Patent Application
20100168217
The invention relates to novel compounds of the formula (I)
in which
R is a cycloalkyl ring having 3 to 12 C atoms or tert-butyl,
R1 denotes H or alkyl having 1-6 C atoms,
m denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
n denotes 1 or 2,
and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios.
The invention was based on the object of finding novel compounds having valuable properties, in particular those which are used for the preparation of medicaments.
It has been found that the compounds of the formula (I) and salts and/or solvates thereof have very valuable pharmacological properties while being well tolerated.
Compounds having a similar structure are disclosed in WO2004/101545 A1, where all compounds are inhibitors of steroid sulfatase.
WO 2004/101545 A1 discloses as formulae benzothiophene compounds which, like the general formula I, are substituted by cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl in the 3-position. However, investigations by means of X-ray diffraction showed unambiguously that the preparation process disclosed in WO 2004/101545 A1 results in benzothiophene compounds which have these substituents not in the 3-position, but instead in the 2 position. WO 2004/101545 A1 also contains absolutely no disclosure as to how 3-substituted compounds of this type can be prepared. In spite of the apparent disclosure of benzothiophene compounds substituted by cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl in the 3-position through the incorrect formulae, WO 2004/101545 A1 thus actually discloses exclusively the preparation and testing of corresponding 2-substituted benzothiophene compounds. Compounds of the above-mentioned general formula I which have the substituents indicated in this formula in the 3-position are not anticipated by WO 2004/101545 A1.
The enzyme steroid sulfatase (E.C. 3.1.6.2., STS) catalyses the hydrolysis of oestrone sulfate to oestrone and of DHEA sulfate to DHEA (Dibbelt L, Biol. Chem., Hoppe-Seyler, 1991, 372, 173-185 and Stein C, J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 13865 13872).
The steroid sulfatase pathway has been the focus of recent attention in the context of breast cancer, with regard to the local intra-tissue formation of oestrogens from the abundant circulating pool of oestrone sulfate (E1S) (Pasqualini J R, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 1999, 69, 287-292 and Purohit A, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2001, 171, 129-135).
Inhibition of this enzyme would inhibit the formation of free oestrone (E1) from E1S, (E1) can be transformed into oestradiol (E2) by enzymatic reduction. In addition to the oestrone sulfatase pathway, it is now believed that another potent oestrogen, androstenediol (adiol) obtained from DHEA after hydrolysis of DHEA sulfate, could be another important route in the support of growth and development of hormone-dependent breast tumours.
In patients with hormone-dependent cancers, aromatase inhibitors are currently used to prevent oestrogen synthesis. However, clinical trials showed a relative lack of efficacy in patients with oestrogen receptorpositive tumours (Castiglione-Gertsch M, Eur. J. Cancer, 1996, 32A, 393-395 and Jonat W. Eur. J. Cancer, 1996, 32A, 404-412). As an explanation, the steroid sulfatase pathway could be another important route for oestrogen formation in breast tumours.
EMATE (Ahmed S. Curr. Med. Chem., 2002, 9, 2, 263-273), oestrone 3-sulfamate, is the classical standard steroid sulfatase inhibitor but with the major drawback of being oestrogenic because of its mechanism of inhibition: the sulfamate moiety is cleaved off during the enzyme deactivation process, which releases E1 not from E1S, but from EMATE itself (Ahmed S. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2002, 80, 429-440).
Other non-steroidal sulfamate compounds which release derivatives without oestrogenic properties are presented as acceptable drug candidates, in particular 6,6,7-COUMATE, a standard non-oestrogenic sulfatase inhibitor from the literature (Purohit A, Cancer Res., 2000, 60, 3394-3396).
Accordingly, there is a need for steroid sulfatase inhibitors with regard to the treatment of, in particular, oestrogen-dependent diseases.
The invention also relates to the hydrates and solvates of these compounds. Solvates of the compounds are taken to mean adductions of inert solvent molecules onto the compounds which form owing to their mutual attractive force. Solvates are, for example, mono- or dihydrates or alcoholates.
