Patent Grant
9445832
Ultrasonic instruments, including both hollow core and solid core instruments, are used for the safe and effective treatment of many medical conditions. Ultrasonic instruments are advantageous because they may be used to cut and/or coagulate organic tissue using energy in the form of mechanical vibrations transmitted to a surgical end effector at ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic vibrations, when transmitted to organic tissue at suitable energy levels and using a suitable end effector, may be used to cut, dissect, elevate or cauterize tissue or to separate muscle tissue off bone. Such instruments may be used for open procedures or minimally invasive procedures, such as endoscopic or laparoscopic procedures, wherein the end effector is passed through a trocar to reach the surgical site.
Activating or exciting the end effector (e.g., cutting blade) of such instruments at ultrasonic frequencies induces longitudinal vibratory movement that generates localized heat within adjacent tissue, facilitating both cutting and coagulation. Because of the nature of ultrasonic instruments, a particular ultrasonically actuated end effector may be designed to perform numerous functions, including, for example, cutting and coagulation.
Ultrasonic vibration is induced in the surgical end effector by electrically exciting a transducer, for example. The transducer may be constructed of one or more piezoelectric or magnetostrictive elements in the instrument hand piece. Vibrations generated by the transducer section are transmitted to the surgical end effector via an ultrasonic waveguide extending from the transducer section to the surgical end effector. The waveguides and end effectors are designed to resonate at the same frequency as the transducer. Therefore, when an end effector is attached to a transducer the overall system frequency is the same frequency as the transducer itself.
The zero to peak amplitude of the longitudinal ultrasonic vibration at the tip, d, of the end effector behaves as a simple sinusoid at the resonant frequency as given by:
d=A sin(ωt)
where:
ω=the radian frequency which equals 2π times the cyclic frequency, f; and
A=the zero-to-peak amplitude.
The longitudinal excursion is defined as the peak-to-peak (p-t-p) amplitude, which is just twice the amplitude of the sine wave or 2A.
Ultrasonic surgical instruments may be divided into two types, single element end effector devices and multiple-element end effector devices. Single element end effector devices include instruments such as scalpels and ball coagulators. Single-element end effector instruments have limited ability to apply blade-to-tissue pressure when the tissue is soft and loosely supported. Sometimes, substantial pressure may be necessary to effectively couple ultrasonic energy to the tissue. This inability to grasp the tissue results in a further inability to fully coapt tissue surfaces while applying ultrasonic energy, leading to less-than-desired hemostasis and tissue joining. In these cases, multiple-element end effectors may be used. Multiple-element end effector devices, such as clamping coagulators, include a mechanism to press tissue against an ultrasonic blade that can overcome these deficiencies.
Although ultrasonic surgical instruments are widely used in many surgical applications, their utility is limited by their inability to react to tissue and end effector conditions. For example, as the end effector of an ultrasonic instrument is used to coagulate and/or cut tissue, it often heats up. This may cause inconsistencies in the performance of the instrument. Also, there is no way for a clinician using the instrument to know when the instrument has begun to coagulate tissue, when the instrument has begun to cut tissue, or any other information about the tissue.
Another set of drawbacks of ultrasonic instruments stems from existing end effector designs. In the existing designs, only the tip of the end effector (e.g., the blade) is ultrasonically active. Accordingly, tissue contacting the blade more than a fraction of a wavelength from the tip may not be affected at all. Further, because waves must propogate from the transducer to the tip of the end effector, existing end effectors are not very flexible, limiting their ability to articulate and consequently limiting their usefulness in laparoscopic and endoscopic surgical applications.
In one general aspect, the various embodiments are directed to a surgical device. The surgical device may comprise a transducer, an end effector, a generator and a control circuit. The transducer may be configured to provide vibrations. The end effector may be coupled to the transducer and may extend from the transducer along the longitudinal axis. The generator may provide an electrical signal to the transducer. Also, the control circuit may modify a current amplitude of the electrical signal in response to a change in a vibration frequency of the end effector. Accordingly to various embodiments, the control circuit may detect a first contribution to a vibration frequency of the end effector, the first contribution originating from tissue in contact with the end effector. Also, according to various embodiments, the control circuit may indicate a change in a vibration frequency of the end effector.
In another general aspect, the various embodiments are directed to a surgical instrument comprising a transducer, a clamping mechanism and a control circuit. The transducer may be configured to provide vibrations. The end effector may be coupled to the transducer and may extend from the transducer along the longitudinal axis. The clamping mechanism may be translatable toward the end effector. The control circuit may calculate a curve representing a coefficient of collagen denaturation over time. The coefficient of collagen denaturation may be calculated considering: a power delivered by the end effector to a portion of tissue; a clamp force applied to the portion of tissue between the end effector and the clamping mechanism; a displacement of the end effector; and a vibration frequency of the end effector. According to various embodiments, the control circuit also may identify a first change in a slope of the curve from a substantially negative slope to a substantially neutral slope and indicate a beginning of tissue coagulation in response to the first change. Also, according to various embodiments, the control circuit may identify a first region of the curve having a substantially constant slope. The control circuit also may calculate a region property describing the first region and derive a tissue property of the portion of tissue in contact with the end effector.
In yet another general aspect, the various embodiments are directed to a surgical device comprising an end effector. The end effector may comprise a central member extending longitudinally through the end effector and a plurality of radial mode transducers. The radial mode transducers may be positioned around the central member, and may be configured to respond to an electrical signal by vibrating in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The standing waves may be ultrasonic.
The novel features of the various embodiments are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The various embodiments, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows.
Before explaining the various embodiments in detail, it should be noted that the embodiments are not limited in application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The illustrative embodiments may be implemented or incorporated in other embodiments, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. For example, the surgical instruments and blade configurations disclosed below are illustrative only and not meant to limit the scope or application thereof. Also, the blade and end effector designs described hereinbelow may be used in conjunction with any suitable device. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative embodiments for the convenience of the reader and are not to limit the scope thereof.
Examples of ultrasonic surgical instruments and blades are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,055 and 5,954,736, 6,309,400 B2, 6,278,218B1, 6,283,981 B1, and 6,325,811 B1, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. These references disclose ultrasonic surgical instrument designs and blade designs where a longitudinal mode of the blade is excited. The result is a longitudinal standing wave within the instrument. Accordingly, the instrument has nodes, where the transverse motion is equal to zero, and anti-nodes, where the transverse motion is at its maximum. The instrument's tissue end effector is often positioned at an anti-node to maximize its longitudinal motion.
Various embodiments will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting embodiments and that the scope of the various embodiments is defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with one embodiment may be combined with the features of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the claims.
It will be appreciated that the terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician gripping a surgical device at its hand piece assembly, or other comparable piece. Thus, the end effector is distal with respect to the more proximal hand piece assembly. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as “top” and “bottom” also are used herein with respect to the clinician gripping the hand piece assembly, or comparable piece. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and absolute.
The generator 30 of the surgical system 10 sends an electrical signal through a cable 32 at a selected excursion, frequency, and phase determined by a control system of the generator 30. As will be further described, the signal causes one or more piezoelectric elements of the acoustic assembly of the surgical instrument 120 to expand and contract along a longitudinal axis, thereby converting the electrical energy into mechanical motion. The mechanical motion results in longitudinal waves of ultrasonic energy that propagate through the acoustic assembly in an acoustic standing wave to vibrate the acoustic assembly at a selected frequency and excursion. The end effector 180 is placed in contact with tissue of the patient to transfer the ultrasonic energy to the tissue. For example, a distal portion of blade 180′ of the end effector may be placed in contact with the tissue. As further described below, a surgical tool, such as, a jaw or clamping mechanism, may be utilized to press the tissue against the blade 180′.
As the end effector 180 couples with the tissue, thermal energy or heat is generated as a result of friction, acoustic absorption, and viscous losses within the tissue. The heat is sufficient to break protein hydrogen bonds, causing the highly structured protein (e.g., collagen and muscle protein) to denature (e.g., become less organized). As the proteins are denatured, a sticky coagulum forms to seal or coagulate small blood vessels. Deep coagulation of larger blood vessels results when the effect is prolonged.
The transfer of the ultrasonic energy to the tissue causes other effects including mechanical tearing, cutting, cavitation, cell disruption, and emulsification. The amount of cutting as well as the degree of coagulation obtained varies with the excursion of the end effector 180, the frequency of vibration, the amount of pressure applied by the user, the sharpness of the end effector 180, and the coupling between the end effector 180 and the tissue.
In the embodiment illustrated in
When the generator 30 is activated via the triggering mechanism 36, electrical energy is continuously applied by the generator 30 to a transducer stack or assembly 40 of the acoustic assembly. A phase-locked loop in the control system of the generator 30 monitors feedback from the acoustic assembly. The phase lock loop adjusts the frequency of the electrical energy sent by the generator 30 to match the resonant frequency of the selected longitudinal mode of vibration of the acoustic assembly. In addition, a second feedback loop in the control system maintains the electrical current supplied to the acoustic assembly at a pre-selected constant level in order to achieve substantially constant excursion at the end effector 180 of the acoustic assembly.
The electrical signal supplied to the acoustic assembly will cause the distal end of the end effector 180, e.g., the blade 180′, to vibrate longitudinally in the range of, for example, approximately 20 kHz to 250 kHz. According to various embodiments, the blade 180′ may vibrate in the range of about 54 kHz to 56 kHz, for example, at about 55.5 kHz. In other embodiments, the blade 180′ may vibrate at other frequencies including, for example, about 31 kHz or about 80 kHz. The excursion of the vibrations at the blade can be controlled by, for example, controlling the amplitude of the electrical signal applied to the transducer assembly 40 of the acoustic assembly by the generator 30.
As noted above, the triggering mechanism 36 of the generator 30 allows a user to activate the generator 30 so that electrical energy may be continuously supplied to the acoustic assembly. The triggering mechanism 36 may comprise a foot activating switch that is detachably coupled or attached to the generator 30 by a cable or cord. Alternatively, the triggering mechanism can be configured as a hand switch incorporated in the ultrasonic drive unit 50 to allow the generator 30 to be activated by a user.
The generator 30 also has a power line 38 for insertion in an electro-surgical unit or conventional electrical outlet. It is contemplated that the generator 30 can also be powered by a direct current (DC) source, such as a battery. The generator 30 can comprise any suitable generator, such as Model No. GEN04, available from Ethicon Endo Surgery, Inc.
