Claims
- 1. In a method for treating a clay material which comprises contacting said clay mateial located under the surface of the earth with solution containing cations selected from the group consisting of transition metal ions, hydrogen ions, aluminum ions, ions of metals from Group IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and a combination thereof with each other to effect ion exchange of said clay material with said ions, the improvement comprising using a clay material in the raw state as found in nature or as synthesized which has not been exposed to a temperature exceeding about 100.degree. C. prior to and during said contact with said solution and therafter exposing said exchanged clay material to a temperature of at least about 50.degree. C. but not exceeding about 250.degree. C.
- 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said clay material is selected from the group consisting of fuller's earth, kaolin and bentonite.
- 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said clay material is composed primarily of clay minerals selected from the group consisting of kaolinite, halloysite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, illite and vermiculite.
- 4. A method for catalytic conversion of organic material which comprises contacting said organic material with an ion-exchanged clay material formed of a clay material in the raw state as found in nature or as synthesized, said clay material having been treated with a solution containing cations selected from the group consisting of transition metal ions, hydrogen ions, aluminum ions, ions of metals from Group IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and mixtures thereof to effect an ion exchange of said clay material, said clay material having been exposed to a temperature not exceeding 100.degree. C. prior to or during said treatment with said solution, said clay material after treatment with said solution having been exposed to a temperature within the range of about 50.degree. C. to 250.degree. C., at a low temperature from about 50.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0 psig to about 20,000 psig, and a weight hourly space velocity from about 0.001 hr.sup.-1 to about 50 hr.sup.-1.
- 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said organic material is a hydrocarbon compound.
- 6. The method of claim 4 wherein said clay material in the raw state is selected from the group consisting of fuller's earth, kaolin and bentonite.
- 7. The method of claim 4 wherein said clay material in the raw state is selected from the group consisting of kaolonite, halloysite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, illite, and vermiculite.
- 8. A method for reducing the viscosity of heavy crude petroleum stock at a low temperature which comprises contacting heavy crude peteoleum stock with an ion-exchanged clay material formed of a clay material in the raw state as found in nature or as synthesized, said clay material having been treated with a solution containing cations selected from the group consisting of transition metal ions, hydrogen ions, aluminum ions, ions of metals from Group IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and mixtures thereof to effect an ion exchange of said clay material, said clay material having been exposed to a temperature not exceeding 100.degree. C. prior to or during said treatment with said solution, said clay material after treatment with said solution having been exposed to a temperature within the range of about 50.degree. C. to 250.degree. C., at a low temperature from about 50.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0 psig to about 20,000 psig and a weight hourly space velocity from about 0.001 to about 50.
- 9. The method of claim 8 wherein said contacting is at a temperature of from about 150.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0 psig to about 1000 psig and a WHSV of from about 0.1 to about 5.
- 10. The method of claim 8 wherein said clay material in the raw state is selected from the group consisting of fuller's earth, kaolin and bentonite.
- 11. The method of claim 8 wherein said clay material in the raw state is composed primarily of clay minerals selected from the group consisting of kaolonite, halloysite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, illite, and vermiculite.
- 12. A method for reducing the viscosity of heavy crude petroleum stock in a formation which comprises contacting said petroleum stock with an ion-exchanged clay material formed of a clay material in the raw state as found in nature or as synthesized, said clay material having been treated with a solution containing cations selected from the group consisting of transition metal ions, hydrogen ions, aluminum ions, ions of metals from Group IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and mixtures thereof to effect an ion exchange of said clay material, said clay material having been exposed to a temperature not exceeding 100.degree. C. prior to or during said treatment with said solution, said clay material after treatment with said solution having been exposed to a temperature within the range of about 50.degree. C. to 250.degree. C., having been transported into said formation, said contacting at a temperature of from about 50.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0 psig to about 20,000 psig and a contact time of from about 5 minutes to about 20 years.
- 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said clay material in the raw state is a clay material selected from the group consisting of fuller's earth, kaolin and bentonite.
- 14. The method of claim 12 wherein said clay material in the raw state is a clay material composed primarily of clay minerals selected from the group consisting of kaolonite, halloysite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, illite, and vermiculite.
- 15. A method for decomposing kerogen at low temperature which comprises contacting said kerogen with an ion-exchanged clay material formed of a clay material in the raw state as found in nature or as synthesized, said clay material having been treated with a solution containing cations selected from the group consisting of transition metal ions, hydrogen ions, aluminum ions, ions of metals from Group IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and mixtures thereof to effect an ion exchange of said clay material, said clay material having been exposed to a temperature not exceeding 100.degree. C. prior to or during said treatment with said solution, said clay material after treatment with said solution having been exposed to a temperature within the range of about 50.degree. C. to 250.degree. C., at a low temperature from about 50.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., a pressure of from about 0 psig to about 20,000 psig and a contact time of from about 5 minutes to about 10 years.
- 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said contacting is at a temperature of from about 150.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. and a pressure of from about 0 psig to about 1000 psig.
- 17. The method of claim 15 wherein said clay material in the raw state is a clay material selected from the group consisting of fuller's earth, kaolin and bentonite.
- 18. The method of claim 15 wherein said clay material in the raw state is a clay material composed primarily of clay minerals selected from the group consisting of kaolonite, halloysite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, illite, and vermiculite.
- 19. An ion-exchanged clay material formed of a clay material in the raw state as found in nature or as synthesized, said clay material having been treated while located under the surface of the earth by contacting with a solution containing cations selected from the group consisting of transition metal ions, hydrogen ions, aluminum ions, ions of metals from Group IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and mixtures thereof to effect an ion exchange of said clay material, said clay material having been exposed to a temperature not exceeding 100.degree. C. prior to or during said treatment with said solution, said clay material after treatment with said solution having been exposed to a temperature within the range of about 50.degree. C. to 250.degree. C.
- 20. The ion-exchanged clay material of claim 19 wherein said clay material is selected from the group consisting of fuller's earth, kaolin and bentonite.
- 21. The ion-exchanged clay material of claim 19 wherein said clay material is composed primarily of clay minerals selected from the group consisting of kaolonite, halloysite, attapulgite, montmorillonite, illite, and vermiculite.
- 22. The method of claim 7 wherein said clay material is that as defined by claim 19.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 666,838, filed Mar. 15, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,991.
US Referenced Citations (11)
Continuation in Parts (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
Parent |
666838 |
Mar 1976 |
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