Patent Application
20220341021
The present invention relates to a surface hardening treatment device and a surface hardening treatment method which can perform a surface hardening treatment, such as nitriding, nitrocarburizing, nitriding quenching (austenitic nitriding), and the like, for a work made of metal.
Among various surface hardening treatments for a work made of metal such as steel, there is a strong need for nitriding because it is a low distortion treatment. As a specific nitriding method. there are a gas method, a salt bath method, a plasma method. and the like.
Among these methods, the gas method is comprehensively superior when considering quality, environmental properties, mass productivity, and the like. Carburizing, carbonitriding or induction hardening (quenching) involved in hardening a mechanical part causes distortion, but the distortion can be improved when a nitriding treatment by a gas method (gas nitriding treatment) is used. A nitrocarburizing treatment by a gas method (gas nitrocarburizing treatment) involved in carburizing is also known as a treatment of the same kind as the gas nitriding treatment.
The gas nitriding treatment is a process in which only nitrogen is permeated and diffused into a work, in order to harden a surface of the work. In the gas nitriding treatment, an ammonia gas alone, a mixed gas of an ammonia gas and a nitrogen gas, a mixed gas of an ammonia gas and an ammonia decomposition gas (which consists of 75% hydrogen and 25% nitrogen, and is also called an AX gas), or a mixed gas of an ammonia gas an ammonia decomposition gas and a nitrogen gas, is introduced into a processing furnace in order to perform a surface hardening treatment.
On the other hand, the gas nitrocarburizing treatment is a process in which carbon is secondarily permeated and diffused into a work together with nitrogen, in order to harden a surface of the work. For example, in the gas nitrocarburizing treatment, a mixed gas of an ammonia gas, a nitrogen gas and a carbon dioxide gas (CO2) or a mixed gas of an ammonia gas, a nitrogen gas, a carbon dioxide gas and a carbon monoxide gas (CO) is introduced into a processing furnace in order to perform a surface hardening treatment, as a plurality of furnace introduction gases.
The basis of an atmosphere control in the gas nitriding treatment and in the gas nitrocarburizing treatment is to control a nitriding potential (KN) in a furnace. By controlling the nitriding potential (KN), it is possible to control a volume fraction of the γ′ phase (Fe4N) and the ε phase (Fe2-3N) in a compound layer generated on a surface of a steel material and/or to achieve a process in which such a compound layer is not generated. That is to say, it is possible to obtain a wide range of nitriding qualities. For example, according to JP-A-2016-211069 (Patent Document 1), the bending fatigue strength and/or the wear resistance of a mechanical part may be improved by selecting the γ′ phase and increasing its thickness, which can achieve a further high functionality of the mechanical part.
On the other hand, the nitrocarburizing treatment is used for making positive use of the ε phase which is hard, for example in order to improve the wear resistance (“Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing on Iron Materials”, second edition (2013), pages 81-86 (Dieter Liedtke et al., Agune Technical Center) Non-Patent Document 1).
In the gas nitriding treatment and the gas nitrocarburizing treatment as described above, in order to control an atmosphere in the processing furnace in which the work is arranged, an in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration measurement sensor configured to measure a hydrogen concentration in the furnace or an ammonia concentration in the furnace is installed. Then, the in-furnace nitriding potential is calculated from the measured value of the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration measurement sensor, and is compared with a target (set) nitriding potential, in order to control the flow rate of each furnace introduction gas (“Heat Treatment”, Volume 55, No. 1, pages 7-11 (Yasushi Hiraoka. Yoichi Watanabe). Non-Patent Document 2). As for the method of controlling each furnace introduction gas, a method of controlling the total amount while keeping the flow rate ratio between the respective furnace introduction gases constant is well known (“Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing on Iron Materials”, second edition (2013), pages 158-163 (Dieter Liedtke et al., Agune Technical Center): Non-Patent Document 3).
JP-B-5629436 (Patent Document 2) has disclosed a device which can perform both a first control step of controlling a total introduction amount of a plurality of furnace introduction gases while keeping a flow rate ratio between the plurality of furnace introduction gases constant and a second control step of controlling an introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases while changing a flow rate ratio between the plurality of furnace introduction gases (either one of the first control step and the second control step is selectively performed at a time) (JP-B-5629436: Patent Document 2). However, JP-B-5629436 (Patent Document 2) has disclosed only one example of nitriding treatment in which the first control step is effective (paragraphs 0096 and 0099 of JP-B-5629436 (Patent Document 2): the nitriding potential 3.3 is precisely controlled by controlling the total introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the nitrogen gas while keeping the flow rate ratio of NH3 (ammonia gas):N2 (nitrogen gas)=80:20″), but there is no description as to what kind of nitriding treatment or nitrocarburizing treatment for which the second control step should be adopted. In addition. JP-B-5629436 (Patent Document 2) has disclosed no specific example of the second control step.
The method of controlling a total introduction amount of a plurality of furnace introduction gases while keeping a flow rate ratio between the plurality of furnace introduction gases constant is advantageous in that the total used amount of the plurality of furnace introduction gases may be made smaller. However, it has been known that the controllable range of nitriding potential by means of this method is narrow. In order to cope with this problem, the present inventor has already developed a control method that can achieve a wide controllable range of nitriding potential on the side of lower nitriding potential (for example, about 0.05 to 1.3 at 580° C.) and has obtained JP-B-6345320 (Patent Document 3). According to the control method disclosed in JP-B-6345320 (Patent Document 3), an introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases is controlled by changing a flow rate ratio between the plurality of furnace introduction gases while keeping a total introduction amount of the plurality of furnace introduction gases constant. such that the nitriding potential in the processing furnace is brought close to the target nitriding potential.
(Fundamentals of the Gas Nitriding Treatment)
The fundamentals of the gas nitriding treatment are chemically explained. In the gas nitriding treatment, in the processing furnace (gas nitriding furnace) in which the work is arranged, a nitriding reaction represented by the following formula (1) occurs.
NH3→[N]+3/2 H2 (1)
At this time, the nitriding potential KN is defined by the following formula (2).