In the embodiment illustrated in
The housing 52 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 generally includes a proximal end, a distal end, and a cavity extending longitudinally therein. The distal end of the housing 52 includes an opening 60 configured to allow the acoustic assembly of the surgical system 10 to extend therethrough, and the proximal end of the housing 52 is coupled to the generator 30 by the cable 32. The cable 32 may include ducts or vents 62 to allow air or other fluids to be introduced into the housing 52 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 to cool the transducer assembly 40 of the acoustic assembly.
The housing 52 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 may be constructed from a durable plastic, such as ULTEM®. It is also contemplated that the housing 52 may alternatively be made from a variety of materials including other plastics (e.g. liquid crystal polymer (LCP), nylon, or polycarbonate) and/or metals (e.g., aluminum, steel, etc.). A suitable ultrasonic drive unit 50 is Model No. HP054, available from Ethicon Endo Surgery, Inc.
The acoustic assembly of the surgical instrument generally includes a first acoustic portion and a second acoustic portion. The first acoustic portion may be carried by the ultrasonic drive unit 50, and the second acoustic portion (in the form of an end effector 180, as will be described) is carried by the ultrasonic clamp coagulator 120. The distal end of the first acoustic portion is operatively coupled to the proximal end of the second acoustic portion, preferably by a threaded connection.
In the embodiment illustrated in
The components of the acoustic assembly may be acoustically tuned such that the length of each component is an integral number of one-half wavelengths (nλ/2), where the wavelength λ is the wavelength of a pre-selected or operating longitudinal vibration frequency f0 of the acoustic assembly, and n is any non-negative integer. It is also contemplated that the acoustic assembly may incorporate any suitable arrangement of acoustic elements.
The transducer assembly 40 of the acoustic assembly converts the electrical signal from the generator 30 into mechanical energy that results in longitudinal vibratory motion of the end effector 180 at ultrasonic frequencies. When the acoustic assembly is energized, a vibratory motion standing wave is generated through the acoustic assembly. The excursion of the vibratory motion at any point along the acoustic assembly depends on the location along the acoustic assembly at which the vibratory motion is measured. A minimum or zero crossing in the vibratory motion standing wave is generally referred to as a node (e.g., where motion is usually minimal), and local absolute value maximum or peak in the standing wave is generally referred to as an anti-node. The distance between an anti-node and its nearest node is one-quarter wavelength (λ/4).
In the embodiment illustrated in
The distal end of the first resonator 92 is connected to the proximal end of transduction section 90, and the proximal end of the second resonator 94 is connected to the distal end of transduction portion 90. The first and second resonators 92 and 94 may be fabricated from titanium, aluminum, steel, or any other suitable material, and most preferably, the first resonator 92 is fabricated from 303 stainless steel and the second resonator 94 is fabricated from 7075-T651 Aluminum. The first and second resonators 92 and 94 have a length determined by a number of variables, including the length of the transduction section 90, the speed of sound of material used in the resonators 92 and 94, and the desired fundamental frequency f0 of the transducer assembly 40. The second resonator 94 can be tapered inwardly from its proximal end to its distal end to function as a velocity transformer and amplify the ultrasonic vibration excursion.
The transduction portion 90 of the transducer assembly 40 may comprise a piezoelectric section of alternating positive electrodes 96 and negative electrodes 98, with the piezoelectric elements 100 alternating between the electrodes 96 and 98. The piezoelectric elements 100 can be fabricated from any suitable material, such as, for example, lead zirconate-titanate, lead metaniobate, lead titanate, or other piezoelectric material. Each of the positive electrodes 96, negative electrodes 98, and piezoelectric elements 100 have a bore extending through the center. The positive and negative electrodes 96 and 98 are electrically coupled to wires 102 and 104, respectfully. The wires 102 and 104 transmit the electrical signal from the generator 30 to the electrodes 96 and 98.
The piezoelectric elements 100 may be held in compression between the first and second resonators 92 and 94 by a bolt 106. The bolt 106 may have a head, a shank, and a threaded distal end. The bolt 106 may be inserted from the proximal end of the first resonator 92 through the bores of the first resonator 92, the electrodes 96 and 98, and piezoelectric elements 100. The threaded distal end of the bolt 106 is screwed into a threaded bore in the proximal end of second resonator 94. The bolt 106 may be fabricated from steel, titanium, aluminum, or other suitable material. For example, the bolt 106 may be fabricated from Ti-6A1-4V Titanium, or from 4037 low alloy steel.
The piezoelectric elements 100 may be energized in response to the electrical signal supplied from the generator 30 to produce an acoustic standing wave in the acoustic assembly. The electrical signal causes an electromagnetic field across the piezoelectric elements 100, causing the piezoelectric elements 100 to expand and contract in a continuous manner along the longitudinal axis of the voltage gradient, producing high frequency longitudinal waves of ultrasonic energy. The ultrasonic energy is transmitted through the acoustic assembly to the end effector 180.
The mounting device 84 of the acoustic assembly has a proximal end, a distal end, and may have a length substantially equal to an integral number of one-half system wavelengths (nλ/2). The proximal end of the mounting device 84 may be axially aligned and coupled to the distal end of the second resonator 94 by an internal threaded connection near an anti-node. It is also contemplated that the mounting device 84 may be attached to the second resonator 94 by any suitable means, and the second resonator 94 and mounting device 84 may be formed as a single or unitary component.
The mounting device 84 is coupled to the housing 52 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 near a node. The mounting device 84 may include an integral mounting flange 108 disposed around its periphery. The mounting flange 108 may be disposed in an annular groove 110 formed in the housing 52 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 to couple the mounting device 84 to the housing 52. A compliant member or material 112, such as a pair of silicone rubber O-rings attached by stand-offs, may be placed between the annular groove 110 of the housing 52 and the integral flange 108 of the mounting device 86 to reduce or prevent ultrasonic vibration from being transmitted from the mounting device 84 to the housing 52.
The mounting device 84 may be secured in a predetermined axial position by a plurality of pins 114, for example, four. The pins 114 are disposed in a longitudinal direction ninety (90) degrees apart from each other around the outer periphery of the mounting device 84. The pins 114 are coupled to the housing 52 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 and are disposed through notches in the acoustic mounting flange 108 of the mounting device 84. The pins 114 may be fabricated from stainless steel. According to various embodiments, the pins 114 may be formed as integral components of the housing 52.
The mounting device 84 may be configured to amplify the ultrasonic vibration excursion that is transmitted through the acoustic assembly to the distal end of the end effector 180. In one embodiment, the mounting device 84 comprises a solid, tapered horn. As ultrasonic energy is transmitted through the mounting device 84, the velocity of the acoustic wave transmitted through the mounting device 84 is amplified. It is contemplated that the mounting device 84 be configured as any suitable shape, such as, for example, a stepped horn, a conical horn, an exponential horn, a unitary gain horn, or the like.
The mounting device 84 may be acoustically coupled to the second acoustic portion of the ultrasonic clamp coagulator instrument 120. The distal end of the mounting device 84 may be coupled to the proximal end of the second acoustic portion by an internal threaded connection near an anti-node, but alternative coupling arrangements can be employed.
The ultrasonic clamp coagulator instrument 120 may include a handle assembly or a housing 130, which may comprise mating housing portions 131, 132, and an elongated or endoscopic portion 150. When the present apparatus is configured for endoscopic use, the construction can be dimensioned such that portion 150 has an outside diameter of about 5.5 mm. The elongated portion 150 of the ultrasonic clamp coagulator instrument 120 may extend substantially orthogonally from the apparatus housing 130. The elongated portion 150 can be selectively rotated with respect to the housing 130 as described below. The elongated portion 150 may include an outer tubular member or sheath 160, an inner tubular actuating member 170, and the second acoustic portion of the acoustic system in the form of an end effector 180 including a blade 180′. As will be described, the outer sheath 160, the actuating member 170, and the end effector 180 may be joined together for indexed rotation as a unit (together with ultrasonic drive unit 50) relative to housing 130.
The proximal end of the end effector 180 of the second acoustic portion may be detachably coupled to the mounting device 84 of the ultrasonic drive unit 50 near an anti-node as described above. The end effector 180 may have a length substantially equal to an integer number of one-half system wavelengths (nλ/2). The end effector 180 may be fabricated from a solid core shaft constructed out of material which propagates ultrasonic energy efficiently, such as a titanium alloy (e.g., Ti-6A1-4V) or an aluminum alloy. It is contemplated that the end effector 180 can alternatively be fabricated from any other suitable material.
As described, the end effector 180 may include a waveguide 181. The waveguide 181 may be substantially semi-flexible. It will be recognized that, the waveguide 181 can alternatively be substantially rigid or may comprise a flexible wire. The waveguide 181 may be configured to amplify the mechanical vibrations transmitted through the waveguide to the blade as is well known in the art. The waveguide 181 may further have features to control the gain of the longitudinal vibration along the waveguide 181 and features to tune the waveguide to the resonant frequency of the system.
It will be recognized that the end effector 180 may have any suitable cross-sectional dimension. For example, the end effector 180 may have a substantially uniform cross-section or the end effector 180 may be tapered at various sections or may be tapered along its entire length.
Referring now to
The second section 184 of the wave guide 181 extends distally from the first section 182. The second section 184 preferably also has a substantially continuous cross-section. The diameter of the second section 184 may be smaller than the diameter of the first section 182 and larger than the diameter of the third section 186. As ultrasonic energy passes from the first section 182 of the end effector 180 into the second section 184, narrowing of the second section 184 will result in an increased amplitude of the ultrasonic energy passing therethrough.
The third section 186 extends distally from the distal end of the second section 184. The third section 186 also has a substantially continuous cross-section. The third section 186 also may include small diameter changes along its length. According to various embodiments, the transition from the second section 184 to the third section 186 may be positioned at an anti-node so that the diameter change in the third section does not bring about an increase in the amplitude of vibration.
The third section 186 may have a plurality of grooves or notches (not shown) formed in its outer circumference. The grooves may be located at nodes of the end effector 180 to act as alignment indicators for the installation of a damping sheath (not shown) and stabilizing silicone rings or compliant supports during manufacturing. A seal may be provided at the distal-most node, nearest the blade 180′, to abate passage of tissue, blood, and other material in the region between the waveguide and actuating member 170.
The blade 180′ of the end effector 180 may be integral therewith and formed as a single unit. The blade 180′ may alternately be connected by a threaded connection, or by a welded joint. According to various embodiments, the blade 180′ may be mechanically sharp or mechanically blunt. The distal end of the blade 180′ is disposed near an anti-node in order to tune the acoustic assembly to a preferred resonant frequency f0 when the acoustic assembly is not loaded by tissue. When the transducer assembly is energized, the distal end of the blade 180′ is configured to move longitudinally in the range of, for example, approximately 10-500 microns peak-to-peak, and preferably in the range of about 10 to about 100 microns at a predetermined vibrational frequency f0.
