Sulfur-free propellant compositions

Abstract

Sulfur free propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics to form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds. Formulations include an ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt or a mixture of the two salts in combination with various known oxidizing and reducing agents and with various known propellant additives. The oxidizing and reducing agents may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. The propellant additives may be selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

Description

[0001] This invention relates to propellants in firearms, munitions, pyrotechnics, and the like. More specifically, this invention relates to a blackpowder substitute which forms combustion byproducts that are easily cleaned with water and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Blackpowder was one of the first materials that could be used as a propellant, an explosive, and in pyrotechnic devices. The Chinese are credited with its development many centuries ago. As blackpowder characteristics became known, its uses expanded. It was first used in cannons and hand cannons in Europe in the 14th century. It began to be used in civil engineering projects in the 16th century and in coal mining operations during the 17th century. The forerunner of today's muzzleloading guns, the matchlock musket, was also invented in the 16th century. Following that matchlock, further developments in firearms made the use of blackpowder more effective and convenient. In rapid succession, better ignition systems were developed with both the wheellock and the flintlock during the 16th century. The percussion cap firearm, similar to that used today, was not developed until the 19th century.

[0003] Thus, for hundreds of years, blackpowder remained unchallenged as the only material of its type. Inventors directed their efforts to making better use of blackpowder. With the advent of nitro-cellulose smokeless powder in the latter part of the 19th century, blackpowder lost its preeminence as the only gun propellant. Smokeless powder burned cleaner and produced more energy than did blackpowder, and it was safer to use and handle. However, because of blackpowder's lower gun barrel pressures, ignition characteristics, and low cost of manufacture, blackpowder retained its place in the market as the only propellant for antique firearms such as muzzleloaders and the preferred material for use in fuse manufacture, ignition devices, cannon round igniters, fireworks, and the like.

[0004] In 1978, U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 was issued to Pawlak and Levenson for Deflagrating Propellant Compositions. Blackpowder was soon no longer the muzzleloading propellant of choice for many sportsmen. The principal product marketed as a result of the Pawlak et. al. patent is known as Pyrodex powder. This product does not detonate and is less prone to accidental ignition than is blackpowder. In addition to being used as a propellant in muzzleloading and cartridge guns, Pyrodex powder has been formulated as a delay powder, a fuse powder, a fireworks powder, and in some military applications. However, Pyrodex it not without its own drawbacks. It does not ignite satisfactorily in flintlock guns and, like blackpowder, it contains sulfur which results in combustion residues that are hard to remove and can cause corrosion if left in the gun barrel.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,676 issued in 1985 to Kurtz. It was the first in a number of patents on sulfur-free compositions utilizing potassium nitrate and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Some of these patents used slurries in the manufacture thus requiring the subsequent removal of large quantities of water. Others required cooking or heating with the attendant high production cost and hazard. Many of these products had low energy content and were very hygroscopic with the result that the product coagulated in the container, becoming a single, unusable lump.

[0006] Cioffe further expanded on the use of ascorbic or erythorbic acid in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,423 by adding potassium perchlorate. This product had reduced hygroscopicity and higher energy, however, it requires high energy inputs during manufacture for compaction and subsequent granulation. The resulting product has been known to detonate. Other similar products are known that have the same bad characteristics.

[0007] Several factors have combined to increase the market for a clean burning, high performance propellant composition. Deer population in many states has grown substantially due to good conservation management, and these states now have separate seasons for muzzleloading guns during a so-called primitive weapons season, as well as a regular season for conventional, high powered firearms. The same is true in many western states having elk herds. Due to the growing popularity of muzzleloaders, gun manufacturers have developed the “in line” rifle which gives better ignition than the side-hammer percussion rifle, and these weapons are made to withstand higher gun barrel pressures. When Pyrodex powder was first introduced, the most popular projectile was the patched round ball. Today, modern projectiles using plastic sabots with a metal jacketed bullet are gaining ascendance and higher velocities are desirable.

[0008] The demand is growing for propellant compositions that will keep pace with expanding market of shooters and sportsmen having an interest in muzzleloading type weaponry. At the same time, the need remains for propellant compositions which solve the many disadvantages and drawbacks of corrosiveness and cleaning difficulty associated with blackpowder and conventional blackpowder substitutes such as Pyrodex powder. The primary objective of this invention is to meet these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] More specifically, an object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation to eliminate the presence of corrosive, sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion.

[0010] A corollary object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free substitute for conventional blackpowder and which may be loaded in firearms on a volumetric basis similar to the way that blackpowder is loaded, rather than on a weight basis.

[0011] Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition for which the combustion byproducts may be readily removed with water to provide easy cleanup of weaponry in which such propellant composition is utilized.

[0012] Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which forms water soluble combustion products free of sulfur-containing compounds.

[0013] An additional object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described with limited water formation in the combustion products to facilitate repeated use and ignition of subsequent charges in firearms.

[0014] A further object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described having reliable and consistent performance characteristics of good ignition, no detonation, good burn rate, low hygroscopic properties, reasonable time to peak pressure, adequate fouler pressure, moderate peak pressure, and reproducible velocity performance and ballistics.

[0015] Yet another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which can be manufactured from readily available chemicals, can be safely handled and stored, has an adequate shelf life, and can be manufactured in a modern gunpowder plant within industry standards for safety, handling, manufacture and storage.

[0016] In summary, an object of the invention is to provide sulfur free propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics which form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds. Formulations include an ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt or a mixture of the two salts in combination with various known oxidizing and reducing agents and with various known propellant additives. The oxidizing and reducing agents may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. The propellant additives may be selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0017] Other and further objects of the invention, together with the features of novelty appurtenant thereto, will appear in the following detailed description of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The important benefits of sulfur in various pyrotechnic mixtures such as blackpowder and modern blackpowder substitutes, such as Pyrodex powder as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 incorporated herein by reference, have long been known. However, the significant drawbacks and disadvantages of sulfur in pyrotechnic mixtures for firearms have also long been understood. The presence of sulfur in these prior art mixtures results in sulfur compounds being present in the combustion residue. In the case of blackpowder, such compounds include hydrogen sulfide, potassium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, and potassium sulfide. In the case of Pyrodex powder, the sulfur-containing byproducts include principally potassium sulfate and potassium thiosulfate. Such sulfur compounds are difficult to remove from gun barrels where repeated use of the firearms without intermediate cleaning is frequently practiced. Without cleaning, such sulfur compounds combine with moisture and are highly corrosive to the metal parts of the firearm.

[0019] In both blackpowder and Pyrodex, sulfur is a necessary component. The low melting point of sulfur (i.e., 244° F.) contributes to a lower autoignition temperature and promotes a faster burning rate in propellant mixtures. In the traditional formulation of blackpowder, charcoal represents 15% by weight, potassium nitrate represents 75% by weight and sulfur represents 10% by weight. The autoignition temperature of blackpowder is approximately 580° F. and the burn rate is about 2.3 seconds per inch at atmospheric pressure.

[0020] If sulfur is simply removed from blackpowder, in an effort to control production of the corrosive sulfur byproducts, the product is changed dramatically. The autoignition temperature rises from. 580 to 750 or higher, the burn rate slows down form 2.3 seconds/inch to more than 4.1 seconds/inch, and the ignition properties become very poor. In other words, the modified blackpowder becomes ineffective for use as a propellant composition.

[0021] Although the numbers themselves change, the same relationship holds true for Pyrodex powder. When sulfur is removed from Pyrodex powder, the autoignition temperature rises, the burn rate slows down, and the ignition is poor. Therefore, it has heretofore not been possible to simply eliminate sulfur from Pyrodex powder and still maintain a propellant composition useful in muzzleloading weapons.

[0022] We have discovered that sulfur can be eliminated and still maintain a propellant by using a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt as an ignition aid to various mixtures of oxidizing and reducing agents known to those skilled in the art. It is also possible to combine these novel formulations with various propellant additives known to those skilled in the gunpowder arts, such as binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0023] The gluconic acid salts tested in formulations coming within the scope of this invention include sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate. Sodium gluconate has a chemical formula of C6H11NaO7, a molecular weight of 218.13 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8372 of The Merck Index (9th Edition), incorporated herein by reference. The form most commonly used and readily available is sodium D-gluconate. Potassium gluconate has a chemical formula of C6H11KO7, a molecular weight of 234.24 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7413 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0024] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the gluconic acid salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 45% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 25% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 15% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0025] The alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt tested in formulations within the scope of this invention include sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, or sodium 3-nitrobenzoate. The compound has a chemical formula of C7H4NO4Na, a molecular weight of 189.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #6411 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0026] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the sodium meta-nitrobenzoate may be present in the amount of 0 to 40% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 15% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 12% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0027] The oxidizing and reducing or fuel agents useful in the formulations of this invention include carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof. Oxidizing and reducing agents specifically tested include carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

[0028] The element carbon has a chemical formula of C, a molecular weight of 12.01 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1814 of The Merck Index (9th Edition). The form most commonly used and readily available for use in this invention is charcoal. More specifically, the charcoal was air float charcoal derived from wood.