Pharmaceutically usable derivatives are taken to mean, for example, the salts of the compounds according to the invention and also so-called prodrug compounds. Prodrug derivatives are taken to mean compounds of the formula (I) which have been modified by means of, for example, alkyl or acyl groups, sugars or oligopeptides and which are rapidly cleaved in the organism to form the effective compounds according to the invention. These also include biodegradable polymer derivatives of the compounds according to the invention, as described, for example, in Int. J. Pharm. 115, 61-67 (1995).
The expression “effective amount” denotes the amount of a medicament or of a pharmaceutical active compound which causes in a tissue, system, animal or human a biological or medical response which is sought or desired, for example, by a researcher or physician. In addition, the expression “therapeutically effective amount” denotes an amount which, compared with a corresponding subject who has not received this amount, has the following consequence:
improved treatment, healing, prevention or elimination of a disease, syndrome, condition, complaint, disorder or side-effects or also the reduction in the progress of a disease, complaint or disorder. The expression “therapeutically effective amount” also encompasses the amounts which are effective for increasing normal physiological function.
The invention relates to the compounds of the formula (I) and salts thereof and to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts and solvates thereof, characterised in that
Above and below, the radicals R and R1 have the meanings indicated for the formula (I), unless expressly indicated otherwise.
R denotes cycloalkyl. Cycloalkyl here has 3 to 15 C atoms and preferably denotes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, particularly preferably cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, very particularly preferably cycloheptyl. Cycloalkyl likewise denotes mono- or bicyclic terpenes, preferably p-menthane, menthol, pinane, bornane or camphor, where each known stereoisomeric form is included, or adamantyl. For camphor, this means both L-camphor and D-camphor.
R1 denotes H or alkyl. Alkyl here has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 C atoms, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 C atoms, particularly preference is given, for example, to methyl or ethyl, furthermore propyl, isopropyl, furthermore also butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl. R1 is particularly preferably ═H.
Throughout the invention, all radicals which occur more than once may be identical or different, i.e. are independent of one another.
m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2 particularly preferably 0 or 1 and very particularly preferably 1.
n is 1 or 2, preferably 2.
Accordingly, the invention relates, in particular, to the compounds of the formula (I) in which at least one of the radicals mentioned has one of the preferred meanings indicated above. Some preferred groups of compounds can be expressed by the following sub-formulae Ia to Ik, which conform to the formula (I) and in which the radicals not designated in greater detail have the meaning indicated for the formula (I), but in which
in Ia R is cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl and
The invention relates, in particular, to compounds of the formula (I) selected from the compounds
The compounds of the formula (I) and also the starting materials for their preparation are, in addition, prepared by methods known per se, as described in the literature (for example in the standard works, such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), to be precise under reaction conditions which are known and suitable for the said reactions. Use can also be made here of variants known per se which are not mentioned in greater detail here.
Compounds of the formula (I) can preferably be obtained by reacting compounds of the formula (II) with sulfamoyl chloride or oxidising compounds of the formula (III).
The reaction of the compounds of the formula (II) with sulfamoyl chloride is carried out in an inert solvent.
Depending on the conditions used, the reaction time is between a few minutes and 14 days, the reaction temperature is between about −15° and 150°, normally between 5° and 30°, particularly preferably between 10° and 15° C.
Suitable inert solvents are, for example, hydrocarbons, such as hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, toluene or xylene; chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform or dichloromethane; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol; ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dioxane; glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme); ketones, such as acetone or butanone; amides, such as acetamide, dimethylacetamide (DMA) or dimethylformamide (DMF); nitriles, such as acetonitrile; sulfoxides, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); carbon disulfide; carboxylic acids, such as formic acid or acetic acid; nitro compounds, such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene; esters, such as ethyl acetate, or mixtures of the said solvents. Dimethylacetamide (DMA) is particularly preferred.
Oxidations, in particular the oxidation of compounds of the formula (III) to give compounds of the formula (I), are carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art. A standard method is the oxidations using hydrogen peroxide in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), for example under conditions as described by Grivas and Ronne (Acta Chemica Scandinavia, 49, 225-229 (1995)).
