SURGICAL FORCEPS INCLUDING THERMAL SPREAD CONTROL

Abstract

A surgical instrument includes one or more electrically-conductive plates adapted to connect to a source of energy for supplying energy to tissue to treat tissue, a temperature sensing element, and a thermal spread control assembly coupled to the temperature sensing element. The thermal spread control assembly is configured to determine a flow rate of heat energy across the temperature sensing element and to control the energy applied to the electrically-conductive plate and/or control active cooling of the temperature sensing element in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy.

Description

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to surgical devices and, more particularly, to surgical forceps and end effector assemblies thereof for controlling thermal spread during energy-based tissue treatment and/or energy-based tissue cutting.

Background of Related Art

A surgical forceps is a plier-like device which relies on mechanical action between its jaws to grasp, clamp, and constrict tissue. Energy-based surgical forceps utilize both mechanical clamping action and energy to affect hemostasis by heating tissue to coagulate and/or cauterize tissue. Certain surgical procedures require more than simply cauterizing tissue and rely on the unique combination of clamping pressure, precise energy control and gap distance (i.e., distance between opposing jaw members when closed about tissue) to “seal” tissue. Typically, once tissue is sealed, the surgeon has to accurately sever the tissue along the newly formed tissue seal. Accordingly, many tissue sealing devices have been designed which incorporate a knife or blade member which effectively severs the tissue after forming a tissue seal. More recently, tissue sealing devices have incorporated energy-based cutting features for energy-based tissue division.

SUMMARY

As used herein, the term “distal” refers to the portion that is being described which is further from a user, while the term “proximal” refers to the portion that is being described which is closer to a user. Further, to the extent consistent, any of the aspects described herein may be used in conjunction with any or all of the other aspects described herein.

In accordance with the present disclosure, a surgical instrument is provided. The surgical instrument includes one or more electrically-conductive plates adapted to connect to a source of energy for supplying energy to tissue to treat tissue, a temperature sensing element, and a thermal spread control assembly coupled to the temperature sensing element. The thermal spread control assembly is configured to determine a flow rate of heat energy across the temperature sensing element and to control the energy applied to the electrically-conductive plate and/or control active cooling of the temperature sensing element in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy.

In aspects, the temperature sensing element is incorporated into the electrically-conductive plate. Alternatively, the temperature sensing element may be disposed about an outer periphery of the electrically-conductive plate.

In aspects, a thermoelectric cooler is coupled to the temperature sensing element for actively cooling the temperature sensing element. The thermal spread control assembly may be configured to control power supplied to the thermoelectric cooler to vary an amount of cooling provided by the thermal spread control assembly. Further, a thermally-conductive, electrically insulative material may be disposed between the thermoelectric cooler and the temperature sensing element.

In aspects, the thermal spread control assembly is configured to measure a temperature at each of a first side and a second side of the temperature sensing element to determine a temperature differential therebetween. Further, the thermal spread control assembly may be configured to determine the flow rate of heat energy across the temperature sensing element in accordance with the temperature differential and a thermal conductivity of the temperature sensing element.

In aspects, the electrically-conductive plate and the temperature sensing element are disposed within an end effector assembly of the surgical instrument. The thermal spread control assembly may likewise be disposed within the end effector assembly, or may be remotely positioned relative to the end effector assembly.

In aspects, the thermal spread control assembly performs control in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy within a predetermined range. Alternatively, the thermal spread control assembly may be configured to perform control in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy below a predetermined threshold.

In accordance with the present disclosure, a method of treating tissue is provided including applying energy to tissue, determining a flow rate of heat energy across a temperature sensing element, and controlling the energy applied to tissue and/or controlling active cooling of tissue based upon the flow rate of heat energy.

In aspects, applying energy to tissue includes grasping tissue between first and second electrically-conductive plates and conducting energy therebetween. In such aspects, determining the flow rate of heat energy across the temperature sensing element may include determining the flow rate of heat energy across the first and/or second electrically-conductive plates. Alternatively, determining the flow rate of heat energy across the temperature sensing element may include determining the flow rate of heat energy across at temperature sensing electrode disposed about an outer periphery the first and/or second electrically-conductive plates.

In aspects, the flow rate of heat energy across the temperature sensing element is determined in accordance with a temperature differential between first and second sides of the temperature sensing element and a thermal conductivity of the temperature sensing element.

