Patent Grant
11957332
This disclosure relates generally to suture fasteners, including systems and methods for their installation.
Heart valve disease is a widespread condition in which one or more of the valves of the heart fails to function properly. Various surgical techniques may be used to repair a diseased or damaged valve, including securing a cardiac implant to a diseased annulus. Cardiac implants can include prosthetic heart valves and annuloplasty rings.
In a typical valve replacement operation, damaged heart valve leaflets are excised and the annulus sculpted to receive a replacement valve. About one-half of patients receive a mechanical heart valve, which is often made from rigid, synthetic materials, and the remaining patients receive bioprosthetic heart valve replacements, which use biologically derived tissues for flexible, fluid occluding leaflets.
Another, less drastic, method for treating defective valves is through repair or reconstruction, which is typically used on minimally calcified valves. One repair technique that has been shown to be effective in treating incompetence is annuloplasty, in which the deformed valve annulus is reshaped by attaching a prosthetic annuloplasty repair segment or ring to the valve annulus.
In a typical cardiac implant procedure, the aorta is incised and, in a valve replacement operation, the defective valve is removed, leaving the desired placement site that may include a fibrous tissue layer or annular tissue. Known cardiac implant techniques include individually pre-installing sutures through the fibrous tissue or desired placement site within the valve annulus to form an array of sutures. Free ends of the sutures are draped out of the thoracic cavity and are spaced apart, sometimes being distributed around a suture organizer. The free ends of the sutures are then individually threaded through a suture-permeable sewing edge of the annuloplasty ring or prosthetic heart valve.
Once all sutures have been run through the sewing edge (typically 12 to 18 sutures), all the sutures are pulled up taught and the prosthesis is slid or “parachuted” down until it sits against the target annulus. The cardiac implant is then secured in place by traditional knot tying of the anchoring sutures on the proximal side of the sewing edge. There are often 7-10 knots on each suture advanced by pushing the knots one at a time to the desired location by using a knot pusher device. This procedure can be time-consuming.
During open-heart procedures, the patient is typically on heart-lung bypass, which can reduce the patient's oxygen level and create non-physiologic blood flow dynamics. The longer a patient is on heart-lung bypass, the greater the risk for complications, including permanent health damage. Existing techniques for suturing cardiac implants can extend the duration of bypass and increase the health risks due to heart-lung bypass. Furthermore, the securing force created by suturing varies significantly because the pre-tensioning of the suture just prior to knot tying can be difficult to consistently maintain, even for an experienced medical professional. Additionally, a clinician must often work in the limited space near the heart to tie knots in sutures. This can be a cumbersome process even for a clinician of great dexterity and patience.
Disclosed herein are embodiments of an improved suture fastener, and systems and methods for their use. The fasteners, systems, and methods can be used, for example, in securing heart valve repair or replacement prostheses in or near the heart. The devices and methods are particularly well suited for traditional or minimally invasive surgery. The fasteners can eliminate the need for surgical knots, thus reducing surgical time and exposure. Further, the fasteners can improve the ease of implantation, because the clinician need not tie knots in the limited space in and around the heart. Compared with other suture fasteners, the present disclosure can provide multi-layer suture fasteners than can provide for more secure suture retention, and the ability to sever suture more closely to the surface of the fastener, which can reduce the length of suture tails.
Some embodiments of a multi-layer suture fastener include a generally disc-shaped body defining a plurality of axially spaced-apart layers. Each layer can include an inner axial surface and an outer axial surface. A suture opening can extend from the inner axial surface to the outer axial surface of each layer. The suture openings can have an open configuration and a closed configuration. One or more lines of suture can be passed through the suture openings when in the open configuration. The suture openings can be placed in the closed configuration. In the closed configuration, the one or more lines of suture can be restricted by radial surfaces of the suture opening from sliding through the suture openings in at least one longitudinal direction of the one or more lines of suture.
In some implementations, the suture openings can be plastically deformable from the open configuration to the closed configuration. For example, the suture fastener can be crimped or compressed by a deployment tool. In further implementations, the suture opening can be elastically deformable. For example, the suture openings can be biased in the closed position. A deployment tool can elastically deform the suture fasteners such that the suture openings obtain the open configuration. One or more lines of suture can be inserted through the suture openings, and then the suture openings can resume the closed configuration, such as after being released from the deployment tool.
