Patent Grant
7303676
This invention relates to a gas transfer apparatus and process, for example to support a biofilm in a liquid, as in a water or wastewater treatment process or apparatus and more particularly to a membrane supported biofilm module and process.
Currently, most wastewater treatment plants use an activated sludge process, based on biological oxidation of organic contaminants in a suspended growth medium. Oxygen is supplied from air using bubble type aerators. Efficiency of these systems is poor resulting in very high energy use. Tank size is large since oxygen demand loadings are low. The result is high capital and operating cost.
A second type of established biological oxidation process uses biofilms grown on a solid media. For example, the wastewater may be circulated to the top of the reactor and trickles down. Air is supplied at the bottom. The rate of oxygen transfer is limited by the biofilm surface area, and the operating cost is high because of wastewater pumping requirements.
Recently, development work has been done on a membrane supported bioreactor concept. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,181,604 and 4,746,435 describe a process for treating wastewater by supplying oxygen from one side of a gas-permeable membrane to micro-organisms growing on the other side of the membrane. Hollow fibers with porous walls were used as the membrane. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,506, a gas permeable membrane divides a reactor vessel into a liquid compartment and a gas compartment. A biofilm is grown on the gas permeable membrane on the liquid side of the membrane. Oxygen and alternate gases pass through the membrane to the bacteria growing on the liquid side of the membrane.
It is an object of this invention to improve on the prior art. It is another object of this invention to provide methods and apparatus suitable for treating water, for example industrial and municipal wastewater, using membrane supported bioreactor technology. It is another object of this invention to provide a hollow fibre gas transfer membrane and module which is, for example, suitable for supporting a biofilm. It is another object of the invention to select a membrane material suitable for use in membrane supported biofilm modules and processes. These aspects and others are met by the invention described and claimed herein. The following summary will introduce the reader to various aspects of the invention but is not intended to define the invention which may reside in a combination or sub-combination of various elements or steps found in the following summary or other parts of this document.
In one aspect, the invention provides a membrane and module with a reasonably high gas transfer rate and adequate surface area, for oxygen transfer, biofilm support or both, to allow a membrane supported biofilm reactor to provide an operating cost advantage over other processes used in the art. The membrane and module may have an oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) of over 50% or in the range of 50% to 70% or more. The module may be made of non-porous or dense walled hollow fibre membranes to provide a large surface area while avoiding the tendency of porous fibers to wet over time which results in a drastic drop in their oxygen transfer rates.
In another aspect, the invention provides a very fine dense hollow fibre made from poly methylpentene (PMP), which has a high selectivity and diffusion coefficient for oxygen. In particular, PMP has a gas permeability of about 70,000 cc·mm/m2·24hr·Bar in dense wall, non-wetting form without being treated to increase the porosity of the base material. While this is significantly less than silicone, which has an extremely high gas permeability, PMP may be melt spun into a hollow fibre. The fiber can have an outside diameter of 500 microns or less or 100 microns or less. Use of such a small diameter fibre helps reduce module cost as textile fine fibre technology can be used to create modules. A very large surface area can be provided to achieve high OTE. The non-porous wall, meaning a wall with only very small openings, for example of 30 Angstroms or less, or about 4 or 5 Angstroms in the case of unmodified PMP, avoids wetting which would reduce the flux through the fibers.
In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus or process using other than homogenous dense walled fibers. Buy using PMP in hollow fibre form, an effective module can be made. However, PMP is still expensive compared to more common materials. For example, it is currently about 10 times as expensive as other thermoplastic polymers including more common polyolefins such as polyethelene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). These substances have poor gas transfer rates in dense wall form of only about 4,000 to 8,000 cc·mm/m2·24hr•Bar. These materials may be made in a microporous form with much increased gas permeability and treated chemically to make them hydrophobic. However, the chemically treated pores tend to wet out in practice when immersed in water containing surfactants or proteins resulting in a significant decrease in flux rate. Alternately, the fibres may be melt spun to have a partially dense, asymmetric, variable porosity or homogenous wall which does not permit water flow even without chemical treatment to make the fibers hydrophobic, but has gas permeability over the standard values mentioned above. The increased permeability results from altering the method used to make the fibres, for example by thermal or physical treatment after the fibers leave the spinneret. The method of making the fibres also typically reduces the selectivity of the membranes, for example selectivity to carbon dioxide or nitrogen (O2/N2, O2/CO2) may be as low as 5 or less for PP or 3 or 1.5 or less for all fibers. This lack of selectivity may make the fibres unsuitable for gas separation but the inventors have found that high selectivity is not required, and may even be undesirable, in many water treatment applications. In particular, where air is used as a source of oxygen to support a biofilm growing in water, there are minimally adverse or even useful partial pressure gradients of carbon dioxide or nitrogen across the membrane wall. The polymer used for the fibres may still be a highly gas permeable polymer such as PMP. However, the fibres may also be made of less expensive polymers, for example other polyolefins such as PE or PP. The polymer is extruded as fine hollow fibres by melt spinning under certain conditions and subject to post-treatment whereby the permeability to gases is increased, for example to 20,000 or 30,000 cc·mm/m2·24hr·Bar or more for a PE or PP fibre.
In another aspect, the invention provides a fabric with a very large number of hollow fibres, for example of any of the fibers as described above, providing sufficient surface area so that oxygen transfer does not become a limiting factor in controlling biological kinetics. The fabric may be made, for example, with the hollow fibres, optionally collected into units, woven as weft and an inert fibre as warp to minimize the damage to the transfer fibre while weaving. Other methods of preparing a fabric may also be used. The fabric provides strength to the fine fibre to permit biofilm growth on its surface with minimal fibre breakage.
In another aspect, the invention provides a module built from fabric sheets with very high packing density to permit good substrate velocities across the surface without recirculation of large volume of liquid. The modules enable a supply of oxygen containing gas, such as air, to be supplied to the lumens of the hollow fibres without exposing the lumens to the wastewater. Long fibre elements, for example between 1 and 3 metres or between 1.5 and 2.5 metres are used and potted in the module header to provide a low cost configuration.
In another aspect, a biofilm is grown on a fabric made from a gas permeable hollow fibre, for example any of the fibers described herein. Oxygen bearing gas is introduced into the lumen of the fibre. Aerobic reactions take place near the surface of the fibre, where the highest levels of oxygen exists. These reactions include conversion of organic carbon compounds to carbon dioxide and water, and ammonia to nitrates. The surface of the biofilm is maintained under anoxic conditions such that conversion of nitrates to nitrogen can take place. The result is simultaneous reduction of organic carbon, ammonia and total nitrogen.
In another aspect, the invention uses oxygen enrichment as a means of dealing with peak flows. Need for such oxygen enrichment may be determined by on-line COD monitors, or set according to time of day for, for example, municipal applications where diurnal flow and strength variations are well known.
In another aspect, the invention uses the module and bioreactor design to conduct other biological reactions on the surface of the fabric. An example is biological reduction of compounds such as nitrates in water using hydrogen gas supplied to the lumen of the hollow fibre.
In another aspect, the invention uses either air or enriched air to supply oxygen. Selection of enriched air and level of oxygen present in such air may be determined by the wastewater strength.
In another aspect, the invention may be used to digest primary and/or secondary sludge.