K
N
=P
NH3
/P
H2
3/2 (2)
Herein, the partial pressure of ammonia in the furnace is represented by PNH3, and the partial pressure of hydrogen in the furnace is represented by PH2. The nitriding potential KN is well known as an index representing the nitriding ability of the atmosphere in the gas nitriding furnace.
On the other hand, in the furnace during the gas nitriding treatment, a part of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace is thermally decomposed into a hydrogen gas and a nitrogen gas according to a reaction represented by the following formula (3).
NH3→½N2+3/2H2 (3)
In the furnace, the thermal decomposition reaction represented by the formula (3) mainly (dominantly) occurs, and the nitriding reaction represented by the formula (1) is almost negligible quantitatively. Therefore, if the in-furnace ammonia concentration consumed in the reaction represented by the formula (3) or the hydrogen gas concentration generated in the reaction represented by the formula (3) is known, the nitriding potential can be calculated. That is to say, since 1.5 mol of hydrogen and 0.5 mol of nitrogen are generated from 1 mol of ammonia, if the in-furnace ammonia concentration is measured, the in-furnace hydrogen concentration can also be known and thus the nitriding potential can be calculated. Alternatively, if the in-furnace hydrogen concentration is measured, the in-furnace ammonia concentration can also be known, and thus the nitriding potential can also be calculated.
The ammonia gas that has been introduced (flown) into the gas nitriding furnace is circulated through the furnace and then discharged outside the furnace. That is to say. in the gas nitriding treatment, a fresh (new) ammonia gas is continuously flown into the furnace with respect to the existing gases in the furnace. so that the existing gases are continuously discharged out of the furnace (extruded at the supply pressure).
Herein, if the flow rate of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace is small, the gas residence time thereof in the furnace becomes long, so that the amount of the ammonia gas to be thermally decomposed increases, which increases the amount of the sum of the nitrogen gas and the hydrogen gas generated by the thermal decomposition reaction. On the other hand, if the flow rate of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace is large, the amount of the ammonia gas to be discharged outside the furnace without being thermally decomposed increases, which decreases the amount of the sum of the nitrogen gas and the hydrogen gas generated by the thermal decomposition reaction.
(Fundamentals of the Flow Rate Control)
Next, the fundamentals of the flow rate control are explained in the case wherein an ammonia gas is used as a solo (single) furnace introduction gas. When the degree of thermal decomposition of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace is represented by s (0<s<1), the gas reaction in the furnace is represented by the following formula (4).
NH3→(1−s)/(1+s)NH3+0.5s/(1+s)N2+1.5s/(1+s)H2 (4)
Herein, the left side represents the furnace introduction gas (ammonia gas only), the right side represents the in-furnace atmospheric gases (gas composition) including a part of the ammonia gas remained without being thermally decomposed, and the nitrogen gas and the hydrogen gas generated in the ratio of 1:3 by the thermal decomposition of the ammonia gas. Therefore, when the hydrogen concentration in the furnace is measured by means of a hydrogen sensor, 1.5s/(1+s) on the right side corresponds to the measured value of the hydrogen sensor, and thus the degree of the thermal decompositions of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace can be calculated from the measured value. Thereby, the ammonia concentration in the furnace corresponding to (1−s)/(1+s) on the right side can also be calculated. That is to say. the in-furnace hydrogen concentration and the in-furnace ammonia concentration can be known only from the measured value of the hydrogen sensor. Thus, the nitriding potential can be calculated.
Similarly, even when a plurality of furnace introduction gases are used, it is possible to control the nitriding potential KN. For example, when an ammonia gas and a nitrogen gas are used as two furnace introduction gases and the introduction ratio therebetween is x:y (both x and y are known, and x+y=1. For example, if x=0.5, y=1-0.5=0.5 (NH3:N2=1:1). the gas reaction in the furnace is represented by the following formula (5).
xNH3+(1−x)N2→x(1−s)/(1+sx)NH3+(0.5sx+1−x)/(1+sx)N2+1.5sx (1+sx)H2 (5)
Herein, the right side represents the in-furnace atmospheric gases (gas composition) including a part of the ammonia gas remained without being thermally decomposed, the nitrogen gas and the hydrogen gas generated in the ratio of 1:3 by the thermal decomposition of the ammonia gas, and the nitrogen gas remained as introduced on the left side (without being decomposed in the furnace). Now, in the hydrogen concentration on the right side, i.e., 1.5sx/(1+sx). x is known (for example. x=0.5), and thus only the degree of the thermal decomposition s of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace is unknown. Therefore, in the same way as in the formula (4), the degree of the thermal decomposition s of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace can be calculated from the measured value of the hydrogen sensor. Thereby, the ammonia concentration in the furnace can also be calculated. Thus, the nitriding potential can be calculated.
When the introduction ratio between the respective furnace introduction gases is not fixed, the in-furnace hydrogen concentration and the in-furnace ammonia concentration include two variables, i.e., the degree of the thermal decompositions of the ammonia gas introduced into the furnace and the introduction ratio x of the ammonia gas. In general, a mass flow controller (MFC) is used as a device for controlling each gas flow rate. Thus, the introduction ratio x of the ammonia gas can be continuously read out as a digital signal based on flow rate values of the respective gases. Therefore, the nitriding potential can be calculated based on the formula (5) by combining this introduction ratio x and the measured value of the hydrogen sensor.
On the other hand, the fundamentals of the gas nitrocarburizing treatment are chemically explained. In the gas nitrocarburizing treatment, in the processing furnace (gas nitrocarburizing furnace) in which the work is arranged, a carbon supply reaction represented by the following formulas (6) and (7) occurs.
2CO→[C]+CO2 (6)
CO+H2→[C]+H2O (7)
As clearly seen from the formulas (6) and (7), the carbon supply source is a carbon monoxide gas. The carbon monoxide gas may be directly introduced into the processing furnace, or may be generated in the processing furnace from a carbon dioxide gas. Herein, in the processing furnace, an equilibrium reaction represented by the following formula (8) is established.
