Patent Application
20070037155
The present invention relates to a substrate for biomolecule microarray permitting the digital analysis and quantification of biomolecule fixation, a biomolecule microarray characterized in that biomolecules are immobilized on the aforementioned substrate, a device of promoting interaction between biomolecules, a method of promoting interaction between biomolecules, and a method of detecting interaction between biomolecules.
For the purpose of the detection of specific nucleic acids (target nucleic acids), such as genetic diagnosis, identification of pathogenic bacteria, and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms, the hybridization between probe nucleic acid and target nucleic acid is employed. In recent years, DNA chips and DNA microarrays in which multiple probe nucleic acids are immobilized on a substrate have been put to practical use to detect target nucleic acids.
In the manufacturing of DNA chips and DNA microarrays, DNA must be arrayed in a form of multiple spots and immobilized on a substrate. For example, one method that is employed to immobilize DNA is to bind a thiol to single-stranded DNA and immobilize the thiolated single-stranded DNA on a metal substrate. The immobilized DNA is then subjected to the action with target DNA of a specimen and the presence or absence of hybrids is detected. For example, hybridization can be detected by detecting the fluorescence from each spot of immobilized DNA that have hybridized with target DNA.
Spotting-type DNA microarrays are prepared by placing liquid droplets containing probe DNA on a substrate and drying them. Thus, although they have the advantage of being inexpensive to produce, there is no guarantee that the DNA that is immobilized on the substrate will be uniform. That is, variations in size and shape of the DNA detection spots result in a drawback of spotting-type DNA microarrays. This drawback arises from, for example, the entire surface of a substrate being treated to immobilize DNA (PLL treatment) or the substrate surface being flat.
Further, in spotting-type DNA microarrays, the presence of solid-phase-forming agents adhering around the DNA detection spots is problematic in that it causes the target DNA to nonspecifically adsorb to the substrate, increasing noise and lowering the S/N ratio.
Further, in fluorescence measurements, an operation referred to as gridding is conducted to identify fluorescent components. In gridding, the number of rows and columns of spots on the array, the spot spacing, and the size of the spot diameter are inputted, and the spots are enclosed in circles (see “DNA Microarray Practice Manual that Will Necessarily Yield Data, Basic Principle, From Chip preparation to Bioinformatics”, 1st ed., Yodosha, Dec. 1, 2002, p. 19-21, 35, 106-108). However, when the stamp shape and position are inconstant, the gridding operation requires an extended time during fluorescence analysis and accurate analysis becomes difficult. Further, in gridding, spots cannot be accurately enclosed when the spot positions have shifted. Thus, software is imparted with an automatic position-correcting function. However, all operations are not automated; it is necessary to manually set the spot starting point and visually confirm and correct the grids of all the spots. This operation is extremely complicated. When the DNA spots amount to several thousands, the operation consumes time, thereby analysis speed.
Additionally, hybridization of sample target DNA to probe DNA immobilized on a substrate commonly requires well over ten hours. A large quantity of sample target DNA is also required. Thus, a large amount of time, expense, and effort are required for hybridization and the preparation of a large quantity of sample. In particular, an extremely large amount of target sample is required when analyzing low-expression genes.
Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a substrate having biomolecule immobilization regions of prescribed shape on a biomolecule microarray, and means by which the interaction of biomolecules, particularly the hybridization of nucleic acids, is rapidly conducted, the interaction of trace quantities of sample is promoted, and the interaction is detected and analyzed rapidly and with high sensitivity.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and device of promoting interaction, by which interaction between biomolecules capable of interaction each other is promoted and efficiently formed.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide means for automatically conducting the gridding operation to permit automation of the collection of fluorescence data from a biomolecule microarray and automation of the digital analysis thereof.
More specifically, the present invention has for its objects to provide a substrate for biomolecule microarray permitting the detection of interaction between biomolecules with high sensitivity and permitting automated gridding, and to provide a biomolecule microarray in which biomolecules are immobilized on such a substrate.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method of detecting interaction between biomolecules permitting automated gridding.
Means for achieving the aforementioned objects of the present invention are as follows;
(1) A substrate for biomolecule microarray having one or more spots for immobilizing a biomolecule, characterized in that
said spot for immobilizing a biomolecule protrudes from the surface of the substrate and has a flat surface for spotting on the top thereof, which spot is hereinafter referred to as “protruding spot part”; and
at least the surface of the substrate around the protruding spot part, the lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance.
(2) The substrate according to (1), wherein said surface of the substrate around the protruding spot part forms a roughly V-shaped bottom surface.
(3) A substrate for biomolecule microarray having one or more spots for immobilizing a biomolecule, characterized in that
said spot for immobilizing a biomolecule protrudes from the surface of the substrate and has a flat surface for spotting on the top thereof, which spot is hereinafter referred to as “protruding spot part”;
the protruding spot parts adjacent each other border through the lateral surface of the protruding spot part; and
at least said lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance.
(4) The substrate according to any of (1) to (3), wherein said electrically conductive substance is gold, nickel, platinum, silver, titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, copper, electrically conductive oxide, or electrically conductive plastic.
(5) The substrate according to any of (1) to (4), wherein the entire substrate is comprised of an electrically conductive substance, or the substrate has a coated layer of an electrically conductive substance on the surface thereof.
(6) The substrate according to (5), wherein the substrate having a coated layer of an electrically conductive substance is comprised of glass, metal, silicon or plastic.
(7) The substrate according to any of (1) to (6), wherein said protruding spot part has a height ranging from 10 to500 μm.
(8) The substrate according to any of (1) to (7), wherein the angle formed between the flat surface for spotting on the top of said protruding spot part and the lateral surface of said protruding spot part is equal to or greater than 90°.
(9) The substrate according to any of (1) to (8), wherein said flat surface for spotting is a roughened surface.
(10) A biomolecule microarray characterized by comprising the substrate according to any of (1) to (9) and a biomolecule; and in that the biomolecule is immobilized on at least the flat surface for spotting on said substrate.