The cleavage of an ether is carried out using methods as are known to the person skilled in the art. A standard method for ether cleavage, for example of a methyl ether, is the use of boron tribromide (BBr3), for example under conditions as described by McOmie (Tetrahedron, 24, 2289-2292 (1968)).
The said compounds according to the invention can be used in their final non-salt form. The present encompasses invention also the use of these compounds in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which can be derived from various organic and inorganic acids and bases by procedures known in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of the compounds of the formula (I) are for the most part prepared by conventional methods.
In the case of certain compounds of the formula (I), acid-addition salts can be formed by treating these compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable organic and inorganic acids, for example hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide, other mineral acids and corresponding salts thereof, such as sulfate, nitrate or phosphate and the like, and alkyl- and monoarylsulfonates, such as ethanesulfonate, toluenesulfonate and benzenesulfonate, and other organic acids and corresponding salts thereof, such as acetate, trifluoroacetate, tartrate, maleate, succinate, citrate, benzoate, salicylate, ascorbate and the like. Accordingly, pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salts of the compounds of the formula (I) include the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, arginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, caprylate, chloride, chlorobenzoate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dihydrogenphosphate, dinitrobenzoate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, galacterate (from mucic acid), galacturonate, glucoheptanoate, gluconate, glutamate, glycerophosphate, hemisuccinate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, iodide, isethionate, isobutyrate, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, metaphosphate, methanesulfonate, methylbenzoate, monohydrogenphosphate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, oleate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, phosphonate, phthalate, but this does not represent a restriction.
Furthermore, the base salts of the compounds according to the invention include aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper, iron(III), iron(II), lithium, magnesium, manganese(III), manganese(II), potassium, sodium and zinc salts, but this is not intended to represent a restriction. Of the above-mentioned salts, preference is given to ammonium; the alkali metal salts sodium and potassium, and the alkaline-earth metal salts calcium and magnesium. Salts of the compounds of the formula (I) which are derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines, also including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchanger resins, for example arginine, betaine, caffeine, chloroprocaine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine (benzathine), dicyclohexylamine, diethanolamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lidocaine, lysine, meglumine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethanolamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (tromethamine), but this is not intended to represent a restriction.
Compounds of the present invention which contain basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternised using agents such as (C1-C4) alkyl halides, for example methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and tert-butyl chloride, bromide and iodide; di(C1-C4)alkyl sulfates, for example dimethyl, diethyl and diamyl sulfate; (C10-C18)alkyl halides, for example decyl, dodecyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chloride, bromide and iodide; and aryl(C1-C4)alkyl halides, for example benzyl chloride and phenethyl bromide. Both water- and oil-soluble compounds according to the invention can be prepared using such salts.
The above-mentioned pharmaceutical salts which are preferred include acetate, trifluoroacetate, besylate, citrate, fumarate, gluconate, hemisuccinate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, isethionate, mandelate, meglumine, nitrate, oleate, phosphonate, pivalate, sodium phosphate, stearate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, thiomalate, tosylate and tromethamine, but this is not intended to represent a restriction.
The acid-addition salts of basic compounds of the formula (I) are prepared by bringing the free base form into contact with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, causing the formation of the salt in a conventional manner. The free base can be regenerated by bringing the salt form into contact with a base and isolating the free base in a conventional manner. The free base forms differ in a certain respect from the corresponding salt forms thereof with respect to certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents; for the purposes of the invention, however, the salts otherwise correspond to the respective free base forms thereof.
As mentioned, the pharmaceutically acceptable base-addition salts of the compounds of the formula (I) are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali metals and alkaline-earth metals or organic amines. Preferred metals are sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Preferred organic amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine and procaine.
The base-addition salts of acidic compounds according to the invention are prepared by bringing the free acid form into contact with a sufficient amount of the desired base, causing the formation of the salt in a conventional manner. The free acid can be regenerated by bringing the salt form into contact with an acid and isolating the free acid in a conventional manner. The free acid forms differ in a certain respect from the corresponding salt forms thereof with respect to certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents; for the purposes of the invention, however, the salts otherwise correspond to the respective free acid forms thereof.