In aspects, controlling active cooling of tissue based upon the flow rate of heat energy includes selectively applying power to a thermoelectric cooler.

In aspects, both the energy applied to tissue and active cooling of tissue are controlled based upon the flow rate of heat energy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects and features of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a front, side, perspective view of an endoscopic surgical forceps configured for use in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a front, side, perspective view of an open surgical forceps configured for use in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 3A is a front, side, perspective view of an end effector assembly configured for use with the forceps of FIG. 1 or 2;

FIG. 3B is a transverse, cross-sectional view of the end effector assembly of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a transverse, cross-sectional view of another end effector assembly configured for use with the forceps of FIG. 1 or 2;

FIG. 5A is a transverse, cross-sectional view of an end effector assembly provided in accordance with the present disclosure incorporating a thermal spread control assembly;

FIG. 5B is a longitudinal, cross-sectional view of the end effector assembly of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged, schematic illustration of the area of detail indicated as “6” in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 7A is a transverse, cross-sectional view of a jaw member of an end effector assembly provided in accordance with the present disclosure incorporating another thermal spread control assembly

FIG. 7B is a top view of the jaw member of FIG. 7A; and

FIG. 8 is a transverse, cross-sectional view of a jaw member of an end effector assembly provided in accordance with the present disclosure incorporating another thermal spread control assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Turning to FIGS. 1 and 2, FIG. 1 depicts a forceps 10 for use in connection with endoscopic surgical procedures and FIG. 2 depicts an open forceps 10′ contemplated for use in connection with traditional open surgical procedures. For the purposes herein, either an endoscopic device, e.g., forceps 10, an open device, e.g., forceps 10′, or any other suitable surgical device may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. Obviously, different electrical and mechanical connections and considerations apply to each particular type of device, however, the aspects and features of the present disclosure remain generally consistent regardless of the particular device used.

Referring to FIG. 1, an endoscopic forceps 10 is provided defining a longitudinal axis “X” and including a housing 20, a handle assembly 30, a rotating assembly 70, an activation assembly 80, and an end effector assembly 100. Forceps 10 further includes a shaft 12 having a distal end 14 configured to mechanically engage end effector assembly 100 and a proximal end 16 that mechanically engages housing 20. A cable 8 connects forceps 10 to an energy source, e.g., generator “G,” although forceps 10 may alternatively be configured as a battery-powered device. Cable 8 includes a wire (or wires) (not shown) extending therethrough that has sufficient length to extend through shaft 12 in order to provide energy to at least one of tissue-contacting plates 114, 124 (FIG. 3A) of jaw members 110, 120, respectively, as well as to energy-based cutting member 130 (FIG. 3A) of jaw member 120. Activation assembly 80 includes a two-mode activation switch 82 provided on housing 20 for selectively supplying energy to jaw members 110, 120 for treating, e.g., sealing, tissue (the first mode), and for energy-based tissue cutting (the second mode).

Handle assembly 30 includes a fixed handle 50 and a movable handle 40. Fixed handle 50 is integrally associated with housing 20 and handle 40 is movable relative to fixed handle 50. Movable handle 40 of handle assembly 30 is operably coupled to a drive assembly (not shown) that, together, mechanically cooperate to impart movement of jaw members 110, 120 between a spaced-apart position and an approximated position to grasp tissue between jaw members 110, 120. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, movable handle 40 is initially spaced-apart from fixed handle 50 and, correspondingly, jaw members 110, 120 are disposed in the spaced-apart position. Movable handle 40 is depressible from this initial position to a depressed position corresponding to the approximated position of jaw members 110, 120. Rotating assembly 70 is rotatable in either direction about longitudinal axis “X” to rotate end effector 100 about longitudinal axis “X.”

Referring to FIG. 2, an open forceps 10′ is shown including two elongated shaft members 12a, 12b, each having a proximal end 16a, 16b, and a distal end 14a, 14b, respectively. Forceps 10′ is configured for use with an end effector assembly 100′ similar to end effector assembly 100 (FIG. 1). More specifically, end effector assembly 100′ includes first and second jaw members 110′, 120′ attached to respective distal ends 14a, 14b of shaft members 12a, 12b. Jaw members 110′, 120′ are pivotably connected about a pivot 103′. Each shaft member 12a, 12b includes a handle 17a, 17b disposed at the proximal end 16a, 16b thereof. Each handle 17a, 17b defines a finger hole 18a, 18b therethrough for receiving a finger of the user. As can be appreciated, finger holes 18a, 18b facilitate movement of shaft members 12a, 12b relative to one another to, in turn, pivot jaw members 110′, 120′ from an open position, wherein jaw members 110′, 120′ are disposed in spaced-apart relation relative to one another, to a closed position, wherein jaw members 110′, 120′ cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween.