In another aspect, fibres, for example fibers of any of the types described herein, may have a small outside diameter, such as 100 μm or less, and substantial hollow area, for example 30% or more or 40% or more, so as to have a thin wall. The fibres can be woven, knitted, stitched or otherwise made into a fabric. The use of fine hollow fibres allows the thickness of the fibre wall to be low, for example 20 μm or less, which is several times less than what would be required to make a film handleable. The fine fibres may themselves be difficult to handle on their own, but may be combined into units such as threads or tows for handling which may include forming textile sheets. The fabric, having a large number of hollow fibres, despite the optional use of inexpensive polymers as the base material, provides sufficient surface area for oxygen transfer capability such that air can be used as a feed gas without limiting the growth of the biofilm or other biological kinetics and with acceptable pressure loss due to air flow through the module.
In another aspect, plug flow or multistage continuous stirred or batch tank reactors may be used to conduct biological reactions at the highest possible substrate concentrations for a given feed. This maximizes mass transfer of organic carbon compounds and ammonia in the biofilm, eliminating these processes as potential limitations to reaction rates. In multi-stage reactors, module designs with lower surface areas for oxygen transfer to biofilm surface area ratios may be used in downstream stages. The total surface area for oxygen transfer, for example per unit of tank volume or flow rate of feed, may increase or decrease in the downstream reactor since the lower ratio may result from an increase in biofilm surface area rather than a decrease in surface area for oxygen transfer.
In another aspect, the invention provides a membrane supported batch biofilm reactor (MSBBR). The reactor includes one or more membrane modules which are fed an oxygen containing gas and support a biofilm layer. The modules are located inside of a tank that is cyclically filled and drained to provide a batch treatment process. In an embodiment, the modules are made of a hollow fibre fabric and are used to reduce the COD, ammonia, total nitrogen and suspended solids in an industrial wastewater to concentrations suitable for discharge into a municipal sewer system or for direct discharge to a receiving stream. In another embodiment, the modules are used to reduce COD, ammonia, total nitrogen and suspended solids in a municipal wastewater stream for direct discharge to a receiving stream. In another embodiment, the modules are used to reduce COD, ammonia, total nitrogen and suspended solids in a septic tank to reduce the size of the septic field or to use simpler, lower cost disposal techniques or for direct discharge to a receiving stream.
In another aspect, the invention provides one or more methods of controlling the growth or thickness of a biofilm layer growing on the modules. Some method(s) involve applying one or more substances to the biofilm from the tank side while the tank is drained of feed. These substances may include gases, such as ozone or chlorine, or liquid such as heated water or basic or acidic solutions. During the application of the control substance, conditions in the biofilm may be cycled from aerobic to anaerobic by turning the supply of oxygen to the inside of the module on and off. The biofilm may also be starved prior to the application of the control substance by removing the feed water, replacing the feed water with clean water or replacing the feed water with feed at a loading of 0.1 kg COD per kg MLSS per day or less. After the application of the control substance, mechanical biofilm control methods may also be used on the weakened biofilm.
In another aspect, this invention uses scouring air provided on the outsides of the fibres as a means of controlling the biofilm thickness to an optimum level. Air may be used as a means of controlling the biofilm thickness to a desired level. Treatment with acid, alkali, oxidant, or enzyme, or anaerobic treatment may be used periodically prior to air scouring to weaken the biofilm and to improve the efficacy of air in completely or partially removing the biofilm. Other methods of biofilm control include in-situ digestion, periodic ozonation followed by digestion, periodic alkali or acid treatment followed by digestion, periodic enzyme treatment followed by digestion, and use of a higher life form, such as worms, to digest the biofilm periodically. To speed up the biological digestion reactions, the air supplied to inside of the module may be preheated to raise the temperature of the bioreactor.
In another aspect, the invention provides a tow of hollow fibers, for example any of the fibers described herein, for example with an outside diameter (OD) of 500 microns or less or 100 microns or less. To facilitate building modules with minimal reduction in the effective surface area of the fibres, the fibres are processed or used as tows over a significant portion, for example one half or more, of their length. Modules may be made directly from the tows without first making a fabric. The tows may also be made into open fabrics to facilitate potting, for example along the edges of the fabric, while leaving significant portions of the fibres as tows, for example a portion between the edges of the fabric. The modules made from tows may be potted at both ends, or potted at one end only with the other end left unpotted with fibre ends open to permit exhaust gas to escape. A single header module may have lower cost than a double header module. A single header module may be inserted in a vertical configuration with the header at the bottom and the fibres floating upwards. Such a module may be aerated from outside the module to remove accumulations of trash and solids. Feed may also be screened, for example through a 0.5 mm screen, to reduce trash in the feed before it enters the reactor. Where the tow module is used in a downstream stage of a multi-stage reactor, the upstream stage may also reduce the amount of trash fed to the tow module reactor.
In another aspect, reactors for treating wastewaters of different strength are provided with modules having different ratios of surface area for gas transfer to surface area of the attached biofilm. The surface area for gas transfer is the area of the outer surface of the module that is in contact with the supported biofilm. The surface area of the biofilm is the area of the outer surface of the biofilm that contacts the wastewater. Is some cases, the surface area of the biofilm depends on the thickness of the biofilm which, for calculations or for comparing modules, may be the actual thickness or time average of thicknesses of a biofilm in a rector or a nominal or design thickness or average thickness, for example 250 microns. A reactor for treating wastewater with a COD of over 1000 mg/L may have a module with a surface area for gas transfer to surface area of attached biofilm ratio of more than 1, more than 1.6, or between 1.6 and 10. A reactor for treating wastewater with a COD of less than 1000 mg/L may have a module with a surface area for gas transfer to surface area of attached biofilm ratio of less than 2.5 or between 0.2 and 2.5. A reactor for treating wastewater with a COD of less than 300 mg/L may have a module with a surface area for gas transfer to surface area of attached biofilm ratio less than 1 or between 0.1 and 10. In a multi-stage process, two or more reactors may be connected in series with the outlet of an upstream reactor connected to the inlet of a downstream reactor. The COD of the wastewater to be treated decreases through each reactor and the surface area for gas transfer to surface area of attached biofilm ratio for modules in a downstream reactor is less than for modules in an upstream reactor.
In another aspect of the invention, a biofilm is maintained in a state of endogenous respiration. Endogenous respiration may be achieved by limiting the F/M ratio of a reactor or limiting the oxygen supply to the biofilm. In a multistage reactor, an oxygen limited biofilm may be used upstream of a food limited biofilm. The F/M ratio applied to the oxygen limited biofilm may be greater than that applied to the downstream biofilm.
The features of these various embodiments or aspects may be combined together in various combinations or sub-combinations. Other aspects of the invention are described in the claims or in the following drawings or description.
Embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the following figures.
a is a cross-section of a hollow fiber.
b shows a group of hollow fibers and inert fibers collected into a unit.
a through 2d and 2 show slot arrangements and a spinneret for melt spinning fibers.
a and 3b show a plan view and cross-section of a woven fabric respectively.
c shows steps in weaving a fabric.
d shows a warp knitted fabric.
a shows a sheet of hollow fibres with a central portion of the sheet having the fibres in tows.
b shows details of a part of the sheet of
a, 10b and 10c are elevation, plan and partial section views of another module having sheets of fibres.
a is a bench scale batch reactor using a tow module.
b is a photograph of a biofilm on a tow of fibres growing in the reactor of
1.0 Module Elements
1.1 Fiber
a show a Poly (4-methylpentene-1) (PMP) fiber 10 that is hollow inside but non-porous with homogenous dense walls. In a group of fibres 10, the fibers 10 may have various diameters, and may be fine fibers having outside diameters of less than 500 microns or less than 100 microns, for example, between 30 and 100 microns, or between 50 and 60 microns. The hollow fibres 10 shown are called non-porous because water does not flow through the fiber walls by bulk or advective flow of liquid water even though there are small openings through the wall, typically in the range of 4 or 5 Angstroms in the embodiment illustrated. However, oxygen or other gases may permeate or travel through the fiber walls. The fibers are called dense walled because gas travel is primarily by molecular diffusion or dissolution-diffusion which occurs when openings in the fiber walls are generally less than 30 Angstroms. The term porous has been used in some publications to refer to any structure having openings larger than in a dense wall, for example having openings of 30 or 40 Angstroms or more, but without openings large enough to be wetted or transport liquid water by advective, Poiseuille or bulk flow. In this document, membranes or layers of membranes with openings in this size range will be referred to as semi-porous.
The hollow fiber 10 can be prepared by melt spinning, alternately called melt extrusion. In melt spinning a polymer granulate, for example of PMP, is fed to the hopper of an extruder. The polymer granulate is heated and melted in the extruder and continuously extruded to a spinning head under a pressure of several tens of bars. The spinning head consists of a heated in-line filter and spinneret. The spinneret is essentially a steel plate with thin arc shaped slots in circular arrangements. Examples of suitable slot arrangements for the formation of a hollow fiber are shown in
Referring to
In the embodiment illustrated in
In another embodiment, a melt spun thermoplastic polymer is mechanically or thermally treated after spinning to increase its permeability to oxygen without making the fiber wettable or capable of permitting advective flow of liquid water. While the precise reason for the increase in gas permeability remains unclear, it has been proposed that gas permeability of the fibers 10 is increased by adjusting the spinning process parameters to increase crystallinity and enhance molecular chain alignment to obtain a row or stacked lamellar structure. Permeability increase is then obtained by lamella separation of the row lamellar structure. Another theory is that air permeability can be increased by preventing the complete growth of stacked lamellar crystals. Either of these or other theories may be correct but the inventors do not rely on or limit the invention to any particular theory. Spinning or post-treatment steps that can be used or controlled to increase permeability include the spinning speed or drawing ratio, the quenching conditions such as temperature or air flow rate, post annealing, if any, stretching and heat setting. The resulting fibers may have a dense layer, with openings ranging from the size of openings in the raw polymer to 30 or 40 Angstroms, on either the inside of the fiber, the outside of the fiber or both, with the remaining parts of the fiber being porous or semi-porous.
Methods of making suitable fibres 10 are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,681, issued on May 12, 1997, to Anazawa et al. describes, in examples 4 and 6, processes for melt-spinning and post-processing PE and PP to produce acceptable fibres while other fibers are made from PMP or polyoxymethylene. Processes described in “Melt-spun Asymmetric Poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) Hollow Fibre Membranes”, Journal of Membrane Science, 137 (1997) 55-61, Twarowska-Shmidt et al., also produce acceptable fibres of PMP and may be adopted to produce fibres of other polyolefins such as PE or PP. These references are incorporated herein in full by this reference to them. Although the fibers are non-porous, oxygen, or other gases, may travel through parts of them by one or more of diffusion, dissolution-diffusion or Knudsen's flow. The fibers are typically asymmetric having a dense layer and a semi-porous layer. Selectivity of the fibers is reduced compared to the base material. For example, PP has an O2/N2 selectivity ratio of over 5 but may be 5 or less or 3 or less in a thermo-mechanically treated spun fiber. PMP normally has an O2/N2 selectivity of over 3 but may be 3 or less in a thermo-mechanically treated spun fiber. A highly permeable fiber of either, or other, materials may have an O2/N2 selectivity of 1.5 or less. However, the outer surface of the fibers remains non-wetting.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,681, the membranes are melt spun, stretched (by producing the membrane at a high draft ratio) under weak cooling and then heat treated. In greater detail, the polymer is melt-extruded at a temperature between Tm (the melting point of the polymer) and Tm+200° C. at a draft ratio (ratio of final winding speed to actual extrusion speed) or from 20 to 10,000 to create a membrane. Cooling by weak air is provided for between 1 and 30 cm below the spinneret. The resulting membrane is then stretched amorphously at a temperature of from Tg (the glass transition temperature of the polymers)−20° C. to Tg+50° C. and then heat-treated at a temperature of Tg to Tm−10° C. The resultant membrane is then stretched again at a temperature from Tg−50° C. to Tm−10° C. and a stretch ratio of from 1.1 to 5.0. The resultant membrane is then heat-set at a temperature ranging from the last mentioned stretching temperature to Tm. Other or additional steps were also used in various embodiments. The resulting membranes had increased oxygen permeabilities. O2/N2 selectivity was reduced but remained above 1.2. The fibers are asymmetric containing a dense layer with substantially no pore with a diameter of 30 Angstroms or more and a microporous layer having larger pores. The non-porous layer is the outer surface of the fiber and so the fiber is non-wetting.
In the paper by Twarowska-Shmidt et al., PMP fibers are melt spun with a variety of cooling means below the spinneret, most notably a screen, made of a cylindrical blower not producing air, installed below the spinneret to restrict cooling of the unsolidified fibers as they exit the spinneret. Melt temperatures ranged from about 277 to 310° C., take up speeds ranged from 500-1,000 m/min and extrusion rates, through a spinneret with 8 holes of 1 mm diameter and 0.1 mm slot width or 2 mm diameter and 0.15 mm slot width, was 5.6-13.3 g/min. After spinning, the fibers were annealed (in a package at 180° C. in at heat chamber for 300 to 3 000 seconds or by passing a thread at a rate of 20-60 m/min through a 2 m long heated chamber), followed by one step stretching at room temperature at a draw ratio of 1.15, followed by relaxation to 7%, followed by heat setting at 180° C., followed by stretching at a rate of 265 m/min. The resulting membranes had increased oxygen permeability and reduced O2/N2 selectivity but, for at least those with the screen below the spinneret, O2/N2 selectivity remained about 1.7 indicating an asymmetric structure. Mean pore size of the fibers produced using the screen was just over 40 Angstroms.
Suitable fibres 10 may also be formed by methods other than melt spinning. Such other methods may include, for example, but not limited to, meltblown extrusion, flash spinning, and electrospinning. In meltblown extrusion, fibres are formed by extruding molten polymer through spinneret orifices. As the filaments exit from the orifices, they are attenuated by high temperature, high velocity air streams before being deposited into a conveyor belt to dry.
In flash spinning, pure solvent droplets and highly saturated polymer/solvent mixtures are decompressed through a spin orifice. As the pressurized solution is allowed to expand rapidly through the orifice, the solvent is “flashed off” instantaneously leaving behind a three-dimensional film-fibril network.
Electrospinning uses an electric field to draw a polymer melt or polymer solution from the tip of a capillary to a collector. A voltage is applied to the polymer, which causes a jet of the solution to be drawn toward a grounded collector. The fine jets dry to form polymeric fibres, which can be collected on a web. By choosing a suitable polymer and solvent system, fibre diameters can be varied and controlled.