(11) The biomolecule microarray according to (10), wherein said biomolecule is at least one selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, PNA, protein, polypeptide, sugar compound, lipid, natural small molecule, and synthetic small molecule.
(12) A device of promoting interaction between biomolecules comprising:
a biomolecule microarray having one or more biomolecule-immobilized spots on a substrate;
an electrode provided so as to face the surface having the biomolecule-immobilized spots of said microarray; and
a power source for applying an electric field between said microarray and said electrode;
characterized in that
the substrate included in said biomolecule microarray has spots for immobilizing biomolecules protruding from the surface of the substrate and having a flat surface for spotting on the top thereof, which spots are hereinafter referred to as “protruding spot parts”;
at least said protruding spot part has a surface of an electrically conductive substance;
the biomolecule-immobilized spots are formed by immobilizing biomolecules on the surface of an electrically conductive substance of the flat surface for spotting; and
said substrate has a terminal capable of passing an electric current to said surface of an electrically conductive substance of said protruding spot parts on the surface of said substrate in areas other than the protruding spot parts.
(13) The device according to (12), wherein the surface of said substrate in areas other than the protruding spot parts has a coated layer of an electrically conductive substance, said terminal is comprised in said coated layer of an electrically conductive substance or capable of passing an electric current to said coated layer of an electrically conductive substance, and the coated layer of an electrically conductive substance and the surface of an electrically conductive substance of the protruding spot part are provided as an integrated coated layer of an electrically conductive substance.
(14) The device according to (12) or (13), wherein said biomolecule microarray is the biomolecule microarray according to claim 10 or 11.
(15) The device according to any of (12) to (14), wherein the distance between said flat surface for spotting and the electrode ranges from 1 to 500 μm.
(16) The device according to any of (12) to (15), which comprises a nonelectrically conductive spacer between said microarray and the electrode.
(17) The device according to any of (12) to (16), wherein said electrode provided so as to face the surface having the biomolecule spots of the microarray is a transparent electrode.
(18) The device according to any of (12) to (17), which further comprises a temperature control means.
(19) A method of promoting interaction between biomolecules using the device according to any of (12) to (18), characterized by;
placing a solution comprising a target biomolecule between said microarray and said electrode, and
applying an electric field between said microarray and said electrode.
(20) The method according to (19), wherein said electric field applied between said microarray and said electrode ranges from 0.001 to 10 MV/m.
(21) The method according to (19) or (20), wherein said target biomolecule is labeled with a fluorochrome.
(22) The method according to any of (19) to (21), wherein said solution comprising a target biomolecule comprises at least one buffer substance selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine, histidine, carnosine and arginine.
(23) A method of detecting interaction between biomolecules, characterized in that a confocal detector is used to detect the interaction between a target biomolecule and a biomolecule on each biomolecule-immobilized spot of the microarray according to (10) or (11), that either lies in an environment permitting interaction with the target biomolecule, or has previously lain in an environment permitting interaction with the target biomolecule.
(24) The method according to (23), wherein said microarray either lies in an environment permitting interaction with the target biomolecule, or has previously lain in an environment permitting interaction with the target biomolecule using the method according to any of (19) to (22).
(25) The method according to (23) or (24), wherein said biomolecule on the biomolecule-immobilized spot and/or said target biomolecule are labeled with a fluorochrome.
(26) The method according to any of (23) to (25), wherein, with said confocal detector, said protruding spot parts on the microarray are detected as a reflected image from the difference in intensity of reflected light based on differences in the height and/or shape of the protruding spot parts and other portions on the surface of the microarray.
(27) The method of detecting according to (26), wherein the interaction between biomolecules is detected by detecting fluorescence from said protruding spot parts detected as a reflected image.
(28) A method of making interaction between an immobilized biomolecule and a target biomolecule by contacting a biomolecule microarray having one or more spots immobilized said biomolecule on a substrate surface with a solution comprising said target biomolecule, wherein
said interaction is promoted by adding phenylalanine to said solution comprising a target biomolecule and applying an electric field to said solution so that the target biomolecule comprised in the solution migrates toward said biomolecule-immobilized spot.
(29) The method according to (28), wherein said microarray is one having an electrode, on the surface of which the biomolecule-immobilized spot is provided, on a substrate; an electrode facing said electrode on the substrate is employed; and said electric field is applied between said electrodes in a state where said solution comprising said target biomolecule contacts with said two electrodes.
(30) A method of making interaction between an immobilized biomolecule and a target biomolecule by contacting a microarray having one or more spots immobilized said biomolecule on a substrate surface with a solution comprising said target biomolecule, wherein
said solution comprising a target biomolecule comprises at least one buffer substance selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine, histidine, carnosine and arginine,
said substrate is one provided with at least a pair of electrodes on the same surface as the surface on which biomolecule-immobilized spots are provided so that the biomolecule-immobilized spots place between said pair of electrodes; and
said interaction is promoted by applying an electric field between said electrodes in a state where said solution comprising a target biomolecule contacts with said pair of electrodes
The present invention will be described in greater detail below.
[Substrate]
The substrate for biomolecule microarray of the present invention has one or more spots for immobilizing a biomolecule, and the spot for immobilizing a biomolecule protrudes from the surface of the substrate and has a flat surface for spotting on the top thereof, which spot is hereinafter referred to as “protruding spot part”. On the substrate for biomolecule microarray of the present invention, at least the surface of the substrate around the protruding spot part, the lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance (referred to as “first aspect”, hereinafter); or the protruding spot parts adjacent each other border through the lateral surface of the protruding spot part, and at least the lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance (referred to as “second aspect”, hereinafter).
On the substrate of the present invention, the spot for immobilizing a biomolecule is provided on the flat surface on the top of the protruding spot part. Thus, on the substrate of the first aspect of the present invention, the flat surface for spotting (spot for immobilizing a biomolecule) on the top of the protruding spot part is at a one step higher position than the substrate surface around the protruding spot part, there being a difference of height between them.