One of the shaft members 12a, 12b of forceps 10′, e.g., shaft member 12a, includes a proximal shaft connector 19 configured to connect the forceps 10′ to generator “G” (FIG. 1). Proximal shaft connector 19 secures a cable 8′ to forceps 10′ such that the user may selectively supply energy, e.g., electrosurgical energy, to jaw members 110′, 120′ for treating, e.g., sealing, tissue and for energy-based tissue cutting. More specifically, a first activation assembly 80′ is provided for supplying energy to jaw members 110′, 120′ to treat tissue upon sufficient approximation of shaft members 12a, 12b, e.g., upon activation of activation button 82′ via shaft member 12a. A second activation assembly 84 including a selectively depressible activation button 86 is provided one of the shaft members 12a, 12b, e.g., shaft member 12b, for selectively supplying energy, e.g., electrosurgical energy, to either or both of jaw members 110′, 120′ for energy-based tissue cutting.

With reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, end effector assembly 100 of forceps 10 (FIG. 1) is shown, although end effector assembly 100′ may similarly be used in conjunction with forceps 10′ (FIG. 2), or any other suitable surgical device. For purposes of simplicity, end effector assembly 100 is described herein as configured for use with forceps 10 (FIG. 1).

Each jaw member 110, 120 of end effector assembly 100 includes a proximal flange portion 111a, 121a, a distal jaw portion 111b, 121b, an outer insulative jaw housing 112, 122, and a tissue-contacting plate 114, 124, respectively. Proximal flange portions 111a, 121a of jaw members 110, 120 are pivotably coupled to one another about pivot 103 for moving jaw members 110, 120 between the spaced-apart and approximated positions. Distal jaw portions 111b, 121b of jaw members 110, 120 are configured to support jaw housings 112, 122, and tissue-contacting plates 114, 124, respectively, thereon. Further, one of the jaw members 110, 120, e.g., jaw members 120, includes an energy-based cutting member 130 disposed thereon.

Tissue-contacting plates 114, 124 are formed from an electrically conductive material, e.g., for conducting electrical energy therebetween for treating tissue, although tissue-contacting plates 114, 124 may alternatively be configured to conduct any suitable energy through tissue grasped therebetween for energy-based tissue treatment, e.g., tissue sealing. Energy-based cutting member 130 is likewise formed from an electrically conductive material, e.g., for conducting electrical energy between energy-based cutting member 130 and one or both of tissue-contacting plates 114, 124 for electrically cutting tissue, although energy-based cutting member 130 may alternatively be configured to conduct any suitable energy through tissue for electrically cutting tissue.

Tissue-contacting plates 114, 124 are coupled to activation switch 82 (FIG. 1) and generator “G” (FIG. 1) or other suitable source of energy, e.g., via the wires (not shown) extending from cable 8 (FIG. 1) through forceps 10 (FIG. 1), such that energy, e.g., electrosurgical energy, may be selectively supplied to tissue-contacting plate 114 and/or tissue-contacting plate 124 and conducted therebetween and through tissue disposed between jaw members 110, 120 to treat, e.g., seal, tissue in a first mode of operation. Likewise, cutting member 130 is similarly coupled to activation switch 82 (FIG. 1) and generator “G” (FIG. 1) such that energy, e.g., electrosurgical energy, may be selectively supplied to cutting member 130 and conducted through tissue disposed between jaw members 110, 120 to either or both of tissue-contacting plates 114, 124 to cut tissue in a second mode of operation. A first insulating member 150 surrounds cutting member 130 to insulate tissue-contacting plate 124 and cutting member 130 from one another. A second insulating member 160 disposed within a longitudinal slot defined within tissue-contacting plate 114 of jaw member 110 opposes cutting member 130 to insulate cutting member 130 from tissue-contacting plate 114 of jaw member 110 when jaw members 110, 120 are disposed in the approximated position.