If a compound according to the invention contains more than one group which is capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts of this type, the invention also encompasses multiple salts. Typical multiple salt forms include, for example, bitartrate, diacetate, difumarate, dimeglumine, diphosphate, disodium and trihydrochloride, but this is not intended to represent a restriction.
With regard to that stated above, it can be seen that the expression “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” in the present connection is taken to mean an active compound which comprises a compound of the formula (I) in the form of one of its salts, in particular if this salt form imparts improved pharmacokinetic properties on the active compound compared with the free form of the active compound or any other salt form of the active compound used earlier. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt form of the active compound can also provide this active compound for the first time with a desired pharmacokinetic property which it did not have earlier and can even have a positive influence on the pharmacodynamics of this active compound with respect to its therapeutic efficacy in the body.
The invention furthermore relates to medicaments comprising at least one compound according to the invention and/or pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and optionally excipients and/or adjuvants.
Pharmaceutical formulations can be administered in the form of dosage units which comprise a predetermined amount of active compound per dosage unit. Such a unit can comprise, for example, 0.1 mg to 3 g, preferably 1 mg to 700 mg, particularly preferably 5 mg to 100 mg, of a compound according to the invention, depending on the condition treated, the method of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient, or pharmaceutical formulations can be administered in the form of dosage units which comprise a predetermined amount of active compound per dosage unit. Preferred dosage unit formulations are those which comprise a daily dose or part-dose, as indicated above, or a corresponding fraction thereof of an active compound. Furthermore, pharmaceutical formulations of this type can be prepared using a process which is generally known in the pharmaceutical art.
Pharmaceutical formulations can be adapted for administration via any desired suitable method, for example by oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) methods. Such formulations can be prepared using all processes known in the pharmaceutical art by, for example, combining the active compound with the excipient(s) or adjuvant(s).
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for oral administration can be administered as separate units, such as, for example, capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or foam foods; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions.
Thus, for example, in the case of oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active-compound component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipient, such as, for example, ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Powders are prepared by comminuting the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing it with a pharmaceutical excipient comminuted in a similar manner, such as, for example, an edible carbohydrate, such as, for example, starch or mannitol. A flavour, preservative, dispersant and dye may likewise be present.
Capsules are produced by preparing a powder mixture as described above and filling shaped gelatine shells therewith. Glidants and lubricants, such as, for example, highly disperse silicic acid, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or polyethylene glycol in solid form, can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation. A disintegrant or solubiliser, such as, for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate, may likewise be added in order to improve the availability of the medicament after the capsule has been taken.
In addition, if desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants and disintegrants as well as dyes can likewise be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatine, natural sugars, such as, for example, glucose or beta-lactose, sweeteners made from maize, natural and synthetic rubber, such as, for example, acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. The lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. The disintegrants include, without being restricted thereto, starch, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like. The tablets are formulated by, for example, preparing a powder mixture, granulating or dry-pressing the mixture, adding a lubricant and a disintegrant and pressing the entire mixture to give tablets. A powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound comminuted in a suitable manner with a diluent or a base, as described above, and optionally with a binder, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, an alginate, gelatine or polyvinylpyrrolidone, a dissolution retardant, such as, for example, paraffin, an absorption accelerator, such as, for example, a quaternary salt, and/or an absorbent, such as, for example, bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate. The powder mixture can be granulated by wetting it with a binder, such as, for example, syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage or solutions of cellulose or polymer materials and pressing it through a sieve. As an alternative to granulation, the powder mixture can be run through a tabletting machine, giving lumps of non-uniform shape which are broken up to form granules. The granules can be lubricated by addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc or mineral oil in order to prevent sticking to the tablet casting moulds. The lubricated mixture is then pressed to give tablets. The compounds according to the invention can also be combined with a free-flowing inert excipient and then pressed directly to give tablets without carrying out the granulation or dry-pressing steps. A transparent or opaque protective layer consisting of a shellac sealing layer, a layer of sugar or polymer material and a gloss layer of wax may be present. Dyes can be added to these coatings in order to be able to differentiate between different dosage units.