In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the blade 180′ may be cylindrical for cooperation with the associated clamping mechanism of the clamp coagulator 120. The end effector 180 may receive suitable surface treatment, as is known in the art.
Pivotal movement of the clamp arm 190 with respect to the blade 180′ is effected by the provision of at least one, and preferably a pair of lever portions 193 of the clamp arm 190 at the proximal end thereof. The lever portions 193 are positioned on respective opposite sides of the end effector 180 and blade 180′, and are in operative engagement with a drive portion 194 of the reciprocal actuating member 170. Reciprocal movement of the actuating member 170, relative to the outer tubular sheath 160 and the end effector 180, thereby effects pivotal movement of the clamp arm 190 relative to the blade 180′. The lever portions 193 can be respectively positioned in a pair of openings defined by the drive portion 194, or otherwise suitably mechanically coupled therewith, whereby reciprocal movement of the actuating member 170 acts through the drive portion 194 and lever portions 193 to pivot the clamp arm 190.
Rotation of the actuating member 170 together with the tubular outer sheath 160 and inner end effector 180 is provided by a connector pin 212 extending through these components of the instrument 120. The tubular actuating member 170 defines an elongated slot 214 through which the connector pin 212 extends to accommodate reciprocal movement of the actuating member relative to the outer tubular sheath and the inner waveguide.
A rotation knob 216 mounted on the outer tubular sheath facilitates rotational positioning of the elongated portion 150 with respect to the housing 130 of the clamp coagulator instrument 120. Connector pin 212 preferably joins the knob 216 together with the sheath 160, member 170, and the end effector 180 for rotation as a unit relative to the housing 130. In the embodiment, hub portion 216′ of the rotation knob 216 acts to rotatably mount the outer sheath 160, the actuating member 170, and the end effector 180 (as a unit with the knob 216), on the housing 130.
The drive collar 200 provides a portion of the clamp drive mechanism of the instrument 120, which effects pivotal movement of the clamp arm 190 by reciprocation of the actuating member 170. The clamp drive mechanism further includes a drive yoke 220 which is operatively connected with an operating lever 222, with the operating lever thus interconnected with the reciprocal actuating member 170 via drive yoke 220 and drive collar 200. The operating lever 222 is pivotally connected to the housing 130 of the apparatus (by a pivot mount 223) for cooperation in a scissors-like fashion with a handgrip portion 224 of the housing. Movement of the lever 222 toward the handgrip portion 224 translates the actuating member 170 proximally, thereby pivoting the clamp arm 190 toward the blade 180′.
Operative connection of the drive yoke 220 with the operating lever 222 is provided by a spring 226, preferably comprising a compression coil spring 226. The spring 226 fits within a spring slot 228 defined by the drive yoke 220, which in turn is positioned between a pair of spring retainer flanges 230 of the operating lever 222. The drive yoke 220 is pivotally movable with respect to the spring flanges 230 (about pivot mount 223 of housing 130) in opposition to the compression coil spring, which bears against the surfaces of the spring slots defined by each of the spring flanges 230. In this manner, the force which can be applied to the actuating member 170, by pivotal movement of the operating lever 222 acting through the drive yoke 220 and the drive collar 200, is limited by the force with which the spring 226 bears against the spring flanges 230. Application of excessive force results in pivotal displacement of the drive yoke 220 relative to the spring flanges 230 of the operating lever 222 in opposition to spring 226. Stop portions of the housing 130 limit the travel of the operating lever 222 to prevent excessive compression of spring 226. In various embodiments, the force applied to the actuating member 170 may be limited by one or more springs (not shown) operatively positioned between the drive collar 200 and the member 170. For example, one or more cylindrical springs, such as a wave springs, may be used. An example embodiment utilizing a wave spring in this manner is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,142, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Indexed rotational positioning of the elongated portion 150 of the present clamp coagulator instrument 120 may be provided by the provision of a detent mechanism incorporated into the clamp drive mechanism of the instrument 120. Specifically, the drive collar 200 may include a pair of axially spaced apart drive flanges 232. A detent-receiving surface may be provided between the drive flanges 232, and may define a plurality of circumferentially spaced teeth 234. The teeth 234 may define detent-receiving depressions generally about the periphery of the drive collar 200. In the embodiment illustrated in
Indexed rotational movement may be further achieved by the provision of at least one, and preferably a pair, of diametrically opposed detents 236 respectively provided on cantilevered yoke arms 238 of the drive yoke 220. By this arrangement, the yoke arms 238 are positioned between the drive flanges 232 for engagement with the confronting surfaces thereof, and bias the detents 236 into engagement with the drive collar 200. Indexed relative rotation is thus achieved, with the detents 236 of the yoke arms 238 cooperating with the drive flanges 238 for effecting reciprocation of the actuating member 170. According to various embodiments, the drive yoke 220 may be formed from suitable polymeric material, with the biasing force created by the yoke arms 238 acting on the detents 236 thereof cooperating with the radial depressions defined by the drive collar to resist relative rotational torque less than about 5 to 20 inch-ounces. Accordingly, the elongated portion 150 of the clamp coagulator instrument 120 is maintained in any of its selected indexed rotational positions, relative to the housing 130, unless a torque is applied (such as by the rotation knob 216) exceeding this predetermined torque level. A snap-like indexing action is thus provided.
Rotation of the elongated proportion 150 of the present clamp coagulator instrument 120 may be effected together with relative rotational movement of ultrasonic drive unit 50 with respect to housing 130. In order to join the elongated portion 150 to the ultrasonic drive unit 50 in ultrasonic-transmitting relationship, the proximal portion of the outer tubular sheath 160 may be provided with a pair of wrench flats 240 (
During surgical procedures, the end effector 1008 may be brought into contact with tissue and vibrated to cut and/or coagulate the tissue, as described above. When this occurs, friction between the end effector 1008 and the tissue may cause the temperature of the end effector 1008 to rise. As the temperature of the end effector 1008 rises, its material properties may change, causing changes to the device 1000 as a whole. For example, as the temperature of the end effector 1008 rises, the relationship between the displacement of the end effector 1008 and the current amplitude of the electrical signal may change such that the displacement of the end effector 1008 increases without a corresponding increase in the current amplitude. Also, as the temperature of the end effector 1008 rises, the resonant vibration frequency of the end effector 1008 may be reduced. For example, the changed material properties of the end effector 1008 may reduce the resonant frequency of the device 1000. As a result, the generator 1004 may reduce the frequency of the electrical drive signal bringing about a parallel reduction in the driven vibration frequency of the end effector 1008.
The control circuit 1002 may monitor the electrical signal provided by the generator 1004. As described, a decrease in the frequency of the electrical signal may indicate an increase in the temperature of the end effector 1008 as well as an increase in its displacement. When the control circuit 1002 senses a decrease in the frequency of the electrical signal it may command the generator 1004 to reduce the current amplitude of the electrical signal. The current amplitude of the electrical signal may be reduced by an amount suitable to keep the frequency of the end effector 1008 substantially constant resulting in a substantially constant temperature of the end effector 1008. The amount of current amplitude change necessary to compensate for a given frequency change may be determined by any suitable experimental or theoretical method.
It will be appreciated that the device 1000 may be physically embodied as any suitable ultrasonic device or system including, for example, the systems 10 and 250 described above. The control circuit 1002 may be embodied as any suitable analog or digital circuit. For example, the control circuit 1002 may comprise a processor, for example, a digital signal processor (DSP).
In addition to, or instead of the temperature feedback functionality described above, one embodiment of the device 1000 shown in
Tissue cavitations originating from tissue in contact with the end effector 1008 (and/or from fluid included within the tissue) may affect the vibration of the end effector 1008, and accordingly the electrical signal between the generator 1004 and the transducer 1006. As described above, the piezoelectric elements (not shown) may generate motion in response to an electrical charge. Also, piezoelectric elements may work in reverse and generate and/or modify an electrical charge in response to motion. Accordingly, tissue cavitations transferred to the end effector 1008 may be, in turn, transferred to the piezoelectric elements of the transducer 1006. This may cause the piezoelectric elements to generate charges that modify the electrical signal between the generator 1004 and the transducer 1006 in a manner proportional to the tissue cavitations. Isolating the portion of the electrical signal due to the tissue cavitations may indicate the presence of tissue cavitations, as well as their dominant frequency/frequencies, and other information.
The portion of the electrical signal due to tissue cavitation may be isolated in any suitable way. For example, the control circuit 1002 may include a filter circuit (not shown) to filter the drive frequency and any harmonics thereof from the electrical signal. The remaining components of the electrical signal may be due to tissue cavitation. The filter circuit may comprise any suitable analog or digital filter.
Many tissue cavitations are of a relatively short duration, and therefore have a relatively wide frequency content. Accordingly, the tissue cavitations may not be apparent at any distinct frequencies and may instead serve to excite the end effector 1008 at its resonant frequency (e.g., the vibration frequency) and the harmonics thereof. To handle this scenario, the control circuit 1002 may include a processor or other functionality to compare the electrical signal to a comparison electrical signal measured when the end effector 1008 is unloaded, or not in contact with tissue. Differences between the measured electrical signal and the comparison electrical signal may indicate the presence of tissue cavitations. When the control circuit 1002 senses the presence of tissue cavitations, it may communicate this to the clinician any suitable method including, for example, by using a light, a display and/or an audible signal.
The graph 1100 illustrates the amplitudes of low-Q peaks in the electrical signal observed during the control and experimental trials at the drive frequency and at two harmonics of the drive frequency. Line 1102 illustrates the drive frequency of 55.5 kHz, line 1104 illustrates a first harmonic at 45 kHz, and line 1106 illustrates a second harmonic at 63 kHz. It can be seen that the amplitude of the low-Q peak at the drive frequency was markedly higher during the experimental trials than during the control trial. Likewise, the amplitude of the low-Q peaks at the harmonics was higher during the experimental trials. It is believed that these increased amplitudes at the drive frequency 1102 and the harmonics 1104, 1106 were due to cavitations caused when dissolved gas in the tap water was released by the vibration of the end effector. In support of this conclusion, it is noted that when the tap water was not changed between trials, the low-Q peaks were significantly smaller, suggesting that all of the dissolved gas had been released. When the end effector encounters tissue cavitations, similar effects would be apparent in the low-Q peaks at the drive and harmonic frequencies of the device.