Turning to FIG. 4, another embodiment of an end effector assembly configured for use with either forceps 10 (FIG. 1) or forceps 10′ (FIG. 2) is shown generally identified by reference numeral 200. End effector assembly 200 is similar to end effector assembly 100 (FIGS. 3A-3B) and, thus, only the differences therebetween will be described in detail below for purposes of brevity.

End effector assembly 200 includes first and second jaw members 210, 220, each including a tissue-contacting plate 214, 224 and a longitudinally-extending slot 216, 226, respectively. A cutting member 230 is configured for longitudinal translation through slots 216, 226 of jaw members 210, 220, e.g., upon activation of a trigger (not shown) operably coupled to cutting member 230, to cut mechanically tissue grasped between jaw members 210, 220. Cutting member 230 may be configured for mechanical cutting, or may be energizable, e.g., via electrical coupling to generator “G” (FIG. 1) via the one or more wires (not shown) of cable 8 (FIG. 1), for electro-mechanically cutting tissue.

Turning now to FIGS. 5A-6, one embodiment of an end effector assembly, similar to end effector assemblies 100, 200 (FIGS. 3A-3B and 4, respectively), and configured for use with forceps 10 (FIG. 1), forceps 10′ (FIG. 2), or any other suitable surgical instrument, is shown generally designated by reference numeral 300. As will be described in greater detail below, end effector assembly 300 is configured to provide thermal spread control during tissue treatment, e.g., tissue sealing, and, in embodiments where electrical tissue cutting is provided (see FIGS. 3A-3B), to likewise provide thermal spread control during tissue cutting.

End effector assembly 300 includes first and second jaw members 310, 320, each including an outer jaw housing 312, 322 and a tissue-contacting plate 314, 324, respectively, disposed thereon. End effector assembly 300 further includes a thermal spread control assembly 315, 325 embedded within either or both of jaw members 310, 320, although thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325 (or a single thermal spread control assembly) may alternatively be disposed within a remote portion of the surgical instrument, e.g., housing 20 (FIG. 1), or within an external energy source, e.g., generator “G” (FIG. 1). End effector assembly 300 may also include any or all of the features of end effector assemblies 100, 200 (FIGS. 3A-3B and 4, respectively), described above. However, such features will not be described hereinbelow for purposes of brevity.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 5A-6, jaw members 310, 320 are movable relative to one another from a spaced-apart position to an approximated position for grasping tissue between tissue-contacting plates 314, 324. Tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, similarly as described above, are coupled to generator “G” (FIG. 1) or other suitable source of energy such that energy, e.g., electrosurgical energy, may be selectively supplied to tissue-contacting plate 314 and/or tissue-contacting plate 324 and conducted therebetween and through tissue disposed between jaw members 310, 320 to treat, e.g., seal, tissue.

Tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 of jaw members 310, 320, respectively, each include first and second sides 314a, 324a and 314b, 324b, respectively. First sides 314a, 324a of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, respectively, are positioned to oppose one another and are configured to grasp tissue therebetween. Second sides 314b, 324b of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, on the other hand, are positioned adjacent respective outer jaw housings 312, 322, respectively. Tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, in addition to being configured as energizable electrodes for treating tissue, as described above, are also configured as temperature-sensing electrodes, as will be described in greater detail below.

Jaw members 310, 320 each further include a cooling element 316, 326, e.g., a thermoelectric or Peltier cooler, disposed adjacent respective tissue-contacting plates 314, 324. More specifically, cooling elements 316, 326 are positioned adjacent second sides 314b, 324b of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, respectively, so as to not interfere with the grasping of tissue between first sides 314a, 324a of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, respectively, and are dimensioned similarly to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 to substantially extend across the respective second sides 314b, 324b thereof. Cooling elements 316, 326 may be coupled to power sources 332, 334, e.g., batteries, of thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325, respectively, for powering cooling elements 316, 326, although cooling elements 316, 326 may alternatively be coupled to generator “G” (FIG. 6) for this purpose.

A thermally-conductive, electrically-insulative pad 318, 328 is disposed between each of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and its respective cooling element 316, 326. As can be appreciated, pads 318, 328 electrically-insulate tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 from cooling elements 316, 326, respectively, but permit thermal conduction therebetween, thus allowing for cooling elements 316, 326 to selectively cool tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, as will be described in greater detail below.