[0029] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, carbon may be present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 12% by weight, and is present in the amount of 3 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0030] Numerous sugars have served as fuels for prior art compositions of propellants. Lactose has specifically been tested and found useful as a fuel in the formulations of this invention. However, other known sugars, such as dextrose, sucrose and fuels derived therefrom, are expected to be useful when combined with ignition agents of gluconate or sodium nitrobenzoate salts, or mixtures thereof. Lactose has a chemical formula of C12H22O11, a molecular weight of 360.31 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #5192 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0031] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, lactose may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0 to 12% by weight, and may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0032] Nitrate salts have served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium nitrate, known commonly as saltpeter, has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium nitrate has a chemical formula of KNO3, a molecular weight of 101.10 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7432 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0033] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium nitrate may be present in the amount of 0 to 60% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 20 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 30 to 45% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0034] Since the development of Pyrodex powder as a blackpowder substitute, perchlorate salts have also served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium perchlorate has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium perchlorate has a chemical formula of KClO4, a molecular weight of 138.55 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7439 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0035] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium perchlorate may be present in the amount of 0 to 70% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 15 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 20 to 40% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0036] The benzoate salts sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate have been tested and found useful in the formulations of this invention. Sodium benzoate has a chemical formula of C7H5NaO2, a molecular weight of 144.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8326 of The Merck Index (9th Edition). Potassium benzoate has a chemical formula of C7H5KO2, a molecular weight of 160.22 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1100 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0037] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use in the propellant formulations, benzoate salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 30% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 2 to 20% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 3 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0038] A broad range of various formulations of oxidizing and reducing agents with the ignitions agents of gluconic acid salts, or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt such as sodium nitrobenzoate or potassium nitrobenzoate, or mixtures thereof have been combined, without product degradation, with a variety of known propellant additives. Such additives include binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0039] Propellant binders may comprise simply water, but dextrin is an agent known to serve as an effective binder in gunpowders. Dextrin has a chemical formula of C6H10O5, a molecular weight of 162.14 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #2909 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0040] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a binder in the propellant formulations, dextrin may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0041] Likewise, water may also serve as a burning rate modifier. Dicyanodiamide is another agent known to modify burn rate in gunpowders. Dicyanodiamide has a chemical formula of C2H4N4, a molecular weight of 84.08 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #3068 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0042] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as burn rate modifier in the propellant formulations, dicyanodiamide may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 8% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0043] Tricalcium phosphate may serve as a flow agent in the propellant formulations. Tricalcium phosphate has a chemical formula of Ca3(PO4)2, a molecular weight of 310.20 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1695 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).

[0044] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a flow agent in the propellant formulations, tricalcium phosphate may be present in the amount of 0 to 1% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 0.2 to 0.8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0045] A small amount of carbon black may serve as a colorant in the propellant formulations. Blackpowder traditionalists and muzzleloading enthusiasts expect substitute powders to have a pleasing black color. Accordingly, an appropriate color shade may be achieved by adding up 0.5% by weight carbon black to the propellant formulations of this invention.

[0046] Likewise, coating agents such as graphite may be added to the propellant formulations of this invention. This may be done to improve the pouring and consistency of the product to better match the esthetics of traditional blackpowder characteristics.

[0047] Although the propellant formulations of this invention have not been found to be excessively hygroscopic, moisture retardants may be included in the product. Acceptable moisture retardants include silicon compounds known in the art for their moisture trapping and retaining properties.

[0048] Since the gluconic acid salts and alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt disclosed for use in this invention have not been previously known to have any use in pyrotechnic compositions, extensive tests have been conducted to attempt to understand the nature and scope of these compounds in various propellant formulations. A large number of the tested formulations are included in this application in Tables 1 through 3.

[0049] In the reported formulations of Tables 1 through 3, the raw materials of each formulation are given as a weight percentage. The combustion products are theoretically calculated and are likewise given as weight percentage.

[0050] In order to characterize the research compositions, the byproducts of the combustion reaction were calculated by a mass balance and a uniform method of determining the reaction byproducts. It is of course recognized that the uniform method does not necessarily yield correct absolute values due to the changes in byproducts that can occur from the reaction environment of high temperature and pressure to atmospheric conditions. Nonetheless, such method does give a good basis for relative comparison of one formulation with another.

[0051] The uniform method selected to calculate the reaction byproducts involves certain assumptions as follows. Materials that have very high melting points and are basically inert are considered to pass through the reaction unchanged. The inert portion of trace materials such as in charcoal are assumed to pass through the reaction unchanged. All hydrogen in the raw materials is assumed to be converted to water. All nitrogen in the raw materials is produced as nitrogen gas. All sodium in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as sodium carbonate. All chlorine in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as potassium chloride. Any remaining potassium after the above conversions is produced as potassium carbonate. Any remaining carbon is converted to carbon monoxide. Any remaining oxygen is used to convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.

[0052] The composition of combustion products given in Tables 1 through 3, therefore, were determined in accordance with the foregoing method with the exception of the combustion products for blackpowder which are well known to those skilled in the gunpowder art to have the accepted values as listed.

[0053] As reported under performance characteristics in each of Tables 1 through 3, various test procedures or observations were made for each propellant formulation. A brief description of the test procedure or observation of the reported results are given as follows.

[0054] Autoignition Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit. Grains of the composition were placed on a hot plate at various locations until a location was found that caused combustion. The temperature of that location on the plate was then measured and recorded.

[0055] In the Open Tube Burn test, a small quantity of the composition was placed in a ½″ diameter plastic tube which was taped at one end. A fuse was placed in the open end and ignited. The nature of combustion of the composition was observed and the results recorded.

[0056] Burn Rate is given in seconds per inch. A quantity of the composition was compressed in a ½″ diameter tube at consistent pressure by increments until a pressing of about 1½″ in length was obtained. The pressed composition was then ignited and the time of burning was measured. The walls of the tube restricted the burning to just the cross-sectional area of the tube so that the composition burned in a cigarette type manner.

[0057] The Bulk Density is given in grams per cubic centimeter (gms/cc). A known volume of the composition was weighed, and the bulk density was calculated and recorded.

[0058] Moisture content is given as a weight percentage. Moisture content was measured using an Ohaus-type scale.

[0059] Ballistic characteristics were taken for 80 grains volumetric samples which means that the same volume was used that was equal to the volume of 80 grains by weight of blackpowder. The ballistic data was recorded.

[0060] The projectile velocities of multiple tests were measured and recorded as feet per second. For each shot, the test gun was charged with a known quantity of composition and the projectile was fired through velocity screens separated by a known distance. The time for the projectile to pass through one screen to the next was measured and the velocity was then calculated and recorded. Lo velocity represents the lowest velocity in the range of tests for the particular powder formulation being studied, Hi velocity represents the highest in the range of tests, ES velocity represents the spread between Lo and Hi velocities, Av velocity represents the average velocity, and SD velocity is the standard deviation for the range of tests.

[0061] The TTP test is given in milliseconds and represents the time to peak pressure. An electronic device was used to measure the elapsed time from the onset of pressure rise until the maximum pressure occurs in the gun barrel breech.

[0062] The Pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. A piezometer was used to determine the pressure in the breech of the gun at each firing of the composition and the maximum of such readings was recorded.

[0063] The Fouler pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. The Fouler pressure is measured with the piezometer as above, but this reading represents the first shot in a group of firings and was normally done with a clean barrel.

[0064] The ability to clean any combustion residue with water alone was also observed as part of the tests. With the exception of the tests on blackpowder recorded for comparative purposes, all of the formulations of this invention formed combustion byproducts which were easily removed with gun cleaning patches dipped in plain water.

[0065] In the following Table 1 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a gluconic acid salt alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated.