1.2 Fiber Aggregates (e.g. Tows)
Referring to
1.3 Sheet Structures
The fibers 10 and/or fiber units 19 can be provided in the form of sheets 26. In
In more detail, the fibre units 19 provide a support surface for the growth of a biofilm 30. The number of hollow fibre units 19, and the number of fibres 10 per unit 19, may be adjusted to provide a desired surface area for O2 transfer compared to surface area of biofilm 30 or to the planar surface area of the fabric sheet 26. The planar surface area of the sheet 26 is simply the sheet length multiplied by its width, multiplied by two (since the sheet has two sides). The surface area of the biofilm 30 is the total area of the biofilm 30 exposed to the liquid in the reactor, which may be generally the same as the planar area of the sheet 26 for a substantially two dimensional sheet configuration.
The surface area for O2 transfer is the total area of the hollow fibres 10 in the sheet exposed to the biofilm. This is approximately equal to the product of the effective diameter and length of the fibre 10, multiplied by the number of the fibres 10 in the sheet 26. The effective diameter for diffusion is a logarithmic average of the diameters of the fibre to account for the effect of the wall thickness. The inert fibres 22 crossing the hollow fibres 10 in the sheet 26, and contact between fibres 10, may interfere with oxygen transfer in some embodiments, for example a tightly woven fabric, but the interference is generally small and is ignored in surface area for oxygen transfer calculations.
Although the surface area of the biofilm 30 is generally the same as the planar area of the sheet, it may be slightly larger for very rough or open fabrics or fabrics having more dispersed fiber units 19. Varying fabric roughnesses may also be used to affect the thickness of the biofilm 30 or how readily the biofilm 30 can be reduced or controlled. High ratios of O2 transfer surface area to biofilm area (SA O2/SA biofilm) may be obtained, in the range of, for example, 6 to 10 or more. However, for treating feed water with a high concentration of COD, for example, 300 mg/L CODs or more, lower SA O2/SA biofilm ratios, for example, between 1.6 and 10 are sufficient, and may be preferred to reduce module cost. An SA O2/SA biofilm ratio in the range of about 2 to 8, or about 4 to 6, can provide satisfactory results in many treatment applications.
The surface area of the biofilm 30 can also be larger than the planar area of the sheet 26 by providing a loose arrangement of fibres 10 and controlling the thickness of the biofilm 30 to a sufficiently thin layer so that the biofilm 30 on adjacent parallel fibres does not form a continuous layer. A sheet 26 with a rough or textured surface, the height of the surface undulations being in the range of the desired biofilm thickness, may also be desirable since it may facilitate biofilm control. Desired biofilm thickness may be 200 to 1,000 microns.
Provided that oxygen transfer through the module 40 does not limit reactions in the biofilm 30, the rate of COD reduction in the wastewater is roughly proportional to the concentration of COD in the wastewater. However, for oxygen transfer to not be a limiting factor, more oxygen is required to flow through the module 40 to support a biomass of the same surface area as wastewater COD concentrations increase. More oxygen can be provided by increasing the size or speed of operation of a blower. However, large head losses, for example 10 psi or more, may result due to resistance to oxygen flow through the fibre lumens 14. Head loss may be kept below 10 psi, or in the range of 6 to 9 psi, by choosing a fabric type and number of fibres that produces sufficient total lumen area for a given biofilm outer surface area.
Also, the inventors have observed that biofilms growing in wastewater with high concentrations of COD, for example 1000 mg/L CODs or more or 2000 mg/L CODs or more, are more resilient and tend to grow to undesirable thickness of a few mm or more, faster than biofilms growing in wastewater with lower COD concentrations. Thus, biofilms growing in high COD wastewater require more strenuous biofilm control methods which in turn make a stronger fabric desirable.
The various issues discussed above make it preferable for fabrics to be used in high COD wastewater that have more fibres, and optionally more surface roughness, for the same overall planar area of a sheet or outer surface area of supported biofilm than for fabrics used to treat lower COD wastewater. This can be achieved by choice of method used to create the fabric and choice of thread or fabric unit count or tightness of the fabric. Multi-stage reactors may also be used. In a multi-stage reactor, an upstream reactor treats the feed at its highest COD concentration and is fitted with modules having dense fabrics with large numbers of fibres. A downstream reactor receives partially treated wastewater with a lower COD and is fitted with modules having a less dense fabric with fewer fibres for the same sheet or biofilm outer surface area. The less dense fabric is more economical since it has less fibres and may have a higher area of biofilm for a sheet of the same planar surface area.
The fabric sheets 26 may also be made by other methods such as braiding, stitching or knitting, such as warp knitting. Warp knitting is desirable, for example, when small units 19 or tows or even individual strands of fine fiber 10 are used. The fabric sheets 26 may be patterned, as in pattern knitting, if desired, to provide areas with fewer fibers or holes to enhance flow through the sheets 26.
In warp knitting, the fabric sheet 26, as shown in
In the embodiment of
1.4 Modules
1.4.1 Loose Tow Module
In accordance with the present invention, multiple fiber units 19, including fibres 10, tows 20 or sheets 26, can be grouped together to form membrane modules 40.
2.5, less than 1 or between 0.1 or 0.2 and 1. Inert fibres 22 may be added to the tow to strengthen it if required. Each tow 20 is potted into a plug of resin 32 so that its ends 34 are open at one face of the resin 32. The plug of resin 32 is glued into a plastic header enclosure 35 having a port 36 which forms a header 44 connecting the port 36 to the open ends 34 of the fibers 10 through a cavity 37. There are two headers 44, one associated with each end of the fibres 10, although modules 40 with only an inlet header 44 may also be made. With two headers 44, air or other gases may be input into one header 44, flow through the fibres 10 and exhaust from the second header 44. Tows are potted in a resin 32, such as polyurethane, and the potted ends are cut to expose the fibre lumen. Alternately, a fugitive potting material may be used to block off fibre ends, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,592,759, or other potting methods may be used. In
1.4.2 Sheet Module
A module 40 can also be constructed of a bundle or stack of sheets 26. The sheets 26 may have perpendicular inert fibers present across the entire width of sheet 26 as in
The end or ends of single or multiple sheets 26 can be potted into a header to provide one or more ports 36 in communication with the lumens of the fibers 10. To pot one or more sheets 26, sheets 26 are cut from a roll as described above. A plastic spacer strip is attached, for example with glue or adhesive transfer tape, on one or both sides of the sheet 26, at the end of the sheet 26 parallel to but offset from the razor cut line across the fiber units 19. For potting multiple sheets 26, the sheets 26 with spacer strips attached are laid on top of each other and attached together, for example by glue or adhesive transfer tape, between adjacent spacing strips or between the spacing strip of one sheet 26 and a second sheet 26. The strips space adjacent sheets 26 but also form a barrier between a potting material to be applied later and the cavity of the header containing the ends of the fibers 10. The ends of the sheet 26 or stack of sheets 26 is fitted into an elongated header cavity that may be made, for example, by injection molding. Spacing and sealing to the header walls is maintained with a self-adhesive closed cell neoprene gasket strip attached to each of the long header walls. Any openings in the header cavity left by the spacer strips may be covered with hot melt glue. Final sealing of the header is achieved by pouring a layer of potting material, for example a two-component polyurethane compound, over the spacer strips. The layer may be about 45 mm thick and extend between the insides of walls of the header. If there are multiple sheets, care is taken to force or ensure flow of the potting material, as completely and evenly as practicable, between the sheets 26. After the potting material hardens, a seal is formed between the outsides of the fibers 10 and the walls of the header but the ends of the fibers 10 remain in communication with a cavity within the header.