In further aspects, the suture openings can be radially, axially, or both radially and axially aligned. In other aspects, two or more of the axially spaced-apart layers can have suture openings that are not radially, axially, or both radially and axially aligned.
In particular implementations, the plurality of axially spaced-apart layers can include first and second tabs extending, respectively, from first and second sides of an annular outer surface of the layers. A pair of curved slots can pass through the layers inwardly from the annular outer surface of the layer defining the two tabs. The suture openings can include a middle slit that connects the curved slots and separates the tabs.
At least a portion of the area between each of the plurality of axially spaced-apart layers can be hollow, empty, or otherwise devoid of material. In some cases, at least a portion of the outer radial surfaces of the plurality of layers is axially contiguous about an outer radial surface of the device. In more specific examples, at least a portion of the outer radial surfaces of the plurality of layers are not axially contiguous about the outer radial surface of the device. For example, the non-contiguous portions can define apertures to the empty portion of the suture fastener between the axially spaced-apart layers.
In a further embodiment, the present disclosure provides a suture fastener deployment system. The system can include a deployment device that includes a handle, a shaft extending from the handle, a fastener deployment mechanism disposed at a proximal end of the shaft, and an actuator coupled to the handle and configured to active the deployment mechanism. The system can further include a suture fastener having a generally disc-shaped body defining a plurality of axially spaced-apart layers, such as a fastener described above. One or more lines of suture can be passed through suture openings formed in the axially spaced-apart layers when the suture openings are in an open configuration. The suture openings can obtain the closed configuration when the deployment mechanism is active by the actuator. When the suture openings are in the closed configuration, the one or more lines of suture are restricted from sliding through the suture openings in at least one longitudinal direction of the one or more lines of suture.
In some implementations, the deployment mechanism can plastically deform the suture fastener. In other implementations, the deployment mechanism can elastically deform the suture fastener such that the suture openings are held in the open configuration during deployment.
According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for securing one or more lines of suture. One or more lines of suture are installed at an anatomical location. The one or more lines of suture are passed through a suture fastener. The suture fastener include a generally disc-shaped body defining a plurality of axially-spaced apart layers. The layers each include an inner axial surface, an outer axial surface, and a suture opening extending from the inner axial surface to the outer axial surface. The suture openings have an open configuration and a closed configuration and are configured to receive the one or more lines of suture in the open configuration and secure the one or more lines of suture in the closed configuration. The suture fastener can be, for example, a suture fastener described above.
With a deployment tool, the suture openings can be manipulated from the open configuration to the closed configuration, thereby securing the one or more lines of suture against movement in at least one longitudinal direction of the one or more lines of suture. In some implementations, manipulating the suture openings from the open configuration to the closed configuration can include plastically deforming the suture fastener. In other implementations, manipulating the suture openings from the open configuration to the closed configuration can include elastically deforming the suture fastener during deployment, where the suture openings elastically resume the closed configuration after deployment of the suture fastener about the one or more lines of suture.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed technology will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.
The present disclosure provides fasteners, such as suture clips, and systems and methods for their deployment. In particular examples, the suture clips and deployment systems can be used for securing a cardiac implant to a heart valve annulus. “Proximal” and “distal” can refer to the opposite directions toward, and away from, respectively, a surgeon performing a procedure using the suture clips.
The term cardiac implant as used herein can refer to prosthetic heart valves and annuloplasty rings or segments. However, the suture fastening systems described herein can be used to attach other prostheses, such as stents, grafts, stent-grafts, fluid delivery reservoirs, electro-stimulators, artificial chordae, or the like. Furthermore, the cardiac implants are desirably secured at a target heart valve annulus, but the suture fastening systems may also be used to attach implants to other anatomical structures such as vessels, organs (e.g., intestine, heart, skin, liver, kidney, stomach) or other locations where sutures are typically used to attach the implant. Indeed, the present suture fastening systems can be used to secure tissue structures together, such as for approximating tissue, closing vascular punctures, or closing other wounds.