Oral liquids, such as, for example, solution, syrups and elixirs, can be prepared in the form of dosage units so that a given quantity comprises a prespecified amount of the compound. Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in an aqueous solution with a suitable flavour, while elixirs are prepared using a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle. Suspensions can be formulated by dispersion of the compound in a non-toxic vehicle. Solubilisers and emulsifiers, such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxyethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavour additives, such as, for example, peppermint oil or natural sweeteners or saccharin, or other artificial sweeteners and the like, can likewise be added.
The dosage unit formulations for oral administration can, if desired, be encapsulated in microcapsules. The formulation can also be prepared in such a way that the release is extended or retarded, such as, for example, by coating or embedding of particulate material in polymers, wax and the like.
The compounds according to the invention and salts, solvates and physiologically functional derivatives thereof can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as, for example, small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from various phospholipids, such as, for example, cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
The compounds according to the invention and the salts, solvates and physiologically functional derivatives thereof can also be delivered using monoclonal antibodies as individual supports to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds can also be coupled to soluble polymers as targeted medicament supports. Such polymers may include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamidophenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidophenol or polyethylene oxide polylysine, substituted by palmitoyl radicals. The compounds may furthermore be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers which are suitable for achieving controlled release of a medicament, for example polylactic acid, poly-epsiloncaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydroxypyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for transdermal administration can be administered as independent plasters for extended, close contact with the epidermis of the recipient. Thus, for example, the active compound can be delivered from the plaster by iontophoresis, as described in general terms in Pharmaceutical Research, 3(6), 318 (1986).
Pharmaceutical compounds adapted for topical administration can be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils.
For the treatment of the eye or other external tissue, for example mouth and skin, the formulations are preferably applied as topical ointment or cream. In the case of formulation to give an ointment, the active compound can be employed either with a paraffinic or a water-miscible cream base. Alternatively, the active compound can be formulated to give a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical application to the eye include eye drops, in which the active compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle, in particular an aqueous solvent.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical application in the mouth encompass lozenges, pastilles and mouthwashes.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for rectal administration can be administered in the form of suppositories or enemas.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for nasal administration in which the vehicle is a solid comprise a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range 20-500 microns, which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation via the nasal passages from a container containing the powder held close to the nose. Suitable formulations for administration as nasal spray or nose drops with a liquid as vehicle include active-compound solutions in water or oil.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for administration by inhalation encompass finely particulate dusts or mists, which can be generated by various types of pressurised dispensers with aerosols, nebulisers or insufflators.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for vaginal administration can be administered as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions comprising antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostatics and solutes, by means of which the formulation is rendered isotonic with the blood of the recipient to be treated; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may comprise suspension media and thickeners. The formulations can be administered in single-dose or multidose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and stored in freeze-dried (lyophilised) state, so that only the addition of the sterile carrier liquid, for example water for injection purposes, immediately before use is necessary. Injection solutions and suspensions prepared in accordance with the recipe can be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
It goes without saying that, in addition to the above particularly mentioned constituents, the formulations may also comprise other agents usual in the art with respect to the particular type of formulation; thus, for example, formulations which are suitable for oral administration may comprise flavours.
A therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention depends on a number of factors, including, for example, the age and weight of the human or animal, the precise condition requiring treatment, and its severity, the nature of the formulation and the method of administration, and is ultimately determined by the treating doctor or vet. However, an effective amount of a compound according to the invention for the treatment is generally in the range from 0.1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight of the recipient (mammal) per day and particularly typically in the range from 1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day. Thus, the actual amount per day for an adult mammal weighing 70 kg is usually between 70 and 700 mg, where this amount can be administered as a single dose per day or usually in a series of partdoses (such as, for example, two, three, four, five or six) per day, so that the total daily dose is the same. An effective amount of a salt or solvate or of a physiologically functional derivative thereof can be determined as the fraction of the effective amount of the compound according to the invention per se. It can be assumed that similar doses are suitable for the treatment of the other conditions mentioned above.
The invention furthermore relates to medicaments comprising at least one compound according to the invention and/or pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and at least one further medicament active compound.