CO2+H2→CO+H2O (8)
In addition, in the processing furnace, regarding H2O, another equilibrium reaction represented by the following formula (9) is established.
2H2O→O2+2H2 (9)
As seen from the above explanation, an amount of hydrogen (whose mole ratio is represented by w) consumed by the reactions represented by the formulas (8) and (9) is correlated to an amount of oxygen in the processing furnace. Thus, it is preferable to obtain the degree of the thermal decomposition s of the ammonia gas after calculating the mole ratio w based on a measured value of an oxygen sensor on the assumption that a measured value of the hydrogen sensor corresponds to (1.5sx−w)/(1+sx), rather than to directly substitute a measured value of the hydrogen sensor for 1.5sx/(1+sx) in the formula (5).
An equilibrium constant of the formula (9) is K=pH2O/(pH2·pO21.5), wherein pH2O, pH2 and pO2 are partial pressures of H2O, H2 and O2 in the processing furnace, respectively. Thus, from an equilibrium constant K known correspondingly to an in-furnace temperature condition and measured values of both the oxygen sensor and the hydrogen sensor (=pH2. pO2), it is possible to calculate the value of pH2O. Then, as clearly seen from the formulas (8) and (9), the amount of hydrogen w consumed by those reactions corresponds to the value of pH2O. Therefore, it is possible to obtain the value of w, and thus in turn it is possible to obtain the degree of the thermal decompositions of the ammonia gas.
The Patent Document 1 cited in the present specification is JP-A-2016-211069.
The present inventor has repeated diligent examination and various experiments about the gas nitrocarburizing treatment in which a plurality of furnace introduction gases including an ammonia gas and an ammonia decomposition gas are introduced into a processing furnace. As a result, the present inventor has found that a control of nitriding potential which is sufficient for practical use can be achieved by changing an introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia decomposition gas while keeping an introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. as a control for bringing the nitriding potential in the processing furnace close to the target nitriding potential.
The present invention has been made based on the above findings. It is an object of the present invention to provide a surface hardening treatment device and a surface hardening treatment method which are capable of achieving a control of nitriding potential which is sufficient for practical use, in a gas nitrocarburizing treatment in which a plurality of furnace introduction gases including an ammonia gas and an ammonia decomposition gas are introduced into a processing furnace.
The present invention is a surface hardening treatment device for performing a gas nitrocarburizing treatment as a surface hardening treatment for a work arranged in a processing furnace by introducing a plurality of furnace introduction gases including an ammonia gas and an ammonia decomposition gas, the surface hardening treatment device including: an in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector configured to detect a hydrogen concentration or an ammonia concentration in the processing furnace; an in-furnace nitriding potential calculator configured to calculate a nitriding potential in the processing furnace based on the hydrogen concentration or the ammonia concentration detected by the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector; and a gas-introduction-amount controller configured to change an introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia decomposition gas while keeping an introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant, based on the nitriding potential in the processing furnace calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator and a target nitriding potential, such that the nitriding potential in the processing furnace is brought close to the target nitriding potential.
According to the present invention, it has been confirmed that a control of nitriding potential of a relatively wider range (in particular, a control of nitriding potential which is relatively lower) can be achieved by changing the introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia decomposition gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant.
It is desirable that the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas, which is to be kept constant, has been predetermined in advance by conducting a preliminary experiment before an actual operation. This is because, in fact, the degree of the thermal decomposition of the ammonia gas may be also influenced by in-furnace environment of the furnace to be used or the like.
Preferably, the surface hardening treatment device of the present invention further includes: an in-furnace oxygen concentration detector configured to detect an oxygen concentration in the processing furnace, wherein the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator is configured to calculate the nitriding potential in the processing furnace based on the hydrogen concentration or the ammonia concentration detected by the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector and the oxygen concentration detected by the in-furnace oxygen concentration detector.
As described above, in the nitrocarburizing treatment, hydrogen is consumed in a carbon supply reaction such that water (H2O) is generated. The generated amount of the water (H2O) establishes an equilibrium with the amount of the oxygen in the processing furnace. Thus, a more precise nitriding potential can be achieved by detecting the oxygen concentration in the processing furnace by the in-furnace oxygen concentration detector and using the oxygen concentration for calculating the nitriding potential in the processing furnace.
In addition, it is preferable that the gas-introduction-amount controller is configured to control the introduction amount C1, * * * , CN (N is an integer of one or more) of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, using a factor of proportionality c1, * * * , cN assigned to each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B). * * * . cN=cN×(A+x×B) wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
According to the actual experiments conducted by the present inventor, it has been confirmed that, when the above control conditions are adopted, a control of nitriding potential of a relatively wider range (in particular, a control of nitriding potential which is relatively lower) can be achieved.
For example, the value of x is 0.5. This is because the amount of hydrogen generated in the processing furnace by the thermal decomposition of the ammonia gas of 1 mol is 1.5 mol while the amount of hydrogen supplied from the ammonia decomposition gas of 1 mol into the processing furnace is 0.75 mol (¾ mol), and thus 1.5:0.75=1:0.5. The value is explained as a factor for converting the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas B into the introduction amount of the ammonia gas A with regard to the amount of hydrogen.
However, the value of x does not have to be strictly 0.5. If the value of x is roughly within a range of 0.4 to 0.6, a control of nitriding potential which is sufficient for practical use can be achieved.
The plurality of furnace introduction gases includes a carbon dioxide gas as a carburizing gas. Alternatively, the plurality of furnace introduction gases includes a carbon monoxide gas as a carburizing gas.
Alternatively, the plurality of furnace introduction gases includes a carbon dioxide gas and a nitrogen gas, or includes a carbon monoxide gas and a nitrogen gas.