In addition to, or instead of the functionality described above, the device 1000 shown in
Over the course of the cutting/coagulation process shown in chart 1200, the temperature curve 1204 increases. Prior to the beginning of coagulation 1206, the temperature curve 1204 increases sharply. Between coagulation 1206 and desiccation 1208, the increase in the slope of the temperature versus time curve 1204 is reduced. After desiccation 1208, the temperature curve 1204 again begins to increase more rapidly. The end effector frequency curve 1202 may mirror the temperature curve 1204. For example, the frequency curve 1202 may decrease rapidly prior to the beginning of coagulation 1206. At the beginning of coagulation 1206, the frequency curve 1202 continues to decrease, but does so less rapidly, demonstrating a knee feature 1210. At around the onset of desiccation 1208, the frequency curve 1208 may begin to decrease more rapidly.
According to various embodiments, the control circuit 1002 may be programmed to recognize the changes in the rate of decrease in the frequency curve 1202 to derive an indication of when tissue has begun to coagulate, and when it has begun desiccation. In one embodiment, the control circuit 1002 may monitor the vibration frequency of the end effector 1008 by monitoring the frequency of the electrical signal between the generator 1004 and transducer 1006. It will be appreciated that these two frequencies may be the same. When the control circuit 1002 senses that the rate of decrease of the end effector frequency has declined (e.g., the curve 1202 has reached the knee feature 1210), the control circuit 1002 may generate an indication that coagulation has begun. When the control circuit 1002 senses that the rate of decrease of the end effector frequency has again increased, it may indicate the beginning of desiccation. The various indications may be communicated to the clinician by the device 1000 according to any suitable method including, for example, a light, a display and an audible signal. According to various embodiments, the control circuit 1002 may de-energize the end effector 1008, or reduce its amplitude of vibration, in response to a transition to coagulation or to desiccation. This may allow the clinician to inspect the tissue before coagulation and/or desiccation to ensure that the procedure is proceeding satisfactorily.
According to various embodiments, the device 1000 of
According to various embodiments, the CCD may be calculated as a function of variables, for example, including: (i) power provided to the end effector 1308; (ii) the vibration frequency of the end effector 1308; (iii) the displacement of the end effector 1308 over a cycle; and (iv) a clamp force applied to the region of tissue between the clamping mechanism 1310 and the end effector. The clamping mechanism 1310 itself may be any suitable mechanism for clamping or otherwise exerting a force on the tissue region against the end effector. According to various embodiments, the clamping mechanism 1310 may be similar to the clamping mechanism 190 described above. Values for the above variables over time may be found by the control circuit 1302 of the device 1300. For example, the power provided to the end effector 1308 may be found by considering the electrical signal between the generator 1304 and the transducer 1306 while the end effector 1308 is under load (e.g., in contact with the region of tissue). The displacement per cycle of the end effector 1308 may be a function of the current amplitude of the electrical signal. Also, as described above, the vibration frequency of the end effector 1308 may be substantially similar to that of the electrical signal.
The clamp force of the end effector 1308 and clamping mechanism 1310 may be found according to any suitable method. For example, according to various embodiments, the clamping mechanism 1310 may be driven by an electric motor. For example, referring to the embodiment shown in
The device 1300 may utilize the CCD curve to sense when the portion of tissue enters the coagulation and desiccation stages.
The CCD curve 1402 also may be utilized by the control circuit 1302 to determine other features of the tissue portion including, for example, its outside diameter and thickness. It will be appreciated that the tissue portion may be a solid portion of tissue, or may define a lumen (e.g., an artery, vein or other tubular tissue time).
Various properties of each of the nine regions of the CCD curve 1402 may correlate to properties of the tissue portion such as the outer diameter and thickness. In one example experiment, fourteen carotid arteries of various diameters were coagulated and cut with an ultrasonic instrument having a solid core end effector powered by a GEN03 generator device. Table 1 below shows the Outside Diameter and Wall Thickness of the carotid arteries as well as the Clamp Force and Power Level used. The Polynomial Fit column lists the exponent of the polynomial fit to the first region 1504 of the CCD curve for each trial. The Normalized CCD value shows the CCD value for each trial normalized by dividing each individual CCD value by the CCD value at the end of the first region 1504.
Referring back to the embodiment shown in
The devices disclosed herein can be designed to be disposed of after a single use, or they can be designed to be used multiple times. In either case, however, the device may be reconditioned for reuse after at least one use. Reconditioning can include any combination of the steps of disassembly of the device, followed by cleaning or replacement of particular elements, and subsequent reassembly. In particular, the device may be disassembled, and any number of particular elements or components of the device may be selectively replaced or removed in any combination. Upon cleaning and/or replacement of particular components, the device may be reassembled for subsequent use either at a reconditioning facility, or by a surgical team immediately prior to a surgical procedure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that reconditioning of a device may utilize a variety of techniques for disassembly, cleaning/replacement, and reassembly. Use of such techniques, and the resulting reconditioned device, are all within the scope of the present application.
Preferably, the various embodiments described herein will be processed before surgery. First, a new or used instrument is obtained and if necessary cleaned. The instrument can then be sterilized. In one sterilization technique, the instrument is placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic or TYVEK® bag. The container and instrument are then placed in a field of radiation that can penetrate the container, such as gamma radiation, x-rays, or high-energy electrons. The radiation kills bacteria on the instrument and in the container. The sterilized instrument can then be stored in the sterile container. The sealed container keeps the instrument sterile until it is opened in the medical facility.
It is preferred that the device is sterilized prior to surgery. This can be done by any number of ways known to those skilled in the art including beta or gamma radiation, ethylene oxide, steam.
Although various embodiments have been described herein, many modifications and variations to those embodiments may be implemented. For example, different types of end effectors may be employed. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. The foregoing description and following claims are intended to cover all such modification and variations.
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materials does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.
The present application claims the benefit under at least 35 U.S.C. §120 as a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/888,222 filed on Jul. 31, 2007, now U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0036913, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 969528 | Disbrow | Sep 1910 | A |
| 1570025 | Young | Jan 1926 | A |
| 1813902 | Bovie | Jul 1931 | A |
| 2704333 | Calosi et al. | Mar 1955 | A |
| 2736960 | Armstrong | Mar 1956 | A |
| 2849788 | Creek | Sep 1958 | A |
| 2874470 | Richards | Feb 1959 | A |
| 2990616 | Balamuth et al. | Jul 1961 | A |
| RE25033 | Balamuth et al. | Aug 1961 | E |
| 3015961 | Roney | Jan 1962 | A |
| 3053124 | Balamuth et al. | Sep 1962 | A |
| 3082805 | Royce | Mar 1963 | A |
| 3432691 | Shoh | Mar 1969 | A |
| 3433226 | Boyd | Mar 1969 | A |
| 3489930 | Shoh | Jan 1970 | A |
| 3513848 | Winston et al. | May 1970 | A |
| 3526219 | Balamuth | Sep 1970 | A |
| 3554198 | Tatoian et al. | Jan 1971 | A |
| 3614484 | Shoh | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3616375 | Inoue | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3629726 | Popescu | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3636943 | Balamuth | Jan 1972 | A |
| 3668486 | Silver | Jun 1972 | A |
| 3702948 | Balamuth | Nov 1972 | A |
| 3776238 | Peyman et al. | Dec 1973 | A |
| 3805787 | Banko | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3809977 | Balamuth et al. | May 1974 | A |
| 3830098 | Antonevich | Aug 1974 | A |
| 3854737 | Gilliam, Sr. | Dec 1974 | A |
| 3862630 | Balamuth | Jan 1975 | A |
| 3875945 | Friedman | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3900823 | Sokal et al. | Aug 1975 | A |
| 3918442 | Nikolaev et al. | Nov 1975 | A |
| 3924335 | Balamuth et al. | Dec 1975 | A |
| 3946738 | Newton et al. | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3955859 | Stella et al. | May 1976 | A |
| 3956826 | Perdreaux, Jr. | May 1976 | A |
| 4012647 | Balamuth et al. | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4074719 | Semm | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4156187 | Murry et al. | May 1979 | A |
| 4167944 | Banko | Sep 1979 | A |
| 4188927 | Harris | Feb 1980 | A |
| 4200106 | Douvas et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4203444 | Bonnell et al. | May 1980 | A |
| 4300083 | Heiges | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4302728 | Nakamura | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4306570 | Matthews | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4445063 | Smith | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4491132 | Aikins | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4504264 | Kelman | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4512344 | Barber | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4526571 | Wuchinich | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4574615 | Bower et al. | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4617927 | Manes | Oct 1986 | A |
| 4633119 | Thompson | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4634420 | Spinosa et al. | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4640279 | Beard | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4641053 | Takeda | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4646738 | Trott | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4646756 | Watmough et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4649919 | Thimsen et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4662068 | Polonsky | May 1987 | A |
| 4674502 | Imonti | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4708127 | Abdelghani | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4712722 | Hood et al. | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4819635 | Shapiro | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4827911 | Broadwin et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4832683 | Idemoto et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4836186 | Scholz | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4838853 | Parisi | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4844064 | Thimsen et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4850354 | McGurk-Burleson et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4852578 | Companion et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4865159 | Jamison | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4867157 | McGurk-Burleson et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4878493 | Pasternak et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4881550 | Kothe | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4896009 | Pawlowski | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4903696 | Stasz et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4915643 | Samejima et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4922902 | Wuchinich et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4965532 | Sakurai | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4979952 | Kubota et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4981756 | Rhandhawa | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5013956 | Kurozumi et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5015227 | Broadwin et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5026387 | Thomas | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5042707 | Taheri | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5084052 | Jacobs | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5105117 | Yamaguchi | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5109819 | Custer et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5112300 | Ureche | May 1992 | A |
| 5123903 | Quaid et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5126618 | Takahashi et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| D327872 | McMills et al. | Jul 1992 | S |
| 5162044 | Gahn et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5163421 | Bernstein et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5163537 | Radev | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5167725 | Clark et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5174276 | Crockard | Dec 1992 | A |
| D332660 | Rawson et al. | Jan 1993 | S |
| 5176677 | Wuchinich | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5176695 | Dulebohn | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5184605 | Grzeszykowski | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5188102 | Idemoto et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
| D334173 | Liu et al. | Mar 1993 | S |
| 5209719 | Baruch et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5213569 | Davis | May 1993 | A |
| 5214339 | Naito | May 1993 | A |
| 5218529 | Meyer et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5221282 | Wuchinich | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5226909 | Evans et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5226910 | Kajiyama et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5241236 | Sasaki et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5241968 | Slater | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5242460 | Klein et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5254129 | Alexander | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5257988 | L'Esperance, Jr. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5261922 | Hood | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5263957 | Davison | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5264925 | Shipp et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5275166 | Vaitekunas et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5275609 | Pingleton et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5282800 | Foshee et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5282817 | Hoogeboom et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5285795 | Ryan et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5304115 | Pflueger et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| D347474 | Olson | May 1994 | S |
| 5312023 | Green et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5312425 | Evans et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5322055 | Davison et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5324299 | Davison et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5326013 | Green et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5326342 | Pflueger et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5344420 | Hilal et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5345937 | Middleman et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5346502 | Estabrook et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5353474 | Good et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5357164 | Imabayashi et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5357423 | Weaver et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5359994 | Krauter et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5366466 | Christian et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5371429 | Manna | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5374813 | Shipp | Dec 1994 | A |
| D354564 | Medema | Jan 1995 | S |
| 5381067 | Greenstein et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5387215 | Fisher | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5389098 | Tsuruta et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5394187 | Shipp | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5396266 | Brimhall | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5403312 | Yates et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5403334 | Evans et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5408268 | Shipp | Apr 1995 | A |
| D358887 | Feinberg | May 1995 | S |
| 5411481 | Allen et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5419761 | Narayanan et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5421829 | Olichney et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5423844 | Miller | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5438997 | Sieben et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5445639 | Kuslich et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5449370 | Vaitekunas | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5451220 | Ciervo | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5456684 | Schmidt et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5471988 | Fujio et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5478003 | Green et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5483501 | Park et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5486162 | Brumbach | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5490860 | Middle et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5500216 | Julian et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5501654 | Failla et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5505693 | Mackool | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5507738 | Ciervo | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5527331 | Kresch et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5540693 | Fisher | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5558671 | Yates | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5562609 | Brumbach | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5562610 | Brumbach | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5573424 | Poppe | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5577654 | Bishop | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5591187 | Dekel | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5593414 | Shipp et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5601601 | Tal et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5603773 | Campbell | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5607436 | Pratt et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5618304 | Hart et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5618492 | Auten et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5620447 | Smith et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5626595 | Sklar et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5628760 | Knoepfler | May 1997 | A |