TABLE 1
Gluconate Formulations
	Chemical	Mole	Black	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	Weight	Powder	#657	#171	#75
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	12.01		0.45	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C	12.01	15.00	3.15	3
Dextrin	C6H10O5	162.14		6.00	6	6
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	84.08
Graphite	C	12.01
Lactose	C12H22O11	360.31			6.1
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	189.11
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	101.10	75.00	16.63	38	53.1
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	138.55		48.83	32.5	21.2
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	144.11		21.00	9.8	14.8
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2	160.22
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	218.13		3.55	3.7	4
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7	234.24
Sulfur	S	32.06	10.00
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	310.20		0.40	0.4	0.4
TOTAL			100.00	100.00	100.0	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3	96.11	0.97
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	44.01	24.93		16.2	19
Carbon Monoxide	CO	28.01	3.97	38.20	17.4	9.3
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S	34.08	0.69
Methane	CH4	16.04	0.49
Nitrogen	N2	28.02	9.92	2.30	5.3	7.4
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	138.20	26.56	22.40	32.2	44.7
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS	97.18	1.97
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4	174.25	12.34
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3	190.32	15.40
Potassium Sulfide	K2S	110.26	2.23
Potassium Chloride	KCl	74.56		14.30	10.9	2.3
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	105.99
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	58.45		9.40	5.1	7.1
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	310.20		0.40	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	18.02		11.60	11.6	9.8
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	12.01	0.53	1.40	0.9
TOTAL			100.00	100.00	100.0	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.			580	800	760	860
Open tube burn			just burn	fast	just burn	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.			2.3	5.3	7.9	9.1
Bulk Density			1	0.84	0.87	0.81
Moisture, wt. %			<0.5	0.9	0.7	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps			1624	1586	1764	1393
Hi velocity, fps			1690	only	1863	1426
ES velocity, fps			66	one	99	33
Av velocity, fps			1664	shot	1825	1407
SD velocity, fps			26		48	15
TTP, ms.			0.8	0.2	1	1
Pressure, psi max.			11000	29500	6800	3600
Fouler pressure, psi					4100	1600
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#85	#165	#175	#663	#664
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	0.5	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C		3	3	5	5
Dextrin	C6H10O5		6	4	4	4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11		6.8	7	5.5	7
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	55.5	37	37.8	37.8	37.8
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	22.2	31.5	32.2	32.2	32.2
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	17.4	10.8	11	11	9.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4	4	4.1	4.1	4.1
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	25.5	10.2	13.7	12.9	13.5
Carbon Monoxide	CO	2.2	23.9	20	21	20.2
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	7.7	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	47.3	31.4	32.5	32.5	31.5
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	1.7	10.3	10.1	10.1	11.2
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	8.1	5.3	5.6	5.6	4.8
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	7.1	12.5	11.6	10.7	11.6
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C		0.9	0.9	1.6	1.6
TOTAL		100	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		930	740	770	770	740
Open tube burn		just burn fast	burn fast	burn fast
Burn rate, secs/in.		7.1	6.9	6.7	7.2	7.8
Bulk Density		0.64	0.84	0.81	0.84	0.84
Moisture, wt. %		0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1545	1864	1937	1930	1839
Hi velocity, fps		1592	1941	1976	1960	1884
ES velocity, fps		138	77	39	30	45
Av velocity, fps		1537	1923	1958	1946	1865
SD velocity, fps		70	33	17	11	18
TTP, ms.		0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		11100	7700	8800	10400	8900
Fouler pressure, psi		6000	5400	8000	7000	6300
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#665	#158	#680	#685	#677
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C		0.5
Charcoal	C	7	3	7	7	7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	4	6	3.5	3.5	3
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11	3.5	7.4	4	4	4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.8	35.9	39.4	39.4	37.8
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	32.2	30.6	30.7	33.2	32.2
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	11	11.8	10.5	8	11
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.1	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.6
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	10.4	3.6	11.3	21.4	10.6
Carbon Monoxide	CO	23.8	30.3	22.5	12.9	23.6
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.2	5	5.5	5.5	5.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.5	31.6	33.2	32	32.5
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	10.1	8.8	9.8	12.4	10.1
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.6	5.9	5.4	4.3	5.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.8	13.4	9.8	8.9	9.8
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.2	0.9	2.2	2.2	2.2
TOTAL		100.0	99.9	100.1	100.0	100.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		770	720	720	740	720
Open tube burn		fast	just burn	fast		fast
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.3	7.3	6.7	8.1	6.6
Bulk Density		0.82	0.83	0.8	0.86	0.81
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.7
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1939	1762	1908	1905	1930
Hi velocity, fps		1955	1890	1995	1966	2024
ES velocity, fps		16	128	87	61	94
Av velocity, fps		1948	1845	1951	1936	1980
SD velocity, fps		7	52	26	27	44
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.6
Pressure, psi max.		10900	7300	12600	11000	15400
Fouler pressure, psi		6700	4600	8500	6200	11900
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#147	#151	#679	#164	#58
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	0.5	0.5		0.5
Charcoal	C	3	3	7		5
Dextrin	C6H10O5	6	6	3	6	6
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4					4.9
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11	9.5	8	4.2	9.6
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.9	34.8	39.4	34.2	48.6
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	26.5	29.7	30.7	32.9	19.4
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	11.4	12.8	10.5	11.5	10.7
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.9	5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2			11.3	8.8	2.2
Carbon Monoxide	CO	33.1	33.4	22.4	24.5	26.3
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.3	4.8	5.5	4.7	10
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.9	31.3	33.4	30.4	39.8
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	6.7	7.8	9.4	10.1	3.4
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.9	6.4	5.6	5.9	5.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	14.3	14.3	9.8	15.2	10.7
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.3	1.6	2.2		1.6
TOTAL		99.9	100.0	100.0	100.0	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		740	750	710	770	840
Open tube burn		just burn	just burn	fast		just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		8.3	8.5	6.3	9.5	8.8
Bulk Density		0.82	0.84	0.8	0.84	0.78
Moisture, wt. %		0.7	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.6
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1571	1655	1917	1713	1346
Hi velocity, fps		1616	1698	1970	1811	1442
ES velocity, fps		45	43	53	98	96
Av velocity, fps		1592	1676	1942	1765	1384
SD velocity, fps		19	19	20	44	39
TTP, ms.		1	1	0.6	0.8	1
Pressure, psi max.		4300	5700	12200	6300	3800
Fouler pressure, psi		2900	4600	10000	4500	2100
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#675	#159	#176	#177	#115
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C		0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C	7		1	1
Dextrin	C6H10O5	2	6	6	4	6
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11	4.5	10.4	8.9	9.1	11.1
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.8	33.2	30.6	31.3	32.2
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	32.2	31.9	33.1	33.8	30.9
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	11	12.4	14.2	14.5	13.3
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	5.1	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.6
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	11	2.7		2.2
Carbon Monoxide	CO	22.9	30.7	34.3	32.2	32.4
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.2	4.6	4.2	4.3	4.5
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.9	30	29.3	30.2	30.2
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.7	9.1	8.8	8.6	7.8
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.9	6.4	7.1	7.4	6.9
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.8	16.1	15.2	14.3	17
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.2		0.6	0.3	0.9
TOTAL		100.0	100.0	99.9	99.9	100.1
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		740	740	760	760	720
Open tube burn		fast	just burn	just burn	just burn	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		7	9.4	8.7	8.2	12
Bulk Density		0.8	0.83	0.85	0.83	0.81
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1828	1776	1920	1970	1675
Hi velocity, fps		1963	1845	1973	2066	1729
ES velocity, fps		135	69	53	96	54
Av velocity, fps		1922	1825	1945	2019	1700
SD velocity, fps		53	28	20	36	20
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.9
Pressure, psi max.		13000	7100	9100	11800	6100
Fouler pressure, psi			6000	9200	14500	2300
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#673	#117	#676	#674	#660
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C		0.5			0.38
Charcoal	C	7		7	7	3.15
Dextrin	C6H10O5		6	2		6.00
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11	5.5	9.6	7.1	8
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.8	31.9	32.5	32.8	25.34
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	32.2	30.9	32.2	32.2	39.06
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	11	13.3	11	11	16.80
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	6.1	7.4	7.8	8.6	8.88
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.40
TOTAL		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.00
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	11.5
Carbon Monoxide	CO	22.3	32	34.8	34.4	36.00
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.2	4.4	4.5	4.5	3.50
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33	30.6	30.1	30.7	28.10
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.5	7.2	8.9	8.4	9.30
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	6.1	7.4	6.6	6.9	9.20
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.40
Water	H2O	9.8	17	12.5	12.5	12.50
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.2	1	2.2	2.2	1.00
TOTAL		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.00
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		720	740	740	720	800
Open tube burn		fast	just burn	fast	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.6	12.2	6.6	6.8	6.4
Bulk Density		0.78	0.85	0.77	0.77	0.81
Moisture, wt. %		0.7	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1152	1726	1846	1654	1660
Hi velocity, fps		1727	1760	1951	1852	1907
ES velocity, fps		575	34	105	198	four
Av velocity, fps		1530	1748	1896	1800	shots
SD velocity, fps		327	14	38	82
TTP, ms.		0.4	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.3
Pressure, psi max.		24200	5800	13500	18400	24100
Fouler pressure, psi		14100	5000	11500	13900
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#662	#162	#83	#157	#170
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	0.38	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C	5.25	3		3	3
Dextrin	C6H10O5	6.00	6		6	3
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	32.55	37.4	53.1	36.3	37.5
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	32.55	30.8	21.2	29.9	30.9
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	14.00	12.4	14.8	13.6	14.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	8.88	9.5	10	10.3	10.6
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.00	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2		9.3	22.5	3	9.6
Carbon Monoxide	CO	35.00	23.5	5.2	29.8	23
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	4.50	5.2	7.4	5	5.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	31.60	34.6	46.6	34.6	35.9
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	7.20	6.9	0.2	5.5	5.5
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	8.10	7.6	8.7	8.4	8.7
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	11.60	11.6	8.9	12.5	10.7
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.60	0.9		0.9	0.9
TOTAL		100.00	100	99.9	100.1	99.9
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		730	710	780	720	740
Open tube burn		fast	just burn	just burn	just burn	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		7.1	6.9	8.3	6.9	6.9
Bulk Density		0.81	0.84	0.71	0.83	0.77
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1923	1909	1561	1799	1741
Hi velocity, fps		1953	1958	1691	1888	1856
ES velocity, fps		30	49	130	89	115
Av velocity, fps		1937	1931	1638	1855	1817
SD velocity, fps		11	19	48	34	47
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.7	1	0.9	0.5
Pressure, psi max.		12400	7400	11900	8200	16900
Fouler pressure, psi		10400	5200	5800	5400	13000
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#136	#148	#152	#155	#140
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C	3	3	3	3	3
Dextrin	C6H10O5	6	6	6	6	6
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	27.1	37.2	31.2	35.2	28.2
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	36.2	27.2	32.6	29	35
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	15.6	14.5	15.1	14.7	15
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.9
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2
Carbon Monoxide	CO	34.3	31.1	32.9	31.9	34.3
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	3.8	5.2	4.3	4.9	3.9
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	29.5	35.9	32.3	34.6	30
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	7.6	3.4	5.7	4.2	7.2
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	9.4	8.9	9.2	8.9	9.2
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	13.4	13.4	13.4	13.4	13.4
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.5
TOTAL		100	100.1	99.9	100	99.9
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		680	730	710	730	700
Open tube burn		burn fast	just burn	burn fast	just burn	burn fast
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.7	7.7	7	6.8	6.3
Bulk Density		0.83	0.81	0.83	0.84	0.84
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1918	1762	1931	1794	1983
Hi velocity, fps		2123	1795	2026	1808	2010
ES velocity, fps		205	33	95	14	27
Av velocity, fps		2030	1781	1994	1800	1999
SD velocity, fps		86	14	39	5	10
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		17000	6300	11800	6700	15800
Fouler pressure, psi		15100	4300	13000	5400	14900
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#661	#143	#88	#87	#678
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	0.33	0.5	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C	3.15	3			5.70
Dextrin	C6H10O5	6.00	6	6	4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	31.15	29.3	19.6	20	34.00
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	32.55	33.6	42.4	43.3	32.60
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	14.00	14.5	18.1	18.5	11.00
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	12.43	12.7	13	13.3	16.30
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.40
TOTAL		100.00	100	100	100	100.00
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2				0.8	10.30
Carbon Monoxide	CO	33.90	34.2	34.9	34.9	23.40
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	4.30	4.1	2.7	2.8	4.70
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.00	30.9	26.3	26.5	33.70
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	6.10	6.3	8.8	9.5	6.10
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	8.90	9.2	10.9	10.9	8.90
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.40
Water	H2O	13.40	13.4	15.2	14.3	10.70
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.00	1.5			1.80
TOTAL		100.00	100	99.2	100.1	100.00
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		750	720	700	690	670
Open tube burn		just burn	just burn	just burn fast	just burn fast	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		8.3	6.8	6.7	6.5	7.6
Bulk Density		0.84	0.84	0.83	0.79	0.72
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1908	1990	1547	1753	1653
Hi velocity, fps		1933	2072	1951	2025	1700
ES velocity, fps		25	82	289	272	47
Av velocity, fps		1919	2020	1786	1854	1673
SD velocity, fps		11	31	120	148	18
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.7	0.3	0.3	0.5
Pressure, psi max.		11100	12800	23600	21200	19100
Fouler pressure, psi		10200	12000	23800	19700	19100
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#98	#103	#105	#116	#99
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Charcoal	C
Dextrin	C6H10O5	6	6	6	6	6
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	25.1	28	29.4		30.7
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	35.8	32.5	30.9	60.3	29.3
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	15.4	14	13.3	13.3	12.6
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	16.8	18.6	19.5	19.5	20.5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2				9.3
Carbon Monoxide	CO	32.9	32.6	32.2	32.1	31
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	3.5	3.9	4.1		4.3
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	29.7	31.8	32.9	12.7	33.6
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	5.7	3.8	2.9	18.7	2.1
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7	10.7
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	16.1	16.1	16.1	16.1	17
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C		0.8	0.7
TOTAL		99	100.1	100	100	99.1
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		700	660	670	740	700
Open tube burn		just burn	just burn	just burn	burn fast	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		9.2	10.1	10.8	6.7	11
Bulk Density		0.84	0.85	0.84	0.88	0.83
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1998	1909	1638	only	1475
Hi velocity, fps		2044	1942	1697	one	1603
ES velocity, fps		46	33	59	shot	128
Av velocity, fps		2021	1922	1667	2151	1537
SD velocity, fps		20	15	25		45
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.8	0.9	0.3	1
Pressure, psi max.		13000	9000	6200	34900	4900
Fouler pressure, psi			9000	4800	34900	3400
		Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref
		Formula	#89	#580	#670
	RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
	Carbon Black	C	0.5
	Charcoal	C
	Dextrin	C6H10O5	6	6.00
	Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
	Graphite	C
	Lactose	C12H22O11
	Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na
	Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	36.3		55.50
	Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	22.8	62.00
	Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	9.8
	Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
	Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	24.2	31.60	44.10
	Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
	Sulfur	S
	Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.40	0.40
	TOTAL		100	100.00	100.00
	COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
	Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
	Carbon Dioxide	CO2		33.80	23.60
	Carbon Monoxide	CO	29.1	6.90
	Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
	Methane	CH4
	Nitrogen	N2	5		7.70
	Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	36.2	9.90	38.00
	Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
	Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
	Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
	Potassium Sulfide	K2S
	Potassium Chloride	KCl		22.70
	Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	0.7		10.70
	Sodium Chloride	NaCl	9.6	8.40
	Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.40	0.40
	Water	H2O	17.9	17.90	19.60
	Ash or Unburned Carbon	C
	TOTAL		98.9	100.00	100.0
	PERFORMANCE FACTORS
	Autoignition Temp, ° F.		660	740	620
	Open tube burn		burn slow	just burned	slow burn
	Burn rate, secs/in.		12.7	8.3	13
	Bulk Density		0.79	0.8	0.63
	Moisture, wt. %		0.6	0.8	0.1
	Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
	Lo velocity, fps		1100	1647	low
	Hi velocity, fps		1140	1847
	ES velocity, fps		40	200
	Av velocity, fps		1121	1783
	SD velocity, fps		140	80
	TTP, ms.		1.1	0.7-1.3
	Pressure, psi max.		1600	8300	500
	Fouler pressure, psi		900	3600