Referring to
Another embodiment of a module 40 can be seen in
Referring again to
1.5 Cassettes/Reactors
In general, a plurality of modules can be grouped together to form a cassette, and one or more modules or one or more cassettes can be placed in a tank as part of a reactor. Referring to
The modules in the embodiment illustrated are mounted in such a way that the tension of the sheets 26 extending between the headers 116, 122 can be adjusted. The cassette provides a rigid structure 150, which can include elements of the tank 112 or elements of a cassette sub-frame, adjacent the modules 40, and one or both of the headers 116, 122 are movable relative to the rigid structure 150.
In the embodiment illustrated, the rigid structure 150 comprises a pair of side plates 152 that extend along the distal side surfaces of the outermost modules 40 of the stack of modules 40. As best seen in
The aperture 162 can be slot-shaped, so that the bracket 154 with the attached header 116, 122 can be shifted horizontally to increase or decrease the tension of the sheets 26. An eccentrically mounted cam member 166 can be provided between the head of the bolt 160 and the plate 152, with an outer diameter surface in engagement with an abutment surface 168 fixed to the plate 152. Rotating the cam member 166 can force the opposed brackets 154 further apart or allow them to draw closer together, thereby adjusting the tension of the sheets 26 in the modules 40.
The tension adjustment mechanism can be provided on only one end or on both ends of the modules 40, and can be modified to provide individual tension adjustment for each module 40 or for sub-groups of modules 40. Other mounting methods may also be used to allow modules 40 to be removed or tensioned.
In another embodiment of the invention, the elements or modules are stacked in a vertical configuration. Flow of scouring air from outside the modules or of water in the tank may be from top to bottom or bottom to top. This minimizes the capital required for scouring air and the operating cost of air.
2.0 Operation/Applications
The fiber units 19 having one or more fibers 10 can be used as membranes to support biofilm in a reactor. In general, gas containing oxygen flows into at least one of the headers 44 of a module 40. The module 40 may be operated in a dead end mode, with no outlet other than through the fibres. Alternately, the module may be operated in a cross flow manner with gas entering through one header 44, flowing through the fibres 10, then exiting from the other header 44. The oxygen content and flow rate of the gas may be set to produce an oxygen transfer that provides aerobic conditions near the outer surface of the fibres 10, where the level of oxygen is highest. Aerobic reactions occur in this area, including conversion of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water, and ammonia to nitrates. The biofilm may be maintained under anoxic conditions on its outer surface or near the substrate being treated and conversion of nitrogen to nitrates can take place. In this way, multiple and simultaneous reactions, including carbon based organics, ammonia and total nitrogen reduction, may be performed in the biofilm.
Air may be used as an oxygen bearing gas input to the modules 40. Even though N2 or CO2 selectivity may be low, the partial pressure gradient between N2 or CO2 on the inside of the fibres and the biofilm or surrounding substrate is not large. Accordingly, substantial amounts of N2 or CO2 do not diffuse into the substrate. In contrast, CO2 may back-diffuse into the fibre lumens 14 particularly with a low selectivity membrane. The exhaust gas, collected at the exhaust header, may be bubbled through a lime slurry to recover the CO2 and prevent discharge of CO2. The flow rate of CO2 enhanced gas to be treated is much smaller than for a conventional wastewater treatment process allowing for more efficient control of CO2 emissions.
An example reactor 80 is shown in
The sheets 26 and modules 40 are sized to fit the tank 82 and fill a substantial part of its volume. The sheets 26 may be custom made to provide efficient use of the available space in the tank 82. The sheets 26 are preferably arranged in the tank 82 in a number of rows, one such row being shown in
The tank 82 is longer than it is deep and may have a generally horizontal flow path 88 with minimal mixing. This is achieved by leaving some space near the ends (ie. near the inlet 84 and outlet 86) of the tank 82 for vertical movement of water and leaving minimal free space at the top, bottom and sides of the tank 82. A baffle 90 may also be placed upstream of the effluent outlet 86 to force the flow path 88 to go under it. A sludge outlet 92 is provided to remove excess sludge.
The flow path 88 is generally straight over a substantial portion of the tank 82 between the feed inlet 84 and effluent outlet 86. Each module 40 is held in the tank 82 by its headers 44 attached to a frame (not shown for clarity) which restrains each module 40 in positions in the reactor 80 whereby the sheets 26 of each module 40 are generally parallel to the flow path 88. Preferably, a plurality of sheets 26 are spaced in series along the flow path 88 so that the reactor 80 will more nearly have plug flow characteristics. Wastewater to be treated may be partially recycled from the effluent outlet 86 to the feed inlet 84. Such a recycle can increase the rate of gas transfer by increasing the velocity of wastewater along the flow path 88, but it is preferred if the recycle ratio is small so as to not provide more nearly mixed flow characteristics in the reactor 80.
Oxygen containing gas is provided to each module 40 through its inlet conduit 216 connected to an inlet manifold 94 located above the water to be treated. With the inlet manifold 94 located above the water, a leak in any module 40 will not admit water into the manifold nor any other module 40. Gas leaves each module 40 through its outlet conduit 218 which is connected to an exhaust manifold 95. Although it is not strictly necessary to collect the gases leaving each module 40, it does provide some advantages. For example, the gas in the exhaust manifold 95 may have become rich in volatile organic compounds which may create odour or health problems within a building containing the reactor 80. These gases are preferably treated further or at least vented outside of the building.
Oxygen diffuses or permeates through the fibers 10. The amount of oxygen so diffused or permeated may be such that an aerobic biofilm is cultured adjacent the sheets 26, an anoxic biofilm is cultivated adjacent the aerobic biofilm and the wastewater to be treated is maintained in an anaerobic state. Such a biofilm provides for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. A source of agitation 98 is operated from time to time to agitate the sheets 26 to release accumulated biofilm. A suitable source of agitation is a series of coarse bubble aerators which do not provide sufficient oxygen to the water to be treated to make it non-anaerobic.
The sheets 26 are sized to fit the tank 82 and fill a substantial amount of its volume. The sheets 26 may be custom made to provide efficient use of the available space in the tank 182. The sheets 26 may range from 0.25 to 2 mm in thickness and are placed side by side at a distance of 2 to 15 mm to allow for biofilm growth and wastewater flow between adjacent sheets 26.
The tank 82 is deeper than it is long to encourage a straight and generally vertical flow path 88 over a substantial portion of the tank 82 with minimal mixing. This is done by leaving minimal space near the ends and sides of the tank 82 but a substantial amount of space near the top and bottom of the tank 82. Water to be treated may be partially recycled from the effluent outlet 86 to the feed inlet 84 but it is preferred that the recycle rate be small if a recycle is used.
Oxygen containing gas is provided to each module 40 through its inlet conduit 216 connected to a manifold 94. The manifold 94 may alternately be located above the water to be treated so that a leak in any module 40 will not admit water into the manifold 94 nor any other module 40. Outlet conduits 218 are connected to an outlet manifold 95 which may alternately be located above the surface of the water to be treated.
