depends upon the pad voltage. In the output enable mode VWell=VDDO.

[0045] When input output circuit 404 is in an input mode (when pad 309 is in an input mode), Vwell depends on both the input (Pad) voltage VPAD and VDDO. If VPAD is less than VDDO when input output circuit 404 in the input mode then Vwell=VDDO If VPAD is greater than VDDO then Vwell=VPAD. A graph of this relationship is illustrated in FIG. 5.

[0046] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the relationship between well voltage and pad voltage for the I/O circuit in an input (or a tristate) condition. As can be seen from the graph, if the pad voltage is less than VDDO then the well voltage is equal to VDDO. If the pad voltage is greater than VDDO then the well voltage is equal to the pad voltage. The well bias can thereby be changed according to changing circuit conditions.

[0047] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of I/O circuitry 600 biasing according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0048] When I/O circuitry 600 is in the input mode, first bias circuit 407 ties gate 403 of device 301 to VDDO. In the output mode device 301 is controlled by an input from first bias circuit 407 according to whether a high or low value is being output on the pad 309.

[0049] In the input mode second bias circuit 405 provides gate voltage VGP1 to the gate of output device 303. The gate voltage VGP1 provided to the gate of output device 303 varies from an intermediate power supply voltage, such as VDDC being equal to 1.2 volts, and the pad voltage presented to the circuit at input output pad 309. Such biasing prevents device 303 from being damaged due to a voltage potential across its junctions.

[0050] FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of VGP1 bias voltage as a function of pad voltage (VPAD). If VPAD is less than VDDO then VGP1 provided to the gate of output device 303 is equal to the intermediate supply voltage VDDC. If VPAD is greater than VDDO then VGP1 provided to the gate of output device 303 is equal to VPAD. In such a manner the voltage between the gate of device 303 and pad 309 can be kept in a safe range to prevent damage to the junction.

[0051] To summarize the operation of the circuit of FIG. 6, when the circuit 600 is in an output mode: The well biasing circuit 401 ties the wells of devices 301 and 303 to VDDO. The gate of the lower PMOS device 307 is tied to an intermediate voltage, such as VDDC=1.2 Volts. The gate of upper NMOS device 305 is tied to an intermediate voltage, such as VDDP=2.5 Volts.

[0052] When the circuit 600 is in not in output mode, that is in the tri-state or input mode then upper PMOS device 301 and lower NMOS device 307 are turned off and devices 303 and 305 are turned on to divide the voltages of the output circuit.

[0053] The gate voltage of the upper NMOS device 305 is controlled by third bias circuit 409. Third bias circuit 409, when in an input or tristate mode, will increase the base voltage when the pad voltage increases beyond a certain threshold, for example VDDP equal to 2.5 Volts.

[0054] Fourth bias circuit 411 works in a similar fashion to first bias circuit 407. Both bias circuits 407 and 411 work in a digital mode, either providing a first or second voltage depending on the required I/O pad 309 output voltage. In a first mode of operation first bias circuit 407 switches between a first voltage VDDO and a second lower voltage VDDC. Gate bias circuit 411 switches between providing VDDP and ground potential to the gate of device 307.

[0055] FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of a circuit configuration used to provide the pad voltage to the core circuitry. The VPAD input is coupled to the core circuitry 803 through an NMOS device 801. The gate of NMOS device 801 accepts Bias_Mid as its control voltage. Such an arrangement protects the gate source voltage of device 801 and also prevents large voltages from the input from bing coupled into the core circuitry when it is in the input, (tristate) or output conditions.

[0056] One facet of the I/O system comprising devices 301, 303, 305 and 307 is that any number of such devices may be added in parallel, in order to provide any level of drive signals needed.

[0057] FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram illustrating how Bias_Mid voltage is generated. Block 901 is a switching circuit that switches its Bias—1 output between voltages VDDO (3.3 Volts nominally in the present embodiment) and VDDC (1.2 Volts nominally in the present embodiment). Device 905 is a PMOS device as are devices 907 and 909. Device 907 turns on when the output is enabled or the VPAD is low. When device 907 is turned on, Bias_Mid is coupled to VDDP. When output is not enabled i.e. the pad is in the tri-state (input only) mode and VPAD is high, then Bias—1 is equal to VDDO and device 905 charges point 911 to Bias—1 minus VTP, where VTP is the threshold of device 905, and accordingly is the voltage dropped across device 905. If Bias_Mid is greater than the sum of VDDP and VTP, then device 909 will drain current from node 911 such that the sum of VDDP plus VTP is the maximum value for Bias_Mid. Bias_Mid is always between (VDDP+VTP) and (VDDO−VTP), whether (VDDP+VTP) or (VDDO−VTP) is larger. A typical value of the threshold voltage VTP is 0.5 volts. The actual value of Bias_Mid will be determined by the relative sizes of devices 907 and 909.

