Patent Grant
7551410
This application claims the benefit of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/AU04/00906, filed on Dec. 21, 2005, which claims the benefit of Australian Patent Application No. 2003903489, filed on Jul. 7, 2003, the specifications of which are expressly incorporated herein, in their entirety, by reference.
The present invention relates to the field of superconductor fault current limiters and, in particular, discloses a high temperature superconductor (HTS) fault current Limiter (FCL) having a design utilising either split and solid limb cores or a combination of both in addition to providing for neutral earthing coils for limiting earth fault currents.
The discovery of high temperature superconductors has lead to the development of a number of applications for their use. Superconductors are known to have the property that they have zero direct current (DC) resistance below a critical temperature Tc. They also have zero DC resistance below a critical current Ic and a critical magnetic field Bc.
One potential use of HTS is in FCLs. HTS can be used in FCLs in a number of ways, and the use of HTS to limit fault currents is an elegant solution to the ever-present short circuit threat in power networks.
Traditionally, electrical systems have been developed around three separate phases and a neutral path. Further, authorities often mandate that faults in the system should be dealt with in a controlled manner. In particular, there is a concern to limit the effects of fault currents within the electrical distribution system. The HTS FCL designs are ideal for limiting fault currents.
There are a number of different classes of faults which can occur on a three phase transmission system. These include:
1. Three Phase Faults
In this case, a short circuit is formed between all three phases of the three phase line. A typical example of this occurs when a tree branch falls directly across the three phases of an overhead line. In addition, this fault may occur between all three lines and the neutral conductor, such as when a cable, with a neutral connected as an earthed shield, is severed by excavation equipment. Both types of faults are also known in the industry as symmetrical faults, because the fault current in each of the three phases will be of the same steady state RMS magnitude. Under three phase short circuit conditions, and in a balanced three phase system, operating at a constant frequency (eg. 50 Hz) and sinusoidal currents and voltages, the neutral/earth fault current will be negligible in the steady state because all three fault currents will remain at a 120 degree phasor displacement, thus cancelling vectorially and leaving a null neutral/earth current. Hence, no devices are normally required in the earth/neutral circuit to protect against this type of fault.
2. Double Phase to Ground Faults.
In this example, a short circuit is formed between two phases of the network and ground. The resulting steady state fault current therefore does not cancel (in the steady state mode) as in (1), but adds vectorially to form an earth/neutral fault current.
3. Single Line to Ground Faults.
For single line to ground faults, a single line forms a short circuit directly to ground. The resulting fault current therefore flows through the ground back to the source neutral. An example of this occurs when an underground 3 phase cable is pieced by excavation equipment, or, when a single bare overhead line falls and touches the ground.
It would be desirable to reduce the deleterious earth fault currents for double phase to ground faults and single line to ground faults
Transient Features of Fault Currents:
The fault current waveform resulting from either of examples (1) to (3) will contain features in the time domain, at the instant of the fault occurring, which are referred to as fault transients. The typical current versus time shape of these fault current waveforms is shown in
The fault current waveform of
However, in particular, there is a need to limit not only the three phase fault currents but also earth fault currents which flow when there is a short of one or two of the phases to ground. Protection from the effects of such faults is normally provided by neutral earthing resistors from manufacturers such as Cressall. These resistors can cost in the vicinity of AU$250,000 to purchase and install and are a significant undertaking. The use of neutral earthing resistors has a number of problems. Firstly, they are only useful when the fault is to ground. Secondly, they increase the voltage stress on the other phases when a fault occurs. They often require extra insulation of the neutral, require extra expense for transformers and are not cost effective unless protection is also upgraded.
Another solution to rising fault levels at substations include upgrading the low voltage side switchgear. This option often requires a substantial investment in capital and labour and is only effective as long as the fault level remains below the fault level of the new switchgear. This is not always true because subsequent additional transformers, and/or a reduction in the substation source impedance, can lead to the future fault level increasing beyond the new switchgear rating. An alternative solution to upgrading the switchgear is to split the bus and transformers into a number of isolated circuits such that each part of the load is supplied from a reduced number of parallel transformers.
For example, if a substation has two transformers operating in parallel, and the fault level of the switchgear is exceeded, then the bus may be split into two separate circuits each supplied by a single transformer. This doubles the substation fault impedance, which is desirable because the fault level will be nominally halved. However, this gain is at the expense of reduced reliability. Operating on a split bus means that if one transformer fails, all the load (i.e customers) connected on that transformer will lose supply until they can be switched over to the remaining good transformer. This can take up to 10 seconds which is sufficient to shut down computers and other sensitive factory automation and control equipment. Hence, it is not desirable for a utility or electrical network owner to operate in the split bus mode.