In addition, the present invention can be recognized as a surface hardening treatment method. That is to say, the present invention is a surface hardening treatment method of performing a gas nitrocarburizing treatment as a surface hardening treatment for a work arranged in a processing furnace by introducing a plurality of furnace introduction gases including an ammonia gas and an ammonia decomposition gas, the surface hardening treatment method including: an in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detecting step of detecting a hydrogen concentration or an ammonia concentration in the processing furnace: an in-furnace nitriding potential calculating step of calculating a nitriding potential in the processing furnace based on the hydrogen concentration or the ammonia concentration detected at the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detecting step:and a gas-introduction-amount controlling step of changing an introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia decomposition gas while keeping an introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant, based on the nitriding potential in the processing furnace calculated at the in-furnace nitriding potential calculating step and a target nitriding potential, such that the nitriding potential in the processing furnace is brought close to the target nitriding potential.
In addition, the present invention is a surface hardening treatment device for performing a gas nitrocarburizing treatment as a surface hardening treatment for a work arranged in a processing furnace by introducing a plurality of furnace introduction gases including an ammonia gas, an ammonia decomposition gas and a carburizing gas, the surface hardening treatment device including: an in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector configured to detect a hydrogen concentration or an ammonia concentration in the processing furnace; an in-furnace nitriding potential calculator configured to calculate a nitriding potential in the processing furnace based on the hydrogen concentration or the ammonia concentration detected by the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector:and a gas-introduction-amount controller configured to change an introduction amount of each of the ammonia gas and the carburizing gas while keeping an introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant, based on the nitriding potential in the processing furnace calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator and a target nitriding potential. such that the nitriding potential in the processing furnace is brought close to the target nitriding potential.
The feature of the above invention is to change the introduction amount of each of the ammonia gas and the carburizing gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant, while an introduction amount of each of the rest of the plurality of furnace introduction gases is not conditioned. Accordingly, the scope of the above invention can clearly cover any manner in which a certain minute amount of gas (whose flow ratio is about 1% or less) is introduced to an extent that it does not substantially involve the reactions. For example, when two or more kinds of carburizing gases are introduced, the above invention is applicable, in which an introduction amount of the main carburizing gas may be changed and an introduction amount of the other carburizing gas minutely introduced may be constant, according to which a control of nitriding potential of a relatively wider range (in particular, a control of nitriding potential which is relatively lower) can be achieved.
In this case, it is preferable that the gas-introduction-amount controller is configured to control the introduction amount C1 of the carburizing gas, using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carburizing gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
In addition, the present invention is a surface hardening treatment device for performing a gas nitrocarburizing treatment as a surface hardening treatment for a work arranged in a processing furnace by introducing a plurality of furnace introduction gases including an ammonia gas, an ammonia decomposition gas, a carburizing gas and a nitrogen gas, the surface hardening treatment device including: an in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector configured to detect a hydrogen concentration or an ammonia concentration in the processing furnace: an in-furnace nitriding potential calculator configured to calculate a nitriding potential in the processing furnace based on the hydrogen concentration or the ammonia concentration detected by the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration detector:and a gas-introduction-amount controller configured to change an introduction amount of each of the ammonia gas, the carburizing gas and the nitrogen gas while keeping an introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant, based on the nitriding potential in the processing furnace calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator and a target nitriding potential, such that the nitriding potential in the processing furnace is brought close to the target nitriding potential.
The feature of the above invention is to change the introduction amount of each of the ammonia gas, the carburizing gas and the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant, while an introduction amount of each of the rest of the plurality of furnace introduction gases is not conditioned. Accordingly, the scope of the above invention can clearly cover any manner in which a certain minute amount of gas (whose flow ratio is about 1% or less) is introduced to an extent that it does not substantially involve the reactions. For example, when two or more kinds of carburizing gases are introduced, the above invention is applicable, in which an introduction amount of the main carburizing gas may be changed and an introduction amount of the other carburizing gas minutely introduced may be constant. according to which a control of nitriding potential of a relatively wider range (in particular, a control of nitriding potential which is relatively lower) can be achieved.
In this case, it is preferable that the gas-introduction-amount controller is configured to control the introduction amount C1 of the carburizing gas and the introduction amount C2 of the nitrogen gas, using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carburizing gas and a factor of proportionality c2 assigned to the nitrogen gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B. and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
According to the present invention, it has been confirmed that a control of nitriding potential of a relatively wider range (in particular, a control of nitriding potential which is relatively lower) can be achieved by changing the introduction amount of each of the plurality of furnace introduction gases except for the ammonia decomposition gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant.
Hereinafter, a preferable embodiment of the present invention will be described. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment.
(Structure)
The ammonia decomposition gas is a gas called AX gas, and is a mixed gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen in a ratio of 1:3. The work S is made of metal. For example, the work S is a steel part or a mold.
As shown in
The stirring fan 8 is disposed in the processing furnace 2 and configured to rotate in the processing furnace 2 in order to stir atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2. The stirring-fan drive motor 9 is connected to the stirring fan 8 and configured to cause the stirring fan 8 to rotate at an arbitrary rotation speed.
The in-furnace temperature measuring device 10 includes a thermocouple and is configured to measure a temperature of the in-furnace gases existing in the processing furnace 2. In addition, after measuring the temperature of the in-furnace gases, the in-furnace temperature measuring device 10 is configured to output an information signal including the measured temperature (in-furnace temperature signal) to the temperature adjustor 5 and the recorder 6.
The atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 is composed of: a sensor capable of detecting a hydrogen concentration or an ammonia concentration in the processing furnace 2 as an in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration; and an oxygen sensor capable of detecting an oxygen concentration in the processing furnace 2 as an in-furnace oxygen concentration. A main body of each of the above sensors communicates with an inside of the processing furnace 2 via an atmospheric gas pipe 12. In the present embodiment, the atmospheric gas pipe 12 is formed as a single-line path that directly communicates the sensors' main bodies of the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 and the processing furnace 2. An on-off valve 17 is provided in the middle of the atmospheric gas pipe 12. and configured to be controlled by an on-off valve controller 16.
In addition, after detecting the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration and the in-furnace oxygen concentration, the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 is configured to output an information signal including the detected concentrations to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The recorder 6 includes a CPU and a storage medium such as a memory. Based on the signals outputted from the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3, the recorder 6 is configured to record the temperature and/or the atmospheric gas concentration and the oxygen concentration in the processing furnace 2, for example in correspondence with the date and time when the surface hardening treatment is performed.