[0058] FIG. 9B is a schematic diagram of an alternate embodiment illustrating how Bias_Mid voltage is generated in an alternate embodiment. Block 901 is a switching circuit that switches its Bias—1 output between voltages VDDO (3.3 Volts nominally in the present embodiment) and VDDC (1.2 Volts nominally in the present embodiment). Device 905 is a PMOS device as is device 907. Device 909B is a NMOS device. Device 907 turns on when the output is enabled or the VPAD is low. When device 907 is turned on, Bias_Mid is coupled to VDDP. When output is not enabled i.e. the pad is in the tri-state (input only) mode and during this time when VPAD is high, then Bias—1 is equal to VDDO and device 905 charges point 911 to Bias—1 minus VTP, where VTP is the threshold of device 905, and accordingly is the voltage dropped across device 905. If Bias_Mid is greater than the sum of (VDDP+VTP) then device 909b will drain current from node 911 such that (VDDP+VTP) is the maximum value for Bias_Mid. Bias_Mid is always between (VDDP+VTN) and (VDDO−VTP), whether (VDDP+VTN) or (VDDO−VTP) is larger. A typical voltage value for the threshold voltage VTP is 0.5 volts. The actual value of Bias_Mid will be determined by the relative sizes of devices 907 and 909b.

[0059] FIG. 9C is a schematic diagram of yet another alternate embodiment for generation of Bias_Mid voltage. In this circuit Bias_Mid is always less than (VDDP+VTP) and greater than (VDDO−VTN).

[0060] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary well biasing circuit, according to an embodiment of the invention. Device 1001, when turned on, couples the I/O pad 309 to the well 1005. Device 1003, when turned on, couples VDDO to the well 1005. When VPAD is less than VDDO the gate source of device 1001 is less than the threshold voltage of device 1001, and device 1001 is turned off. When VGP1 is low (e.g. 1.2 Volts) then device 1003 conducts, thereby tying the well 1005 to VDDO. When VPAD is equal to VDDO or greater then device 1001 will begin to turn on, thereby coupling the well 1005 to VPAD.

[0061] FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram of a circuit used to generate VGP1. Bias—1 switches between VDDO (3.3 volts) and VDDC (1.2 volts). Device 1101 couples Bias—1 to VGP1, When bias—1 is 3.3 volts device 1101 is off and when bias—1 is 1.2 Volts then VGP1 is tied to 1.2 Volts. When the VPAD at 309 is greater than VDDO device 1103 begins to conduct, because the gate of device 1103 is tied to (VDDO−VTP), and VGP1 is thereby coupled to VPAD.

[0062] FIG. 11B shows a circuit which may be used to generate (VDDO−VTP). The strong upper PMOS device charges the node 1150 to (VDDO−VTP). In addition to the problems that may be caused when a lower supply voltage chip is interfaced with a higher voltage chip “power on stress” problems, which may be caused when circuitry is turned on and the supplies that provide protective biases are not yet up to their full voltage, may exist. In such a case a voltage present at an I/O pad may stress devices which are coupled to that I/O pad.

[0063] FIG. 11C is a graph illustrating the relationship between Bias_Mid and VPAD. Bias_Mid is set at 2.5 volts, and remains at 2.5 volts until VPAD increases beyond 2.5 volts. Thereafter Bias_Mid tracks increases with VPAD and becomes equal to a higher voltage when VPAD increases beyond a certain value.

[0064] FIG. 11D is a schematic diagram depicting an exemplary illustration of a transistor implementation of block 901.

[0065] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a circuit that may be used to prevent power on stress of devices, according to an embodiment of the invention. The circuit illustrated in FIG. 12 may be used to generate the Bias_Mid voltage when VDDO is not up to its nominal value. If Bias_Mid is present then devices 305 and 307, shown in FIG. 8, will be protected from junction over voltage problems even though the voltages, which ordinarily would be used to generate Bias_Mid as explained in FIG. 9, are not present.

[0066] In FIG. 12 devices 1201, 1203, and 1205 are arranged as a series of diode coupled transistors such that a threshold voltage VTP (in the present example equal to approximately 0.5 volts) is dropped across each device when it is conducting. When device 1207 is conducting, the pad voltage, minus the threshold voltage of devices 1201, 1203, 1205 and 1207, is coupled to Bias_Mid. Device 1207, in essence, acts as a switch.