Alternatively, gas flow through the module 40 is produced by applying a suction to the outlet conduits 218. The inlet conduits 216 are placed in fluid communication with the atmosphere. By this method, the rate of gas diffusion across the membrane is slightly reduced, but the exhaust from the blower may be connected to further apparatus for processing the exhaust gases.
Oxygen diffuses or permeates through the membranes 120 preferably such that an aerobic biofilm is cultured adjacent the sheets 26, an anoxic biofilm is cultivated adjacent the aerobic biofilm and the wastewater to be treated is maintained in an anaerobic state. A source of agitation 98 is operated from time to time to agitate the sheets 26 to release accumulated biofilm. A suitable source of agitation is a series of mechanical mixers.
Referring to
Feed water enters the reactor 100 through a feed valve 126 and feed pump 128. The feed is filled to a feed fill level 130 above the modules 40. After a batch of feed has been treated, a drain valve 131 is opened to drain the tank 112 of treated water. The treated water may flow to a municipal sewer, to the environment, discharge directly to a receiving stream, or to another stage of a MSBBR (membrane supported biofilm batch reactor) or to another sort of reactor for further processing.
A biofilm 132 grows on the outside of the membranes 120. To control the thickness of the biofilm 132, one or more aerators 134 are provided below the modules 140 and connected to a scouring air blower 136 through an aeration valve 138. The scouring air blower 136 can be operated to provide bubbles when the tank 112 is full of water. The bubbles rise through the module 140 and physically remove some of the biofilm 132 from the membranes 120. The aerators 134 are also attached to a gas supply 140 through a gas supply valve 142. The gas supply 140 may contain a pressurized gas or a gas generator and pump or other device for supplying a gas when the tank 112 is empty. The reactor 100 also has a liquid pump 144 operable to fill the tank 112 with a liquid other than feed water. The liquid pump 144 may be connected to a reservoir holding the liquid or to a source of clean water passing through a modifier, such as a chemical injection device or heater. The tank 112 is generally open to the atmosphere and contains liquid at generally ambient pressure but has a lid 146 which may be closed from time to time to provide an enclosed space.
The main treatment process in the reactor 100 involves the batch application of feed to the biofilm 132. The tank 112 is filled with feed to the feed level 130 using the feed pump 128. The feed pump 128 is connected to the feed supply through an equalization reservoir 148 to permit batch operation from a non-batch feed. The feed remains in the tank 112 for a period of time, for example between 12 and 96 hours, while it is treated by the biofilm 32. During treatment, the lid 46 may remain open, but the water in the tank 112 is generally anoxic or anaerobic. However, oxygen, typically as a component of air, is supplied to the biofilm 132 through the membrane 120 by the blower 118 creating an aerobic region on the biofilm 132. From time to time during the treatment period, a recirculaton valve 149 may be opened and feed pump 128 operated to mix the feed water in the tank 112.
After the biofilm 132 has digested the feed to the desired degree, the drain valve 131 is opened to drain the tank 112. The draining may occur in two steps. In the first step, the solids slurry present in the bottom of the tank is drained to remove settled solids which are then transferred to a sludge management system. In the second step, the clear decanted liquid is then drained to a second stage treatment or disinfection system, or discharged to a sewer, or discharged to a receiving stream.
The oxygen bearing gas supply may be continued throughout the filling operations to continue digestion of the material adsorbed on the biofilm, and to ensure that treatment starts immediately as soon as a portion of the biofilm is immersed in the wastewater. Similarly aeration may continue throughout the draining operation to continue treatment as long as a portion of the biofilm is immersed and to digest organics adsorbed in the biofilm for a short period of time even while not immersed, so as to maximize the time of treatment of each batch.
Referring now to
In a batch process, the concentration of the wastewater decreases towards the end of each processing period. Demand for oxygen supplied to the biofilm also decreases and so the gas supply to the modules may be reduced. Modules using fibres at least partially in the form of tows allow a very high surface area for oxygen transfer and biofilm growth. Tow modules are particularly useful in treating wastewater having a low COD, for example 1,000 mg/L or less, 500 mg/L or less or 300 mg/L or less, because they provide large surface areas. Pressure loss through the fine fibre lumens is not limiting with the amount of air supply required to deliver oxygen to a biofilm treating low COD wastewater. Although they may be useful for treating other wastewaters as well, tow modules can be used where the initial feed has a low COD or as a second or third stage behind other treatment processes or apparatus that reduce the COD concentration of stronger feedwaters. With municipal wastewater or other feeds, for example feeds having a COD of 1,000 mg/L or more, a two stage apparatus may be used. In a first stage, membrane supported biofilm modules in the form of a fabric sheet are used as in
In general, when considering COD, soluble COD is used since soluble COD is most easily digested by a biofilm 30 and is easily measured. However, particularly for modules 40 with loose tows 20 over some or all of their area, some particles of insoluble COD are trapped in the biofilm. Over time, these particles are broken down into soluble COD and digested. Accordingly, total, or total biodegradable, COD also may be a relevant parameter in some embodiments.
For feeds having a CODs of 1000 mg/L or more, a module 40 may have an SAOXYGEN/SABIOFILM of 1 or more, for example between 1 and 10. Modules 40 having sheets 26 woven across the entire length of the fibers 10, in a dense weave with a high number of fibers for very high loadings, for example, are useful. For feeds having a CODs of 1000 mg/L or less, a module 40 may have an SAOXYGEN/SABIOFILM of between 0.2 and 2.5. Modules 40 having sheets woven across the entire length of the fibers but with a less dense weave, or sheets 26 with a central open tow 20 area, for example, are useful. For feeds having a CODs of 300 mg/L or less, a module 40 may have an SAOXYGEN/SABIOFILM of 1 or less, for example between 1 and 10. Modules 40 with sheets 26 have a central open tow 20 area, or modules 40 of loose tows 20, for example, are useful.
a shows a bench scale reactor having a module 40 made by potting 100 tows 20, each of 96 fibres 10 as shown in
Referring now to
In other embodiments, back diffusion, particularly in fibres of low selectivity, is useful. For example, the modules 40 may be used in water used to grow fish in a fish farming operation or aquarium either to transfer oxygen to the water, to support a biofilm or both. Even with a fibre 10 of low selectivity, the N2 gradient towards the water that the fish live in is small or even negative. Accordingly, O2 is added to the water without causing N2 saturation in the water even when air is fed into the modules. The ability to use air, rather than oxygen as required when bubbles are used, results in a significant cost reduction. Depending on the concentration in the fish water, ammonia may back-diffuse into the fibre lumens 14 which helps maintain non-toxic ammonia levels in the fish water. In these and other applications where the water surrounding the modules 40 is aerobic, the entire biofilm may be maintained under aerobic conditions.
In another embodiment of the invention, a number of bioreactors are installed in series to provide flow patterns approaching plug flow. This results in higher reaction rates and better utilization of oxygen.
In another embodiment of the invention, different oxygen levels are used in different stages of the bioreactor by oxygen spiking to meet different levels of oxygen demand and to achieve high bioreactor loadings. Different oxygen levels may also be used at different times in a single reactor or stage of a reactor. To increase the oxygen level, the pressure of the gas fed to the lumens of the fibers or the oxygen content of the feed gas can be increased. Similarly, to decrease the oxygen level, the feed gas pressure or oxygen content can be decreased. Higher oxygen levels may be used in upstream stages of multi-stage reactors or in highly loaded reactors. Oxygen levels may also be increased periodically or from time to time to correspond to periods of time when the loading on a reactor is temporarily increased, for example to respond to seasonal or daily variations in wastewater strength or quantity.