[0066] In the following Table 2 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which the sodium nitrobenzoate salt sodium meta-nitrobenzoate alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated.

TABLE 2
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations
	Chemical	Mole	Black	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	Weight	Powder	#795	#791	#792
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	12.01
Charcoal	C	12.01	15.00	5.6	5.7	5.7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	162.14		8	5.8	6.8
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	84.08		4.9	6	5
Graphite	C	12.01
Lactose	C12H22O11	360.31
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	189.11		7.3	7.4	7.4
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	101.10	75.00	38.7	39.2	39.2
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	138.55		29	29.4	29.4
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	144.11		6.1	6.1	6.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2	160.22
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	218.13
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7	234.24
Sulfur	S	32.06	10.00
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	310.20		0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL			100.00	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3	96.11	0.97
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	44.01	24.93	7.1	9.1	9.3
Carbon Monoxide	CO	28.01	3.97	25.4	22.7	23
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S	34.08	0.69
Methane	CH4	16.04	0.49
Nitrogen	N2	28.02	9.92	9.2	10	9.3
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	138.20	26.56	32	32.5	32.5
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS	97.18	1.97
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4	174.25	12.34
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3	190.32	15.40
Potassium Sulfide	K2S	110.26	2.23
Potassium Chloride	KCl	74.56		9.5	9.7	9.7
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	105.99		0
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	58.45		4.8	4.8	4.8
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	310.20		0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	18.02		9.9	9.1	9.3
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	12.01	0.53	1.7	1.7	1.7
TOTAL			100.00	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.			580	800	840	800
Open tube burn			just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.			2.3	6.3	6.1	6.2
Bulk Density			1	0.76	0.75	0.72
Moisture, wt. %			<0.5	0.7	1	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps			1624	1869	1737	1739
Hi velocity, fps			1690	1948	1977	1857
ES velocity, fps			66	79	240	118
Av velocity, fps			1664	1911	1881	1792
SD velocity, fps			26	37	99	59
TTP, ms.			0.8	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pressure, psi max.			11000	11300	15800	17000
Fouler pressure, psi				7500	11200	9300
	Chemial	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#783	#694	#825	#824
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	5.7	4
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.9	3.5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11		8.5
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	7.5	8	30.00	40.00
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.6	39.4		59.60
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29.7	30.7	69.60
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	6.2	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.40	0.40
TOTAL		100	100.0	100.00	100.00
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	11.2	18.6	45.40
Carbon Monoxide	CO	21	15.7		28.00
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.4	6.1	2.20	11.20
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.7	32.5	11.00	40.60
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.9	10.5	25.50
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	0			11.30
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	4.8	4.8	9.40
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.40	0.40
Water	H2O	8.8	10.2	5.60	7.50
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.8	1.2
TOTAL		100	100.0	99.5	99.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		860	750	780	740
Open tube burn			fast (693-)	bvf. prop. 9′	just burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.9	6	4.2	4.4
Bulk Density		0.77	0.83	0.72	0.5
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8	0.5	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1867	1907	1211	794
Hi velocity, fps		1955	1924	1461	853
ES velocity, fps		88	17	250	59
Av velocity, fps		1931	1914	1320	825
SD velocity, fps		36	7	127	29
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.7	0.1	0.2
Pressure, psi max.		14000	10200	22900	2000
Fouler pressure, psi		7600	8600	21000

[0067] In the following Table 3 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a mixture of a gluconic acid salt and a sodium nitrobenzoate salt serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated.