[0067] As an example, assume that VDDO is initially zero volts. Zero volts at the gate of device 1209 turns it on. In such case point 1211 charges to a potential close to the pad voltage, since device 1213 is off. Point 1211 is coupled to the gate of device 1214 thereby turning device 1214 off. Since VDDO is zero volts, PMOS device 1219 turns on, which leads the gate of device 1207 being coupled to Bias_Mid. This leads to coupling the pad voltage, minus the threshold voltage of devices 1201, 1203, 1205 and 1207 to Bias_Mid. When VDDO is low, device 1215 provides a current leakage path for Bias_Mid to VDDC or VDDP. When VDDO is low, string 1217 turns on and the pad voltage is coupled to Bias_Mid. Devices 1220, 1221, 1223 and 1225 act as protection for device 1209 in the instance where the VPAD is high and VDDO is low.

[0068] When VDDO is high, point 1211 is tied to Bias_Mid because device 1213 turns on. When VDDO is high, device 1219 is turned off and device 1213 is turned on, thus raising the potential at the base of device 1207 to VPAD, thereby turning device 1207 off. Also device 1215 turns off when VDDO is high.

[0069] FIG. 13 is a circuit and block diagram of a portion of an over voltage protection circuit. Device 1001 provides a protection mechanism for the well bias. If VDDO is lower than the pad voltage by VTP or more then device 1001 will turn on. If device 1001 turns on then the well is coupled, via device 1001, to the pad, and hence the well will be biased to VPAD.

[0070] Similarly device 1301 is coupled between the pad and P_Gate, the gate of PMOS device 303 shown in FIG. 6. The gate of device 1301 is biased so that when VDDO is lower than the pad voltage by VTP or more, then device 1301 will turn on and couple P_Gate to the pad voltage, therefore if VDDO is low then P_Gate will not depend on VDDO for it's voltage level and instead will take the voltage level from the voltage on the pad.

[0071] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modification of FIG. 9. In FIG. 14 block 901 is decoupled from the Bias_Mid signal when VDDO is lower than its nominal value. The decoupling is done by using block 1401. When VDDO is not up to its nominal value, the node V_pwr is decoupled from VDDP by using block 1401 as a switch. When VDDO is up to its nominal value, the node V_pwr is coupled to VDDP by using block 1401.

[0072] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a transistor implementation of block 1401. When VDDO is greater than a certain value, NMOS 1507 is turned on thereby connecting the gate of PMOS 1505 to VDDC. Connecting the gate of PMOS 1505 to VDDC turns on 1505 thereby connecting V_pwr to VDDP When VDDO is less than a certain value, NMOS 1507 is turned off and PMOS 1506 is turned on thereby connecting the gate of PMOS 1505 to Bias_Mid, thereby turning off PMOS 1505 and disconnecting V_pwr from VDDP.

[0073] FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a transistor implementation of the circuitry illustrated in FIG. 14.

[0074] FIG. 17 is a schematic diargam of a circuit that may be used to prevent stress on devices when voltage spikes appear at an I/O pad. When transient voltages appear, the Bias_Mid voltage changes momentarily due to the gate to drain overlap capicitance (Cgd) of the driver NMOS. A capacitance (Cbm) is placed at the bias_mid node such that the transient voltage at the pad (V_pad, transient) gets divided between Cgd and Cbm depending on the ratio of the capacitances which gives the additional transient voltage on bias mid(V_bm, transient):

ΔV_bm, transient=(Cgd/(Cgd+Cbm)*ΔV_pad, transient.

[0075] Also, when transient voltages appear, the voltage VGP1 on PMOS 207 gate changes momentarily due to the gate to drain overlap capicitance (Cgdp) of the driver PMOS. A capacitance (Cgp) is placed at the PMOS 207 gate node such that the transient voltage at the pad (V_pad, transient) gets divided between Cgdp and Cgp depending on the ratio of the capacitances which gives the additional transient voltage on PMOS 207 gate (VGP1+transient):

Δ(VGP1+transient)=(Cgdp/(Cgdp+Cgp))*Δ(V_pad, transient)

[0076] FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a circuit including several previously illustrated embodiments of the invention. The transistors illustrated in FIG. 18 are all 2.5 volt devices. The maximum output pad voltage is 3.6 volts and the maximum input voltage is 5.5 volts. The typical values of power supplies are VDDO=3.3 volts, VDDP=2.5 volts, VDDC=1.2 volts, VSSC=0 volts and VSSO=0 volts. The operation of the circuit of FIG. 18 under various operating conditions is summarized below.