Referring still to FIGS. 5A-6, and to FIG. 6 in particular, tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, in conjunction with cooling elements 316, 326, provide active thermal spread control for minimizing thermal spread to tissue disposed outside of jaw members 310, 320 during tissue treatment (and/or electrical tissue cutting), e.g., during application of energy to tissue grasped between jaw members 310, 320. More specifically, as will be described in greater detail below, thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325 are coupled to both tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and cooling elements 316, 326 to provide tissue-site feedback-based control of the energy supplied to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and/or the power supplied to cooling elements 316, 326 so as to minimize thermal spread outside of the treatment area, e.g., outside of jaw members 310, 320.

Thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325 include sensing circuits 330, 340 coupled to the respective tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 for measuring the temperature differential ΔT_A=T_A1−T_A2, ΔT_B=T_B1−T_B2 between the respective first and second sides 314a, 324a and 314b, 324b of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324. Based upon the temperature differentials ΔT_A, ΔT_B, and given a known thermal conductivity, K, for tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, the flow rate of heat energy, Q, through each tissue-contacting plate 314, 324, can be determined in accordance with:

$Q=\kappa A\frac{\Delta T}{d},$

where: “κ” is the thermal conductivity, W/m*κ, “Q” is the rate of heat flow, W, “A” is the contact area, “d” is the distance of heat flow, and “ΔT” is the temperature difference.

In addition to measuring the temperature differentials ΔT_A, ΔT_B, monitoring the temperatures T_A1, T_B1 at first sides 314a, 324a of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, respectively, provides a measure of the tissue treatment temperature (T_tt) as a function of the applied energy. Controlling the tissue treatment temperature (T_tt), in conjunction with thermal spread control with applied tissue treatment energy, simultaneously provides controlled tissue treatment efficacy. Tissue temperature control provides another means of thermal spread control through the monitored tissue temperatures T_A1, T_B1 at first sides 314a, 324a of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, respectively. Note that the tissue treatment temperature as a function of time, T_tt/dt=T_A1/dt or T_B1/dt, when monitored, can be utilized to control the tissue treatment temperature rate of change. Monitoring the tissue temperature difference T_A1−T_B1 between the first sides 314a, 324a of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, provides a uniformity measure of thermal tissue heating and/or a tissue temperature gradient with applied treatment energy.

Sensing circuits 330, 340 are further configured to measure the voltages V_A, V_B across tissue-contacting plates 314, 324. Based upon a known electrode resistivity (φ for tissue contacting plates 314, 324, as expressed by electrode resistance R(Ω), a measure of the tissue-delivered RF current (I) passing through the treatment tissue as monitored by V_A and V_B can be determined in accordance with:

$R\left(\Omega \right)=\frac{\rho l}{A},$

where “R” is the electrode resistance, “ρ” is the electrode resistivity, “I” is the electrode length, and “A” is the electrode area. Thus, the tissue-delivered RF current can be measured at either tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 according to:

$\mathrm{RFCurrent}\left(I\right)=\frac{V_A}{\left[R\left(\Omega \right),314\right]}=\frac{V_B}{\left[R\left(\Omega \right),324\right]}.$

Accordingly, and as will be described in greater detail below, using the flow rate of heat, Q, through tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325 can control the energy (a function of V_A, V_B, ΔT_A, ΔT_B, T_A1, and T_B1) by monitoring tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and/or the power supplied to cooling elements 316, 326 (via power sources 332, 334) for actively cooling tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, to minimize thermal spread.

Continuing with particular reference to FIG. 6, as mentioned above, sensing circuits 330, 340 of thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325, respectively, are configured to measure the temperature differentials ΔT_A, ΔT_B between the first and second sides 314a, 324a and 314b, 324b of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and the voltages V_A, V_B across tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, respectively. This sensed data is transmitted to controllers 342, 344 of thermal spread control assemblies 315, 325, which calculate the flow rate of heat energy, Q, through respective tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, and control the energy, e.g., voltages V_A, V_B, supplied to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, as well as the power supplied to cooling elements 316, 326 in accordance therewith.