| 5630420 | Vaitekunas | May 1997 | A |
| D381077 | Hunt | Jul 1997 | S |
| 5651780 | Jackson et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5653713 | Michelson | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5669922 | Hood | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5674235 | Parisi | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5678568 | Uchikubo et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5690269 | Bolanos et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5694936 | Fujimoto et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5704534 | Huitema et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5711472 | Bryan | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5713896 | Nardella | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5717306 | Shipp | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5728130 | Ishikawa et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5730752 | Alden et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5733074 | Stöck et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5741226 | Strukel et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5766164 | Mueller et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5792135 | Madhani et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5792138 | Shipp | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5792165 | Klieman et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5805140 | Rosenberg et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5808396 | Boukhny | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5810859 | DiMatteo et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5817084 | Jensen | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5817119 | Klieman et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5827323 | Klieman et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5828160 | Sugishita | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5833696 | Whitfield et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5836897 | Sakurai et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5836957 | Schulz et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5843109 | Mehta et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851212 | Zirps et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5858018 | Shipp et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5873873 | Smith et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873882 | Straub et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5878193 | Wang et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5879364 | Bromfield et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883615 | Fago et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5893835 | Witt et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5897523 | Wright et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5897569 | Kellogg et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5903607 | Tailliet | May 1999 | A |
| 5904681 | West, Jr. | May 1999 | A |
| 5906627 | Spaulding | May 1999 | A |
| 5906628 | Miyawaki et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5911699 | Anis et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5916229 | Evans | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5929846 | Rosenberg et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5935143 | Hood | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5935144 | Estabrook | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5938633 | Beaupre | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944718 | Austin et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944737 | Tsonton et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5947984 | Whipple | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5954736 | Bishop et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5954746 | Holthaus et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5957882 | Nita et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5957943 | Vaitekunas | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5968007 | Simon et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5968060 | Kellogg | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974342 | Petrofsky | Oct 1999 | A |
| D416089 | Barton et al. | Nov 1999 | S |
| 5980510 | Tsonton et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5980546 | Hood | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989274 | Davison et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989275 | Estabrook et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5993465 | Shipp et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5993972 | Reich et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5994855 | Lundell et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6024741 | Williamson, IV et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6024750 | Mastri et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6027515 | Cimino | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6031526 | Shipp | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6033375 | Brumbach | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6033399 | Gines | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6036667 | Manna et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6036707 | Spaulding | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6048224 | Kay | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6050943 | Slayton et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6051010 | DiMatteo et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6056735 | Okada et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6063098 | Houser et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6066132 | Chen et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6066151 | Miyawaki et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6068627 | Orszulak et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6068647 | Witt et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6077285 | Boukhny | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6083191 | Rose | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6086584 | Miller | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6090120 | Wright et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6096033 | Tu et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6099542 | Cohn et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6109500 | Alli et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6110127 | Suzuki | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6113594 | Savage | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6117152 | Huitema | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6126629 | Perkins | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6129735 | Okada et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6132368 | Cooper | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6132448 | Perez et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6139320 | Hahn | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6139561 | Shibata et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6142615 | Qiu et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6142994 | Swanson et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6147560 | Erhage et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6152902 | Christian et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154198 | Rosenberg | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6159160 | Hsei et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6159175 | Strukel et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6162194 | Shipp | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6165150 | Banko | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6174310 | Kirwan, Jr. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6179853 | Sachse et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6183426 | Akisada et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6204592 | Hur | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6205855 | Pfeiffer | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6206844 | Reichel et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6210403 | Klicek | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6214023 | Whipple et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6228080 | Gines | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6231565 | Tovey et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233476 | Strommer et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238366 | Savage et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6245065 | Panescu et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6252110 | Uemura et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| D444365 | Bass et al. | Jul 2001 | S |
| D445092 | Lee | Jul 2001 | S |
| D445764 | Lee | Jul 2001 | S |
| 6254623 | Haibel, Jr. et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6257241 | Wampler | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6258034 | Hanafy | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267761 | Ryan | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6270831 | Kumar et al. | Aug 2001 | B2 |
| 6273852 | Lehe et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6274963 | Estabrook et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6277115 | Saadat | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6278218 | Madan et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6280407 | Manna et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6283981 | Beaupre | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6287344 | Wampler et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6290575 | Shipp | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6306157 | Shchervinsky | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309400 | Beaupre | Oct 2001 | B2 |
| 6319221 | Savage et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6325795 | Lindemann et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6325799 | Goble | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6325811 | Messerly | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6328751 | Beaupre | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6338657 | Harper et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6340352 | Okada et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6350269 | Shipp et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6352532 | Kramer et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6364888 | Niemeyer et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379320 | Lafon et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| D457958 | Dycus et al. | May 2002 | S |
| 6383194 | Pothula | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6387109 | Davison et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6388657 | Natoli | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6391042 | Cimino | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6398779 | Buysse et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6402743 | Orszulak et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6402748 | Schoenman et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6405733 | Fogarty et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6416486 | Wampler | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6423073 | Bowman | Jul 2002 | B2 |
| 6423082 | Houser et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6428539 | Baxter et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6432118 | Messerly | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6436114 | Novak et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6436115 | Beaupre | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6440062 | Ouchi | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6443968 | Holthaus et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6443969 | Novak et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6449006 | Shipp | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454781 | Witt et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454782 | Schwemberger | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6458142 | Faller et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6480796 | Wiener | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6485490 | Wampler et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6491708 | Madan et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6497715 | Satou | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6500176 | Truckai et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6500188 | Harper et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6500312 | Wedekamp | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6506208 | Hunt et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6511493 | Moutafis et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6514267 | Jewett | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6524251 | Rabiner et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6524316 | Nicholson et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6527736 | Attinger et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6533784 | Truckai et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6537291 | Friedman et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6543452 | Lavigne | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6543456 | Freeman | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6544260 | Markel et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6558376 | Bishop | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6561983 | Cronin et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6572563 | Ouchi | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6572632 | Zisterer et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6575969 | Rittman, III et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6582451 | Marucci et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| D477408 | Bromley | Jul 2003 | S |
| 6588277 | Giordano et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6589200 | Schwemberger et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6589239 | Khandkar et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6607540 | Shipp | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6610059 | West, Jr. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6616450 | Mossle et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6619529 | Green et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6623500 | Cook et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6623501 | Heller et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626848 | Neuenfeldt | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626926 | Friedman et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6633234 | Wiener et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6644532 | Green et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6652539 | Shipp et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6652545 | Shipp et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6656132 | Ouchi | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6656177 | Truckai et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6660017 | Beaupre | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6662127 | Wiener et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6663941 | Brown et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6666860 | Takahashi | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6666875 | Sakurai et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6669690 | Okada et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6669710 | Moutafis et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6676660 | Wampler et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6678621 | Wiener et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6679875 | Honda et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6679899 | Wiener et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6682544 | Mastri et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6685701 | Orszulak et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6685703 | Pearson et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6689145 | Lee et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6689146 | Himes | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6716215 | David et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6719776 | Baxter | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| D490059 | Conway et al. | May 2004 | S |
| 6731047 | Kauf et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6733506 | McDevitt et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6739872 | Turri | May 2004 | B1 |
| D491666 | Kimmell et al. | Jun 2004 | S |
| 6743245 | Lobdell | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6746284 | Spink, Jr. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6746443 | Morley et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6752815 | Beaupre | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6755825 | Shoenman et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6761698 | Shibata et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6762535 | Take et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6770072 | Truckai et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6773409 | Truckai et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6773443 | Truwit et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6773444 | Messerly | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6778023 | Christensen | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6783524 | Anderson et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6786382 | Hoffman | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6786383 | Stegelmann | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6790173 | Saadat et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6790216 | Ishikawa | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6796981 | Wham et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| D496997 | Dycus et al. | Oct 2004 | S |
| 6802843 | Truckai et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6809508 | Donofrio | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6810281 | Brock et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6827712 | Tovey et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6828712 | Battaglin et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6835082 | Gonnering | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6849073 | Hoey et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6863676 | Lee et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6869439 | White et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6875220 | Du et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6877647 | Green et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6882439 | Ishijima | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6887209 | Kadziauskas et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6887252 | Okada et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6899685 | Kermode et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6905497 | Truckai et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6908472 | Wiener et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6913579 | Truckai et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6915623 | Dey et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6923804 | Eggers et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6926712 | Phan | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6926716 | Baker et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6929632 | Nita et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6929644 | Truckai et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6933656 | Matsushita et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| D509589 | Wells | Sep 2005 | S |