TABLE 3
Gluconate with Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations
	Chemical	Mole	Black	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	Weight	Powder	#781	#692	#784
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C	12.01
Charcoal	C	12.01	15.00	6.7	7	5.7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	162.14		5.4	3.5	4.4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	84.08		5		5
Graphite	C	12.01
Lactose	C12H22O11	360.31			4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	189.11		8.5	8	7.5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	101.10	75.00	38	39.4	39.6
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	138.55		29.6	30.7	29.6
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	144.11		5.2	5.5	6.2
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2	160.22
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	218.13		1.2	1.5	1.6
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7	234.24
Sulfur	S	32.06	10.00
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	310.20		0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL			100.00	100	100.0	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3	96.11	0.97
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	44.01	24.93	8	16.8	11.4
Carbon Monoxide	CO	28.01	3.97	25	18.2	20.4
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S	34.08	0.69
Methane	CH4	16.04	0.49
Nitrogen	N2	28.02	9.92	9.2	6.1	9.4
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	138.20	26.56	31.8	32.9	33.2
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS	97.18	1.97
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4	174.25	12.34
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3	190.32	15.40
Potassium Sulfide	K2S	110.26	2.23
Potassium Chloride	KCl	74.56		9.5	10.1	9.3
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	105.99
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	58.45		5.1	5.1	5.3
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	310.20		0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	18.02		8.9	8.2	8.8
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	12.01	0.53	2.1	2.2	1.8
TOTAL			100.00	100	100.0	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.			580	780	750	820
Open tube burn			just burn		fast
Burn rate, secs/in.			2.3	6.3	5.1	7.2
Bulk Density			1	0.77	0.81	0.74
Moisture, wt. %			<0.5	0.8	0.9	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps			1624	1851	1914	1779
Hi velocity, fps			1690	1896	1968	1894
ES velocity, fps			66	45	54	115
Av velocity, fps			1664	1873	1935	1840
SD velocity, fps			26	19	20	43
TTP, ms.			0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pressure, psi max.			11000	10400	11800	16800
Fouler pressure, psi				8100	9000	7800
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#810A	#806	#804	#807	#808
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	5.58	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.78	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	4.88	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9
Graphite	C	0.35
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	3.29	2.3	3.3	3.3	3.3
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.57	38.7	38.7	39.7	39.7
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	27.90	29	29	29	28
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	10.06	11.1	10.1	9.1	10.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	2.19	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.00	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2		2.2	3.6	7.1	3
Carbon Monoxide	CO		29.4	28.1	24.4	28.5
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2		8.8	8.9	9	9
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3		33.2	33.1	33.5	33.5
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl		8.2	8.3	8.7	8.2
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl		5.8	5.7	5.4	5.5
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2		0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O		10.3	10.2	9.8	10.2
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C		1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
TOTAL			100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.			800	810	820	800
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.			7.1	7.6	7.1	7.2
Bulk Density			0.84	0.81	0.8	0.82
Moisture, wt. %			0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1870	1868	1891	1907	1849
Hi velocity, fps		1930	1902	1929	1972	1909
ES velocity, fps		60	34	38	65	60
Av velocity, fps		1908	1883	1913	1952	1885
SD velocity, fps		24	15	20	26	22
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		10300	10000	11200	12000	9900
Fouler pressure, psi		6400	7100	8000	7400	6600
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#803	#799	#802	#801	#789
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	5.6	3	5.6	5.6	5.5
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.8	6	5.8	5.8	6.8
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	4.3	5	5.3	6.3	7.2
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	38.7	38.7	38.7	38.7	38.3
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29	29	29	29	28.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	9.1	10.8	8.1	7.1	6
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	4.7	5.2	6	6.9	6.6
Carbon Monoxide	CO	27.2	25.8	25.9	25.3	25.6
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	8.9	9	9	9.1	9.1
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33.1	34.1	33.1	32.7	32.5
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	8.3	7.2	8.3	8.8	8.6
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.7	6.6	5.7	5.3	5.3
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	10	10.8	9.9	9.8	10.2
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.7	0.9	1.7	1.7	1.7
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		780	780	780	770	770
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.8	7.6	7.2	6.8	7.7
Bulk Density		0.79	0.78	0.78	0.77	0.8
Moisture, wt. %		0.9	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1901	1896	1891	1859	1823
Hi velocity, fps		1988	1968	1912	1945	1866
ES velocity, fps		87	72	21	86	43
Av velocity, fps		1944	1942	1898	1902	1839
SD velocity, fps		37	30	8	24	15
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6
Pressure, psi max.		13300	13100	10400	11600	8800
Fouler pressure, psi		8500	9800	7000	5800	7300
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#782	#788	#812	#786	#776
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	5.6	5.6	5.6	6.1	6.7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.8	6.3	5.8	3.8	5.3
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	4.9	4.9	4.9	5.3	5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	7.3	7.3	7.3	7.9	8.4
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	38.7	38.4	38.7	38.7	37.5
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29	28.8	29	29	29.3
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	6.1	6.1		6.6	5.2
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2			6.1
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	8	6.9	9.9	7.5	5.9
Carbon Monoxide	CO	24.3	25.4	22.2	24.7	26.8
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.2	9.1	9.2	9.5	9.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.7	32.5	32.4	33	31.8
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	8.8	8.8	12	8.4	9.1
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.3	5.3	2.8	5.6	5.3
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.6	9.9	9.4	9	9.4
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.9	2.1
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS		40
		grvol.
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		800	780	780	810	780
Open tube burn		fast,
		blk.
		fstr.
Burn rate, secs/in.		4.9	7.3	6.7	7.1	7
Bulk Density		0.98	0.79	0.82	0.74	0.77
Moisture, wt. %		0.7	0.7	0.7	0.9	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1676	1892	1975	1800	1871
Hi velocity, fps		1706	1931	2012	1868	1901
ES velocity, fps		30	39	37	68	30
Av velocity, fps		1695	1908	1986	1842	1890
SD velocity, fps		12	14	14	27	12
TTP, ms.		0.2	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.65
Pressure, psi max.		13100	10400	11800	12100	10500
Fouler pressure, psi		12600	8500	10000	8100	8400
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#800	#780	#809	#805	#815
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	3.3	6.5	5.6	5.6	6.6
Dextrin	C6H10O5	6	5.2	5.8	5.8	4.8
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	5.4	4.8	3.9	4.9	5.9
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	3	8.1	2.3	4.3	6.3
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	38.7	36.4	38.7	38.7	38.7
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29	28.4	29	29	29
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	11.8	7.1	11.1	8.1	5.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	2.4	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	3.6		2.7	6	8.2
Carbon Monoxide	CO	26.9	32.9	29.2	25.7	23.8
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.2	8.8	8.1	8.9	9.8
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	34.1	32	33.6	33.2	32
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	7.3	7.6	7.8	8.2	9.5
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	6.4	6.1	6.1	5.7	4.8
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	11.1	10.2	10.4	10.2	9.5
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1	2	1.7	1.7	2
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		780	780	810	780	730
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		9.9	7	7.3	7.1	6
Bulk Density		0.75	0.8	0.82	0.76	0.75
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1789	1762	1939	1854	1835
Hi velocity, fps		1865	1841	1985	1899	1908
ES velocity, fps		76	79	46	45	73
Av velocity, fps		1821	1816	1964	1879	1875
SD velocity, fps		29	31	21	18	26
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		15300	9200	12000	10700	10000
Fouler pressure, psi		7100	7500	8400	7100	6800
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#768	#761	#763	#765	#769
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	6.7	7.6	6.5	6.5	6.5
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.4	5.2	6.3	5.2	5.2
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	5	4.9	4.8	5.9	4.8
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	7.3	8.2	8.2	8.2	8.2
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.6	36.8	36.8	36.8	38.2
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29.3	28.7	28.7	28.7	28.5
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.1	5	5.1	5.1	5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	6.9	2.5	3.4	2.6	6.8
Carbon Monoxide	CO	25.9	30.8	29.5	29.7	25.9
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.1	9	8.9	9.6	9.1
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	31.6	31.4	31.8	31.8	32.3
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.3	8.6	8.2	8.2	8.6
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.1	5.3	5.6	5.6	5.3
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.6	9.6	10.2	10.1	9.6
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.1	2.4	2	2	2
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		780	790	800	780	780
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.9	6.7	7.2	7.2	6.9
Bulk Density		0.81	0.78	0.85	0.78	0.8
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1848	1831	1839	1870	1840
Hi velocity, fps		1885	1914	1864	1929	1885
ES velocity, fps		37	83	25	59	45
Av velocity, fps		1867	1885	1849	1893	1863
SD velocity, fps		15	32	9	22	19
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.6	0.7	0.65	0.65
Pressure, psi max.		10400	10600	9200	11200	10300
Fouler pressure, psi		8100	7700	7600	8400	7700
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#771	#773	#793	#759	#762
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.6	5.6
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.2	5.3	6.3	5.3	5.4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.9	5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	8.2	8.2	8.2	8.3	8.4
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	36.7	36.8	36.8	37.2	37.5
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30	28.7	28.7	29	29.3
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5	6.1	5.1	5.1	5.2
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	6.9	2.8	3.4	5.2	7.7
Carbon Monoxide	CO	26.1	30.2	29.5	27.4	24.7
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	8.9	8.9	8.9	9	9.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	31.3	32.1	31.8	32.1	32.3
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.5	7.9	8.2	8.5	8.6
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	0