A further solution is to install so called “series limiting reactors”, which act liked fixed value inductances and therefore present an impedance to the network and to fault currents. This technique, however, often leads to voltage regulation problems as the impedance also exists during normal operating conditions.
Further, higher impedance transformers can be installed. However, this again is likely to led to substantial extra expense, and is an unlikely solution for existing substations. In addition, this technique is not future proof as the addition of a further transformer at some future time will increase fault levels again.
It is an object of the present invention to provide for reduced neutral earth fault current utilising a fault current limiter.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fault current limiter for limiting current faults in an electrical network comprising: a series of phase coils located adjacent a superconductive coil for fault current limiting phase faults within the network; a series of neutral coils located adjacent the superconductive coil for fault current limiting neutral earthing faults in the electrical network.
The neutral coils are preferably formed around a high permeability core and the superconductive coil can encompass a central core formed from a high permeability material. The phase coils and the neutral coils are preferably magnetically coupled to the central core.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of current limiting earthing faults in an electrical network the method comprising the steps of: utilising a fault current limiter between the electrical network and ground.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of current limiting faults in a multi-phase electrical network, the method comprising the steps of: (a) coupling a superconductive phase fault current limiter between each phase of the interconnection of each phase of the electrical network and a transformer; (b) coupling a superconductive neutral fault current limiter between the neutral of the transformer and the neutral of the network.
In one embodiment the superconductive phase fault current limiters and the superconductive neutral fault current limiter share the same cryostat and the same superconductive coil.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fault current limiter for limiting current faults in an electrical network comprising: a series of phase coils located adjacent a superconductive coil for fault current limiting phase faults within the network; a series of neutral coils located adjacent the superconductive coil for fault current limiting neutral earthing faults in the electrical network.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
In the preferred embodiment, there is provided a superconducting fault current limiter which fault current limits occurring not only on the three phases but also on a neutral line. Hence, the compact arrangement allows for the replacement of a neutral earthing resistor with a superconducting type FCL.
While alternative FCLs technologies exist, the utilisation of a HTS-FCL has the additional benefit of completely clipping the transient nature of the fault current waveform. For example, in
The advantages of reducing the transient of the fault current include
1. Reduced Costs of Circuit Breaker Maintenance
By clipping the transient of the fault current waveform, the maintenance of switchgear including circuit breakers (CB), and their failure rate can be reduced and their useful life extended. This is because the amount of energy dissipated during the first cycles (25) of a fault is severely reduced, eliminating the occurrence of re-striking, fouling of CB contacts, and CB contact wear.
Also, transformers are subjected to enormous electromagnetic and mechanical forces during fault events and although they are designed to withstand this force, many transformers which have been in the field for some time (e.g. 30 or more years) will be more susceptible to failing after a short circuit event. The reduced strength of paper in oil, winding looseness and reduced coil clamping forces that occur over time may not result in overt failure during the lightly loaded and steady state conditions that a transformer experiences at a sub-station. Under short circuit current, however, these nascent problems can result in ruinous transformer failure. The greatest forces occur during the transient period in the first few cycles, before the CB can open and quench the fault. Unlike other technologies, HTS-FCLs are able to clip the transient of the fault current waveform, thereby sparing the substation transformers from experiencing the tremendous transient forces and consequently increasing their useful life.
In order to clearly comprehend the operation of the preferred embodiment, there is provided an initial discussion of the operation of a HTS-FCL type device.
Similarly, two series of alternating current (AC) linkage windings, including a first winding having sectional portions 10, 11 and a second winding having portions 12, 13 are also provided, with each of the windings having n turns.
Each of the iron cores structures 20, 21 has a given height h and a given width w. During operation, each core winding 5-6, 7-8 is saturated to a predetermined flux density value φdc with opposite sense, with the opposite sense being indicated by standard dot notation 16, 17. The DC current flows out of the page 16 in the positive cycle saturated core 5, 6, and into the page 17 in the negative cycle saturated core 7, 8. These points on the DC magnetisation curve of the cores are represented as ±Bdc and ±Hdc, respectively.