Additionally, a confocal detector employed to detect interaction between biomolecules in the present invention detects fluorescence and reflected light from the focal surface on the sample through pinholes formed in the image-forming surface of an optical system.
On the substrate of the first aspect of the present invention, when the difference in height between the substrate surface around the protruding spot parts and the flat surface on the top of the protruding spot parts (spots for immobilizing a biomolecule) is greater than the focal depth of the confocal detector employed to detect interaction between biomolecules and target biomolecules, the focal point of the confocal detector can be adjusted to the height of the flat surface on the top of the protruding spot part so that fluorescence and reflected light from the flat surface on the top of the protruding spot part will be detected at higher intensity than fluorescence and light reflected from the substrate surface around the protruding part. Accordingly, in the microarray in which biomolecules are immobilized on the flat surface on the top of a protruding spot part on the substrate of the present invention, information on the spots such as the presence or absence of interaction with a target biomolecule can be detected with high sensitivity.
The substrate of the second aspect of the present invention is characterized in that the protruding spot parts adjacent each other border through the lateral surface of the protruding spot part, and at least said lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance.
On the substrates of the first and second aspects of the present invention, the angle formed between the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part and the lateral surface of the protruding spot part is preferably greater than or equal to 90°, more preferably 90° to 135°.
In this manner, on the substrate of the present invention, having the angle formed between the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part and the lateral surface of the protruding spot part be greater than or equal to 90°, that is, having the size of the bottom surface of the protruding spot part be greater than the size of the flat surface on the top of the protruding spot part, is advantageous in that it permits specification of the position and size of the spot for immobilizing a biomolecule. This point will be described in detail below.
As shown in
On the substrate of the first aspect of the present invention, when the height of the protruding spot part is greater than or equal to the focal depth of the confocal detector employed to detect interaction, the focal point of the confocal detector can be adjusted to the height of the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part. Thus, since light reflected from the substrate surface around the protruding spot part has a different focal point, it is only detected at an intensity much weaker than that of light reflected from the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part. In the present invention, this height difference can be exploited to conduct automated gridding. However, even when the height of the protruding spot part is less than the focal depth of the confocal detector used to detect interaction, as stated above, when the portion corresponding to the lateral surface of the protruding spot part appears as a black fringe in a reflected image, it is possible to specify the size and position of the spot.
Further, on the substrate of the first aspect of the present invention, even when the angle formed between the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part and the lateral surface of the protruding spot part is less than 90°, when the height of the protruding spot part is greater than or equal to the focal depth of the confocal detector employed to detect interaction, the difference in height between the flat surface for spotting and the substrate surface around the protruding spot part can be exploited to specify the position and size of the flat surface for spotting based on reflected light, and automated gridding can be conducted. When the angle formed between the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part and the lateral surface of the protruding spot part is 90°, the protruding spot part can be in the shape of a cylindrical column or a square rod.
Further, on the substrate of the first aspect of the present invention, the angle formed between the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part and the lateral surface of the protruding spot part can be greater than or equal to 90° and the substrate surface around the protruding spot part can form a roughly V-shaped bottom surface. On such a substrate, the intensity of light reflected from the flat surface for spotting that is detected by the confocal detector is greater than the intensity of light reflected from portions other than the flat surface for spotting on the substrate. Thus, this difference in the intensity of reflected light can be used to specify the position and size of the flat surface for spotting.
The substrate of the first aspect of the present invention is characterized in that at least the surface of the substrate around the protruding spot part, the lateral surface of the protruding spot part, and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance. In view of the ease and cost of manufacturing, in the substrate of the first aspect of the present invention, the substrate surface other than around the protruding spot parts is also desirably comprised of an electrically conductive substance. Further, the substrate of the second aspect of the present invention is characterized in that at least the lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting are comprised of an electrically conductive substance.
In the present invention as set forth above, in the substrate of the first aspect, at least the surface of the substrate around the protruding spot part, the lateral surface of the protruding spot part, and the flat surface for spotting, and in the substrate of the second aspect, at least the lateral surface of the protruding spot part and the flat surface for spotting, are comprised of an electrically conductive substance. Thus, as will be described further below, an electrode is provided opposite the substrate and an electric field is applied to promote interaction between a biomolecule immobilized on the flat surface for spotting and a target biomolecule. For example, it is possible to achieve good interaction results even when the concentration of the target biomolecule is low. Further, when the concentrations are identical, it is possible to achieve a prescribed interaction result in a short period.
Further, in the present invention, when the above electrically conductive substance reflects light, the reflected light can be used to specify the size and position of biomolecule-immobilized spots to conduct automated gridding. This point will be described further below.
In the present invention, the height of the protruding spot part can be suitably set to be identical to or greater than the focal depth of the confocal detector employed to detect interaction. In view of the focal depth of the usual confocal detector, the height of the protruding spot part can be from 10 to 500 μm, for example. However, as set forth above, when conducting automated gridding based on detection of the difference in intensity of reflected light based on the difference in shape between the flat surface on the top of the protruding spot part and other portions on the substrate, automated gridding can be conducted even when the height of the protruding spot part is smaller than the focal depth of the confocal detector employed to detect interaction. This point will be described further below.
Further, in the course of setting the height of the protruding spot part, it is also necessary to consider the diameter of the needle employed to form spots of biomolecules (stamping) and the spotting amount of the solution of a biomolecule such as probe nucleic acid. For example, when employing a needle with a diameter of about 130 μm to spot biomolecules on the round protruding spot parts 100 μm in diameter, a protruding spot part having a height of greater than or equal to 15 μm is desirable because surface tension prevents the biomolecule solution from flowing out of the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part and thus biomolecules are immobilized only on the spots for immobilizing.