Several exemplary embodiments of suture fasteners are disclosed herein and shown in the accompanying figures. These embodiments should not be construed as limiting in any way. Instead, the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious features and aspects of the suture fastening systems described herein, alone and in various combinations and sub-combinations with one another, and regardless of what type of suture fastener is used. The suture fasteners can secure a single suture or to two or more sutures at the same time.
The disclosed suture fasteners can engage a suture by first threading a free end of the suture through an opening in the fastener. For example, in the embodiment shown in
While, in some cases, the suture fasteners can include biased tabs, in other cases, certain aspects described herein may be useful with closures (e.g., suture fasteners) that are plastically deformable. For example, the fasteners disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,702 include a tubular body that is crimped so as to deform around and clamp onto a suture, and such deformable fastener may be used in the systems described herein with certain modifications, such as providing a deforming hammer.
Once a suture fastener is positioned on a suture and released, the fastener can prevent the suture from sliding axially through the device in one or both longitudinal directions of the suture. In some embodiments, the device can be biased to allow the suture to slide through the device in one longitudinal direction, but prevent the suture from sliding in the opposite direction, forming a one-way suture lock, or ratchet mechanism. In other embodiments, the device can prevent the suture from sliding in both longitudinal directions, forming a more restrictive two-way suture lock.
By using the disclosed suture fasteners rather than tying knots in the sutures, the sutures can be secured in less time and with less difficulty (especially in hard-to-reach locations). In addition, some suture fasteners can allow the amount of slack left in the sutures to be more precisely controlled, the devices can be less likely to come loose than knots, and some embodiments of the devices can be easily removed or adjusted after they are initially deployed. Furthermore, the suture fasteners can be small, durable, biocompatible, and inexpensive.
In this example, each device 10 secures together two sutures 6 extending generally in parallel and through the annuloplasty ring 2, in place of a standard knot. In other examples, a separate device 10 can be secured to each suture 6 at the location where the suture passes through the annuloplasty ring 2. Either way, the devices 10 can prevent the sutures 6 from sliding through the devices toward the annuloplasty ring 2, keeping the sutures taut, and keeping the ring 2 secured against the mitral valve tissue 4. In some embodiments, such as the devices 10 shown in
While
In the closed condition, the tabs 34, 36 can be aligned with the disc-shaped body. One or more sutures 43 can be inserted into the slit 42 from either the top or the bottom, deflecting both tabs 34, 36 in the direction of insertion, as shown in
In some implementations of the suture fastener 30 (not shown), the two tabs 34, 36 can be elastically deformed in opposite directions, with one tab bending upwardly out-of-plane and the other tab bending downwardly out-of-plane. This can lock the sutures from sliding in either direction through the suture fastener 30. The two sutures 43 shown in
One or more sutures can be inserted into the slit 42 from either the top or the bottom, deflecting both tabs 34, 36 in the direction of insertion, as was shown in
To help retain sutures in the midsection of the slit 42′, the slit can include serpentine sections 47 on either side. The tabs 34′, 36′ can be identical, or mirror images of each other, though one may be larger than the other. Small circular enlargements 48 on the terminal end of each curved slot 38′, 40′ can facilitate bending of the tabs 34′, 36′, and can act as stress relievers to reduce the chance of fracture at those points. Two semi-circular cutouts 49 can be provided on opposite sides of the outer edge 32′, perpendicular to the straight section of the slit 42′. The cutouts 48 can provide an orientation feature for the suture fastener 46 that can cooperate with features on a tool (not shown), which can hold and deploy multiple suture fasteners in series.
Some suture fasteners can be relatively thin, disc-shaped members, but have a generally curved rather than a planar shape. The embodiments shown in
In some embodiments, the upper and lower major surfaces can be curved in one direction and non-curved in a perpendicular direction (like a sidewall of a cylinder), such that the surfaces have central axis of curvature. In some embodiments, both major surfaces can have a common central axis of curvature. In other embodiments, the major surfaces can be curved in other manners, such as having concentric spherical major surfaces that share a common center of curvature. By providing suture fasteners with a curved structure, the fasteners can be biased to provide greater resistance to sutures moving toward the concave direction while more readily allowing sutures to move toward the convex direction.