| 6942660 | Pantera et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6942677 | Nita et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6945981 | Donofrio et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6946779 | Birgel | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6948503 | Refior et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| D511145 | Donofrio et al. | Nov 2005 | S |
| 6974450 | Weber et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6976844 | Hickok et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6976969 | Messerly | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6977495 | Donofrio | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6979332 | Adams | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6981628 | Wales | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6984220 | Wuchinich | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6994708 | Manzo | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7001335 | Adachi et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7011657 | Truckai et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7014638 | Michelson | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7033357 | Baxter et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7037306 | Podany | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7041083 | Chu et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7041088 | Nawrocki et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7041102 | Truckai et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7044949 | Orszulak et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7066893 | Hibner et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7066895 | Podany | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7070597 | Truckai et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7074218 | Washington et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7074219 | Levine et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077039 | Gass et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077845 | Hacker et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077853 | Kramer et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7083619 | Truckai et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7087054 | Truckai et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7090672 | Underwood et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7101371 | Dycus et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7101378 | Salameh et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7104834 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7108695 | Witt et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7111769 | Wales et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7112201 | Truckai et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| D531311 | Guerra et al. | Oct 2006 | S |
| 7117034 | Kronberg | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7118564 | Ritchie et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7124932 | Isaacson et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7125409 | Truckai et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7128720 | Podany | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7131860 | Sartor et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7135018 | Ryan et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7135030 | Schwemberger et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7137980 | Buysse et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7144403 | Booth | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7153315 | Miller | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| D536093 | Nakajima et al. | Jan 2007 | S |
| 7156189 | Bar-Cohen et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7156853 | Muratsu | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7157058 | Marhasin et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7159750 | Racenet et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7160299 | Baily | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7163548 | Stulen et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7169144 | Hoey et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7169146 | Truckai et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7179254 | Pendekanti et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7179271 | Friedman et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7186253 | Truckai et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7189233 | Truckai et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| D541418 | Schechter et al. | Apr 2007 | S |
| 7204820 | Akahoshi | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7207997 | Shipp et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7210881 | Greenberg | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7211079 | Treat | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7217128 | Atkin et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7217269 | El-Galley et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7220951 | Truckai et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7223229 | Inman et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7229455 | Sakurai et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7235071 | Gonnering | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7244262 | Wiener et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7269873 | Brewer et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7273483 | Wiener et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| D552241 | Bromley et al. | Oct 2007 | S |
| 7282048 | Goble et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7285895 | Beaupré | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7300431 | Dubrovsky | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7300435 | Wham et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7300446 | Beaupre | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7303531 | Lee et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7303557 | Wham et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7309849 | Truckai et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7311706 | Schoenman et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7311709 | Truckai et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7317955 | McGreevy | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7318831 | Alvarez et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7326236 | Andreas et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7331410 | Yong et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7335165 | Truwit et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7335997 | Wiener | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7337010 | Howard et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7353068 | Tanaka et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7354440 | Truckal et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7364577 | Wham et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| RE40388 | Gines | Jun 2008 | E |
| 7380695 | Doll et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7380696 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7381209 | Truckai et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7390317 | Taylor et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7404508 | Smith et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7408288 | Hara | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7416101 | Shelton, IV et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7416437 | Sartor et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| D576725 | Shumer et al. | Sep 2008 | S |
| 7419490 | Falkenstein et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7422139 | Shelton, IV et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7422463 | Kuo | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| D578643 | Shumer et al. | Oct 2008 | S |
| D578644 | Shumer et al. | Oct 2008 | S |
| D578645 | Shumer et al. | Oct 2008 | S |
| 7431704 | Babaev | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7441684 | Shelton, IV et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7455208 | Wales et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7462181 | Kraft et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7464846 | Shelton, IV et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7472815 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7473263 | Johnston et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7479148 | Beaupre | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7479160 | Branch et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7481775 | Weikel, Jr. et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7488285 | Honda et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7494468 | Rabiner et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7503893 | Kucklick | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7503895 | Rabiner et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7506790 | Shelton, IV | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7506791 | Omaits et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7524320 | Tierney et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7530986 | Beaupre et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7534243 | Chin et al. | May 2009 | B1 |
| D594983 | Price et al. | Jun 2009 | S |
| 7540871 | Gonnering | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7544200 | Houser | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7549564 | Boudreaux | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7559450 | Wales et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7567012 | Namikawa | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7572266 | Young et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7578820 | Moore et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7582095 | Shipp et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7585181 | Olsen | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7588176 | Timm et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7601119 | Shahinian | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7621930 | Houser | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7641653 | Dalla Betta et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7654431 | Hueil et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7659833 | Warner et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7665647 | Shelton, IV et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7670334 | Hueil et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7670338 | Albrecht et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7674263 | Ryan | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7678069 | Baker et al. | Mar 2010 | B1 |
| 7678125 | Shipp | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7682366 | Sakurai et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7686770 | Cohen | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7686826 | Lee et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7688028 | Phillips et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7691098 | Wallace et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7699846 | Ryan | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7713202 | Boukhny et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7714481 | Sakai | May 2010 | B2 |
| D618797 | Price et al. | Jun 2010 | S |
| 7726537 | Olson et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7738969 | Bleich | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7740594 | Hibner | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7751115 | Song | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| D621503 | Otten et al. | Aug 2010 | S |
| 7766210 | Shelton, IV et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7766693 | Sartor et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7770774 | Mastri et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7770775 | Shelton, IV et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7771444 | Patel et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7775972 | Brock et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7778733 | Nowlin et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7780054 | Wales | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7780593 | Ueno et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7780651 | Madhani et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7780659 | Okada et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7784662 | Wales et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7796969 | Kelly et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7798386 | Schall et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7799020 | Shores et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7799045 | Masuda | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7803152 | Honda et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7806891 | Nowlin et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7810693 | Broehl et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7819819 | Quick et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| D627066 | Romero | Nov 2010 | S |
| 7824401 | Manzo et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7832611 | Boyden et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7834484 | Sartor | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7837699 | Yamada et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7845537 | Shelton, IV et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7846155 | Houser et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7846161 | Dumbauld et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7854735 | Houser et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| D631155 | Peine et al. | Jan 2011 | S |
| 7861906 | Doll et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7862560 | Marion | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7876030 | Taki et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| D631965 | Price et al. | Feb 2011 | S |
| 7878991 | Babaev | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7879033 | Sartor et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7892606 | Thies et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7901400 | Wham et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7901423 | Stulen et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7905881 | Masuda et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7922061 | Shelton, IV et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7922651 | Yamada et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| D637288 | Houghton | May 2011 | S |
| D638540 | Ijiri et al. | May 2011 | S |
| 7951165 | Golden et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7959050 | Smith et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7959626 | Hong et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7972329 | Refior et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7976544 | McClurken et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7981050 | Ritchart et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7998157 | Culp et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8038693 | Allen | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8057498 | Robertson | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8058771 | Giordano et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8061014 | Smith et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8070711 | Bassinger et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8070762 | Escudero et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8075558 | Truckai et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8089197 | Rinner et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8097012 | Kagarise | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8105323 | Buysse et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8142461 | Houser et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8152825 | Madan et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8157145 | Shelton, IV et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8161977 | Shelton, IV et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8162966 | Connor et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8172846 | Brunnett et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8172870 | Shipp | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8177800 | Spitz et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8182502 | Stulen et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| D661801 | Price et al. | Jun 2012 | S |
| D661802 | Price et al. | Jun 2012 | S |
| D661803 | Price et al. | Jun 2012 | S |
| D661804 | Price et al. | Jun 2012 | S |
| 8197502 | Smith et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8226675 | Houser et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8236019 | Houser | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8236020 | Smith et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8246575 | Viola | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8246615 | Behnke | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8252012 | Stulen | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8253303 | Giordano et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8257377 | Wiener et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8257387 | Cunningham | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8273087 | Kimura et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| D669992 | Schafer et al. | Oct 2012 | S |
| D669993 | Merchant et al. | Oct 2012 | S |