The required ampere-turns of each HTS DC coil 5, 6 and 7, 8 is given by
NI=2(2w+2h)Hdc (1)
where N is the number of DC turns, I is the HTS coil excitation DC current, w is the effective core structure width in the plane of the paper of
The AC windings 10, 11 and 12, 13 are then arranged such that the differential permeability μdiff from each AC coil is in the opposite sense to each windings' core magnetisation. The variable, μdiff is defined by
μdiff=(dB/dH)|average=ΔB/ΔH (2)
where ΔB and ΔH are the maximum extents of the minor hysteresis loop at the DC bias points ±Bdc and ±Hdc, respectively.
In addition, the relative differential permeability may be defined as
μrdiff=μdiff/4π*10−7.
For reference, the magnetic reluctance of the iron core presented to the DC coil is
R=(Hl)/(BA)=l/μA (3)
where R is the magnetic reluctance [H−1], B is the magnetic field [T], A is the cross-sectional area of the iron core (not including any insulation or varnished area) [m2], μ is the magnetic permeability of the iron core [Hm−1], l is the mean magnetic length of each core that is approximately equal to 2w+2h [m], and H is the magnetic induction at the saturation point (NI/l) [Am−1].
The steady state AC impedance presented to the network line in which the core is in series can be expressed in phasor notation as
Z=R+2πf(n2A/l)μdiffJ (4)
where R is the resistance of the AC coils, f is the frequency of operation (i.e. 50 Hz), J is the square root of −1 (the imaginary number), and n is the number of turns of the AC winding. R is normally negligible compared to the imaginary part of the impedance.
For an effective HTS FCL, the normal operating inductance of the core must be small so as not to impose any unnecessary regulation of the line or impedance to the current flow. This is normally achieved by ensuring that Bdc is greater than 1.5 T, (depending on the saturation characteristics of the chosen core material, this figure could be 2.0 T for example if using typical transformer core steel laminations) and thereby ensuring that μrdiff is approximately 1, the device thereby behaving effectively as an air core inductor.
In operation, the DC field is chosen such that an oscillatory fault current of peak value If, determined by the network impedance and surge characteristics, increases the differential permeability to that of the maximum instantaneous value. The size of the cores, DC current and DC turns can be calculated based on the fault level and the permeability of the iron so that
nIf(max)/l=Hdc (5)
and
nIf(min)/l=Hdc−Hdc(sat) (6)
where n is the number of AC turns, l is the length of the magnetic circuit, Hdc is the DC field intensity at which the iron core has a maximum μdiff, Hdc(sat) is the field intensity required to saturate the core, If(max) is the maximum fault current that the HTS FCL is required to limit, and If(min) is the minimum fault current that the HTS FCL is required to limit.
Owing to the oscillatory nature of a fault current, two separate cores 20, 21, as shown in
Preferably, an alternative more compact design is utilised in the construction of the preferred embodiment. Turning initially to
The design of the arrangement 30 and, in particular, the dimensions of the core 50 can be in accordance with certain rules. The design is a compromise between the DC current and the level of saturation required. In a given case, the central limb 50 is designed to have twice the cross sectional area of the outer limbs. Depending on the fault level to be limited, the optimal area of the central limb would be a value situated between one and two times that of the outer limb area. Generally the following formulas can be used:
2Φ1=Φ2+Φ3 (7)
and
B1A1=B2A2+B3A3 (8)
where B is the magnetic flux density in each limb [T], A is the cross sectional area of each limb [m2], and Φ is the magnetic flux in each limb [Wb]. In one design, B2=B3 and A2=A3.
The AC coils 36, 39 are connected to the AC line such that the flux density of each coil is of opposite sense relative to the main DC flux, as indicated by the dot notation 40, 43 of
It should be noted that this arrangement has a number of advantages including:
1. Only one DC winding is required 33, 34, thus saving on DC coil costs.
2. Only one containment vessel for the DC coil is required, thus saving on the unit's cost.
3. The footprint size is reduced, which confers advantages in placement.
4. A reduced volume of superconductor is required for the DC coil bias.
5. Only one cooling device for the DC coil is required.
The new number of turns required in the DC coil is:
N′I′dc=(3h′+2w′)Hdc (9)
where N′ is the number of turns in the DC coil, I′dc is the current in the DC coil, W′ is overall width of the three limb core, and h′ is the height of the three limb core.
Split limbs are commonly manufactured by transformer manufacturers. For example, in the case where a large core size necessitates an oil-cooling duct to ensure efficient cooling of the core, or, for five limb cores, where the central limb is divided into two to save on corner losses in the cores.