The nitriding potential adjuster 4 includes an in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 and a gas flow rate output adjustor 30. The programmable logic controller 31 includes a gas introduction controller 14 and a parameter setting device 15.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is configured to calculate a nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 based on the hydrogen concentration or the ammonia concentration and the oxygen concentration detected by the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3. Specifically, calculation formulas for the nitriding potential are programmed dependent on the actual furnace introduction gases in accordance with the same theory as the above formulas (5) to (9), and incorporated in the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13, so that the nitriding potential is calculated from the value of the in-furnace atmospheric gas concentration and the value of the oxygen concentration.
In the present embodiment, the introduction amount C1 of the carbon dioxide gas, which is a furnace introduction gas except for (other than) the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, is controlled using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carbon dioxide gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x=B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
The parameter setting device 15 is composed of a touch panel, for example. Through the parameter setting device 15, the target nitriding potential, the processing temperature, the processing time, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas, the predetermined constant x, the factor of proportionality c1, and so on can be set and inputted for the same work. In addition, through the parameter setting device 15, setting parameter values for a PID control method can be set and inputted for each different value of the target nitriding potential. Specifically, “a proportional gain”, “an integral gain or an integration time”, and “a differential gain or a differentiation time” for the PID control method can be set and inputted for each different value of the target nitriding potential. The set and inputted setting parameter values are transferred to the gas flow rate output adjustor 30.
The gas flow rate output adjustor 30 is configured to perform the PID control method in which respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. More specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In addition, in the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been transferred from the parameter setting device 15 are used.
Before the setting and inputting operation against the parameter setting device 15, it is preferable to perform pilot processes to obtain in advance candidate values for the setting parameter values of the PID control method. According to the present embodiment, even if (1) a state of the processing furnace (a state of a furnace wall and/or a jig), (2) a temperature condition of the processing furnace and (3) a state of the work (type and/or the number of parts) are the same, it is possible to obtain in advance candidate values for the setting parameter values (4) for each different value of the target nitriding potential, by an auto-tuning function that the nitriding potential adjustor 4 has in itself. In order to embody the nitriding potential adjustor 4 having such an auto-tuning function, a “UT75A” manufactured by Yokogawa Electric Co., Ltd. (a high-functional digital indicating controller, http://www.yokogawa.co.jp/ns/cis/utup/utadvanced/ns-ut75a-01-ja.htm) or the like can be used.
The setting parameter values (a set of “the proportional gain”, “the integral gain or the integration time” and “the derivative gain or the derivative time”) obtained as the candidate values can be recorded in some manner, and then can be manually inputted to the parameter setting device 15. Alternatively, the setting parameter values obtained as the candidate values can be stored in some storage device in a manner associated with the target nitriding potential, and then can be automatically read out by the parameter setting device 15 based on the set and inputted value of the target nitriding potential.
Before performing the PID control method, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 is configured to determine an introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas, which is kept constant, and respective initial introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and of the carbon dioxide gas, which are subsequently changed. It is preferable to perform pilot processes to obtain in advance candidate values for these introduction amounts, so that the obtained values can be automatically read out by the parameter setting device 15 from some storage device or can be manually inputted to the parameter setting device 15. Thereafter, according to the PID control method, the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas are changed (while the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is kept constant) such that the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the above relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained. The output values from the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 are transferred to the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The gas introduction amount controller 14 is configured to transmit a control signal to a first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas.
The furnace introduction gas supplier 20 of the present embodiment includes a first furnace introduction gas supplier 21 for the ammonia gas, the first supply amount controller 22, a first supply valve 23 and a first flow meter 24. In addition, the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 of the present embodiment includes a second furnace introduction gas supplier 25 for the ammonia decomposition gas (AX gas), a second supply amount controller 26, a second supply valve 27 and a second flow meter 28. Furthermore, the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 of the present embodiment includes a third furnace introduction gas supplier 61 for the carbon dioxide gas, a third supply amount controller 62, a third supply valve 63 and a third flow meter 64.
In the present embodiment, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon dioxide gas are mixed in a furnace introduction gas pipe 29 before entering the processing furnace 2.
The first furnace introduction gas supplier 21 is formed by, for example, a tank filled with a first furnace introduction gas (in this example, the ammonia gas).
The first supply amount controller 22 is formed by a mass flow controller (which can finely change a flow rate within a short time period), and is interposed between the first furnace introduction gas supplier 21 and the first supply valve 23. An opening degree of the first supply amount controller 22 changes according to the control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, In addition, the first supply amount controller 22 is configured to detect a supply amount from the first furnace introduction gas supplier 21 to the first supply valve 23, and output an information signal including the detected supply amount to the gas introduction amount controller 14 and the recorder 6. This information signal can be used for correction or the like of the control performed by the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The first supply valve 23 is formed by an electromagnetic valve configured to switch between opened and closed states according to a control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, and is interposed between the first supply amount controller 22 and the first flow meter 24.
The first flow meter 24 is formed by, for example, a mechanical flow meter such as a flow-type flow meter, and is interposed between the first supply valve 23 and the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The first flow meter 24 detects a supply amount from the first supply valve 23 to the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The supply amount detected by the first flow meter 24 can be provided for an operators visual confirmation.
The second furnace introduction gas supplier 25 is formed by, for example, a tank filled with a second furnace introduction gas (in this example, the ammonia decomposition gas).
The second supply amount controller 26 is formed by a mass flow controller (which can finely change a flow rate within a short time period), and is interposed between the second furnace introduction gas supplier 25 and the second supply valve 27. An opening degree of the second supply amount controller 26 changes according to the control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14. In addition, the second supply amount controller 26 is configured to detect a supply amount from the second furnace introduction gas supplier 25 to the second supply valve 27, and output an information signal including the detected supply amount to the gas introduction amount controller 14 and the recorder 6. This information signal can be used for correction or the like of the control performed by the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The second supply valve 27 is formed by an electromagnetic valve configured to switch between opened and closed states according to a control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, and is interposed between the second supply amount controller 26 and the second flow meter 28.
