Patent Grant
8911698
This application claims the benefit of priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0142981 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Dec. 10, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure relates to a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides, a method for preparing the same, and a method for removing nitrogen oxides using the same. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a supported catalyst having an excellent nitrogen oxide removal efficiency at a practical exhaustion temperature of 270 to 400° C., a method for preparing the same, and a method for removing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas using the supported catalyst and a reducing agent.
A diesel vehicle is widely used due to its excellent gas mileage and small CO2 discharge amount compared to a gasoline vehicle. However, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) which are harmful to a human body and an environment are included in the exhaust gas of the diesel vehicle. Main regulation for diesel vehicle exhaustion is on the nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Particularly, nitrogen oxide is a main cause of smog and acid rain, and thus, the regulation is being tightened. Therefore, technologies for removing nitrogen oxides from exhaust gas of automobiles, which are main causing materials of smog and acid rain and harmful to a human body and an environment, have been developed.
Conventionally, a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method has been used to remove nitrogen oxides discharged from diesel engines, wherein the nitrogen oxides are converted to nitrogen and treated with a catalyst using a reducing agent. The selective catalytic reduction method selectively reduces the nitrogen oxides and converts to nitrogen using urea, hydrocarbon, and the like as the reducing agent and using a zeolite or alumina catalyst, and the like. Nitrogen oxide removal performance of Urea/SCR technology is known to be excellent. However, a zeolite catalyst used in the Urea/SCR technology has a low hydrothermal stability, a catalytic activity is easily lowered by SO2 and hydrocarbons included in exhaust gas, and a storage tank is required for periodical injection of urea.
An HC/SCR technology, which was developed for solving various problems of the Urea/SCR technology, removes nitrogen oxides by directly using hydrocarbons or fuel discharged from exhaust gas as a reducing agent, and has a high catalytic reactivity and selectivity. However, the HC/SCR technology generates ammonia (NH3) which is harmful to human body and cannot be removed with an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst that was widely used before.
It is known that diesel engine exhaust gas temperature of a diesel vehicle is about 150 to 250° C. for a light-duty vehicle, and about 200 to 350° C. for a heavy-duty vehicle (R. G. Gonzales, “Diesel Exhaust Emission System Temperature Test”, T&D Report 0851-1816P, SDTDC, U.S. Department of Agriculture, December (2008)). Thus, a technology for a post-treatment of exhaust gas capable of removing discharged nitrogen oxides at a temperature of 350° C. or less is required. Further, the Ag/Al2O3 catalyst widely used in HC/SCR exhibits an excellent nitrogen oxide removal efficiency at a temperature of 300° C. or more, but exhibits a low activity at a temperature of 300° C. or less.
Accordingly, there is a demand for development of a catalyst having an excellent removal efficiency of ammonia (NH3) generated during a reduction reaction and improved nitrogen oxide removal performance at a low temperature that is a practical temperature of exhaust gas.
The present disclosure provides a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides, which may reduce nitrogen oxides with a high efficiency, and more particularly, may reduce nitrogen oxides with a higher efficiency compared to previously known catalyst at a low temperature range, for example, 350° C. or less.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides includes a support. A silver (Ag)-based compound and aluminum fluoride are immobilized in the support.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for preparing a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides includes a step of impregnation wherein aluminum fluoride, a hydrate or a salt thereof, and an Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof are reacted with a support, and a step of calcining the support.
The method may further include a step of drying a product obtained in the impregnation step at 90 to 150° C. for 1 to 24 hours.
A method for removing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas comprises exhaust gas including nitrogen oxides reacting with a reducing agent in the presence of the supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides.
Hereinafter, a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides, a preparation method thereof, and a method for removing nitrogen oxides using the same according to specific embodiments of the disclosure will be explained in detail with reference to the Examples and drawings.
Results of the study for improving low nitrogen oxide removal efficiency at a low temperature of 350° C. or less to solve the problems of the previous nitrogen oxide removal technology confirm that a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides including an Ag-based compound and aluminum fluoride bound to a specific carrier may remove or reduce nitrogen oxides with a higher efficiency at a practical exhaust gas temperature, for example, a temperature of 270 to 400° C., particularly even at a low temperature range of 300° C. or less.