On the substrate of the present invention, the shape of the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part can be any shape so long as the biomolecules spotted can be held. For example, the shape may be round or square. The size of the above flat surface for spotting can be suitably set based on the needle employed in spotting and the amount of biomolecule solution that is spotted. For example, it can be 10 to 500 μm. Here, the phrase “size of the flat surface for spotting” refers to the diameter when, for example, the flat surface for spotting is round in shape, and to the length of a side when the flat surface for spotting is square in shape.
The shape of the bottom surface of the protruding spot part is not specifically limited. In consideration of the ease of manufacture, this shape is desirably identical to the shape of the flat surface for spotting.
The flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part can be a roughened surface. For example, on the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot part, there may be irregularities with a depth within the focal depth of the confocal detector employed to detect interaction in a roughly horizontal direction to a depth direction.
The method of roughening the flat surface for spotting is not specifically limited. For example, when the substrate of the present invention is a molded plastic substrate, a substrate with roughened flat surfaces for spotting can be prepared using a finely processed mold obtained by reverse transferring, with electroforming, a base material that has been etched by photolithography.
The entire substrate of the present invention can be comprised of an electrically conductive substance, or the substrate of the present invention can have a coated layer of an electrically conductive substance on the surface thereof.
As set forth above, when conducting automated gridding based on a reflected image, the electrically conductive substance is selected from among substances having light-reflecting properties.
Further, when a probe nucleic acid is immobilized using the bond of metal and a thiol group, the electrically conductive substance is selected from among metals having the ability to bind with thiol groups.
Examples of the electrically conductive substance are metals (such as gold, nickel, platinum, silver, titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, and copper), electrically conductive oxides (such as In2O5/SnO2), and electrically conductive plastics (such as polyacetylene).
Examples of the substrate having a coated layer of an electrically conductive substance are glass, silicon, and plastic substrates—specifically, polypropylene substrates—the surfaces of which have been coated with the above-described electrically conductive substances. The thickness of the coated layer of an electrically conductive substance on the substrate is not specifically limited, and can be 0.1 to 10 μm, for example.
In the present invention, when the substrate is comprised of metal, the substrate of the present invention can be cast by pouring molten metal into a casting mold having indentations corresponding to protruding spot parts of desired shape. A metal substrate can also be obtained by press molding. The substrate of the present invention can also be in the form of a metal substrate coated with an electrically conductive substance.
When the substrate of the present invention has a coating of an electrically conductive substance on a substrate made of silicon or plastic, for example, the substrate of the present invention can be obtained by molding silicon or plastic with a pressing mold having indentations corresponding to protruding spot parts of desired shape and coating the substrate made of silicon or plastic with an electrically conductive substance by vapor deposition, plating, or the like.
The substrate of the present invention can also be manufactured by applying an electrically conductive coated layer to a flat substrate and then forming protruding spot parts by etching or the like.
An example of a method of manufacturing the substrate of the present invention when it comprises a gold coated layer on a glass substrate will be described below. However, the present invention is not limited to this form.
First, a vacuum vapor deposition device is used to vapor-deposit chromium, titanium, nickel, or the like on the surface of a glass slide. Next, gold is vapor-deposited thereover. Positive resist is then applied by spin coating to the glass slide that has been vapor-deposited with gold, and the substrate is baked for one hour in an oven at 60° C., for example.
Next, the glass slide is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation through a photomask using a UV exposure device. The photomask employed has a pattern corresponding to protruding spot parts of desired shape. Following UV irradiation, development is conducted with a developing solution to form a resist pattern on the surface of the gold-deposited glass slide.
Next, the gold surface around the resist pattern is etched with a gold etchant. Following etching of gold, the substrate is washed with ultrapure water, again etched with an etchant to remove the chromium, titanium, nickel, or the like deposited under the gold, and washed with ultrapure water.
After dissolving the resist with acetone or the like, the substrate is washed with ultrapure water, immersed in piranha solution (sulfuric acid:hydrogen peroxide=1:1) for 10 minutes, for example, to completely remove any remaining resist, and then washed with ultrapure water. This yields a glass substrate having a gold pattern corresponding to the photomask.
Next, the above substrate is immersed in hydrofluoric acid to etch the exposed glass surface. The concentration of the hydrofluoric acid employed and the immersion time can be suitably set based on the desired height of the protruding spot parts.
Next, in the same manner as above, gold, chromium and the like are etched and the substrate is cleaned with piranha solution and ultrapure water, yielding a glass substrate having protruding spot parts of desired shape.
This glass substrate can be vapor-deposited with chromium and then gold in the same manner as above to obtain a substrate having both protrusions and a gold coating.
In the present invention, neither the overall size of the substrate, the number of protruding spot parts on the substrate, nor their degree of integration is limited; these may all be suitably set. For example, the substrate of the present invention may be in the form of a substrate 10 to 20,000 mm2 in size having roughly from 10 to 50,000 protruding spot parts.
[Biomolecule Microarray]
The nucleic acid microarray of the present invention is characterized by comprising the substrate of the present invention and a biomolecule; and in that the biomolecule is immobilized on at least the flat surface for spotting on the substrate. The biomolecule can be at least one selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, PNA, protein, polypeptide, sugar compound, lipid, natural small molecule, and synthetic small molecule. It can be selected based on the objective.
Examples of the sugar compound are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar-chain complexes, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and derivatives thereof.
Examples of the lipid are fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, and glycerides.
Examples of the natural small molecule are hormone molecules, antibiotic substances, poisons, vitamins, physiologically active substances, and secondary metabolites.
Examples of the synthetic small molecule are synthetic products of natural small molecules and derivatives thereof.
In the present invention, when the biomolecule is nucleic acid and the electrically conductive substance is metal, to immobilize the probe nucleic acid to spots for immobilizing a biomolecule (protruding spot parts), a solution containing nucleic acid having on one end a group reactive with the metal of the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot parts can be employed as a spotting solution. An example of such a group is a thiol group. A nucleic acid chain having a thiol group can be immobilized on a metal surface by known methods. For example, see J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9787-9792.