The second flow meter 28 is formed by, for example, a mechanical flow meter such as a flow-type flow meter, and is interposed between the second supply valve 27 and the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The second flow meter 28 detects a supply amount from the second supply valve 27 to the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The supply amount detected by the second flow meter 28 can be provided for an operator's visual confirmation.
Herein, in the present invention, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is not changed finely. Thus, the second supply amount controller 26 may be omitted, and a flow rate (an opening degree) of the second flow meter 28 may be manually adjusted correspondingly to the control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The third furnace introduction gas supplier 61 is formed by, for example, a tank filled with a third furnace introduction gas (in this example, the carbon dioxide gas).
The third supply amount controller 62 is formed by a mass flow controller (which can finely change a flow rate within a short time period), and is interposed between the third furnace introduction gas supplier 61 and the third supply valve 63. An opening degree of the third supply amount controller 62 changes according to the control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14. In addition, the third supply amount controller 62 is configured to detect a supply amount from the third furnace introduction gas supplier 61 to the third supply valve 63, and output an information signal including the detected supply amount to the gas introduction amount controller 14 and the recorder 6. This information signal can be used for correction or the like of the control performed by the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The third supply valve 63 is formed by an electromagnetic valve configured to switch between opened and closed states according to a control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, and is interposed between the third supply amount controller 62 and the third flow meter 64.
The third flow meter 64 is formed by, for example, a mechanical flow meter such as a flow-type flow meter, and is interposed between the third supply valve 63 and the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The third flow meter 64 detects a supply amount from the third supply valve 63 to the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The supply amount detected by the third flow meter 64 can be provided for an operator's visual confirmation.
Next, with reference to
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon dioxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, as shown in
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17. In general, as a pretreatment for the gas nitriding treatment, a treatment for activating a steel surface to make it easy for nitrogen to enter may be performed. In this case, a hydrogen chloride gas and/or a hydrogen cyanide gas or the like may be generated in the furnace. These gases may deteriorate the atmospheric gas concentration detector (sensors) 3, and thus it is effective to keep the on-off valve 17 closed.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs art information in signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.6 in this example: see
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.7 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the so atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant) and the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon dioxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, as shown in
Next, another case is explained as an example 1-2, in which the surface hardening treatment device 1 according to the present embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.4. In the example 1-2 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon dioxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 5.5 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 25 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas was set to 0.95 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, and c1=0.053 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.4 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.5 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14, Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated in by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant) and the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon dioxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.4) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 30 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, further another case is explained as an example 1-3, in which the surface hardening treatment device 1 according to the present embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.2. In the example 1-3 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon dioxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, as shown in
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.2 in this example: see
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.3 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant) and the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon dioxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, as shown in
(Explanation of Comparative Examples)
As comparative examples, controls of nitriding potential were performed. In each of them, the ammonia decomposition gas was not introduced, the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas was always maintained at 95:5, and the total introduction amount thereof was changed.
Specifically, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculated the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performed the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas were input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 was an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) was a target value. More specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 was brought close to the target nitriding potential, by changing the total introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon dioxide gas constant.
However, in the above comparative examples, the nitriding potential could not be stably controlled.
A table of the above results is shown as
(Structure of Second Embodiment)
As shown in
In the second embodiment, the introduction amount C1 of the carbon monoxide gas, which is a furnace introduction gas except for (other than) the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, is controlled using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carbon monoxide gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
The other structure of the second embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment explained with reference to
Next, a case is explained as an example 2-1, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the second embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.6. In the example 2-1 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon monoxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 5.5 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 19 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.2 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, and c1=0.01 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.6 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.7 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant) and the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.6) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 20 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, another case is explained as an example 2-2, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the second embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.4. In the example 2-2 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon monoxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, as shown in
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 so and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.4 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.5 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas. the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant) and the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, as shown in
Next, another case is explained as an example 2-3, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the second embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.2. In the example 2-3 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas and the carbon monoxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20 according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 1 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 29 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.15 [l/min]. x=0.5 was set, and c1=0.01 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.3 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.4 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas among the three kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationship of C1=c1×(A+x×B) is maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas in introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant) and the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.2) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 30 minutes after starting the treatment.
As comparative examples, controls of nitriding potential were performed. In each of them, the ammonia decomposition gas was not introduced, the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas was always maintained at 99:1, and the total introduction amount thereof was changed.
Specifically, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculated the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performed the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas were input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 was an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) was a target value. More specifically, in the present MD control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 was brought close to the target nitriding potential, by changing the total introduction amount of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas while keeping the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas and the carbon monoxide gas constant.
However, in the above comparative examples, the nitriding potential could not be stably controlled.
A table of the above results is shown as
(Structure of Third Embodiment)
As shown in
The fourth furnace introduction gas supplier 71 is formed by, for example, a tank filled with a fourth furnace introduction gas (in this example, nitrogen gas).
The fourth supply amount controller 72 is formed by a mass flow controller (which can finely change a flow rate within a short time period), and is interposed between the fourth furnace introduction gas supplier 71 and the fourth supply valve 73. An opening degree of the fourth supply amount controller 72 changes according to the control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14. In addition, the fourth supply amount controller 72 is configured to detect a supply amount from the fourth furnace introduction gas supplier 71 to the fourth supply valve 73, and output an information signal including the detected supply amount to the gas introduction amount controller 14 and the recorder 6. This information signal can be used for correction or the like of the control performed by the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The fourth supply valve 73 is formed by an electromagnetic valve configured to switch between opened and closed states according to a control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, and is interposed between the fourth supply amount controller 72 and the fourth flow meter 74.
The fourth flow meter 74 is formed by, for example, a mechanical flow meter such as a flow-type flow meter, and is interposed between the fourth supply valve 73 and the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The fourth flow meter 74 detects a supply amount from the fourth supply valve 73 to the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The supply amount detected by the fourth flow meter 74 can be provided for an operator's visual confirmation.