It has been found that an increased flow rate of heat energy, Q, through tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 is an indication of increased thermal spread, or an increased potential of thermal spread. Accordingly, controllers 342, 344 may be configured such that, when the flow rate of heat energy, Q, across either or both tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 exceeds a pre-determined threshold, controllers 342, 344 direct power sources 332, 334 to increase the supply of power to cooling elements 316, 326 and/or reduce the energy supplied to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, e.g., reduce voltages V_A, V_B or the gradient therebetween. Increasing the power supplied to cooling elements 316, 326 enhances the cooling effect of cooling elements 316, 326, thereby increasing the cooling of tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and, thus, the cooling of tissue adjacent thereto. Reducing the supply of energy to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 reduces the amount of energy conducted through tissue grasped therebetween and, thus, reduces the heating of tissue. As can be appreciated, each of these has the effect of reducing thermal spread.

As detailed above, controllers 342, 344, based on the sensed data received from sensing circuits 330, 340, control the supply of power to cooling elements 316, 326 and/or the energy supplied to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, in order to control thermal spread. More specifically, controllers 342, 344 may be configured to maintain the flow rate of heat energy, Q, below a pre-determined threshold, or within a pre-determined range via the tissue-site feedback-based control loop described above. The particular threshold or range may be set in controllers 342, 344, adjustable via a user (using generator “G” (FIG. 1), or may be automatically determined by controllers 342, 344 based upon sensed conditions, e.g., tissue impedance, distance between tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, grasping pressure applied to tissue between tissue-contacting plates 314, 324, etc.

Turning now to FIGS. 7A-7B, another embodiment of an end effector assembly (with one of the jaw members removed) provided in accordance with the present disclosure and configured to provide thermal spread control during application of energy to tissue is shown generally designated by reference numeral 400. End effector assembly 400 is similar to end effector assembly 300 (FIGS. 5A-6) and, thus, only the differences therebetween will be described in detail below for purposes of brevity. Further, the jaw members of end effector assembly 400 are similar to one another and, thus, only jaw member 420 is shown in the drawings and described below.

With continued reference to FIGS. 7A-7B, jaw member 420 includes an outer jaw housing 422 and a tissue-contacting plate 424, respectively, disposed thereon. A thermal spread control assembly 425 is embedded within jaw member 420, although thermal spread control assembly 425 may alternatively be remotely disposed. Tissue-contacting plate 424, is coupled to generator “G” (FIG. 1) or other suitable source of energy such for conducting energy through tissue to treat, e.g., seal, tissue. Tissue-contacting plate 424 defines an outer periphery 429.

Jaw member 420 further include a thermal sensing electrode 450 disposed on jaw housing 422. Thermal sensing 450 electrode is spaced-apart from and disposed about the outer periphery 429 of tissue-contacting plate 424. Thermal sensing electrode 450 is generally co-planar with tissue-contacting plate 424. A cooling element 456, e.g., a thermoelectric or Peltier cooler, is disposed adjacent thermal sensing electrode 450 on the jaw member side thereof, similarly as described above with respect to tissue-contacting plates 314, 324 and cooling elements 316, 326, respectively (see FIGS. 5A-6). Further, a thermally-conductive, electrically-insulative pad 458 is disposed between thermal sensing electrode 450 and cooling element 456 to electrically-insulate thermal sensing electrode 450 and cooling element 456 from one another while permitting thermal conduction therebetween, thus allowing for cooling element 456 to selectively cool thermal sensing electrode 450, thereby controlling thermal spread beyond end effector assembly 400.

Referring still to FIGS. 7A-7B, thermal sensing electrode 450 and cooling element 456 provide active thermal spread control for minimizing thermal spread to tissue disposed outside of end effector assembly 400 during tissue treatment (and/or electrical tissue cutting). More specifically, a thermal spread control assembly 425 is coupled to both thermal sensing electrode 450 and cooling element 456 to provide tissue-site feedback-based control of the energy supplied to tissue-contacting plate 424 and/or the power supplied to cooling element 456 so as to minimize thermal spread outside of the treatment area, e.g., outside of end effector assembly. Thermal spread assembly 425 may be configured for use with thermal sensing electrode 450 and cooling element 456 similarly as described above with respect to thermal spread assemblies 315, 325 use with tissue-contacting surfaces 314, 324 and cooling elements 316, 326, (FIGS. 5A-6).

