Patent Application
20060037748
(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an apparatus and method for the repair of failure areas in a previously set plug within a subterranean well.
(2) Brief Description of the Prior Art
Subterranean wells, such as oil, gas or water wells, are required to be “plugged” when they are abandoned, to assure that any slow flow of hydrocarbons or other fluids within the well do not escape and flow to the top surface of the well. As used herein the term “first plug” is intended to include such conventional plugs as hydraulically set, or mechanically set, or electrically set plugs, bridge plugs, packers and the like, as well as the use of cementious material, alone, or in combination with such other first plugs, as herein described, as typically used to plug off a well or zone in a well to be temporarily or permanently abandoned. These first plugs are many times intended to properly secure the well and prevent any flow of any fluids from within the well to the top of the well or into other formations within the well. Over time, and after exposure to high temperatures and pressures in the well, as well as a corrosive and acidic environment in the well, failures in such plugs occur, as the result of leaks, metallic pitting, loss of elastomeric seal integrity, and the like. It therefore becomes necessary to either mill out the first plug and provide a replacement plugging means of some sort or set additional cement plugs. These procedures are, of course, expensive and time consuming.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,474,414, entitled “Plug For Tubulars” is directed to the use of moltenl solder for providing a plug in a subterranean well which may be poured or otherwise applied directly upon a platform for the molten solder in the well.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,536,349, entitled “Explosive System For Casing Damage Repair” illustrates the use of liquid explosives to fragment damaged casing which has become an obstruction to proper flow of the well.
The present invention addresses problems, as above described.
The present invention provides a secondary plugging tool for use in a subterranean well for the repair of a first plug previously introduced into and set within the well. The plugging tool comprises an outer tubular housing including a ported lower end. The ports in the ported end may be initially closed by means of a thinner outer portion of the housing which also melts to open the ports during the ignition of the tool, or by a series of meltable eutectic plugs. Alternatively, small, open ports may be provided circumferentially around and immediate the lower end of the outer tubular housing. An inner tubular housing is concentrically positioned within the outer tubular housing. A low temperature melting eutectic metal alloy charge is deposited within the outer tubular housing. A thermitic reaction charge is deposited within the inner tubular housing immediate and covering the ported end. The thermitic reaction charge is also provided in a chamber in a lower housing member selectively and releasably secured to the outer tubular housing. The thermitic reaction charge in the chamber in the lower housing is provided to bake/melt the eutectic metal alloy charge after it is decanted from the upper chamber. Means are secured to at least one of the said housings for introducing, positioning and retrieving the plugging tool.
The igniting charge may be ignited by percussion means, such a dropping of a bar, or by electric signal or other known means.
In lieu of using a separate inner housing for purposes of receiving the thermitic reaction charge, the thermitic reaction charge and the eutectic metal alloy charge may be placed into one housing and separated simply by use of cardboard or plastic tubes or sheets, or the like. In such an arrangement, the thermitic reaction charge would be placed into an interior section, and exteriorally surrounded by the low temperature melting eutectic charge. Ports or port means are provided around the lower end of the housing for permitting flow of the molten eutectic charge upon melting of the eutectic.
The secondary plugging tool of the present invention may be introduced into the well and withdrawn there from on wire line, cable, electric line, or tubing. If it is desired that the secondary plugging tool not be retrieved from the well subsequent to use, it may be left in the well by providing a release mechanism, such as a shear release between the top of inner and outer housings and the line, cable, or tubing used to introduce the tool within the well. Alternatively, the now empty inner and outer tubular members may be separated from the lower housing by providing a releasing means, such as a shear pin connection, between the lowermost end of at least one of the outer tubular housing and the top of the lower housing. When the method is completed, the line, cable, or tubing is pulled until the shear pin mechanism shears and separates the inner and outer housings from the lower housing, and the line or cable or tubing may be retrieved from the well with the lower housing left in the well
Now referring to
As shown in
The lower end of the outer housing member 107 is ported, at ports 108. Such ports may be provided by making the wall of the outer housing member 107 very thin in a series of circular or other geometric form, spaced radially around the outer housing member lower end, or even the bottom of the outer housing member 107. If formed in this fashion, the extremely high heat resulting from the ignition of the thermitic reaction charge in the tool 100 will permit these thinned wall portions to give way and open, permitting the eutectic metal alloy charge, described below, in the outer housing to melt and pour through such openings. Alternatively, eutectic plugs may be sealingly placed into openings in the outer housing member 107, such that melting of the eutectic plugs will transpose the plugged openings into the ports.