| 8286846 | Smith et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8287485 | Kimura et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8287528 | Wham et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8287532 | Carroll et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8303576 | Brock | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8319400 | Houser et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8323302 | Robertson et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8333778 | Smith et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8333779 | Smith et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8334468 | Palmer et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8334635 | Voegele et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8337407 | Quistgaard et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8338726 | Palmer et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8344596 | Nield et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8348967 | Stulen | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8357103 | Mark et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8372099 | Deville et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8372101 | Smith et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8372102 | Stulen et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8374670 | Selkee | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8377059 | Deville et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8377085 | Smith et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8382782 | Robertson et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8403948 | Deville et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8403949 | Palmer et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8403950 | Palmer et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8418349 | Smith et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8419757 | Smith et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8419758 | Smith et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8419759 | Dietz | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8425545 | Smith et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8430898 | Wiener et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8435257 | Smith et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8439912 | Cunningham et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8439939 | Deville et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8444637 | Podmore et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8444662 | Palmer et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8444664 | Balanev et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8461744 | Wiener et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8469981 | Robertson et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8479969 | Shelton, IV | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8480703 | Nicholas et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8485413 | Scheib et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8486057 | Behnke, II | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8486096 | Robertson et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8491578 | Manwaring et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| D687549 | Johnson et al. | Aug 2013 | S |
| 8509318 | Tailliet | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8512365 | Wiener et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8523889 | Stulen et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8531064 | Robertson et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8535340 | Allen | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8535341 | Allen | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8546996 | Messerly et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8546999 | Houser et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8573461 | Shelton, IV et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8573465 | Shelton, IV | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8579928 | Robertson et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8591506 | Wham et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8591536 | Robertson | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| D695407 | Price et al. | Dec 2013 | S |
| D696631 | Price et al. | Dec 2013 | S |
| 8602288 | Shelton, IV et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8616431 | Timm et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8623027 | Price et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8650728 | Wan et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8652155 | Houser et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8659208 | Rose et al. | Feb 2014 | B1 |
| 8663220 | Wiener et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8690582 | Rohrbach et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8696366 | Chen et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8704425 | Giordano et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8709031 | Stulen | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8749116 | Messerly et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8752749 | Moore et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8754570 | Voegele et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8764735 | Coe et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8773001 | Wiener et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8779648 | Giordano et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8808319 | Houser et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8827992 | Koss et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 20010025173 | Ritchie et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010025183 | Shahidi | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010025184 | Messerly | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010031950 | Ryan | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010039419 | Francischelli et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020002377 | Cimino | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020019649 | Sikora et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020022836 | Goble et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020029055 | Bonutti | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020049551 | Friedman et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020052617 | Anis et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020077550 | Rabiner et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156466 | Sakurai et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156493 | Houser et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020183774 | Witt et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030014087 | Fang et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030036705 | Hare et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050572 | Brautigam et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030055443 | Spotnitz | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030114851 | Truckai et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030144680 | Kellogg et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199794 | Sakurai et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030204199 | Novak et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212332 | Fenton et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212363 | Shipp | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212422 | Fenton et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030229344 | Dycus et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040030254 | Babaev | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030330 | Brassell et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040047485 | Sherrit et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040054364 | Aranyi et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040064151 | Mollenauer | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040092921 | Kadziauskas et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040092992 | Adams et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040097912 | Gonnering | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040097919 | Wellman et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040097996 | Rabiner et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040116952 | Sakurai et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040147934 | Kiester | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040167508 | Wham et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040176686 | Hare et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040199193 | Hayashi et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040204728 | Haefner | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243147 | Lipow | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040260300 | Gorensek et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050021018 | Anderson et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050021065 | Yamada et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033337 | Muir et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050049546 | Messerly et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050070800 | Takahashi | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050096683 | Ellins et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050099824 | Dowling et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050103819 | Racenet et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050143769 | White et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050149108 | Cox | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050165345 | Laufer et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050177184 | Easley | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050182339 | Lee et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050188743 | Land | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192610 | Houser et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050209620 | Du et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050234484 | Houser et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050249667 | Tuszynski et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050256405 | Makin et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050261581 | Hughes et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050261588 | Makin et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050273090 | Nieman et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288659 | Kimura et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060030797 | Zhou et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060058825 | Ogura et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060063130 | Hayman et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060066181 | Bromfield et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060079879 | Faller et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060084963 | Messerly | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060095046 | Trieu et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060190034 | Nishizawa et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206100 | Eskridge et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206115 | Schomer et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060211943 | Beaupre | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060217729 | Eskridge et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060235306 | Cotter et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060253050 | Yoshimine et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060264809 | Hansmann et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070016235 | Tanaka et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070016236 | Beaupre | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070055228 | Berg et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070056596 | Fanney et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060915 | Kucklick | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060935 | Schwardt et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070063618 | Bromfield | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070074584 | Talarico et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070106317 | Shelton, IV et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070129716 | Daw et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070130771 | Ehlert et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070131034 | Ehlert et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070149881 | Rabin | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070162050 | Sartor | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070166663 | Telles et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173803 | Wham et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173813 | Odom | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173872 | Neuenfeldt | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070175949 | Shelton, IV et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070185380 | Kucklick | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070191712 | Messerly et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070219481 | Babaev | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070239028 | Houser et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070239101 | Kellogg | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070249941 | Salehi et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070260234 | McCullagh et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070265560 | Soltani et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070275348 | Lemon | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070282335 | Young et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070287933 | Phan et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080009848 | Paraschiv et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080051812 | Schmitz et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080058585 | Novak et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080058775 | Darian et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080058845 | Shimizu et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080082039 | Babaev | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080082098 | Tanaka et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114364 | Goldin et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080125768 | Tahara et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080140158 | Hamel et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080171938 | Masuda et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080172051 | Masuda et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177268 | Daum et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188878 | Young | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200940 | Eichmann et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080208108 | Kimura | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080208231 | Ota et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080214967 | Aranyi et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234709 | Houser | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234710 | Neurohr et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080243106 | Coe et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080245371 | Gruber | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080249553 | Gruber et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080255423 | Kondo et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080262490 | Williams | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080281200 | Voic et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080281315 | Gines | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080281322 | Sherman et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287948 | Newton et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20090023985 | Ewers | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090030439 | Stulen | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090036914 | Houser | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090048537 | Lydon et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054886 | Yachi et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054894 | Yachi | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090076506 | Baker | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090082716 | Akahoshi | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090112229 | Omori et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090118751 | Wiener et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090118802 | Mioduski et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090138006 | Bales et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090143799 | Smith et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090143800 | Deville et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090143806 | Witt et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090149801 | Crandall et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090207923 | Dress | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090223033 | Houser | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090254077 | Craig | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090270853 | Yachi et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090270899 | Carusillo et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090275940 | Malackowski et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090318945 | Yoshimine et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090327715 | Smith et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100004508 | Naito et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100016785 | Takuma | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100016852 | Manzo et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100022825 | Yoshie | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030233 | Whitman et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030248 | Palmer et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036370 | Mirel et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100042077 | Okada | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100049180 | Wells et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100069940 | Miller et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100158307 | Kubota et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100187283 | Crainich et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100222714 | Muir et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228264 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234906 | Koh | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100262134 | Jensen et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100274160 | Yachi et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100280407 | Polster | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100292691 | Brogna | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298743 | Nield et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298851 | Nield | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110004233 | Muir et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110009850 | Main et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110015627 | DiNardo et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110077648 | Lee et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110082486 | Messerly et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087212 | Aldridge et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087213 | Messerly et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087214 | Giordano et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087215 | Aldridge et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087216 | Aldridge et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087217 | Yates et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087218 | Boudreaux et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087256 | Wiener et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110112526 | Fritz et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110144806 | Sandhu et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110196398 | Robertson et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110196399 | Robertson et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110196404 | Dietz et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110224689 | Larkin et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110238065 | Hunt et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110257650 | Deville et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110270126 | Gunday et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110290853 | Shelton, IV et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110290856 | Shelton, IV et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120004655 | Kim et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120022525 | Dietz et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120022530 | Woodruff et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120059289 | Nield et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120065628 | Naito | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120071863 | Lee et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078139 | Aldridge et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078243 | Worrell et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078244 | Worrell et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078247 | Worrell et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078278 | Bales, Jr. et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120080332 | Shelton, IV et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120083783 | Davison et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120083784 | Davison et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120116379 | Yates et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120116391 | Houser et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120116394 | Timm et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120116395 | Madan et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120130256 | Buysse et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120130365 | McLawhorn | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120136354 | Rupp | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120138660 | Shelton, IV | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120143211 | Kishi | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150170 | Buysse et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120165816 | Kersten et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120172873 | Artale et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120172904 | Muir et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120177005 | Liang et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120184946 | Price et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120199630 | Shelton, IV | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120199632 | Spivey et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120203247 | Shelton, IV et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120209289 | Duque et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120209303 | Frankhouser et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120210223 | Eppolito | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120245582 | Kimball et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120259353 | Houser et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120265196 | Turner et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120269676 | Houser et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120310262 | Messerly et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120330307 | Ladtkow et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130012957 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130012970 | Houser | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130030433 | Heard | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130035680 | Ben-Haim et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130053840 | Krapohl et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130072856 | Frankhouser et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130072857 | Frankhouser et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130079762 | Twomey et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130103023 | Monson et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130103024 | Monson et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130110145 | Weitzman | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130123776 | Monson et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130123777 | Monson et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130123782 | Trees et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130123822 | Wellman et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130131660 | Monson et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130165929 | Muir et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130211397 | Parihar et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130217967 | Mohr et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226207 | Stulen et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226208 | Wiener et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130245659 | Robertson et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130267975 | Timm et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130274734 | Maass et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130282003 | Messerly et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130285758 | Aldridge et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130289591 | Boudreaux et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130296908 | Schulte et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130338661 | Behnke, II | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20130345689 | Ruddenklau et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20130345733 | Robertson et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140005640 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005653 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005654 | Batross et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005656 | Mucilli et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005661 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005662 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005667 | Stulen et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005668 | Rhee et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005676 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005680 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005681 | Gee et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005682 | Worrell et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005701 | Olson et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005702 | Timm et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005703 | Stulen et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005704 | Vakharia et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005705 | Weir et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005708 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140005718 | Shelton, IV et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140058427 | Robertson | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140066962 | Robertson et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140087569 | Lee | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140107538 | Wiener et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140114327 | Boudreaux et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140114334 | Olson et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140135804 | Weisenburgh, II et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140155921 | Price et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140180280 | Sigmon, Jr. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140243864 | Voegele et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140276738 | Price et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140276970 | Messerly et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2003241752 | Sep 2003 | AU |
| 1634601 | Jul 2005 | CN |
| 1640365 | Jul 2005 | CN |
| 1694649 | Nov 2005 | CN |
| 1922563 | Feb 2007 | CN |
| 1951333 | Apr 2007 | CN |
| 101040799 | Sep 2007 | CN |
| 101467917 | Jan 2009 | CN |
| 9210327 | Nov 1992 | DE |
| 4323585 | Jan 1995 | DE |
| 19608716 | Apr 1997 | DE |
| 20021619 | Mar 2001 | DE |
| 10042606 | Aug 2001 | DE |
| 0171967 | Feb 1986 | EP |
| 1839599 | Oct 1987 | EP |
| 0443256 | Aug 1991 | EP |
| 0456470 | Nov 1991 | EP |
| 0598976 | Jan 1994 | EP |
| 0677275 | Mar 1995 | EP |
| 0482195 | Jan 1996 | EP |
| 0695535 | Feb 1996 | EP |
| 0741996 | Nov 1996 | EP |
| 0612570 | Jun 1997 | EP |
| 1108394 | Jun 2001 | EP |
| 0908148 | Jan 2002 | EP |
| 1229515 | Aug 2002 | EP |
| 1285634 | Feb 2003 | EP |
| 0908155 | Jun 2003 | EP |
| 0705570 | Apr 2004 | EP |
| 0765637 | Jul 2004 | EP |
| 0870473 | Sep 2005 | EP |
| 0624346 | Nov 2005 | EP |
| 1594209 | Nov 2005 | EP |
| 1199044 | Dec 2005 | EP |
| 1609428 | Dec 2005 | EP |
| 1199043 | Mar 2006 | EP |
| 1433425 | Jun 2006 | EP |
| 1704824 | Sep 2006 | EP |
| 1749479 | Feb 2007 | EP |
| 1815950 | Aug 2007 | EP |
| 1844720 | Oct 2007 | EP |
| 1862133 | Dec 2007 | EP |
| 1199045 | Jun 2008 | EP |
| 1972264 | Sep 2008 | EP |
| 1974771 | Oct 2008 | EP |
| 1435852 | Dec 2008 | EP |
| 1498082 | Dec 2008 | EP |
| 1707131 | Dec 2008 | EP |
| 1997438 | Dec 2008 | EP |
| 1477104 | Jan 2009 | EP |
| 2014218 | Jan 2009 | EP |
| 2042112 | Apr 2009 | EP |
| 1832259 | Jun 2009 | EP |
| 2074959 | Jul 2009 | EP |
| 2111813 | Oct 2009 | EP |
| 2200145 | Jun 2010 | EP |
| 1214913 | Jul 2010 | EP |
| 2238938 | Oct 2010 | EP |
| 2298154 | Mar 2011 | EP |
| 1510178 | Jun 2011 | EP |
| 2305144 | Jun 2011 | EP |
| 2335630 | Jun 2011 | EP |
| 1502551 | Jul 2011 | EP |
| 2361562 | Aug 2011 | EP |
| 2365608 | Sep 2011 | EP |
| 2316359 | Mar 2013 | EP |
| 1586275 | May 2013 | EP |
| 1616529 | Sep 2013 | EP |
| 2032221 | Apr 1980 | GB |
| 2379878 | Nov 2004 | GB |
| 2447767 | Aug 2011 | GB |
| S50-100891 | Dec 1973 | JP |
| S59-68513 | Oct 1982 | JP |
| 62-221343 | Sep 1987 | JP |
| S62-227343 | Oct 1987 | JP |
| 62-292153 | Dec 1987 | JP |
| 63-109386 | May 1988 | JP |
| 63-315049 | Dec 1988 | JP |
| H01-151452 | Jun 1989 | JP |
| H01-198540 | Aug 1989 | JP |
| 02-71510 | May 1990 | JP |
| 2-286149 | Nov 1990 | JP |
| H02-292193 | Dec 1990 | JP |
| 04-25707 | Feb 1992 | JP |
| 4-30508 | Mar 1992 | JP |
| 05-095955 | Apr 1993 | JP |
| H06-070938 | Mar 1994 | JP |
| 6-104503 | Apr 1994 | JP |
| 6-507081 | Aug 1994 | JP |
| H 7-508910 | Oct 1995 | JP |
| 7-308323 | Nov 1995 | JP |
| 8-24266 | Jan 1996 | JP |
| 8-275951 | Oct 1996 | JP |
| H08-336545 | Dec 1996 | JP |
| H09-503146 | Mar 1997 | JP |
| H09-135553 | May 1997 | JP |
| 10-295700 | Nov 1998 | JP |
| H11-501543 | Feb 1999 | JP |
| H11-128238 | May 1999 | JP |
| H11-192235 | Jul 1999 | JP |
| 11-253451 | Sep 1999 | JP |
| 2000-041991 | Feb 2000 | JP |
| 2000-070279 | Mar 2000 | JP |
| 2000-210299 | Aug 2000 | JP |
| 2000-287987 | Oct 2000 | JP |
| 2001-502216 | Feb 2001 | JP |
| 2003612 | Jun 2001 | JP |
| 2001-309925 | Nov 2001 | JP |
| 2002-186901 | Jul 2002 | JP |
| 2002-204808 | Jul 2002 | JP |
| 2002-263579 | Sep 2002 | JP |
| 2002-301086 | Oct 2002 | JP |
| 2002-330977 | Nov 2002 | JP |
| 2002-542690 | Dec 2002 | JP |
| 2003-000612 | Jan 2003 | JP |
| 2003-010201 | Jan 2003 | JP |
| 2003-510158 | Mar 2003 | JP |
| 2003-126110 | May 2003 | JP |
| 2003-310627 | May 2003 | JP |
| 2003-530921 | Oct 2003 | JP |
| 2003-339730 | Dec 2003 | JP |
| 2004-147701 | May 2004 | JP |
| 2005027026 | Jan 2005 | JP |
| 2005-066316 | Mar 2005 | JP |
| 2005-074088 | Mar 2005 | JP |
| 2005-534451 | Nov 2005 | JP |
| 2006-6410 | Jan 2006 | JP |
| 2006-116194 | May 2006 | JP |
| 2006-158525 | Jun 2006 | JP |
| 2006-218296 | Aug 2006 | JP |
| 2006217716 | Aug 2006 | JP |
| 2006-288431 | Oct 2006 | JP |
| 2007-050181 | Mar 2007 | JP |
| 2007-229454 | Sep 2007 | JP |
| 2007-527747 | Oct 2007 | JP |
| 2008-508065 | Mar 2008 | JP |
| 2008-119250 | May 2008 | JP |
| 2008-212679 | Sep 2008 | JP |
| 2009-511206 | Mar 2009 | JP |
| 2009-517181 | Apr 2009 | JP |
| 4262923 | May 2009 | JP |
| 2009-523567 | Jun 2009 | JP |
| 2010-514923 | May 2010 | JP |
| 2010-540186 | Dec 2010 | JP |
| 2012-235658 | Nov 2012 | JP |
| 5208761 | Jun 2013 | JP |
| WO 9222259 | Dec 1992 | WO |
| WO 9314708 | Aug 1993 | WO |
| WO 9316646 | Sep 1993 | WO |
| WO 9320877 | Oct 1993 | WO |
| WO 9421183 | Sep 1994 | WO |
| WO 9509572 | Apr 1995 | WO |
| WO 9630885 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO 9826739 | Jun 1998 | WO |
| WO 9835621 | Aug 1998 | WO |
| WO 9837815 | Sep 1998 | WO |
| WO 9952489 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| WO 0074585 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO 0154590 | Aug 2001 | WO |
| WO 0167970 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0195810 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO 02062241 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 2004012615 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004026104 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004032754 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004032762 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004032763 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004037095 | May 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004098426 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| WO 2004112618 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| WO 2005122917 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006012797 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006042210 | Apr 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006058223 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006063199 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006083988 | Aug 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006119139 | Nov 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006119376 | Nov 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006129465 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| WO 2007008703 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007008710 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007040818 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007047380 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007047531 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007056590 | May 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007087272 | Aug 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007143665 | Dec 2007 | WO |
| WO 2008016886 | Feb 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008042021 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008049084 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008130793 | Oct 2008 | WO |
| WO 2009018406 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009027065 | Mar 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009046234 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009120992 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| WO 2010068783 | Jun 2010 | WO |
| WO 2011008672 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| WO 2011052939 | May 2011 | WO |
| WO 2011144911 | Nov 2011 | WO |
| WO 2012061722 | May 2012 | WO |
| WO 2012135705 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| WO 2013018934 | Feb 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013062978 | May 2013 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| European Search Report for 11175923.9, dated Oct. 7, 2013, 2013 (5 pages). |
| European Search Report for 11175923.9, dated Nov. 30, 2012 (6 pages). |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US2008/071706, dated Feb. 2, 2010 (12 pages). |
| Partial International Search Report for PCT/US2008/071706, Feb. 25, 2009 (2 pages). |
| International Search Report for PCT/US2008/071706, May 19, 2009 (9 pages). |
| Technology Overview, printed from wwvv.harmonicscalpel.com, Internet site, website accessed on Jun. 13, 2007, (3 pages). |
| Sherrit et al., “Novel Horn Designs for Ultrasonic/Sonic Cleaning Welding, Soldering, Cutting and Drilling,” Proc. SPIE Smart Structures Conference, vol. 4701, Paper No. 34, San Diego, CA, pp. 353-360, Mar. 2002. |
| AST Products, Inc., “Principles of Video Contact Angle Analysis,” 20 pages, (2006). |
| Lim et al., “A Review of Mechanism Used in Laparoscopic Surgical Instruments,” Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 38, pp. 1133-1147, (2003). |
| Gooch et al., “Recommended Infection-Control Practices for Dentistry, 1993,” Published: May 28, 1993; [retrieved on Aug. 23, 2008]. Retrieved from the internet: URL: http//wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000191/p0000191.asp (15 pages). |
| Huston et al., “Magnetic and Magnetostrictive Properties of Cube Textured Nickel for Magnetostrictive Transducer Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 9(4), pp. 636-640 (Dec. 1973). |
| Incropera et al., “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer”, Wiley, New York (1990). |
| F. A. Duck, “Optical Properties of Tissue Including Ultraviolet and Infrared Radiation,” pp. 43-71 in Physical Properties of Tissue (1990). |
| Orr et al., “Overview of Bioheat Transfer,” pp. 367-384 in Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue, A. J. Welch and M. J. C. van Gernert, eds., Plenum, New York (1995). |
| Campbell et al, “Thermal Imaging in Surgery,” pp. 19-3, in Medical Infrared Imaging, N. A. Diakides and J. D. Bronzino, Eds. (2008). |
| Sullivan, “Cost-Constrained Selection of Strand Diameter and No. In a Litz-Wire Transformer Winding,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 16, No. 2, Mar. 2001, pp. 281-288. |
| Sullivan, “Optimal Choice for Number of Strands in a Litz-Wire Transformer Winding,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, No. 2, Mar. 1999, pp. 283-291. |
| Graff, K.F., “Elastic Wave Propagation in a Curved Sonic Transmission Line,” IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, SU-17(1), 1-6 (1970). |
| Makarov, S. N., Ochmann, M., Desinger, K., “The longitudinal vibration response of a curved fiber used for laser ultrasound surgical therapy,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, 1191-1199 (1997). |
| Morley, L. S. D., “Elastic Waves in a Naturally Curved Rod,” Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 14: 155-172 (1961). |
| Walsh, S. J., White, R. G., “Vibrational Power Transmission in Curved Beams,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 233(3), 455-488 (2000). |
| http://www.apicalinstr.com/generators.htm. |
| http://www.dotmed.com/listing/electrosurical-unit/ethicon/ultracision-g110-/1466724. |
| http:/www.ethicon.com/gb-en/healthcare-professionals/products/energy-devices/capital//ge. |
| http://www.4-traders.com/Johnson-Johnson-4832/news/Johnson-Johnson-Ethicon-E. |
| http://www.medicalexpo.com/medical-manufacturer/electrosurgical-generator-6951.html. |
| http://www.megadyne.com/es—generator.php. |
| http://www.valleylab.com/product/es/generators/index.html. |
| Covidien 501(k) Summary Sonicision, dated Feb. 24, 2011 (7 pages). |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/751,680, filed Jan. 28, 2013. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/057,682, filed Oct. 18, 2013. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130282039 A1 | Oct 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11888222 | Jul 2007 | US |
| Child | 13923954 | US |