With reference to FIG. 8, another embodiment of an end effector assembly (with one of the jaw members removed) provided in accordance with the present disclosure and configured to provide thermal spread control during application of energy to tissue is shown generally designated by reference numeral 500. End effector assembly 500 is similar to end effector assembly 400 (FIGS. 7A-7B) and, thus, only the differences therebetween will be described in detail below for purposes of brevity. Further, the jaw members of end effector assembly 500 are similar to one another and, thus, only jaw member 520 is shown in the drawings and described below.

Jaw member 520 of end effector assembly 500 is similar to jaw member 420 (FIGS. 7A-7B), except that, rather than providing active cooling to control thermal spread, e.g., using a thermoelectric or Peltier cooler, jaw member 520 provides for passive cooling. Jaw member 520 includes an outer jaw housing 522 and a tissue-contacting plate 524, respectively, disposed thereon. Tissue-contacting plate 524, is coupled to generator “G” (FIG. 1) or other suitable source of energy such for conducting energy through tissue to treat, e.g., seal, tissue. Tissue-contacting plate 524 defines an outer periphery 529.

Jaw member 520 further includes a thermal sensing electrode 550 disposed on jaw housing 522. Thermal sensing electrode 550 is spaced-apart from and disposed about the outer periphery 529 of tissue-contacting plate 524. Thermal sensing electrode 550 is configured to passively absorb heat from tissue adjacent thereto to reduce thermal spread beyond end effector assembly 500. Thermal sensing electrode 550 is also coupled to a thermal spread control assembly 525 that, similarly as described above with respect to previous embodiments, provides tissue-site feedback-based control of the energy supplied to tissue-contacting plate 524 based upon the flow rate of heat energy, Q, across thermal sensing electrode 550, so as to minimize thermal spread outside of the treatment area, e.g., outside of end effector assembly.

From the foregoing and with reference to the various figure drawings, those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain modifications can also be made to the present disclosure without departing from the scope of the same. While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1-20. (canceled)

21. A surgical instrument, comprising: an electrode defining a first side and a second side, the electrode adapted to connect to a source of energy for supplying energy to tissue to treat tissue;at least one temperature sensor associated with the first electrode, the at least one temperature sensor configured to sense a first temperature adjacent the first side of the electrode and a second temperature adjacent the second side of the electrode; anda controller coupled to the temperature sensor, the controller configured to determine a flow rate of heat energy across the first electrode based at least in part on the first temperature and the second temperature.

22. The surgical instrument according to claim 21, wherein the controller is configured to control the energy applied to the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy.

23. The surgical instrument according to claim 22, wherein the controller is configured configured to control the energy applied to the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy within a range.

24. The surgical instrument according to claim 22, wherein the controller is configured configured to control the energy applied to the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy below a threshold.

25. The surgical instrument according to claim 21, wherein the controller is configured to control active cooling of the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy.

26. The surgical instrument according to claim 25, wherein the controller is configured configured to control the active cooling of the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy within a range.

27. The surgical instrument according to claim 25, wherein the controller is configured configured to control the active cooling of the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy below a threshold.

28. The surgical instrument according to claim 25, further comprising a thermoelectric cooler operably coupled to the electrode, wherein the thermoelectric cooler is configured to actively cool the electrode, and wherein the controller is configured to control the thermoelectric cooler.

29. The surgical instrument according to claim 21, wherein the controller is configured to determine the flow rate of heat energy across the electrode in accordance with the first and second temperatures and a thermal conductivity of the electrode.

30. A method of treating tissue, comprising: applying energy from an electrode to tissue, the electrode having a first side and a second side;determining a first temperature adjacent the first side of the electrode;determining a second temperature adjacent the second side of the electrode; anddetermining a rate of flow of heat energy across the electrode based at least in part on the first temperature and the second temperature.

31. The method according to claim 30, further comprising controlling a supply of energy to the electrode based upon the determined flow rate of heat energy.

32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising controlling the supply of energy to the electrode based upon the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy within a range.

33. The method according to claim 31, further comprising controlling the supply of energy to the electrode based upon the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy below a threshold.

34. The method according to claim 31, further comprising controlling active cooling of the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy.

35. The method according to claim 34, further comprising controlling the active cooling of the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy within a range.

36. The method according to claim 34, further comprising controlling the active cooling of the electrode in accordance with the determined flow rate of heat energy to maintain the flow rate of heat energy below a threshold.

37. The method according to claim 31, wherein the flow rate of heat energy across the electrode is determined in accordance with the first and second temperatures and a thermal conductivity of the electrode.