The following methods of processing a metal (where a surface oxide coating is activated so as to present hydroxyl groups) may be employed as the method of immobilizing DNA on a metal surface:
(1) Immobilization of DNA on a substrate surface processed with aminosilane by UV irradiation;
(2) Immobilization of biotinylated DNA on a substrate surface that has been sequentially treated with aminosilane, NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide)-biotin, and avidin.
(3) Immobilization of biotinylated DNA on a substrate surface that has been sequentially treated with aminosilane, maleimide-biotin, and avidin.
(4) Immobilization of aminated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with aminosilane followed by glutaldehyde.
(5) Immobilization of aminated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with aminosilane followed by carbodiimide.
(6) Immobilization of carboxylated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with aminosilane.
(7) Immobilization of phosphorylated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with aminosilane.
(8) Immobilization of thiolated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with aminosilane followed by an NHS-maleimide compound.
(9) Immobilization of aminated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with epoxysilane.
(10) Immobilization of thiolated DNA on a substrate surface that has been treated with thiolsilane.
Biomolecules other than DNA can also be immobilized by UV irradiation or through a functional group such as a thiol group, amino group, carboxyl group, phosphoric acid group, or the like as set forth above.
Spotting of the biomolecule solution on the flat surface for spotting can be conducted by the usual methods. For example, spotting can be conducted by contacting a needle holding the biomolecule solution in its tip with the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot parts. Examples of the spotting device employed are described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) Nos. 2001-46062 and 2003-57236. The spot amount can be suitably set based on the size of the flat surface for spotting and the height of the protruding spot parts so that the biomolecule solution does not flow out of the flat surface for spotting.
[Device and Method of Promoting Interaction]
The present invention further relates to a device of promoting interaction between biomolecules comprising:
a biomolecule microarray having one or more biomolecule-immobilized spots on a substrate;
an electrode provided so as to face the surface having the biomolecule-immobilized spots of said microarray; and
a power source for applying an electric field between said microarray and said electrode;
characterized in that
the substrate included in said biomolecule microarray has spots for immobilizing biomolecules protruding from the surface of the substrate and having a flat surface for spotting on the top thereof (protruding spot parts);
at least said protruding spot part has a surface of an electrically conductive substance;
the biomolecule-immobilized spots are formed by immobilizing biomolecules on the surface of an electrically conductive substance of the flat surface for spotting; and
said substrate has a terminal capable of passing an electric current to said surface of an electrically conductive substance of said protruding spot parts on the surface of said substrate in areas other than the protruding spot parts.
Examples of the interaction between biomolecules are hybridization of probe nucleic acid and target nucleic acid, antigen-antibody interaction, receptor-ligand interaction, protein-protein interaction, and DNA-protein interaction.
It is preferable that the surface of said substrate in areas other than the protruding spot parts has a coated layer of an electrically conductive substance, said terminal is comprised in said coated layer of an electrically conductive substance or capable of passing an electric current to said coated layer of an electrically conductive substance, and the coated layer of an electrically conductive substance and the surface of an electrically conductive substance of the protruding spot part are provided as an integrated coated layer of an electrically conductive substance. The biomolecule array in the above device can be the above-described biomolecule microarray of the present invention.
The present invention further relates to a method of promoting interaction between biomolecules using the aforementioned device of promoting interaction between biomolecules characterized by;
placing a solution comprising a target biomolecule between said microarray and said electrode, and
applying an electric field between said microarray and said electrode.
Since the biomolecule microarray in the device has protruding spot parts, the electric field density increases between the flat surface on the top of the protruding parts on the microarray, on which a biomolecule is immobilized, and the opposing surface of the electrode (opposite electrode) provided so as to face the surface having biomolecule spots of the microarray. The target biomolecules in the solution are concentrated in the vicinity of the protruding parts by electrophoresis (when a direct current power source is employed) or dielectrophoresis (when an alternating power source is employed).
Thus, interaction between biomolecules immobilized on the protruding spot parts and the target biomolecules can be promoted. In particular, when the flat surface for spotting in the above biomolecule microarray, on which the biomolecules are immobilized, is a roughened surface, for example, irregularities having a depth within the focal depth of a confocal detector are provided in a roughly horizontal direction to a depth direction on the flat surface for spotting, such advantages can be obtained that an intense electrical field is produced at the edge of the irregularities and thus the interaction is further promoted.
The above opposite electrode is not specifically limited so long as it be capable of applying an electric field between the biomolecule microarray and the opposite electrode.
Further, in the device of promoting interaction, the power source for applying an electric field between the biomolecule microarray and the opposite electrode may be either a direct current or alternating current power source. An alternating current power source is preferably employed. When employing a direct current power source and applying a high voltage, there is a risk that the target biomolecule solution will be electrically degraded by the high voltage and that bubbles will appear. Thus, the use of a low voltage is desirable when employing a direct current power source. When employing DNA as the target biomolecule and using a direct current power source, the electric field is desirably applied so that the protruding spot part side is made the positive side, since DNA is negatively charged. When employing an alternating current power source, since electrical degradation of the target biomolecule solution tends to generate bubbles for low-frequency currents, a high-frequency alternating current is desirably employed.
In the device of promoting interaction, a spacer comprised of a nonelectrically conductive material may be inserted between the biomolecule microarray and the opposite electrode in such a manner as not to cover the area in which the protruding spot parts of the biomolecule microarray are present. Examples of such nonelectrically conductive materials are rubber, glass, and plastic. In the device of the present invention, the thickness of the spacer can be used to set the distance between the flat surface for spotting on the biomolecule microarray and the opposite electrode. Further, the space enclosed with the spacer can be filled with a solution containing the target biomolecule. The distance between the flat surface for spotting and the opposite electrode can be suitably set within a range permitting to concentrate of the target biomolecule by electrophoresis or dielectrophoresis; for example, 1 to 500 μm.
The device of promoting interaction desirably further comprises a temperature control means, such as a heater. The interaction can be further promoted by regulating the temperature of the area around the biomolecules in a manner suited to interaction with the temperature control means.