In the third embodiment, the introduction amount C1 of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount C2 of the nitrogen gas, which are furnace introduction gases except for (other than) the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, are controlled using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carbon dioxide gas and a factor of proportionality c2 assigned to the nitrogen gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
The other structure of the third embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment explained with reference to
Next, a case is explained as an example 3-1, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the third embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 1.0. In the example 3-1 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon dioxide gas and the nitrogen gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20′ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 13 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 19 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas was set to 2.2 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 20 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.1 was set, and c2=0.9 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (1.0 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (1.1 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the Pill control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon dioxide gas and the nitrogen gas among the four kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon dioxide gas and the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (1.0) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 20 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, another case is explained as an example 3-2, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the third embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.6. In the example 3-2 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon dioxide gas and the nitrogen gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20′ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, as shown in
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.6 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.7 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PO control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon dioxide gas and the nitrogen gas among the four kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon dioxide gas and the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, as shown in
Next, another case is explained as an example 3-3, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the third embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.2. In the example 3-3 as well, a pit furnace having a size of 9 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon dioxide gas and the nitrogen gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20′ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 3 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 29 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas was set to 1.8 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 15.8 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.1 was set, and c2=0.9 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.2 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.3 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon dioxide gas and the nitrogen gas among the four kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon dioxide gas and the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.2) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 40 minutes after starting the treatment.)
As comparative examples, controls of nitriding potential were performed. In each of them, the ammonia decomposition gas was not introduced, the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas was always maintained at 50:45:5, and the total introduction amount thereof was changed.
Specifically, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculated the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performed the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas were input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 was an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) was a target value. More specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 was brought close to the target nitriding potential, by changing the total introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas constant.
However, in the above comparative examples, the nitriding potential could not be stably controlled.
A table of the above results is shown as
(Structure of Fourth Embodiment)
As shown in
In the fourth embodiment, the introduction amount C1 of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount C2 of the nitrogen gas, which are furnace introduction gases except for (other than) the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, are controlled using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carbon monoxide gas and a factor of proportionality c2 assigned to the nitrogen gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
The other structure of the fourth embodiment is substantially the same as that of the third embodiment explained with reference to
Next, a case is explained as an example 4-1, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the fourth embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 1.0. In the example 4-1 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the nitrogen gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20′ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 13 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 19 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.9 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 20 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.04 was set, and c2=0.96 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (1.0 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (1.1 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the nitrogen gas among the four kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas and the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (1.0) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 30 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, another case is explained as an example 4-2, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the fourth embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.6. In the example 4-2 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the nitrogen gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20′ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 8 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 25 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.8 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 19.7 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.04 was set, and c2=0.96 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.6 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.7 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the nitrogen gas among the four kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas and the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.6) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 40 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, another case is explained as an example 4-3, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the fourth embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.2. In the example 4-3 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the nitrogen gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20′ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 3 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 29 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.7 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 16 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.04 was set, and c2=0.96 was set. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.)
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (0.2 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.3 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the nitrogen gas among the four kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B) and C2=c2×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas and the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas and the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.2) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 40 minutes after starting the treatment.
As comparative examples, controls of nitriding potential were performed. In each of them, the ammonia decomposition gas was not introduced, the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon monoxide gas was always maintained at 50:48:2, and the total introduction amount thereof was changed.
Specifically, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculated the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performed the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon monoxide gas were input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 was an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) was a target value, More specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 was brought close to the target nitriding potential, by changing the total introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon monoxide gas while keeping the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon monoxide gas constant. However, in the above comparative examples, the nitriding potential could not be stably controlled.
A table of the above results is shown as
(Structure of Fifth Embodiment)
As shown in
The fifth furnace introduction gas supplier 81 is formed by, for example, a tank filled with a fifth furnace introduction gas (in this example, carbon dioxide gas).
The fifth supply amount controller 82 is formed by a mass flow controller (which can finely change a flow rate within a short time period), and is interposed between the fifth furnace introduction gas supplier 81 and the fifth supply valve 83. An opening degree of the fifth supply amount controller 82 changes according to the control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, In addition, the fifth supply amount controller 82 is configured to detect a supply amount from the fifth furnace introduction gas supplier 81 to the fifth supply valve 83, and output an information signal including the detected supply amount to the gas introduction amount controller 14 and the recorder 6. This information signal can be used for correction or the like of the control performed by the gas introduction amount controller 14.
The fifth supply valve 83 is formed by an electromagnetic valve configured to switch between opened and closed states according to a control signal outputted from the gas introduction amount controller 14, and is interposed between the fifth supply amount controller 82 and the fifth flow meter 84.
The fifth flow meter 84 is formed by, for example, a mechanical flow meter such as a flow-type flow meter, and is interposed between the fifth supply valve 83 and the furnace introduction gas pipe 29. The fifth flow meter 84 detects a supply amount from the fifth supply valve 83 to the furnace introduction gas pipe 29, The supply amount detected by the fifth flow meter 84 can be provided for an operator's visual confirmation.
In the fifth embodiment, the introduction amount C1 of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount C2 of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount C3 of the carbon dioxide gas, which are furnace introduction gases except for (other than) the ammonia gas and the ammonia decomposition gas, are controlled using a factor of proportionality c1 assigned to the carbon monoxide gas, a factor of proportionality c2 assigned to the nitrogen gas and a factor of proportionality c3 assigned to the carbon dioxide gas, such that C1=c1×(A+x×B). C2=c2×(A+x×B) and C3=c3×(A+x×B), wherein the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is represented by A, the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas is represented by B, and a predetermined constant is represented by x.