The invention also relates to a set (kit) comprising separate packs of
The set comprises suitable containers, such as boxes, individual bottles, bags or ampoules. The set may, for example, comprise separate ampoules, each containing an effective amount of a compound according to the invention and/or pharmaceutically usable derivatives, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and an effective amount of a further medicament active compound in dissolved or lyophilised form.
The present compounds are suitable as pharmaceutical active compounds for mammals, in particular for humans, in the treatment of diseases in which steroid sulfatase plays a role.
The invention thus relates to the use of compounds according to the invention, and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diseases in which the inhibition, regulation and/or modulation of steroid sulfatase plays a role.
In view of their ability to inhibit steroid sulfatase and thus to dry out other sources of endogenous oestrogens in contrast to aromatase inhibitors, the compounds according to the invention can be used alone or in combination with one or more other sexual hormone therapeutic agents, such as anti-oestrogens, SERMs (selective oestrogen receptor modulators), anti-aromatases, anti-androgens, lyase inhibitors, progestins or LH-RH agonists or antagonists, for the treatment or prevention of oestrogen-dependent disorders or diseases. The compounds according to the invention can also be used for the control or management of oestrogen-regulated reproductive functions, such as male or female fertility, pregnancy, abortion or delivery in humans as well as wild or domestic animal species, alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents, such as LH-RH agonists or antagonists, oestroprogestative contraceptives, progestins, antiprogestins or prostaglandins.
Since the breasts are sensitive targets of oestrogen-stimulated proliferation and/or differentiation, the compounds according to the invention can be used for the treatment or prevention of benign breast diseases in women, gynaecomastia in men and benign or malignant breast tumours with or without metastases both in men and women or in male or female domestic animals. The compounds according to the invention can furthermore be used for the treatment or prevention of benign or malignant diseases of the uterus or ovaries. In each case, the compounds according to the invention can be used alone or in combination with one or more other sexual hormone therapeutic agents, such as those mentioned above. The invention therefore also relates to the use of the compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of benign or malignant diseases of the breast, uterus or ovaries, optionally also in combination with one or more active compounds selected from the group of the anti-oestrogens, SERMs, aromatase inhibitors, anti-androgens, lyase inhibitors, gestagens and LH-RH agonists and antagonists.
Since the enzyme steroid sulfatase transforms DHEA sulfate into DHEA, a precursor of active androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), the compounds according to the invention can be used for the treatment or prevention of androgen-dependent diseases, such as androgenic alopecia (male pattern hair loss), (Hoffman R et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., 2001, 117, 1342-1348) or acne (Billich A et al., 1999, WO 9952890), benign or malignant diseases of the prostate or testes (Reed M J, Rev. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, 1993, 45, 51-62), alone or in combination with one or more other sexual hormone therapeutic agents, such as anti-androgens, anti-oestrogens, SERMs, anti-aromatase, progestins, lyase inhibitors or LH-RH agonists or antagonists. The invention therefore furthermore relates to the use of compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of benign or malignant diseases of the prostate or testes, optionally also in combination with one or more active compounds selected from the group of the anti-oestrogens, SERMs, aromatase inhibitors, anti-androgens, lyase inhibitors, gestagens and LH-RH agonists and antagonists.
Inhibitors of steroid sulfatase may also potentially be involved in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction as they are able to enhance learning and spatial memory in rats (Johnson D A, Brain Res, 2000, 865, 286-290). DHEA sulfate as a neurosteroid affects a number of neurotransmitter systems, including those involving acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA, resulting in increased neuronal excitability (Wolf O T, Brain Res. Rev, 1999, 30, 264-288). The invention therefore also relates to the use of the compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cognitive dysfunction.
In addition, oestrogens are involved in the regulation of the balance between Th1 and Th2 predominant immune functions and may therefore be suitable for the treatment or prevention of gender-dependent autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and the like (Daynes R A, J. Exp. Med. 1990, 171, 979-996). Steroid sulfatase inhibition has been shown to be protective in models of contact allergy and collagen-induced arthritis in rodents (Suitters A J, Immunology, 1997, 91, 314-321). The invention therefore also relates to the use of the compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically usable derivatives, salts, solvates and tautomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of immune diseases.