The arrangement of
Turning now to
Turning now to
In this manner, a neutral earthing resistor can be dispensed with and the arrangement of
The three sets of double coils 53-58 can be placed on six separate single window core structures of high permeability material and exhibiting magnetic field saturating characteristics above a predetermined critical field, Bcrit1 (units: Tesla). In addition, the extra set of double neutral coils 65, 66 are placed on single window core structure of the same or different material, but also exhibiting saturated characteristics above some certain magnetic field, Bcrit2.
The six identical coils 53-58 on the six identical single core windows can have the same cross sectional area, diameter, and window. These six coils are responsible for limiting the three phase symmetrical current.
It will be noted in the eight terminal device, the common limbs of each core structure are grouped together e.g. 61, therefore allowing a single superconducting coil 52 or other coil to magnetise the common core structures to a critical field Bcrit3, where Bcrit>(Bcrit2 or Bcrit1).
Hence, only a single cryostat having walls 50, 51 is required for cooling the superconductor coil 52.
In this new structure, the two additional coils 65, 66 can be designed to be substantially different from the six other coils 53-58, and hence used to limit fault currents in the earth and neutral connections by the large amounts required to be practical and as required by utilities. Typically, therefore, the neutral earth coils can be larger, and incorporate many more turns than the other six coils. This is because the limited current in the steady state case obeys the following equation:
n=NI/If
Where
Typically, the earth fault current must be limited to a much smaller amount than the three phase symmetrical fault, hence, the n value for the ‘earth fault’ coils 66, 67 will be greater than for the six “line fault limiting coils” 53-58.
By arranging the coils as shown in
Further, simulation studies were carried out in order to determine the operational aspects of the preferred embodiments. In these studies various types of faults were simulated on the load. These included three phase symmetrical faults and line to ground faults. A 11 kV substation fault characteristics were simulated using a software package designed for the purpose. An eight terminal device was simulated which was designed in accordance with the aforementioned description to not only deal with symmetrical three phase faults but also earth faults.
Four cases were simulated at the substation to describe the functionality and advantages
Case 1—Base case—no fault limiting devices at the substation
Case 2. A HTS-FCL of a six terminal design limiting three phase currents
Case 3. An NER only, severely limiting earth fault current to about 1 kA
Case 4. An 8 terminal FCL device tuned to limit the three phase fault current and tuned differently to reduce the neutral bus fault current as severely as the NER.
where Ia=phase a current,
Z0, Z1, Z2=source impedance sequence components at the 11 kV bus,
Z0+Z1+Z2=0.224+J1.3713=1.3895 angle 80.7°,
ZNER is the NER resistance.
The SCS-FCL reduces the earth fault current from 20.19 kA RMS to 19.5 kA rms. Hence, this FCL design is equivalent to an NER of 0.26 Ω (This is obtained by employing equation 1 with Ignd=19.5 kA and solving for ZNER). That is, an NER of 0.26 Ω would be required to achieve the same result. Hence, by employing SCS-FCLs, the rating of the NER installed could be reduced from 3.90 Ω to 3.64 Ω. More interesting, however, is the possibility of reducing the earth fault current to levels comparable to the case of a 3.9 Ω NER. This would remove the need for an NER altogether.
It was shown that a SCS-FCL design optimised for reducing the bus fault level is not appropriate for limiting earth faults down to the very low levels required. Additionally, it was found that SCS-FCL optimised for reducing the ground fault levels are not appropriate for the three phase fault conditions. Hence, an eight terminal device was simulated consisting of the original identical three AC double coils but with an additional set of double coils specifically tuned to limit the neutral/ground fault current to the very low levels required. The neutral winding can have a different number of turns, specifically designed for reducing earth faults. This winding can be tuned to the earth fault current reduction required, as this is often more severe than the symmetrical fault reduction, and can be connected in the neutral bus of the site.
The foregoing describes the preferred embodiments of the present invention. Modifications, obvious to those skilled in the art can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003903489 | Jul 2003 | AU | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AU2004/000906 | 7/6/2004 | WO | 00 | 12/21/2005 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005/004299 | 1/13/2005 | WO | A |
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| 4045823 | Parton | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4700257 | Bekhaled | Oct 1987 | A |
| 5930095 | Joo et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 6049036 | Metra | Apr 2000 | A |
| 7193825 | Darmann et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2621749 | Apr 1989 | FR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070115598 A1 | May 2007 | US |