When the above-mentioned supported catalyst is used, a conversion of harmful ammonium (NH3), that has been previously generated when converting nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, is largely improved, and thus, the nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas may be more effectively removed.
The term ‘reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides’ refers to a whole process during which a reaction between nitrogen oxides and a reducing agent is conducted. Specifically, the reduction reaction of the nitrogen oxides may include a step of reducing nitrogen oxides to generate nitrogen or ammonia, and it may further include a step of converting an intermediate or by-products (for example, ammonia, and the like) generated during the reaction process to a final product (for example, nitrogen).
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides includes a support. Wherein a silver (Ag)-based compound and aluminum fluoride are immobilized in the support.
The support may include those known to be usable in a reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides, and the like, without specific limitations. Examples of the support may include alumina, natural or artificial zeolite, natural or artificial bentonite, clay, fly ash, active carbon, active silica, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, or a mixture thereof, and alumina.
The alumina may have an α, γ, η, δ, or θ type crystalline structure. To achieve a better reduction reaction of the nitrogen oxides, an alumina support having the γ structure may be used. Particularly, γ-Al2O3 is suitable for the support due to its relatively large specific surface area compared to other alumina, and thus uniformly distributing a small amount of supported metal.
The support may have specific surface area, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) of 10 to 300 m2/g or 150 to 200 m2/g. If the specific surface area of the support is too small, a bound or immobilized Ag-based compound and aluminum fluoride may not be uniformly distributed, and thus, the activity of the supported catalyst may be lowered.
The aluminum fluoride, a hydrate or a salt thereof may increase acid sites formed on the surface of the supported catalyst or support. By using the aluminum fluoride, ammonia additionally generated in the reduction reaction of the nitrogen oxides may be more effectively adsorbed, and the adsorbed ammonia may be more effectively converted to nitrogen.
The supported catalyst may include 0.5 to 30 wt. % of the aluminum fluoride, 0.5 to 20 wt. % of the aluminum fluoride, or 1 to 15 wt. % of the aluminum fluoride, based on total weight of the catalyst. If the content of the aluminum fluoride is less than 0.5 wt. % or greater than 30 wt. %, the conversion of the nitrogen oxides to the nitrogen may be decreased at a low temperature or a high temperature.
The Ag-based compound refers to a compound including silver, and includes silver, an organic compound of silver, or an acid salt or a base salt of the silver. Examples of the Ag-based compound may include silver (Ag), silver oxide (AgO), silver chloride (AgCl), silver nitrate (AgNO3), silver sulfate (Ag2SO3), or a mixture thereof.
The supported catalyst may include the Ag-based compound in the content of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, 1 to 10 wt. %, or 2 to 8 wt. %, based on total weight of the catalyst. If the content of the Ag-based compound is less than 0.1 wt. %, the absolute amount of the Ag-based compound acting as a catalyst may become small, and thus, the catalyst performance may be lowered. If it is greater than 15 wt. %, an excessive amount of metal silver may unnecessarily exist, and thus, the activity of the supported catalyst may be lowered.
According to another embodiment of the disclosure, a method for preparing a supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides includes a step of impregnation wherein aluminum fluoride, a hydrate or a salt thereof, and an Ag-based compound or a hydrate thereof are reacted with a support, and a step of calcining the support.
As explained above, the supported catalyst for the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides may reduce nitrogen oxides, and particularly, reduce nitrogen oxides with a higher efficiency compared to previously known catalyst, at a low temperature range, for example 350° C. or less. The supported catalyst may further remove nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas more effectively since a capability of converting harmful ammonia (NH3) that has been previously generated when removing nitrogen oxides to nitrogen is largely improved.
The impregnation step may include a solution including aluminum fluoride, a hydrate or a salt thereof, or a solution including an Ag-based compound or a hydrate thereof reacting with the support for 1 to 24 hours or for 1 to 5 hours.