In some embodiments, such curved suture fasteners can be formed from a sidewall of a tube. The outer radius of the tube can define the curvature of the convex major surface of the suture fastener while the inner radius of the tube can define the curvature of the concave major surface of the device. The uniform thickness of a curved suture fastener can be equal to the wall thickness of the tube that the device is cut from. In other embodiments, the suture fasteners can be formed from a sidewall of a non-cylindrical tube, or from a wall of other three-dimensional objects having a curved wall, such as a hollow sphere, spheroid, ellipsoid, etc., or from other three-dimensional objects having a curvature, for example, a saddle shape.
The suture fasteners disclosed herein may be formed from suitable biocompatible materials, including, for example, nickel-titanium alloys (e.g., nitinol) or other shape-memory alloys, stainless steel, titanium, other metals, various plastics, and other biologically-compatible materials. The illustrated suture fasteners can have mostly flat, or curved, disc-shaped bodies which can be relatively thin axially, and, in some examples, may be up to about 1-2 mm in height. The diameter of the suture fasteners may be, in particular examples, between about 2-4 mm. In more specific examples, the suture fasteners can be sufficiently large to be incapable of penetrating a suture-permeable sewing edge of a cardiac implant, such as a sewing ring of a prosthetic heart valve or an annuloplasty ring. That is, the suture fasteners can be wide enough to avoid being pulled through a sewing edge of a cardiac implant when the sutures captured therein are placed under tension. In other examples, the fasteners may have a different height or diameter.
Braided sutures are typically used to attach prosthetic heart valves to annuluses, as opposed to monofilament polypropylene sutures (e.g., Prolene suture, Ethicon), which are often used in other surgical environments. In the United States, suture diameter can be represented on a scale descending from 10 to 1, and then descending again from 1-0 to 12-0. A number 9 suture is 0.0012 in (about 0.03 mm) in diameter, while the smallest, number 12-0, has a diameter of about 0.001-0.004 mm, which is thinner than a human hair. Although suture size can depend on surgeon preference, typically 1-0 or 2-0 braided sutures are used to attach prosthetic heart valves to annuluses. In one embodiment, if larger sutures are used, the diameter of the suture fastener can be up to about 4 mm, while if smaller sutures, such as 2-0, are used the diameter may be as small as about 2 mm.
The suture fasteners described herein can include self-actuating or spring-loaded devices that clamp onto sutures. Passing one or more sutures through the suture fastener, and then converting it from an open to a closed state, can cause features to collapse inwardly and clamp onto the suture(s). The conversion can desirably occur upon removal of an impediment to inward motion of clamping elements, though other spring-loaded configurations are possible. For added security, a supplemental portion (not shown) of the suture fasteners disclosed herein may be deformable so that a user may crimp it onto the sutures—a hybrid fastener.
For the purpose of defining terms, the term “self-actuating” suture fastener can refer to a spring-biased type of device which does not require crimping, but which, on the other hand, does not exclude a crimpable portion. A “self-actuating” suture fastener may not be entirely autonomous, in that there can be a trigger prior to the deployment, such as removal of an element or change in temperature, but the term excludes devices where all suture-retaining features require mechanical crimping using a supplemental tool, such as a hammer and anvil system.
Alternative self-actuating fasteners may be made of a temperature-activated memory material that biases the fastener to its closed configuration when exposed to a selected temperature range. With the temperature-activated memory material in its austenite state, the fastener tabs can extend into the inner lumen to their greatest extent, so that the fastener is in a “closed” configuration wherein the tabs block movement of any lengths of suture passing through the inner lumen. The austenite state can be set to occur when the suture fastener is generally unstressed and at human body temperature, so that when deployed in the patient's body it will be remain biased toward its closed configuration.
Fastener Deployment Tools
The deployment tool 200 can be intended to be reused during a surgical procedure, and can be made of materials that enable sterilization for a subsequent procedure. For instance, the outer shaft 204 can be made from stainless steel tube, and may be available in multiple lengths to facilitate a variety of surgical techniques, such as during heart valve repair or replacement, or for implant of other medical devices. An exemplary OD of the shaft 204 is about 3.2 mm (about ⅛ inch).