In the device, the electric field that is applied between the biomolecule microarray and the opposite electrode can be suitably set within a range permitting to concentrate of the target biomolecule by electrophoresis or dielectrophoresis while taking into account the distance between the biomolecule microarray and the opposite electrode. For example, it can be set within a range of 0.001 to 10 MV/m. As set forth further below, based on the type of buffer employed in the target biomolecule solution, the electric field applied is suitably set to achieve a high interaction promoting effect.
In the present invention, in order to detect interaction between biomolecules through the detection of fluorescence with a confocal detector, the target biomolecules employed in the above method of promoting interaction are desirably labeled with a fluorochrome. The target biomolecules can be labeled with a fluorochrome by known methods. Further, in the present invention, the biomolecules immobilized on the microarray may be labeled with a fluorochrome. The fluorescent labeling of the biomolecules immobilized on the microarray may also be conducted by known methods.
In the present invention, the target biomolecule solution may contain a buffer. The target biomolecule solution desirably contains a buffer having a dissociation constant (pKa) of around 6 to 8. To efficiently promote hybridization of probe nucleic acid and target nucleic acid, the pH is desirably in the neutral range. Thus, the use of a buffer having a buffering ability in the neutral range is desirable. Specific examples are buffers containing the following buffering substances: phenylalanine, carnosine, arginine, histidine, 2-(N-morpholine)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), maleic acid, 3,3-dimethylglutamic acid, carbonic acid, 4-hydroxymethylimidazol, citric acid, dimethylaminoethylamine, proline acid, glycerol-2-phosphoric acid, piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), ethylenediamine, imidazole, 3-(N-morpholine)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), phosphoric acid, N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES), 4-methylimidazol, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), N-ethylmorpholine, triethanolamine, and tris(tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane).
When the conductivity of the buffer employed in the target biomolecule solution is excessively high, migration of ions in the buffer may reduce the concentrating effect on the target biomolecules. Accordingly, in the present invention, a buffer with a conductivity of 10 to 500 μΩ−1/m is desirably employed, with the use of a buffer having a conductivity of 10 to 100 μΩ−1/m being preferred. When buffer conductivity falls within the above-stated range, the interaction between biomolecules can be effectively promoted. The concentration of the buffer is desirably adjusted so that the conductivity falls within the above-stated range.
From the above perspectives, specific examples of desirable buffers are those comprising phenylalanine, histidine, carnosine and arginine as a buffer substance. As will be described in Example 5 below, a particularly strong hybridization signal can be obtained when the hybridization of probe nucleic acid and target nucleic acid is conducted with a target biomolecule solution containing phenylalanine, and when an electric field is applied, a hybridization signal can be obtained that is at least twice as intense as that obtained when no electric field is applied. Thus, phenylalanine is a particularly effective buffer substance in the present invention for promoting interaction between biomolecules by applying an electric field.
The electric field that is applied between the microarray and the electrode is desirably set based on the buffer employed so as to yield a strong effect in promoting interaction between biomolecules. For example, the application of an electric field falling within a range of 0.5 to 1.0 MV/m when employing phenylalanine, 0.5 to 1.0 MV/m when employing histidine, 0.25 to 0.75 MV/m when employing carnosine, and 0.1 to 0.3 MV/m when employing arginine as buffer is desirable.
[Method of Detecting Interaction]
The present invention further relates to a method of detecting interaction between biomolecules, characterized in that a confocal detector is used to detect the interaction between a target biomolecule and a biomolecule on each biomolecule-immobilized spot of the microarray of the present invention, that either lies in an environment permitting interaction with the target biomolecule, or has previously lain in an environment permitting interaction with the target biomolecule. The principle of detection of reflected light or fluorescence using a confocal detector is as set forth above. In the method of detecting interaction of the present invention, gridding can be automated by using a confocal detector to specify the spot size and position based on a reflected image using the above principle. That is, based on the present invention, the biomolecule-immobilized spots on the microarray can be detected as a reflected image from the difference in intensity of reflected light based on differences in the height and/or shape of biomolecule-immobilized spots and other portions on the surface of the microarray. Further, a fluorescent image corresponding to the spots can be obtained by selectively detecting the fluorescence of fluorescently labeled biomolecules (biomolecules immobilized on spots and/or target biomolecules) on the flat surfaces for spotting by matching the focal point of the confocal detector to the height of the flat surfaces for spotting on the top of protruding spot parts on the microarray when detecting fluorescence from the microarray with a confocal detector. In the present invention, the reflected image and fluorescent image thus obtained can be superposed to specify spots on which interaction is occurring on the microarray, and based on the fluorescent intensity, measure the degree of interaction. In the present invention, an intercalator can be employed and the interaction can be detected by measuring fluorescence from the intercalator.
In the present invention, the use of a confocal scanner capable of simultaneously detecting reflected light and fluorescence is particularly desirable.
The present invention further relates to a method of making interaction between a biomolecule immobilized and a target biomolecule by contacting a biomolecule microarray having one or more spots formed by immobilization of said biomolecule on a substrate surface with a solution comprising said target biomolecule, wherein
said interaction is promoted by adding phenylalanine to said solution comprising a target biomolecule and applying an electric field to said solution so that the target biomolecule comprised in the solution migrates toward said biomolecule-immobilized spot.
In the above method, the type of the biomolecule employed, the method of immobilizing the biomolecule on the substrate surface, and the type of interaction between biomolecules are as set forth above. Examples of methods of bringing the biomolecule microarray into contact with the solution comprising a target biomolecule are: immersing the biomolecule microarray in the solution comprising the target biomolecule, and dripping the solution comprising the target biomolecule onto a surface comprising the biomolecule-immobilized spots of the microarray. As is set forth further below, when an electrode is positioned opposite the microarray, the solution comprising the target biomolecule can be brought into contact with the biomolecule microarray by positioning the solution between the microarray and the electrode.