The solution including aluminum fluoride, the hydrate or the salt thereof, or the solution including the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof may be an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution may include water, alcohol, amine or ammonium salt, and the like. The solution may be an aqueous solution including water considering solubility of aluminum fluoride.
The preparation method may further include a step of drying the product obtained in the impregnation step at 90 to 150° C. for 1 to 24 hours. In the drying step, a reaction product of aluminum fluoride, the hydrate or the salt thereof with the support, or a reaction product of the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof with the support may be dried at 90 to 150° C. or 100 to 120° C. for 1 to 24 hours or 5 to 15 hours.
In the drying process, commonly known drying method and apparatus may be used, for example, heat source such as an air heater, an oven, a heating plate, and the like may be used to progress drying.
In the impregnation step, the sequence of impregnating in the support is not significantly limited, for example, aluminum fluoride, the hydrate or the salt thereof, and the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof may be simultaneously impregnated in the support, or the two ingredients may be sequentially impregnated in the support.
However, in order to afford a better activity of the prepared catalyst, aluminum fluoride, the hydrate, or the salt thereof may be bound to the support in the impregnation step. Specifically, main reaction active sites of the supported catalyst may be the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof. If the aluminum fluoride, the hydrate, or the salt thereof is bound to the support first, and the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof is supported, more active sites may be uniformly distributed, and the activity of the catalyst may be more improved.
As explained above, since the aluminum fluoride, or the hydrate or the salt thereof may increase acid sites formed on the surface of the support or the supported catalyst, ammonium that is additionally generated in the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides may be more effectively adsorbed, and the adsorbed ammonia may be more effectively converted to nitrogen. The impregnation step may include the aluminum fluoride, the hydrate, or the salt thereof reacting with the support and calcining and the calcined support reacting with the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof and recalcining.
The calcining step may be conducted at 300 to 1000° C. or 300 to 600° C. for 1 to 24 hours or 2 to 10 hours. If the temperature is too low in the calcining step, a solution including the aluminum fluoride, the hydrate or the salt thereof, or the Ag-based compound or the hydrate thereof may not be sufficiently bound to the support in the impregnation step, or the activity of the prepared supported catalyst may not be sufficiently achieved. If the temperature is too high in the calcining step, specific surface area of the prepared supported catalyst may be decreased, or the size of the Ag may become large, and supported aluminum fluoride may be decomposed to significantly lower the activity or property of the prepared supported catalyst.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for removing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas includes reacting exhaust gas including nitrogen oxides with a reducing agent, in the presence of the above explained supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides.
As explained above, by using the supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the amount of nitrogen oxides may be reduced, and more particularly, nitrogen oxides may be reduced with a higher efficiency compared to previously known catalysts, at a low temperature range, for example, 350° C. or less. The supported catalyst may remove the nitrogen oxides more effectively because a capability of converting harmful ammonia (NH3) that has been previously generated when converting nitrogen oxides to nitrogen is largely improved.
The nitrogen oxides refer to a compound consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, or a mixture thereof, and specific examples thereof may include nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), dinitrogen pentaoxide (N2O5), and the like.
The exhaust gas refers to a gas exhausted outside from an exhaust pipe of an engine and includes water (water vapor) generated by combustion of fuel, carbon dioxide, remaining air, unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and the like.
As the reducing agent, at least one selected from the group consisting of ethanol, dodecane, and metaxylene may be used, and the used amount of the reducing agent may be appropriately controlled according to the amount and concentration of nitrogen oxides to be removed. For example, in the method for removing nitrogen oxides, the reducing agent may be used in an amount of 400 to 3200 ppmv or 1600 to 2400 ppmv, based on carbon (C1) in total reactant.
In the method for removing nitrogen oxides, the used amount of the supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides may be appropriately controlled according to the amount and concentration of nitrogen oxides or the used amount of the reducing agent. For example, the supported catalyst for reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides may be used in an amount of 50 to 500 ppmv or 200 to 400 ppmv in total reactant.