A subassembly 210 including a disposable fastener cartridge 212 and suture snare 214 can be configured to mate with a distal tip 216 of the deployment tool shaft 204, and as such is shown slightly removed therefrom in
An alternative embodiment of a suture snare 224 shown in
With reference to
As seen in
It should be noted that the illustrated locking structure provided on the deployment tool shaft 204 that engages the mating structure on the cartridge 212 is exemplary only, and other such configurations are contemplated. For example, the cartridge 212 may include threads that engage similar threads on the tool shaft 204, or the connection may be a spring-loaded bearing on the shaft 204 which snap fits into a groove on the cartridge 212.
With reference to the sectional views of
The disposable fastener cartridge 212 can comprise a thermoplastic molded over the rib 264, which is can be a metal, such as stainless steel or a cobalt-chromium alloy. The stainless steel rib 264 and its stops 266 can be sufficiently hard to maintain the suture fastener 250 in an open position without deformation, while the cartridge 212 as a whole can be a relatively inexpensive item. In any one procedure, ten or more of the cartridges 212 and fasteners 250 may be used and discarded with minimal expense. The deployment tool 200, in some cases, can be reused, at least for the one procedure, and then may be sterilized for subsequent use.
The fastener 250 may be any of the fasteners described above, such as those shown in
The cartridge body 252 can also include an access port 270, typically located opposite the lockout 260. As seen in
The surgeon can pre-attach the anchoring sutures S at evenly-spaced locations around the aortic annulus. The anchoring sutures S can be typically looped twice through the annulus from the outflow or ascending aorta side to the inflow or ventricular side. Of course, other suturing methods or pledgets may be used depending on surgeon preference. Once each anchoring suture S can be secured to the annulus, it can extend proximally in pairs of free lengths out of the operating site. The heart valve HV can be typically mounted on a valve holder and delivery handle (not shown), and the surgeon can thread the pairs of anchoring sutures S through evenly spaced locations around the sewing ring SR corresponding to their locations around the annulus. The surgeon then can advance the valve HV into position within the aortic annulus along the array of anchoring sutures S. Some of the anchoring sutures S are not shown around the front of the heart valve HV in
Subsequently, the surgeon can install a suture fastener 250 on each pair of anchoring sutures S on the proximal or outflow side of the sewing ring SR. This can be accomplished using the fastener deployment tool 200 in conjunction with the suture snare 214. First, the surgeon can capture two free lengths of a pair of anchoring sutures S with the snare end 220 of the snare 214 using forceps, for example. Subsequently, the surgeon can pull the suture snare 214 proximally through and out of engagement with the deployment tool 200, as indicated by the arrows in
The surgeon then can maintain tension on the anchoring sutures S through the side port 244, and advance the shaft 204 of the deployment tool 200 distally until it contacts the valve sewing ring SR. The suture fastener 250 can then be deployed using the trigger actuator 206 (
After pulling the sutures S in a proximal direction through the fastener 250, cartridge 212, and deployment tool 200, the surgeon can trigger the actuator 206, which can displace the push rod 234 distally. As seen in
Once the fastener 250 is pushed off of the stops 266, the biased tabs 268 can spring back toward their natural, relaxed shape (which, in the illustrated embodiment is in the plane of the rest of the fastener), clamping down on the sutures S. Assuming the surgeon has positioned the distal end of the cartridge 212 against the heart valve sewing ring SR, the fastener 250 can provide an anchor to hold the sewing ring against the annulus at that point.
Now with reference to
The heart valve HV can be representative of numerous types of heart valves, including those with flexible leaflets as shown, and also mechanical valves with rigid metallic leaflets, in addition to other surgical implants as mentioned above. Further, the flexible leaflet heart valve HV is shown with the suture fasteners 250 deployed from an outflow side of the valve, which typically indicates that the valve is for implant at the aortic annulus where the outflow is also the proximal side relative to conventional heart valve delivery. However, it should be understood that the suture fasteners 250 could be reversed within the heart valve HV so that they are deployed from the inflow side, such as in a mitral valve replacement procedure.