In the above method, an electric field is applied to the solution so that the target biomolecule comprised in the solution comprising the target biomolecule migrates toward the biomolecule-immobilized spots on the substrate. In this case, when the electric field is applied with a direct current power source, the target biomolecule migrates toward the biomolecule-immobilized spots on the substrate by electrophoresis, and when the electric field is applied with an alternating current power source, the target biomolecule migrates toward the biomolecule-immobilized spots on the substrate by dielectrophoresis. In the method of making interaction between biomolecules of the present invention, applying an electric field in this manner to cause the target biomolecule to migrate toward biomolecule spots on the substrate increases the concentration of target biomolecules in the vicinity of the biomolecule spots, promoting interaction between biomolecules. In the present invention, phenylalanine, with its low conductivity and markedly high effect in promoting interaction between biomolecules when an electric field is applied, can be incorporated into the target biomolecule solution to markedly promote interaction between biomolecules.
In the method of making interaction between biomolecules of the present invention, the conductivity of the phenylalanine employed is preferably 10 to 500 μΩ−1/m, more preferably 10 to 100 μΩ−1/m, as set forth above. The concentration of phenylalanine is desirably suitably adjusted to achieve a conductivity falling within this range.
The biomolecule microarray employed in the method of making interaction between biomolecules can be a biomolecule microarray having an electrode, on the surface of which the biomolecule-immobilized spot is provided, on a substrate. The biomolecule microarray of the present invention can be employed as such a microarray.
When employing a biomolecule microarray having an electrode, on the surface of which the biomolecule-immobilized spot is provided, on a substrate, the interaction between the biomolecule immobilized on the substrate surface and the target biomolecule can be promoted by using an electrode facing the electrode on the substrate and applying the electric field between the above electrodes in a state where the solution comprising the target biomolecule and phenylalanine, which can markedly promote interaction when an electric field is applied, contacts with two electrodes mentioned above to increase the concentration of target biomolecules in the vicinity of the biomolecule-immobilized spots. In this method, the above-described device of promoting interaction between biomolecules of the present invention can be employed, which comprises a microarray having an electrode, on the surface of which the biomolecule-immobilized spot is provided, on a substrate and an electrode facing the electrode on the substrate and in which the biomolecule microarray can be brought into contact with the solution comprising the target biomolecule by placing the solution comprising the target biomolecule between the microarray and the electrode facing the electrode on the substrate. The application of an electric field between the electrodes is as set forth above in the description of the device of promoting interaction between biomolecules of the present invention.
The present invention further relates to a method of making interaction between a biomolecule immobilized and a target biomolecule by contacting a microarray having one or more spots formed by immobilization of said biomolecule on a substrate surface with a solution comprising said target biomolecule, wherein
said solution comprising a target biomolecule comprises at least one buffer substance selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine, histidine, carnosine and arginine,
said substrate is one provided with at least a pair of electrodes on the same surface as the surface on which biomolecule-immobilized spots are provided so that the biomolecule-immobilized spots place between said pair of electrodes; and
said interaction is promoted by applying an electric field between said electrodes in a state where said solution comprising a target biomolecule contacts with said pair of electrodes.
In the above method, the type of biomolecules employed, the method of immobilizing the biomolecules on the substrate surface, and the type of interaction between the biomolecules are as set forth above. Examples of methods of bringing the biomolecule microarray into contact with the solution comprising a target biomolecule are: immersing the biomolecule microarray in the solution comprising the target biomolecule, and dripping the solution comprising the target biomolecule onto a surface comprising the biomolecule-immobilized spots of the microarray.
The substrate employed in the above-mentioned method is one provided with at least a pair of electrodes on the same surface as the surface on which biomolecule-immobilized spots are provided so that the biomolecule-immobilized spots place between a pair of electrodes mentioned above.
As set forth above, the conductivity of at least one buffer substance selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine, histidine, carnosine and arginine employed in the method of making interaction between biomolecules of the present invention is preferably from 10 to 500 μΩ−1/m, more preferably 10 to 100 μΩ−1/m. The concentration of the buffer substance is desirably suitably selected to yield a conductivity falling within the above-stated range.
The present invention will be further described below through Examples.
Preparation of a substrate for nucleic acid microarray
a) is a digital photograph of the substrate prepared in Example 1. The image shows the convexoconcave shape.
DNA Stamping on a Substrate for Nucleic Acid Microarray
A solution of DNA labeled with 5′-fluorochrome Cy3 was stamped with a DNA arrayer developed by RIKEN on the flat surfaces for spotting on the top of the protruding spot parts of the substrate for nucleic acid microarray prepared in Example 1. The tip of the stamping needle was round and had a diameter of 130 μm. Using the DNA microarray scanner capable of simultaneously measuring fluorescence and reflected light shown in
Since the reflection focal depth of the scanner employed in the present Example was 500 μm, light reflected from the substrate surface around the protruding spot parts (difference in height with the flat surface for spotting on the top of the protruding spot parts: 50 μm) was also detected at about the same intensity as light reflected from the flat surfaces for spotting. However, since the angle formed between the substrate surface around the protruding spot parts and the lateral surface of the protruding spot parts in the present Example was 110°, portions corresponding to the lateral surface parts appeared as a black fringe in the reflected image, permitting specification of the position and size of the spots.
Verification of the Hybridization Promoting Effect by Electrophoresis (Direct Current Load)
Thiolated DNA probe (tatgacaatg aatacggcta cagcaacagg gtggtggacc tcatg (Seq. ID No. 2), gene name: GAPDH) was immobilized on the flat surfaces for spotting on the top of the protruding spot parts on the substrate for nucleic acid microarray obtained in Example 1, and hybridization was conducted with fluorescently labeled murine cerebral cRNA.