The inner housing 106 contains a thermitic reaction charge 109, as hereinafter described. The housing 106 is in communication with the lower ends of each of the inner and outer tubular housings 106 and 107 as well as a lower housing 110 having a chamber 111, also containing the thermitic reaction charge. A release joint 120, or a shear pin connection 120, of known construction and commercially available from a number of sources, secures the tubular housings 106 and 107 to the lower housing 110. Alternatively, a meltable or shear release mechanism may be provided between the lower housing 110 and the outer housing 107.
The invention contemplates use of two charges of materials. The first, or lower temperature melting eutectic metallic alloy LTA is deposited into the interior of the outer housing 107. The eutectic composition LTA is an alloy, which, like pure metals, has a single melting point. This melting point is usually lower than that of any of the constituent metals. Thus, for example, pure Tin melts at 449.4 degrees F., and pure Indium melts at 313.5 degrees F., but combined in a proportion of 48% Tin and 52% Indium, they form a eutectic which melts at 243 degrees F. Generally speaking, the eutectic alloy composition LTA of the present invention will be a composition of various ranges of Bismuth, Lead, Tin, Cadmium and Indium. Occasionally, if a higher melting point is desired, only Bismuth and Tin or Lead need be used. The chief component of this composition LTA is Bismuth, which is a heavy coarse crystalline metal that expands when it solidifies. Water and Antimony also expand but Bismuth expands much more than the former, namely 3.3% of its volume. When Bismuth is alloyed with other materials, such a Lead, Tin, Cadmium and Indium, this expansion is modified according to the relative percentages of Bismuth and other components present. As a general rule, Bismuth alloys of approximately 50 percent Bismuth exhibit little change of volume during solidification. Alloys containing more than this tend to expand during solidification and those containing less tend to shrink during solidification. After solidification, alloys containing both Bismuth and Lead in optimum proportions grow in the solid state many hours afterwards. Bismuth alloys that do not contain Lead expand during solidification, with negligible shrinkage while cooling to room temperature. In summary, when reference herein is made to a low temperature alloy composition, or “a low temperature melting eutectic melting metal alloy”, we mean to refer to these exemplary compositions and to metallic compositions which melt at temperatures of no more than about 1,100 degrees F.
Most molten metals when solidified in molds or annular areas shrink and pull away from the molds or annular areas or other containers. However, eutectic fusible alloys expand and push against their container when they solidify and are thus excellent materials for use as plugging agents for correcting failure spots in well tubular conduits, such as casing.
The thermitic reaction charge TRC is deposited within a third chamber 130 in the inner housing 106 and within a second chamber 131 in the lower housing 110. A first chamber 132 houses the LTA in outer housing 107. The thermitic reaction materials used to prepare the charge will melt at temperatures of about 2,400 degrees F. or greater. An example of thermite, forming the thermitic reaction charge, is a mixture of powdered or granular aluminum or magnesium metal and powdered iron oxide or other oxides. The reaction is very exothermic. 1.
The apparatus 100 of the present invention is run into the well W on wire line 101 or other means well known to those skilled in the art to a depth just above the top of the first plug FP. The tool or apparatus 100 contains the thermitic reaction charge within the inner housing 106, as well as in the lower housing 110. The low temperature eutectic metal alloy charge LTA has been placed into the outer housing 107. The tool 100 is activated by electric activation through electric signal in electric line 103 to activate the fuel charge 109. The tool 100 may also be activated by a number of other known means such as by percussion means, the dropping of a heavy bar, or the like. Upon activating, the thermitic reaction charge will ignite and the temperature in the chamber outer housing 107 will increase quickly. Upon the outer housing 107 being heated to a temperature in excess of about 1,100 degrees F. i.e. the melting point for the low temperature eutectic metal alloy charge LTA is reached and the eutectic metal alloy charge begins to quickly form a molten mass. The low temperature eutectic charge LTA is permitted to flow through the ports 108, into the well W and pass upon, through and across the exterior of the first plug FP. Upon cooling and solidification of the LTA within the well W, the tool 100 may be retrieved from the well, or left permanently in the well W and the electric line or tubing or the like disengaged from the tool 100 and removed from the well W.
Although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail, it should be understood that this is by illustration only that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto, since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure. Accordingly, modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention.