The reduction reaction may be conducted at a temperature of 150 to 600° C. at a space velocity of 100 to 200,000 h−1. The space velocity (SV) is a value obtained by dividing the amount of treated exhaust gas per 1 hour by catalyst capacity and represents an infiltration rate of treated exhaust gas for catalyst capacity filled for 1 hour. It may conduct the reaction under the above conditions for nitrogen oxide removal efficiency. The removal activity of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas may be 80% at a reduction reaction temperature of 270 to 400° C.
Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be explained with reference to the following Examples. However, these examples are only to illustrate the disclosure, and the scope of the disclosure is not limited thereto.
AlF3.3H2O was impregnated in γ-Al2O3 (BET=207 m2/g) such that the content of AlF3 supported in γ-Al2O3 may become 1.5, 4.4, and 14 wt. %, respectively (Preparation Examples 1, 2, and 3). Each of them was dried in an oven of 110° C. for 12 hours, and then, calcined at 550° C. for 5 hours to prepare a AlF3/Al2O3 catalyst. An AgNO3 solution was impregnated in the prepared AlF3/Al2O3 catalyst such that the content of Ag may become 4 wt. %. Each of them was dried again in an oven of 110° C. for 12 hours, and then, calcined at 550° C. for 5 hours to prepare a Ag/AlF3/Al2O3 catalyst.
The Ag/AlF3/Al2O3 catalysts prepared in Preparation Examples 1 to 3 were introduced in a catalytic reaction apparatus. Before measuring a removal activity of nitrogen oxides, pre-treatment was conducted at 550° C. for 2 hours in the presence of mixed gas of 2.5 vol % H2O, 6 vol % O2, and the remaining amount of He.
After the pre-treatment, 400 ppmv of NO, 2.5 vol % of H2O, 6 vol % of O2, and the remaining amount of He were injected, and as a reducing agent, 640 ppmv of C2H5OH, 17 ppmv of C12H26, and 15 ppmv of C8H10 were injected. Wherein, a space velocity was 60,000 h−1, and activities were measured at a reaction temperature of 200 to 500° C. Measurements at each reaction temperature, a steady state was maintained for 2 hours, and the mixing ratio of carbon/nitrogen oxides (C1/NOx) was 4. From the results, the ratio of the concentration of produced nitrogen or ammonia to the concentration of injected nitrogen oxides was calculated.
To compare with Examples 1 to 3, an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst having Ag content of 4 wt. % was prepared, a catalytic reaction was conducted by the same method as Examples 1 to 3, and the results were shown in
A catalytic reaction was conducted by the same method as Example 2, except using a catalyst system consisting of an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst (a first catalyst layer) and a Cu-ZSM5 catalyst (a second catalyst layer), wherein the volume ratio of the first catalyst layer:the second catalyst layer=1:1. The first catalyst layer was used as an inlet catalyst, and the volumes of the inlet catalyst and the outlet catalyst were made identical. The space velocity of the reactor was 60,000 h−1. The total volume of the first catalyst and the second catalyst used in Comparative Example 2 was identical to the volume of the catalyst used in Example 2. From the results,
To confirm ammonia oxidation capacity of the Ag(4.0)/AlF3(4.4)/Al2O3 catalyst prepared in Preparation Example 2, 400 ppmv of NH3, 2.5 vol % of H2O, 6 vol % of O2, and the remaining amount of He were injected as a reaction gas. The space velocity was 60,000 h−1, and a steady state was maintained at a reaction temperature of 200 to 500° C. respectively for 2 hours, and then, activities were measured at each reaction temperature. From these results,
To compare with Example 4, an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst having Ag content of 5 wt. % was prepared, a catalytic reaction was conducted by the same method as Example 4, and the results were shown in
[Comparison of Results]
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The present disclosure is not limited to the Examples and may be conducted in various forms, and it is understood by one of ordinary knowledge in the art that the present disclosure may be practiced in other specific forms without modifying technical idea or essential characteristics of the disclosure. Therefore, it should be understood that the above described Examples are illustrative and not limiting.
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