Studies using 2-MeOEMATE have shown that steroid sulfatase inhibitors have a potent oestradiol-independent growth-inhibitory effect (MacCARTHY MOOROGH L, Cancer Research, 2000, 60, 5441-5450). Surprisingly, a decrease in tumour volume was observed with the compounds according to the invention, with low tumour steroid sulfatase inhibition. In view of this, the compounds according to the invention could lead to a decrease in cellular division because of the large interaction between such new chemical entities and the microtubular network within the cancerous cell, whatever the tissue, including breast, endometrium, uteri, prostate, testes, or metastases generated therefrom. The compounds according to the invention could therefore be suitable for the treatment of non-oestrogen-dependent cancer.
Accordingly, it is a further object of the invention to provide a method for the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases or disorders, in particular oestrogen-dependent diseases or disorders, i.e. oestrogen-induced or oestrogen-stimulated diseases or disorders (GOLOB T. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10, 3941-3953). The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I) to a subject (human or animal) in need thereof.
Principle: The human chorion carcinoma cell line JEG3 constitutively expresses high amounts of steroid sulfatase and can therefore be used for the determination of the inhibition of cellular sulfatase activity. To this end, the substrate of sulfatase, oestrogen sulfate, is added to the cells in a defined physiological concentration, and the amount of the product formed, the oestrone and oestradiol concentration are measured.
Method: JEG3 cells are sown in 96-well plates in a density of about 1×105 cells/well in MEM plus 10% of FCS. At about 80% confluence, the cells are washed with PBS, and the test substances are added in a concentration series and 5 nM radioactive 3H-E1S in DMEM. After an incubation time of 4 hours at 37° C., 100 μl of the incubation medium is removed and trans-ferred into another 96-well plate. For extraction of the radioactive products E1 and E2 formed, 300 μl of toluene is added. After shaking for 30 seconds and centrifugation, the toluene phase is removed and evaporated overnight with liquid nitrogen. Next day, 100 μl of ethanol is added, the mixture is shaken, and 150 μl of scintillation liquid is added, and the radioactivity is determined.
Reference: DUNCAN L., PUROHIT A., HOWARTH M., POTTER R. V. L. and REED M. J. Inhibition of estrone sulfatase activity by estrone-3-methylthiophosphonate: a potential therapeutic agent in breast cancer. Cancer Research, 1993, 53: 298-303.
Principle: In the Ishikawa human endometrium tumour cell line, the induction of alkaline phosphatase is used as a marker for the oestrogenic activity of test substances. The basis for this is regulation of the alkaline phosphatase gene via the oestrogen receptor and thus via oestrogens. The addition of substances having oestrogenic activity causes induction of the alkaline phosphatase and thus an increase in the activity, which is determined via the conversion of a substrate into an optically measurable product.
Method: Ishikawa cells are sown in 96-well plates in a density of about 1×104 cells/well in DMEM plus 10% of FCS. Next day, the medium is replaced by DMEM comprising 5% of oestrogen-free FCS. A further 24 hours later, the test substances are added in a concentration series in DMEM comprising 5% of oestrogen-free FCS. After incubation at 37° C. for 4 days, the activity of the alkaline phosphatase is determined. To this end, the cells are washed twice with PBS, the remaining PBS is removed, and the cells are lysed by freezing for 15 minutes at −80° C. After a thawing phase for 10 minutes at room temperature, the substrate buffer (5 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate) is added for measurement of the alkaline phosphatase. The plates are subsequently shaken gently for a further 15 to 60 minutes, and the optical density is determined at 405 nm.
Reference: 1. LITTLEFIELD B. A., GURPIDE E., MARKIEWICZ L., MAC KINLEY B., HOCHBERG B. A simple and sensitive microtiter plate estrogen bioassay based on stimulation of alkaline phosphatase in Ishikawa cells: estrogenic action of g adrenal steroids. Endocrinology, 1990, 127: 2757-2762
The invention furthermore relates to the use of compounds and/or physiologically acceptable salts thereof for the preparation of a medicament (pharmaceutical composition), in particular by non-chemical methods. They can be brought into a suitable dosage form here together with at least one solid, liquid and/or semi-liquid excipient or adjuvant and optionally in combination with one or more further active compounds.