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.3	5.8	5.6	5.6	5.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.6	9.9	10.2	9.7	9.8
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2	2	2	2.1	1.7
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		790	790		800	800
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.8	7.1	6.8	6.4	7.3
Bulk Density		0.75	0.78	0.74	0.77	0.78
Moisture, wt. %		0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1818	1829	1823	1885	1882
Hi velocity, fps		1912	1850	1852	1948	1908
ES velocity, fps		94	21	29	63	26
Av velocity, fps		1873	1844	1841	1913	1896
SD velocity, fps		40	8	12	28	12
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.7	0.6		0.6
Pressure, psi max.		12900	9400	10400	10900	10400
Fouler pressure, psi		9200	7300	8000	8300	8500
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#764	#766	#770	#772	#774
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	4.3	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.3
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	5	3.9	5	5	5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.6	37.6	36.2	37.7	37.6
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29.3	29.3	29.5	28	29.3
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.1	5.1	5.2	5.2	4.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	7.1	7.4	4.1	3.6	7.6
Carbon Monoxide	CO	25.5	25.8	29	29.1	25.2
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.2	8.4	9	9.2	9.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.3	32.2	31.3	32.2	31.6
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.1	9.3
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3			0
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.6	5.6	5.5	5.5	5.1
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.2	9.4	9.8	9.8	9.5
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		790	780	780	780	790
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		7	5.8	7.1	7	6.8
Bulk Density		0.75	0.77	0.81	0.74	0.76
Moisture, wt. %		0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1848	1924	1812	1788	1825
Hi velocity, fps		1919	1990	1850	1839	1931
ES velocity, fps		71	66	38	51	106
Av velocity, fps		1892	1960	1828	1815	1885
SD velocity, fps		26	28	15	24	35
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6
Pressure, psi max.		10800	13400	9100	9300	10100
Fouler pressure, psi		8500	9200	7000	7700	6900
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#767	#779	#756	#758	#760
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	6.5	6.7	6.6	6.6	6.6
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5.2	5.4	4.3	3.3	3.8
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	4.8	5	5	6	5.5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	9.3	6.3	8.4	8.4	8.4
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	36.8	38	37.6	37.6	37.6
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	28.7	29.7	29.3	29.3	29.3
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.1	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	3.8	8.5	6.9	6.6	6.9
Carbon Monoxide	CO	29.1	24.1	25.7	25.5	25.4
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9	9.1	9.2	9.8	9.5
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.2	31.6	32.3	32.3	32.3
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	7.8	9.9	8.6	8.6	8.6
Sodium Carbonate	Na3CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.9	4.8	5.6	5.6	5.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.8	9.5	9.3	9.1	9.2
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2	2.1	2	2.1	2.1
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		770	780	790	800	810
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.5	6.6	6.6	6.9	6.6
Bulk Density		0.78	0.81	0.78	0.77	0.76
Moisture, wt. %		0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1826	1858	1912	1811	1852
Hi velocity, fps		1893	1922	1950	1843	1923
ES velocity, fps		67	64	38	32	71
Av velocity, fps		1861	1895	1929	1827	1899
SD velocity, fps		25	27	18	14	28
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pressure, psi max.		11000	10600	12200	10400	10900
Fouler pressure, psi		7700	6000	8300	8900	8100
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#755	#757	#778	#730	#723
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	6.7	6.7	4.6	5.7	6.5
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.3	3.3	5.4	3.5	3.5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	5	6	5	5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11					3.7
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	8.5	8.5	8.5	7.3	4.6
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	38	37.4	38	39.4	40.5
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29.6	29.2	29.5	30.7	31.5
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.2	5.2	5.3	4.4	5.1
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.6	4.2
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	8.8	6	10.2	17.3	23.1
Carbon Monoxide	CO	23.9	26.2	21.9	14.6	11.2
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.2	9.8	9.2	9.3	6
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.5	32	32.7	32.9	33
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	8.8	8.8	8.7	10.1	11.2
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.6	5.5	5.6	5.1	4.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	8.7	9.2	9.9	8.5	8.5
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.1	2.1	1.4	1.8	2
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		800	800	790	800	720
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.8	7.4	7.2	6.8	6.3
Bulk Density		0.78	0.74	0.79	0.81	0.83
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.7
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1846	1747	1854	1902	1901
Hi velocity, fps		1922	1801	1896	1947	1940
ES velocity, fps		76	54	41	45	39
Av velocity, fps		1902	1778	1879	1928	1921
SD velocity, fps		31	24	16	19	17
TTP, ms.		0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8
Pressure, psi max.		13100	9600	9800	10900	9700
Fouler pressure, psi		10500	6800	7600	9000	6200
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#794	#775	#729A	#747A	#729
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	5.6	6.5	6.68	6.68	6.7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.8	5.3	3.29	3.29	3.3
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	4.9	4.8	4.98	2.49	5
Graphite	C			0.35	0.35
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	7.3	8.2	8.47	8.47	8.5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	38.7	36.8	37.27	37.27	37.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29	28.7	29.10	29.10	29.2
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	6.1	5.1	5.18	7.67	5.2
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.2	4.2	4.28	4.28	4.3
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.40	0.40	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100.00	100.00	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	9.3	4.1		5.2	6.7
Carbon Monoxide	CO	22.6	28.6		28.4	26
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	9.2	8.9		7.5	9.1
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33.4	32.2		33.7	32.4
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	8	7.8		6.9	8.3
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3	0
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.9	5.9		6.9	5.8
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4		0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.5	10.1		8.9	9.2
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.7	2		2.1	2.1
TOTAL		100	100		100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		810	780			820
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.9	7.2			6.3
Bulk Density		0.76	0.79			0.77
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8			0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1826	1795			1789
Hi velocity, fps		1865	1843			1899
ES velocity, fps		39	48			110
Av velocity, fps		1843	1830			1849
SD velocity, fps		15	19			39
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.7			0.6
Pressure, psi max.		10000	9200			10600
Fouler pressure, psi		9500	6900			6700
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#747	#737A	#688	#687	#697
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	6.7	6.98	7	7	11.6
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.3	4.98	3.5	3.5	3.5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	2.5	2.49
Graphite	C		0.35
Lactose	C12H22O11			4	4	4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	8.5	4.98	2	5.0	5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	37.4	39.26	39.4	39.4	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	29.2	30.60	30.7	30.7	26.1
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	7.7	5.48	8.5	5.5	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.3	4.48	4.5	4.5	4.5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100.00	100.0	100.0	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	5.2		12.9	17.9
Carbon Monoxide	CO	28.4		20.9	16.8	35.6
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	7.5		5.6	5.8	5.8
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33.7		33	32.8	33
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	6.9		9.9	10.1	7.5
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	6.9		5.3	5.1	5.1
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4		0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	8.9		9.8	8.9	9
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.1		2.2	2.2	3.6
TOTAL		100		100.0	100.0	100.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		800		710	700	680
Open tube burn				fast	fast	fast
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.5		6.5	5.7	5.3
Bulk Density		0.75		0.81	0.85	0.8
Moisture, wt. %		0.9		0.8	0.9	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1846		1849	1829	1661
Hi velocity, fps		1873		1890	1898	1692
ES velocity, fps		27		41	69	31
Av velocity, fps		1858		1874	1871	1675
SD velocity, fps		10		15	29	11
TTP, ms.		0.6		0.7	0.7	0.8
Pressure, psi max.		11100		10200	10200	7300
Fouler pressure, psi		9200		7200	6400	5400
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#698	#699	#720	#732	#735
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	7	7	7	7	9.5
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11	4		4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	5	5	5	5	5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	42.4	43.4	37.4	39.4	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	27.7	30.7	32.7	30.7	30.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.5	5.5	5.5	9.5	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100	100.0	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	15.9	27.2	17.9	13.5	14.8
Carbon Monoxide	CO	17.8	6.4	17.2	20.8	20.4
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	6.2	6.4	5.6	5.8	5.8
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	35	35.5	31.4	34.6	32.9
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	8.4	10.1	11.2	8.2	10.1
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.1	5.1	5.1	6.6	5.1
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9	6.7	9	7.9	7.5
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	3
TOTAL		100.0	100	100.0	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		700	760	730	730	720
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.5	6.3	6.2 or 7.1?	4.9	5.2
Bulk Density		0.81	0.83	0.82	0.79	0.77
Moisture, wt. %		0.9	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1745	1953	1956	1931	1937
Hi velocity, fps		1816	1991	2008	2017	2006
ES velocity, fps		71	38	52	86	69
Av velocity, fps		1786	1976	1998	1979	1969
SD velocity, fps		25	15	22	41	27
TTP, ms.		0.8	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6
Pressure, psi max.		8200	11600	11700	15800	13000
Fouler pressure, psi		4900	7500	9200	10200	8500
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#737	#743	#746	#726	#731
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	7	7	7	7	7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5	4.2	5	3	5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	2.5	1.3	2.5
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11				4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	5	5	5	5.5	7.5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.4	41.4	37.2	39.4	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30.7	30.7	28.9	30.7	30.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.5	5.5	9.5	5.5	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100.0	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	15.9	21.2	1.2		17.5
Carbon Monoxide	CO	17.3	12	32.2		17.1
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	7.5	7	7.2		6