[0077] When the I/O pad 309 is in an output enabled mode (i.e. OE is high) the maximum pad voltage is VDDO. VGP1 at the gate of PMOS device 303 is coupled to VDDC through NMOS transistors 1101 and 1801 and accordingly PMOS device 303 is turned on. Block 901 generates an output Bias_1 voltage of VDDC and accordingly PMOS device 907 is turned on, the steady state voltage of Bias_Mid is VDDP and PMOS device 905 is turned off.

[0078] When the I/O pad 309 is output disabled (i.e. OE is low) and the pad voltage is below a predetermined value,then VGP1 at the gate of PMOS 303 is floating if the pad voltage is below VDDO. Block 901 generates a output Bias—1 voltage of VDDC and accordingly PMOS device 907 is turned on, the steady value of Bias_Mid voltage is VDDP, and PMOS device 905 is turned-off in this condition.

[0079] When the I/O pad 309 is output disabled (i.e. OE is low) and the pad voltage is above a predetermined value, then block 901 generates an output Bias—1 voltage of VDDO and accordingly PMOS device 907 is turned-off, PMOS device 905 is is turned on, and the steady state value of Bias_Mid is between (VDDO−VTP) as a minimum value and (VDDP+Vt) as a maximum value, where VTP and Vt are offset voltages due to the turn on threshold voltages of transistors 905 and 909b respectively. VGP1, at the gate of PMOS device 303 is coupled to the pad voltage if the pad voltage is greater than VDDO.

[0080] Capacitors Cbm and Cgp in FIG. 18 are used to insure that Bias_Mid voltage and VGP1 voltage, respectively, are kept at desirable levels when transient voltages appear at the pad as was described relative to FIG. 17.

Claims

1. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO)and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage, coupled to the gate of the second upper MOS device, the third bias voltage comprising a fixed voltage when VPAD is less than the VDDO voltage and comprising a voltage equal to VPAD otherwise; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device, the fourth bias voltage comprising a first fixed voltage when VPAD is less than a pre-determined value and comprising a voltage higher than the first fixed voltage otherwise.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a well biasing circuit which provides a well bias to the upper pair of PMOS devices.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the well biasing circuit provides a bias voltage of VDDO if a voltage on the I/O pad is less than VDDO and provides the voltage on the I/O pad as the bias voltage otherwise.

4. An apparatus for providing a well biasing voltage the apparatus comprising: a supply voltage VDDO input for accepting a supply voltage; a VPAD input for accepting the voltage on an I/O pad; and a bias output for providing a bias voltage equal to VDDO when VPAD is less than VDDO and for providing VPAD otherwise.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a NMOS device having a drain coupled to VPAD; the NMOS device having a source coupled to core circuitry; and; having the gate coupled to the third bias voltage.

6. An apparatus that generates a bias voltage (Bias_Mid) the apparatus comprising: an input that accepts an input/output circuit pad voltage (Vpad); an input that accepts an output enable signal; an input that accepts a first input voltage VDDO; an input that accepts a first input voltage VDDP; an output circuit that, if the output enable signal is at an enable value, provides VDDP voltage to Bias_Mid and provides an output that depends on the pad voltage otherwise.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the output circuit, if the output enable signal is at an disable value: provides a constant Bias_Mid equal to VDDP until Vpad is equal to VDDP; provides an increasing voltage if Vpad is equal or greater than VDDP but is less than VDDO minus an offset; and provides a constant voltage if Vpad is greater than VDDO minus an offset.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the offset is equal to the threshold of an NMOS device.

9. An apparatus for biasing a device well the apparatus comprising: a first circuit that accepts an input/output pad voltage Vpad; a second circuit that compares Vpad to a comparison voltage; and a third circuit that couples the device well to be biased to a first bias voltage if the pad voltage is less than the first bias voltage and to Vpad otherwise.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the comparison voltage is equal to a power supply voltage (VDDO) minus a threshold.

11. An apparatus for generating a bias voltage (VGP1) the apparatus comprising: an input that accepts a pad voltage; an input that accepts a Bias—1 voltage, the bias voltage being at one level if the output is enabled and being at a higher voltage if the output is disabled; and a circuit that provides a lower voltage VDDC as a VGP1 if the pad voltage is less than VDDO and provides the pad voltage as VGP1 otherwise.

12. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO)and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage, coupled to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device, the fourth bias voltage being in a range, the range having a maximum value of VDDP+VT and a minimum value of (VDDO−VTp), where VDDP and VDDO are power supply voltages and VT and VTp are offset voltages;

13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein VDDO and VDDP are the same power supply.

14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein VT and VTp are the same offset voltages.

15. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device depending on the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD), said fourth bias voltage being restricted to a range between a predetermined maximum value and a predetermined minimum value.

16. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device depending on the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD), the fourth bias voltage being restricted to a range having a maximum value of (VDDP−VT) and a minimum value of (VDDO−VTp), where VDDP and VDDO are power supply voltages and VT and VTp are offset voltages.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein VDDP is equal to VDDO.

18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein VT is equal to VTp.

19. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device depending on the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD) when the pad is in an output disable mode, and said bias circuit providing a fixed fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device when the pad is in an output enable mode.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the fixed fourth bias voltage is VDDP.

21. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO)and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device equal to the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD)when the pad is in an output disable mode, and where the third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device equal to a fixed voltage when the pad is in an output enabled mode; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device.

22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the fixed voltage is VDDC 23.

23. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device depending on the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD), the fourth bias voltage being fixed to a lower voltage when the pad voltage is less than a predetermined value, and the fourth bias voltage being at a higher voltage when the pad voltage is higher than a predetermined value.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the lower voltage is VDDP.

25. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the predetermined value is VDDO.

26. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the higher voltage varies according to the pad voltage.

27. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device said fourth bias restricted between a maximum and a minimum value when the pad is in an output disable mode, and said fourth bias voltage is a fixed voltage when the pad is in an output enable mode.

28. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein the maximum bias voltage when the pad is in an output disable mode is VDDP+VT.

29. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein the minimum bias voltage when the pad is in an output disable mode is VDDO+VTp.

30. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein the fixed voltage when the pad is in an output enable mode is equal to VDDP.

31. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO)and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device depending on the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD), said fourth bias circuit comprising a capacitive voltage divider.

32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the capacitive voltage divider proportions the difference between a pad and power supply voltage to derive the fourth bias voltage, when a voltage provided to the pad is changing.

33. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (vDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VD. voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device, wherein the fourth bias voltage is a fixed voltage when the I/O pad is an output enabled mode, and wherein the bias voltage is a capacitively divided portion of the pad voltage when the I/O pad is an output disabled mode.

34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the fourth bias voltage is VDDP when the I/O pad is an output enabled mode.

35. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO) and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device depending on the voltage on the I/O pad (VPAD) said third bias circuit comprising a capacitive voltage divider; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device.

36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein the capacitive voltage divider proportions a difference in voltage at the pad and a power supply voltage to derive the third bias voltage when the pad is switching.

37. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO)and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device, wherein the third bias voltage is a capacitively divided portion of the pad voltage when the pad voltage is less than a predetermined value and the third bias voltage is equal to the pad voltage when the pad voltage is greater than a predetermined value; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device.

38. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the predetermined value is equal to VDDO.

39. An apparatus for providing an input output from an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: an input/output (I/O) pad; an upper pair of P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) devices, a first of the upper PMOS devices having source coupled to a power supply (VDDO)and drain coupled to source of a second upper PMOS device, the second PMOS device having drain coupled to the I/O pad; a lower pair of N-channel MOS devices (NMOS), a first of the upper NMOS devices having a drain coupled to the I/O pad and a source coupled to a drain of a second lower NMOS device, the second NMOS device having a source coupled to a ground potential; a first bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a first bias voltage to the gate of the first upper PMOS device when the pad is in an output mode and VDDO voltage otherwise; a second bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a second bias voltage to the gate of the second lower NMOS device when the I/O pad is in an output mode and a ground voltage otherwise; a third bias circuit coupled to a gate of the second upper PMOS device, said bias circuit providing a third bias voltage to the gate of the second upper MOS device, wherein the third bias voltage is a fixed voltage when the I/O pad is in the output enabled mode and where the third bias voltage is a capacitively divided portion of the I/O pad voltage when the I/O pad is in the output disabled mode and the I/O pad voltage is less than a predetermined value, and where the third bias voltage is equal to the I/O pad voltage when the I/O pad is in the output disabled mode and the I/O pad voltage is greater than a predetermined value; and a fourth bias circuit coupled to a gate of the first lower NMOS device, said bias circuit providing a fourth bias voltage to the gate of the first lower MOS device.

40. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein the fixed voltage is equal to VDDC.

41. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein the predetermined value is equal to VDDO.