3.0 Biofilm Control
In a membrane supported biofilm reactor, it can be advantageous to control the thickness of the biofilm on the membranes. For example, in the reactor 100 (
Accordingly, means are provided to prevent the biofilm 32 from becoming unnecessarily thick. The following methods may be performed individually or in various combinations. The frequency of treatment varies with the growth rate of the biofilm 132. For example, a biofilm 132 may grow by 10 microns a day and the module 40 may be made to tolerate a biofilm of between 0.2 mm and 0.8 mm. Biofilm control procedures may then be required every 5 to 10 days. Alternately, the period between biofilm control procedures may be linked to the amount of COD that the biofilm has digested since the last control procedure, which is in turn related to the time and biofilm thickness increase since the last control procedure. For example, control procedures may be performed when the biofilm has digested about 20 to 200 grams of CODs per square meter of biofilm area since the last control procedure. When control or thickness reducing procedures are performed at this frequently, a stable biofilm layer is maintained over extended periods of time even though each control period does not have a drastic effect on biofilm thickness. Control procedures may be applied to the entire biofilm at once or to a portion of the biofilm at a time.
3.1 Mechanical Methods of Biofilm Control
Some methods for controlling the thickness of the biofilm 132 on the membranes 120 involve mechanically removing part of the biofilm 132. In one such method, still referring to
Other mechanical methods include spraying the modules 40 with water while the tank 112 is empty and physically removing biofilm 132 such as with a comb, wire or brush. The removed biofilm 132 falls to the floor of the tank 112 and may be flushed out through drain 131 for further processing as for waste sludge. These mechanical methods may be performed less frequently than other methods and, when performed, may be performed after another method has weakened the biofilm 132.
Mechanical methods for controlling the biofilm are enhanced by providing the sheet 26 with a rough or textured surface, the height of the surface undulations being in the range of the desired biofilm thickness. Desired biofilm thickness may be 200 to 1,000 microns.
3.2 Chemical Methods
In another embodiment, ozone gas, introduced in the fibre lumen is used to oxidize a part of the biofilm to make it digestible. Oxygen is then provided to the lumens to permit the biofilm to digest the oxidized organics, thereby reducing the total amounts of solids generated and to control the biofilm thickness. The oxygen may be provided as a separate step or as part of the regular step of digesting wastewater. The reactor may be treated in this way one module or section at a time.
In another method, a control substance is applied to the tank side of the biofilm 132. For example, after the tank 112 is drained, clean water heated to, for example, 35-55° C., may be pumped into the tank 112 by the liquid pump 144. The heated water is kept in the tank 112 for a period of time (contact period), for example 3-5 hours, sufficient to kill a fraction of the biofilm 132 and dissolve some of the organics that form the biofilm matrix. The biofilm is also starved to some extent since feed has been removed. Oxygen may continue to be applied to the lumens or may be turned off. Air scouring may also be provided during this period to enhance biofilm removal, although it may be more economical to carry out this operation without air scouring, particularly if the blower 136 and aerator 134 can then be eliminated from the reactor 100 entirely. The biofilm 132 is also starved to some extent. After the contact period, the water is drained through drain valve 131. In an industrial treatment system, the discharge water will have some COD but the duration of the contact period can be chosen such that the discharge is still suitable for discharge to a municipal sewer since most of the killed organisms will remain in the biofilm 32. During a later part of the contact period, the living inner part of the biofilm 32 will biodegrade the killed organisms. The effect of the heated water, or unheated water, may be enhanced with the addition of chemicals such as acids, for example with a pH between 1 and 6 or between 3 and 3, bases, for example with a pH between 8 and 13 or between 9 and 11, or enzymes. The chemicals and their concentration and contact time are chosen to partially dissolve or weaken some organics that are structural component of the biofilm but to kill only a fraction of the microorganisms while leaving the majority behind in an active biofilm for rapid restart of the reactor.
In another method, a gaseous control substance is applied to the tank side of the biofilm 132. The gas is applied from gas supply 140 while the tank 112 is drained at the end of a batch cycle. Lid 146 is closed so that the gas remains in the tank 112. The gas may be of various types, for example an acid such as chlorine. Alternately, ozone may be used. The primary purpose of the ozone is to break up the cell walls of the microorganisms in the biofilm 132 to make it more biodegradable. The amount of ozone applied would not be sufficient to oxidize more than about 5% of the biofilm directly and to kill only a fraction of the microorganisms present in the biofilm. However, refractory organic material is converted to organic material which is later reduced by biological oxidation when the tank is refilled. The ozone is generated in a gas phase (air or oxygen) and is easily dispersed in an empty tank 112. The ozone is kept in the tank 112 for a period of time allowing it to be absorbed by the biofilm 132. Redox conditions can be controlled in the tank 112 while it is drained to promote sludge reduction. Alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions can be established in the biofilm 132 by turning the feed to the inlet header 116 on and off while the tank 112 is filled with ozone to enhance the effects of the ozone. Killed and partially oxidized organisms remain in the biofilm 132 and are later digested in situ such that excess biomass need not be removed from the tank 112 for further treatment. Denitrification may also be improved because the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio increases. Ozone may also be used in this method with membranes 120 that are sensitive to ozone since the membranes 120 are protected by the biofilm 32.
3.3 Biological Methods
In another method, worms or other animals or higher life forms are used in an isolated section of the reactor to digest excess biofilm to reduce bio-solids generation. The worms etc. are grown in a separate bioreactor. When desired, the worms etc. are applied to the biofilm by filling the tank with a liquid suspension or brine containing the worms etc.
Another method of biofilm control is endogenous respiration. By this method, the feed loading applied to the biofilm 132 is kept such that the rates of decay of the biofilm 132 equals its rate of growth. In practice, the rate of growth may exceed the rate of decay by a small amount in a batch process because some of the biofilm 132 may detach and leave the tank 12 when it is drained. However, endogenous respiration occurs most practically without limiting the oxygen supply at low loading rates and so may be used for feeds with low COD concentrations, for example 1000 mg/L CODs or less or 300 mg/L CODs or less. Endogenous respiration has the advantage of producing very little waste sludge. To produce endogenous respiration without limiting the supply of oxygen to the biofilm 132, the food to microorganisms ratio (F/M) can be limited to a value low enough so that the rate of cell growth generally equals the rate of cell decay (i.e. a generally null net ratio of cell growth) at an acceptable maximum biofilm thickness. For example, the F/M ratio may be maintained by applying feed at a rate below 0.09 kg of CODt per day for every kg of MLSS in the reactor (0.09 kgCODt/kgMLSS/d), for example between 0.03 to 0.09 kgCODt/kgMLSS/d or between 0.07 to 0.09 kgCODt/kgMLSS/d.
Alternately, endogenous respiration can be produced by limiting the supply of oxygen to the biofilm 132, even at F/M ratios that exceed these values, or at an F/M ratio of greater than 0.07 kgCODt/kgMLSS/d or greater than 0.9 kgCODt/kgMLSS/d. Further, particularly in a multi-stage reactor or system, both methods can be provided. For example, in a system having an upstream tank, zone or reactor with effluent fed to a downstream tank, zone or reactor, the upstream biofilm 132 may be kept in endogenous respiration by limiting the oxygen supply to the biofilm 132 while the downstream biofilm 132 is kept in endogenous respiration by limiting the F/M ratio. In this way, endogenous respiration can be used to treat concentrated feeds, for example feeds with 300 mg/L CODs or 1000 mg/L CODs or more. Because the feed is only partially treated by the upstream biofilm 132, the total system becomes like a plug flow reactor, particularly if more than two tanks, zones or reactors are used. Tow or loose tow modules, for example those described in part 1.4.1, may be used in one or more or all of the stages or the multi-stage reactor or system.