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.9	34.3	33.1		33.8
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	10.1	10	7.2		9.1
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.1	5.2	6.6		5.9
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4		0.4
Water	H2O	8.6	7.7	9.9		8
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.2	2.2	2.2		2.2
TOTAL		100	100	100	0.0	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		790	760	820	710	730
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		7.5	7.4	7.2	6.7	5.1
Bulk Density		0.82	0.83	0.82	0.8	0.83
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1880	1851	1859	1841	1971
Hi velocity, fps		1933	1888	1885	1910	2018
ES velocity, fps		53	37	26	69	47
Av velocity, fps		1908	1863	1878	1874	2002
SD velocity, fps		20	14	10	25	19
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.65
Pressure, psi max.		10200	8800	9900	10300	12700
Fouler pressure, psi		8000	6600	8500	7700	8400
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#691	#725	#733	#748	#706
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	4	7	7	6	7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.5	3.5	3.5	4	3.5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4				2
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11	4				4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	8	9	9	10	10.5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.4	39.4	40.4	35.9	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30.7	30.7	29.7	28.6	30.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.5	5.5	5.5	8.6
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100	100	100	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	20.6	18.4	17.9	0.5	24.2
Carbon Monoxide	CO	13.4	16.5	16.8	33.5	11.1
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	6.1	6.1	6.3	7	6.2
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33.8	34.1	34.8	33.7	32.3
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.1	8.8	8.1	5.5	10.7
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.9	6.1	6.1	7.8	4.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	9.5	7.4	7.4	9.7	8.3
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.2	2.2	2.2	1.9	2.2
TOTAL		100.0	100	100	100	100.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		720	720	720	780	750
Open tube burn		fast				fast
Burn rate, secs/in.		5.3	5.5	5.3	6.3	5.2
Bulk Density		0.83	0.83	0.8	0.76	0.79
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1997	1942	1891	1883	1759
Hi velocity, fps		2050	1972	1963	1910	1791
ES velocity, fps		53	50	72	27	32
Av velocity, fps		2020	1963	1937	1896	1773
SD velocity, fps		19	23	28	11	12
TTP, ms.		0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		13000	12200	12500	12300	7800
Fouler pressure, psi		10900	8800	9700	12300	5400
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#744	#722	#745	#738	#753
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	7.3	7.5	7.6	7.6	9
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5	3.5	5	5	4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4	1.5		1.5		1
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11		4.3
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	5.2	5.4	5.4	8.1	5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.4	38.3	38.4	38.3	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30.7	29.8	30.7	29.8	30.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.8	5.9	6.1	5.9	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	4.7	4.9	4.9	4.9	5
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100	100.0	100	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	16.2	11.5	12.9	11.8	14.8
Carbon Monoxide	CO	17.7	23.5	21.4	23.3	19.9
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	6.8	5.7	6.7	5.9	6.5
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33	32.4	32.3	33.4	32.7
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.9	9.2	9.9	8.3	10.3
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.3	5.4	5.3	6.1	5
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	8.4	9.6	8.7	8.4	7.6
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.8
TOTAL		100	100.0	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		760	710	760	720	760
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.8	6.1	6.4	5.6	6.4
Bulk Density		0.79	0.85	0.82	0.8	0.78
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1856	1806	1845	1865	1858
Hi velocity, fps		1890	1845	1885	1885	1912
ES velocity, fps		34	39	40	20	54
Av velocity, fps		1875	1827	1861	1871	1882
SD velocity, fps		13	16	17	8	21
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		9300	9100	9200	10200	10400
Fouler pressure, psi		5700	6900	6800	7400	6800
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#736	#750	#754	#752A	#752
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	8	6.7	7.7	7.97	8
Dextrin	C6H10O5	5	3.3	3.3	3.99	4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4		1	1	1.00	1
Graphite	C
Lactose	C12H22O11
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	5	8.5	8.5	4.98	5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.4	37.4	37.4	39.26	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30.7	29.2	29.2	30.59	30.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	6.3	7.7	6.7	5.48	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	5.2	5.8	5.8	5.98	6
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.40	0.4
TOTAL		100	100	100	100.00	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	15.7	6.9	6.6	16.8	16.8
Carbon Monoxide	CO	19.1	27.2	27.9	17.5	17.5
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.8	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.5
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33.4	34.3	33.7	33	33
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.4	6.3	6.9	9.9	9.9
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.6	7.4	6.9	5.3	5.3
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	8.1	8.9	8.7	8.1	8.1
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.5	2.5
TOTAL		100	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		720	790	780		760
Open tube burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		5.9	6	5.4		6.4
Bulk Density		0.8	0.8	0.76		0.81
Moisture, wt. %		0.9	0.9	0.9		0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1917	1866	1735		1926
Hi velocity, fps		1944	1952	1887		1941
ES velocity, fps		27	86	152		15
Av velocity, fps		1926	1917	1833		1935
SD velocity, fps		10	35	59		6
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.6	0.6		0.7
Pressure, psi max.		10800	12900	15200		11400
Fouler pressure, psi		7200	9800	8800		8700
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#707	#751	#749A	#734	#749
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	7	6.7	6.98	7	7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.5	3.3	3.99	5	4
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4		1	1.00		1
Graphite	C			0.35
Lactose	C12H22O11	4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	7.1	8.5	4.98	5	5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	35.9	37.4	39.25	39.4	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	28	29.2	30.59	30.7	30.7
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	7.8	6.7	5.48	5.5	5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	6.3	6.8	6.98	7	7
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.40	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100	100.00	100	100
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2		8.5	17.9	18.4	17.9
Carbon Monoxide	CO	34.9	25.6	15.9	16	15.9
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.5	6.5	6.5	5.8	6.5
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	32.8	34.1	33.4	33.4	33.4
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	6.3	6.5	9.5	9.5	9.5
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	7	7.2	5.6	5.6	5.6
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	10.9	9.1	8.6	8.7	8.6
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.2
TOTAL		100.0	100	100	100	100
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		700	770		720	790
Open tube burn		fast
Burn rate, secs/in.		5.8	6		6.2	6.7
Bulk Density		0.8	0.8		0.84	0.79
Moisture, wt. %		0.8	0.8		0.9	0.9
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1808	1877		1848	1862
Hi velocity, fps		1844	1929		1928	1916
ES velocity, fps		36	52		80	54
Av velocity, fps		1826	1910		1901	1886
SD velocity, fps		12	20		33	21
TTP, ms.		0.7	0.6		0.7	0.7
Pressure, psi max.		9600	12300		10400	10400
Fouler pressure, psi		7500	9300		6300	6200 (8100)
	Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Formula	#695	#693A	#693	#728	#696
RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
Carbon Black	C
Charcoal	C	4	3.99	4	7	7
Dextrin	C6H10O5	3.5	3.49	3.5	3	3.5
Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4
Graphite	C		0.35
Lactose	C12H22O11	4				4
Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	5	7.97	8	8	5
Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.4	39.26	39.4	39.4	39.4
Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30.7	30.59	30.7	30.7	23.5
Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2	5.5	5.48	5.5		5.5
Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2
Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	7.5	8.47	8.5	11.5	11.7
Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7
Sulfur	S
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.40	0.4	0.4	0.4
TOTAL		100.0	100.00	100	100.0	100.0
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
Carbon Dioxide	CO2	21.7		22.5	26.8
Carbon Monoxide	CO	11.8		11	7.6	33.4
Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
Methane	CH4
Nitrogen	N2	5.8		6.1	6.1	5.8
Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	33.7		35	33.4	35.2
Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
Potassium Sulfide	K2S
Potassium Chloride	KCl	9.1		7.8	9.5	3.8
Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	5.9		6.9	5.6	6.9
Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4		0.4	0.4	0.4
Water	H2O	10.4		9.1	8.4	12.3
Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.2		1.2	2.2	2.2
TOTAL		100.0		100	100.0	100.0
PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Autoignition Temp, ° F.		720		710	760	660
Open tube burn		just		fast		just
		burn				burn
Burn rate, secs/in.		6.7		5.7	6	6.6
Bulk Density		0.84		0.8	0.84	0.79
Moisture, wt. %		0.9		0.8	0.9	0.8
Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
Lo velocity, fps		1848		1899	1610	1483
Hi velocity, fps		1888		1990	1676	1517
ES velocity, fps		40		91	66	34
Av velocity, fps		1874		1945	1650	1502
SD velocity, fps		16		39	27	12
TTP, ms.		0.7		0.65	0.9	0.9
Pressure, psi max.		9500		12600	5900	5000
Fouler pressure, psi		6100		9400	3200	3100
		Chemical	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
		Formula	#727	#811	#813	#814
	RAW MATERIALS, wt. %
	Carbon Black	C
	Charcoal	C	4	5.6	5.6	6.6
	Dextrin	C6H10O5	3	5.8	5.8	4.8
	Dicyanodiamide	C2H4N4		4.9	4.9	5.9
	Graphite	C
	Lactose	C12H22O11
	Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate	C7H4NO4Na	8	7.3	7.3	6.3
	Potassium Nitrate	KNO3	39.4	38.7	38.7	38.7
	Potassium Perchlorate	KClO4	30.7	29	29	29
	Sodium Benzoate	C7H5NaO2			6.1
	Potassium Benzoate	C7H5KO2		6.1		5.1
	Sodium Gluconate	C6H11NaO7	14.5
	Potassium Gluconate	C6H11KO7		2.2	2.2	3.2
	Sulfur	S
	Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
	TOTAL		100	100	100	100
	COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %
	Ammonium Carbonate	(NH4)2CO3
	Carbon Dioxide	CO2	31.3	9.6	8.2	8
	Carbon Monoxide	CO	2	22.3	23.9	23.6
	Hydrogen Sulfide	H2S
	Methane	CH4
	Nitrogen	N2	6.1	9.2	9.2	9.8
	Potassium Carbonate	K2CO3	34.5	32.5	32.7	32.4
	Potassium Thiocyanate	KCNS
	Potassium Sulfate	K2SO4
	Potassium Thiosulfate	K2S2O3
	Potassium Sulfide	K2S
	Potassium Chloride	KCl	8.4	12.6	9.5	10.3
	Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
	Sodium Chloride	NaCl	6.4	2.3	4.8	4.1
	Tricalcium Phosphate	Ca3(PO4)2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
	Water	H2O	9.7	9.4	9.6	9.4
	Ash or Unburned Carbon	C	1.2	1.7	1.7	2
	TOTAL		100	100	100	100
	PERFORMANCE FACTORS
	Autoignition Temp, ° F.		760	790	780	820
	Open tube burn
	Burn rate, secs/in.		6.4	6.8	7.3	6.9
	Bulk Density		0.85	0.85	0.79	0.83
	Moisture, wt. %		0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8
	Ballistics 80 gr. vol.
	Lo velocity, fps		1426	1947	1762	1904
	Hi velocity, fps		1466	2030	1815	1945
	ES velocity, fps		40	83	83	41
	Av velocity, fps		1449	1995	1786	1924
	SD velocity, fps		14	33	20	16
	TTP, ms.		0.9	0.6	0.7	0.6
	Pressure, psi max.		3500	12600	9300	10400
	Fouler pressure, psi		1900	8500	6700	7600