The DNA microarray and an ITO electrode were placed so as to face each other, a sheet of 0.17 mm-thickness glass was inserted between the two for insulation, and the substrate and electrode were secured with a clip. Into the 0.17 mm gap was inserted a hybridization solution containing the above-described target (cRNA: 1.45 μg (corresponding to 0.05 μg of mRNA) and hybridization buffer: 50 mM histidine). A positive electrode was connected to the DNA microarray side, and a negative electrode to the ITO electrode side. A 3V direct current load was applied for two minutes at room temperature. Subsequently, washing was conducted with 2×SSC+0.1% SDS, 1×SSC (150 mM sodium chloride, 15 mM sodium citrate), and 0.1×SSC.
The microarray was observed with the DNA microarray scanner capable of simultaneously measuring fluorescence and reflected light shown in
Verification of the Hybridization Promoting Effect by Dielectrophoresis (Alternating Current Load)
Five types of DNA probe (Seq. ID No. 3: ggccgttctgcttacagtggcttgcagagcagctcctacttgatg•gene name: NFL, Seq. ID No. 4: gtaccaacattgcctcctagcagagaagtgtgtgtgtgagaagcc•gene name: Ubiquitin2e, Seq. ID No. 5: ttttgtccccccaacttgatgtatgaaggctttggtctccctggg•gene name: β-actin, Seq. ID No. 6: gcagtggcaaagtggagattgttgccatcaacgaccccttcattg•gene name: gapdh, Seq. ID No. 7: agccaggaaatttgtcgagagcgcagccacttctttcagtgttgc•gene name: psbP) were terminally immobilized on the flat surfaces for spotting on the top of protruding spot parts on the substrate for nucleic acid microarray obtained in Example 1 and hybridization was conducted with a target in the form of various 5′ fluorescent Cy3-labeled complementary oligo DNA. The hybridization solution was prepared using 50 mM histidine to adjust the final target concentration of the various complementary strand oligo DNA as follows: 0.001 μM for the DNA probe of Seq. ID No. 3, 0.01 μM for the DNA probe of Seq. ID No. 4, 0.1 μM for the DNA probe of Seq. ID No. 5, 1 μM for the DNA probe of Seq. ID No. 6, and 0 μM (none added) for the DNA probe of Seq. ID No. 7. The microarray was positioned so as to face a gold opposite electrode, a 0.03 mm rubber sheet was inserted for insulation between them, and the microarray and electrode were secured with a clip. A hybridization solution containing the above-described target was inserted into the 0.03 mm space, the microarray and gold opposite electrode were connected to a power source and an oscillator, and a 1 MHz, 0.2 MV/m alternating current load was applied for two minutes. The microarray was observed with the DNA microarray scanner capable of simultaneously measuring fluorescence and reflected light shown in
The effect of Buffer on Hybridization by Dielectrophoresis
A probe DNA solution (1×microspotting solution (Terechem Corp.), 0.1 percent Tween20) was stamped to a concentration of 180 μM with the high-density arrayer on a substrate prepared in Example 1. The stamped probe gene was GADPH (5′-gcagtggcaa agtggagatt gttgccatca acgacccctt cattg-3′(Seq. ID No. 8)) that had been modified on the 5′ end with array-use linker (Nisshinbo Industries, Inc.). Following stamping, the substrate was irradiated with 600 mJ/cm2 of UV, washed twice for 5 minutes with ultrapure water, and dried. After preparing target DNA solutions (1 μM 5′ terminal Cy3 fluorescent oligo DNA (a sequence complementary to the probe DNA), buffer containing 10 to 50 mM of phenylalanine, histidine, carnosine, or arginine), and the above-described array was placed on a thermal cycler set to 45° C. An insulating film 30 μm in thickness (Teijin DuPont film) was placed along the perimeter of the array as a spacer, and 20 μL of target DNA solution were applied to the stamped area. Next, a glass slide substrate (opposite electrode) coated with an indium tin oxide (ITO) film was placed over the top and the two substrates were secured (
Effect of Promoting Hybridization by Dielectrophoresis using Real Sample cDNA
A probe DNA solution (1× microspotting solution (Terechem Corp.), 0.1 percent Tween20) was stamped to a concentration of 180 μM with a high-precision arrayer on the substrate prepared in Example 1. Table 2 gives the probe gene names and sequences of the 11 types that were stamped. Probe modified on the 5′ end with array-use linker (Nisshinbo Industries, Inc.) was employed. Following stamping, the substrate was irradiated with 600 mJ/cm2 of UV, washed twice for 5 minutes with ultrapure water, and dried.
A target DNA solution (5 ng/μL Cy3 murine cerebral cDNA, 50 mM L-histidine) was prepared, heated for 1 minute at 95° C., and left standing for 2 minutes at room temperature. The DNA microarray thus obtained was placed on a thermal cycler set to 45° C., an insulating film (Teijin DuPont Film) 30 μm in thickness was positioned around the array as a spacer, and 20 μL of target DNA solution was applied to the stamp area. Next, a glass slide substrate (opposite electrode) coated with an indium tin oxide (ITO) film was placed over the top and the two substrates were sealed.
A hybridization reaction was conducted while applying an electric field of 1 MHz, 30 Vp-p for 20 minutes between the microarray and the opposite electrode. Following the reaction, the array was washed with 2×SSC/0.1% SDS, 1×SSC, 0.2×SSC solution, 5 minutes each time, at room temperature. Next, a fluorescent scanner (Gene Scope II, made by Gene Focus) was employed to calculate the intensity of the hybridization signal. The intensity ratio of the signal obtained when no electric field was applied to the signal obtained when an electric field was applied is given for each sequence in the upper portion of
As shown in
The present invention provides a substrate having biomolecule immobilization regions of prescribed shape on a biomolecule microarray, and means by which the interaction of biomolecules, particularly the hybridization of nucleic acids, is rapidly conducted, the interaction of trace quantities of sample is promoted, and the interaction is detected and analyzed rapidly and with high sensitivity.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003-170051 | Jun 2003 | JP | national |
| 2003-391083 | Nov 2003 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP04/08413 | 6/9/2004 | WO | 5/23/2006 |