Another method is periodic starvation. In this method, the feed is kept in the tank 112 for an extended period of time such that the COD concentration drops to below what it is at the end of a typical batch process. The biofilm 132 is not nourished and decays rapidly until the start of the next batch cycle. The biofilm can also be starve by removing the feed and filling the tank with clean, for example tap or potable, water, or by loading the reactor at less than 0.1 kg CODs per kg MLSS per day.
In another method, the supply of gas to the inlet header 116 of the module 40 is turned on and off cyclically for a period of time. The varying supply of oxygen shocks the biofilm 132 and causes increased decay. Aerobic and anaerobic areas in the biofilm expand and contract while consuming, or being consumed by, the other. Alternately, gases such as ozone or chlorine, may be added to the inlet header 116 to enhance the shock.
With chemical or biological biofilm control, closer spacing between the sheets 26, for example 3-4 mm, may be used since hydraulic flow through the modules 40 is not required as with air scouring, agitation or other physical methods of biofilm removal. Chemical or biological methods are also useful where sheets 26 or fibers 10 or units 19 are not arranged so that a flow of scouring air will not reach all parts of the biolfim. Chemical or biological biofilm control methods may also be useful with open sheets 26 or modules with unsupported or loose fibres 10, fiber units 19 or tows 20 that would be damaged by air scouring, agitation or physical methods. Alternately, one or more chemical methods, one or more mechanical methods or one or more biological methods may be combined.
A bench scale bioreactor was made using a module generally as presented in
A bench scale bioreactor was designed using a single sheet module as described for Example 1. Synthetic wastewater with a COD level of 1000 mg/l, as described in Example 1, was introduced and treated by the biofilm on the module. Rates of COD removal and oxygen transfer and the thickness of the biofilm were calculated or measured and recorded. For about the first 21 days, the reactor (which has a 30 L fill volume) drained and re-filled with feed after variable batch periods to keep the CODs in the tank generally between 500 and 1000 mg/L. At day 8 and day 16, in addition to emptying the tank and re-filling it with new feed, the module was powerwashed with a water sprayer to remove biofilm. From about day 21 to day 30, the biofilm was subjected to starvation (i.e. the tank was filled with tap, i.e. clean or drinkable, water while oxygen supply continued to the module) and air scouring treatments. On about day 30, the tank was emptied and re-filled with feed. From then on, the tank was emptied and re-filled with wastewater daily but no biofilm control steps were taken, to allow the biofilm to grow in thickness and observe the effect and rate of such growth. The results of the test are presented in
A small pilot study was conducted using four modules generally as shown in
COD removal rates were calculated at different periods of time during the batches corresponding to different concentrations of CODs in the tank. Batches having initial CODs of 5000 mg/l and 7000 mg/l were also tested to observe the effect of higher initial COD concentrations on COD removal rate. The results are presented in
The same reactor was used for a series of trials conducted under continuous operation. In the trials, HRT and inlet CODs were varied. The feed gas was “pure” oxygen at a feed pressure of 5 psi. For each trial, the average inlet CODs, outlet CODs and removal rate, organized by HRT of the trial, are presented in
The effectiveness of biofilm control procedures were also verified in the reactor during the batch trials mentioned above. Gentle aeration of about 1 scfm/module for 15 seconds every hour was applied, primarily for mixing, and more aggressive air scouring of about 4 scfm/module for 2-3 minutes every 2-3 days was applied primarily to remove biofilm. The biofilm thickness was successfully maintained in a range from about 0.2 mm to less than 0.8 mm regardless of the average bulk CODs in the reactor, which varied from about 300 mg/L to about 5,500 mg/L.
Another pilot study was conducted using two modules as described in Example 3, each having a surface area of about 3.6 m2, installed in an 85 litre tank. Air was supplied to the modules at a feed pressure of about 5 psi. Peptone was added initially to the sewage to accelerate the initial growth of biofilm on the sheets as described for example 3. Batch operations were conducted, filling the tank with municipal wastewater, screened through a 3 mm screen, having an initial CODs of averaging about 100 to 200 mg/l, but occasionally up to 700 mg/L. At the ends of the batches, CODs concentration had generally dropped to less than 30 mg/l and COD removal rate had also generally dropped to less than 1 g/m2/d. The levels of CODs and CODt with respect to time within a sample period in a batch are presented in
A study was also conducted with a continuous process, with different trials performed over a total period of about 60 days. In the trials, HRT varied from 24 hours to 3 hours and inlet CODs from 100 mg/l to 200 mg/l. Average removal rates tended to be lower with lower loading rates.
Nitrification and denitrification kinetics were also measured in the continuous process study. The results of 4 trials are presented in the following table.
Biofilm control was also tested in the municipal wastewater study. Biofilm thickness averaging 0.2 mm was observed with air scouring, but thicker biofilm appeared to collect between some individual sheets indicating that these areas were not receiving full scouring air.
A module similar to the one shown in
The thickness measurements from the tests using synthetic wastewater are recorded in
For the tests using septic tank wastewater, the wastewater was taken from the second chamber of a septic tank. For one trial, the characteristics of the wastewater were as follows:
Chemical Biofilm Control:
A biofilm control study was done using the single sheet reactor described in Example 1 with a very thick biofilm on it. At the start of the test, the tank was drained and 30 L of sodium hydroxide solution in deionized water at a pH of 9.43 and a temperature of 40° C. was added to the reactor. After a first 4 hours of soak, air scouring at 2 scfm was started and was continued for more than 18 hours while sodium hydroxide solution remained in the tank. Air supply to the lumens remained on. The biofilm thickness was reduced slightly (4.6 mm to 4.3 mm) over the first four hour period. After the 18 hours of soaking and air scouring, the thickness of the biofim was reduced further to 3.2 mm.
In another biofilm control study, 6 single sheet modules as shown in
Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible within the teachings of the invention and the invention may be practiced other than as described above. The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims.
This application is (1) a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/801,660 filed Mar. 17, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,295 which is (i) a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/777,204 filed Feb. 13, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,118,672 which is an application claiming the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/447,025 filed Feb. 13, 2003 (ii) an application claiming the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/496,178 filed Aug. 18, 2003; and (iii) a continuation of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/CA2004/000206, filed Feb. 13, 2004 (2) an application claiming the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/496,178 filed Aug. 18, 2003; and (3) a continuation-in-part of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/CA2004/000206, filed Feb. 13, 2004. This application also claims priority from Canadian Patent Application Nos. 2,438,444; 2,438,441; 2,438,432; 2,438,050; and, 2,438,101 all filed Aug. 22, 2003. All of the applications listed above are incorporated herein in full by this reference to them.
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|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/CA2004/000206 | Feb 2004 | US |
| Child | 10801660 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10801660 | Mar 2004 | US |
| Child | 10896086 | US | |
| Parent | 10777204 | Feb 2004 | US |
| Child | 10801660 | US |