The other structure of the fifth embodiment is substantially the same as that of the fourth embodiment explained with reference to
Next, a case is explained as an example 5-1, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the fifth embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 1.0. In the example 5-1 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon monoxide gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20″ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 13 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 19 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.45 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 21 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas was set to 0.9 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.02 was set, c2=0.94 was set, and c3=0.04. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (1.0 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (1.1 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon monoxide gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the five kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B), C2=c2×(A+x×B) and C3=c3×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas, the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas and the fifth supply amount controller 82 for the carbon dioxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (1.0) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 30 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, another case is explained as an example 5-2, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the fifth embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.6. In the example 5-2 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon monoxide gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20″ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 12 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 25 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.5 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 23 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas was set to 1.0 [l/min]. x=0.5 was set, c1=0.02 was set, c2=0.94 was set, and c3=0.04. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state),
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (1.0 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.7 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PIC control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon monoxide gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the five kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B), C2=c2×(A+x×B) and C3=c3×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas, the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas and the fifth supply amount controller 82 for the carbon dioxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.6) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 40 minutes after starting the treatment.
Next, another case is explained as an example 5-3, in which the surface hardening treatment device according to the fifth embodiment is used and the target nitriding potential is set to 0.2. In the example 5-3 as well, a pit furnace having a size of φ 700×1000 was used as the processing furnace 2, 570° C. was adopted as the temperature to be heated, and a steel material having a surface area of 4 m2 was used as the work S.
While the processing furnace 2 is heated, the ammonia gas, the ammonia decomposition gas, the carbon monoxide gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas are introduced into the processing furnace 2 from the furnace introduction gas supplier 20″ according to their respective initial introduction amounts. In this example, the initial introduction amount of the ammonia gas was set to 3 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas was set to 29 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas was set to 0.3 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the nitrogen gas was set to 16 [l/min], the initial introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas was set to 0.6 [l/min], x=0.5 was set, c1=0.02 was set, c2=0.94 was set, and c3=0.04. These initial introduction amounts can be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15. Furthermore, the stirring fan drive motor 9 is driven and thus the stirring fan 8 rotates to stir the atmospheric gases in the processing furnace 2.
In the initial state, the on-off valve controller 16 closes the on-off valve 17.
In addition, the in-furnace temperature measurement device 10 measures a temperature of the in-furnace gases, and outputs an information signal including the measured temperature to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6. The nitriding potential adjustor 4 judges whether the state in the processing furnace 2 is still during the temperature rising step or already after the temperature rising step has been completed (a stable state).
In addition, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates an in-furnace nitriding potential (which is initially an extremely high value (since no hydrogen gas exists in the furnace), but decreases as decomposition of the ammonia gas (generation of the hydrogen gas) proceeds) and judges whether the calculated value has dropped lower than the sum of the target nitriding potential (1.0 in this example) and a standard margin. This standard margin can also be set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15, and is for example 0.1.
When it is determined that the temperature rising step has been completed and also it is determined that the calculated value of the in-furnace nitriding potential has dropped lower than the sum (0.3 in this example) of the target nitriding potential and the standard margin, the nitriding potential adjustor 4 starts to control an introduction amount of each of the furnace introduction gases via the gas introduction amount controller 14. Herein, the on-off valve controller 16 opens the on-off valve 17.
When the on-off valve 17 is opened, the processing furnace 2 and the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 communicate with each other, and then the atmospheric gas concentration detector 3 detects an in-furnace hydrogen concentration or an in-furnace ammonia concentration, and detects an in-furnace oxygen concentration. The detected hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the detected oxygen concentration signal are outputted to the nitriding potential adjustor 4 and the recorder 6.
The in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculates the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performs the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the carbon monoxide gas, the nitrogen gas and the carbon dioxide gas among the five kinds of furnace introduction gases are input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 is an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) is a target value. Specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 is brought close to the target nitriding potential while the relationships of C1=c1×(A+x×B), C2=c2×(A+x×B) and C3=c3×(A+x×B) are maintained, by changing the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the introduction amount of the ammonia decomposition gas constant. In the present PID control method, the setting parameter values that have been set and inputted by the parameter setting device 15 are used. The setting parameter values may be different depending on values of the target nitriding potential.
Then, the gas introduction amount controller 14 controls the introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the introduction amount of the carbon monoxide gas, the introduction amount of the nitrogen gas and the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas as a result of the PID control method. The gas introduction amount controller 14 transmits control signals to the first supply amount controller 22 for the ammonia gas, the second supply amount controller 26 for the ammonia decomposition gas (whose flow rate is constant), the third supply amount controller 62 for the carbon monoxide gas, the fourth supply amount controller 72 for the nitrogen gas and the fifth supply amount controller 82 for the carbon dioxide gas, in order to realize the respective determined introduction amounts of the furnace introduction gases.
According to the control as described above, the in-furnace nitriding potential can be stably controlled in the vicinity of the target nitriding potential. Thereby, the surface hardening treatment of the work S can be performed with extremely high quality. Specifically, a feedback control is performed with a sampling rate of about several hundred milliseconds, and the introduction amount of the ammonia gas is increased and decreased within a range of about 3 ml (±1.5 ml), so that the nitriding potential can be controlled to the target nitriding potential (0.2) with extremely high precision since a timing of about 40 minutes after starting the treatment.
As comparative examples, controls of nitriding potential were performed. In each of them, the ammonia decomposition gas was not introduced, the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the carbon dioxide gas was always maintained at 50:47:1:2, and the total introduction amount thereof was changed.
Specifically, the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 of the nitriding potential adjustor 4 calculated the in-furnace nitriding potential based on the inputted hydrogen concentration signal or ammonia concentration signal and the inputted oxygen concentration signal. Then, the gas flow rate output adjustor 30 performed the PID control method in which the respective gas introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the carbon dioxide gas were input values, the nitriding potential calculated by the in-furnace nitriding potential calculator 13 was an output value, and the target nitriding potential (the set nitriding potential) was a target value. More specifically, in the present PID control method, the nitriding potential in the processing furnace 2 was brought close to the target nitriding potential, by changing the total introduction amount of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the carbon dioxide gas while keeping the ratio of the introduction amounts of the ammonia gas, the nitrogen gas, the carbon monoxide gas and the carbon dioxide gas constant.
However, in the above comparative examples, the nitriding potential could not be stably controlled.
A table of the above results is shown as
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-187310 | Oct 2019 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2020/038315 | 10/9/2020 | WO |