[0068] From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth, together with the other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention.

[0069] It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.

[0070] Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is understood that all matter herein set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Claims

1. A sulfur replacement composition for deflagrating gas generating formulations, said sulfur replacement composition comprising a gluconic acid salt.

2. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.

3. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1, said gluconic acid comprising sodium D-gluconate.

4. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt.

5. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 4 said nitro aromatic acid salt comprising a nitrobenzoate salt.

6. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 5, said nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

7. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1 comprising an alkali metal gluconic acid salt, sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures thereof.

8. A sulfur replacement composition for deflagrating gas generating formulations, said sulfur replacement composition comprising a sodium nitrobenzoate salt.

9. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 8, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

10. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 8 further including a gluconic acid salt.

11. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 10 said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.

12. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 10 said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.

13. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 8 comprising an alkali metal gluconic acid salt, sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures thereof.

14. A propellant composition comprising a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation, and a first ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt.

15. The propellant composition as in claim 14, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.

16. The propellant composition as in claim 15, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

17. The propellant composition as in claim 15, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation further including propellant additives selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

18. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.

19. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.

20. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.

21. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.

22. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.

23. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.

24. The propellant composition as in claim 14, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.

25. The propellant composition as in claim 14, said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.

26. The propellant composition as in claim 14 further including a second ignition aid of a nitro aromatic acid salt.

27. The propellant composition as in claim 26, said nitro aromatic acid salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

28. The propellant composition as in claim 14 wherein said gluconic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.

29. The propellant composition as in claim 26, wherein said nitro aromatic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

30. A propellant composition comprising a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation, and a first ignition aid of sodium nitrobenzoate salt.

31. The propellant composition as in claim 30, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.

32. The propellant composition as in claim 31, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

33. The propellant composition as in claim 31, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation further including propellant additives selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

34. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.

35. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.

36. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.

37. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.

38. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.

39. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.

40. The propellant composition as in claim 30, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

41. The propellant composition as in claim 30 further including a second ignition aid of gluconic acid salt.

42. The propellant composition as in claim 41, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and, potassium gluconate.

43. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 41, said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.

44. The propellant composition as in claim 41 wherein said gluconic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.

45. The propellant composition as in claim 30, wherein said sodium nitrobenzoate salt is present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

46. A combustible charge which forms no corrosive sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion, said charge comprising: a mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds; a mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds; and an ignition aid comprising a gluconic acid salt.

47. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.

48. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

49. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.

50. The combustible charge as in claim 49, said carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight.

51. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.

52. The combustible charge as in claim 51, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

53. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight.

54. The combustible charge as in claim 53, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight.

55. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight.

56. The combustible charge as in claim 55, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight.

57. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight.

58. The combustible charge as in claim 57, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight.

59. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

60. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.

61. The combustible charge as in claim 60, said dextrin present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

62. The combustible charge as in claim 61, said dextrin present in the range of 2 to 8 percent by weight.

63. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.

64. The combustible charge as in claim 63, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

65. The combustible charge as in claim 64, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 2 to 7 percent by weight.

66. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.

67. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.

68. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.

69. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.

70. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.

71. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said gluconic acid comprising sodium D-gluconate.

72. The combustible charge as in claim 70, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.

73. The combustible charge as in claim 72, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.

74. The combustible charge as in claim 46 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt.

75. The composition as in claim 74, said nitro aromatic acid salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

76. The combustible charge as in claim 74, said nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.

77. The combustible charge as in claim 76, said nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

78. The combustible charge as in claim 48 comprising: carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight; and gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.

79. The combustible charge as in claim 78 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.

80. The combustible charge as in claim 78 comprising: carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight; and gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.

81. The combustible charge as in claim 80 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

82. A combustible charge which forms no corrosive sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion, said charge comprising: a mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds; a mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds; and an ignition aid comprising a sodium nitrobenzoate salt.

83. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.

84. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

85. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.

86. The combustible charge as in claim 85, said carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight.

87. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.

88. The combustible charge as in claim 87, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

89. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight.

90. The combustible charge as in claim 89, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight.

91. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight.

92. The combustible charge as in claim 91, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight.

93. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight.

94. The combustible charge as in claim 93, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight.

95. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

96. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.

97. The combustible charge as in claim 96, said dextrin present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

98. The combustible charge as in claim 97, said dextrin present in the range of 2 to 8 percent by weight.

99. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.

100. The combustible charge as in claim 99, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

101. The combustible charge as in claim 100, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 2 to 7 percent by weight.

102. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.

103. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.

104. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.

105. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.

106. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

107. The combustible charge as in claim 106, said sodium meta-nitrobenzoate present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.

108. The combustible charge as in claim 107, said sodium meta-nitrobenzoate present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

109. The combustible charge as in claim 82 further including a gluconic acid salt.

110. The combustible charge as in claim 109, said gluconic acid being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.

111. The composition as in claim 109, said gluconic acid comprising sodium D-gluconate.

112. The combustible charge as in claim 109, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.

113. The combustible charge as in claim 112, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.

114. The combustible charge as in claim 84 comprising: carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight; and sodium nitrobenzoate salt present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.

115. The combustible charge as in claim 114 further including a gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.

116. The combustible charge as in claim 114 comprising: carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight; and sodium nitrobenzoate salt present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

117. The combustible charge as in claim 116 further including a gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.