The compounds of the general formula I according to the invention can be prepared in accordance with the following reaction scheme, in which R, R1, m and n each have the meanings indicated in the general formula I:
The examples explain the invention, without being restricted thereto.
3.20 g (24 mmol) of AlCl3 are initially introduced in 20 ml of dichloroethane. 1.93 g (12 mmol) of cycloheptanecarbonyl chloride are added in such a way that the temperature does not rise above 20° C. The mixture is stirred for 20 minutes, and 1.26 g (10 mmol) of 3-fluoroanisole, dissolved in 20 ml of dichloroethane, are then added between 15 and 20° C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is then poured into ice-water, and the organic phase is separated off. It is washed with NaHCO3 solution, then dried using Na2SO4 and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent petroleum ether, low-boiling (PE): dichloromethane (DCM) 8:2) gives 0.80 g (32%) of the desired product.
1.0 g of 1 (4.0 mmol), 0.43 g (4.0 mmol) of methyl thioglycolate and 1.30 g (4.0 mmol) of caesium carbonate are dissolved in DMF and stirred overnight at 45° C., then evaporated. The residue is taken up in ethyl acetate (EA) and water and washed by shaking. The organic phase is then separated off, dried using Na2SO4 and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent PE:EA 9:1) gives 0.40 g (31%) of the desired product.
0.82 g (2.58 mmol) of the methyl ester are dissolved in 15 ml of methanol, 2 ml of 1N NaOH are added, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture is then evaporated and acidified using 1N HCl. The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate, dried using Na2SO4, and the phase is evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent PE:ethyl acetate (EA) 9:1) gives 0.50 g (64%) of the desired carboxylic acid.
0.3 g (0.99 mmol) of carboxylic acid is heated at 200° C. in the microwave for 1 hour with 2 ml of quinoline and 50 mg of CuO. The reaction mixture is then cooled, and water and ethyl acetate are added. The organic phase is separated off, dried and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent PE:EA 95:5) gives 80 mg (31%) of the desired product.
55 mg (0.21 mmol) of 2 are treated with 150 mg (1.30 mmol) of pyridinium chloride at 150° C. in the microwave for 1 hour. After cooling, the reaction mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate. It is washed with water, then dried using sodium sulfate and evaporated, giving 37 mg (71%) of the desired hydroxyl compound.
33 mg of 3 are dissolved in 2 ml of DCM, 0.019 ml of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 15 min. 0.023 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution is then added, and stirring is continued overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture is poured into ice-water and neutralised using 1N NaOH. The organic phase is separated off, dried and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent PE:EA 1:1) gives 27.5 mg (74%) of the desired product.
300 mg of 4 are dissolved in 10 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide, and 202 mg of sulfamic acid chloride are added. The mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture is then diluted with water and ethyl acetate and neutralised using NaHCO3 solution. The organic phase is separated off and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: PE:EA:DCM 3:1:1) gives 60 mg (15.6%) of 3-cycloheptyl-1,1-dioxo-1H-λ6-benzo[b]thiophen-6-ylsulfamoyl ester. 400 MHz-1H-NMR: (ppm): 8.25 s (2H, NH2), 7.78 d (1H, H-4), 7.70 d (1H, H-7), 7.56 dd (1H, H-5), 7.16 s (1H, H-2), 2.93 m (1H, H-1′), 1.45-1.95 4m (12H, cycloheptyl)
The compound is prepared analogously to Example 1, with the difference that cycloheptaneacetyl chloride is employed instead of cycloheptanecarbonyl chloride in step 1.
400 MHz-1H-NMR: (ppm): 8.25 s (2H, NH2), 7.78 d (1H, H-4), 7.67 d (1H, H-7), 7.55 dd (1H, H-5), 7.19 s (1H, H-2), 2.57 d (2H, CH2-cycloheptyl), 1.38-1.94 m (13H, cycloheptyl)
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06025030.5 | Dec 2006 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2007/009789 | 11/13/2007 | WO | 00 | 2/22/2010 |