In this embodiment, a marker line 302 can be provided on the same side of the tool shaft 204 as the locking pin 242 and extend a short distance from the distal tip 216 in a proximal direction. This marker line 302 can facilitate alignment of the axial slot 256 on the cartridge 212 with the locking pin 242.
The snare 300 can comprise the key 304, wire 306, and a proximal handle 308 in the form of a bulb. The flexible wire 306 can extend from the proximal handle 308 and loop around the placement grip/key 304, and can be held within an outer groove 309 therein. The loop formed by the wire 306 can be routed around the groove 309 in the placement grip/key 304 for shipping, storage and handling purposes, and to prevent twisting or tangling of the loop.
Subsequently, the user can pull the placement grip/key 304 axially away from the fastener cartridge 212 to create some separation therebetween, as seen in
As seen in
Finally, as seen in
As explained above, the suture snare 300 can comprise the placement grip/key 304 connected via the flexible wire 306 to the proximal handle 308. The placement grip/key 304 and proximal handle 308 can be made of a relatively soft polymer, such as an elastomer. A proximal end of the key 304 can include an enlarged annular sleeve 320 having an inner diameter that can be sized approximately the same as the outer diameter of the fastener cartridge 212. The annular sleeve 320 can thus be pushed over the distal tip of the cartridge 212 and it can be held thereon by a close interference fit.
The flexible wire 306 can pass inwardly through the aligned ports 270, 244, as explained above, out through the suture fastener 250 at the distal end of the cartridge 212, backward between the sleeve 320 and the cartridge, and then into the peripheral groove 309 around the key. The flexible wire 306 can be formed of an annealed stainless steel having a diameter of about 180 μm (about 0.007 inches), and can have sufficient flexibility to withstand kinking when routed in this manner.
Suture Fasteners Having Axially Spaced-Apart Layers
With reference to
Each layer 408, 410 can include an outer annular edge 424 between inner 428 and outer 430 axial surfaces of the layers. As shown in
Small circular enlargements 448 on the terminal end of each curved slot 444, 446 can facilitate bending of the tabs 434, 436, and can act as stress relievers to reduce the chance of fracture at those points. In some cases, the outer annular edges 424 of the layers 408, 410 can include semi-circular cutouts 452 on opposing radial surfaces. In particular examples, the cutouts 452 can be perpendicular to the slit 440. The cutouts 452 can provide an orientation feature for the suture fastener 400 to cooperate with features on a deployment device, such as a tool that can hold and deploy multiple suture fasteners in series. In other examples, the cutouts 452 can be located elsewhere on the fastener 400, the cutouts can be omitted, or another orienting feature used in addition to, or in place of, the cutouts.
Although the suture fastener 400 is shown with two axially spaced-apart layers 408, 410, in other cases, the suture fastener 400 can include more than two axially spaced-apart layers. Each of the axially spaced-apart layers may be separated by a hollow portion. Each layer can be configured in a similar manner in some aspects. In other aspects, one or more of the layers may have a different configuration. For example, the orientation of the slit 440, tabs 434, 436, slots 444, 446, or cutouts 452 may differ between layers, such that the suture openings of each of the axially spaced-apart layers are not axially, radially, or both axially and radially aligned.
In addition, a multi-layer suture fastener can comprise a clamping feature or structure other than that shown in
The suture fastener 400 can be constructed generally as described for the suture fasteners shown in
The use of suture fasteners having multiple axially spaced-apart layers 408, 410 can provide a number of advantages. For example, one or more lines of suture extending through the fastener 410 can be gripped between the slits 440 of each of the layers 408, 410. Thus, being gripped by multiple slits, the suture can be gripped more securely than in at least some examples of a suture fastener having a single slit or other retaining mechanism. Applying a plurality single-layer suture fasteners of the type described above to a single suture can be difficult because the system automatically cuts the suture (310,
In addition, one or more of the layers 408, 410 can have a thickness less than the thickness of a unitary suture fastener (such as the suture fasteners of
In some embodiments, the suture fastener 400 can be deployed at least generally as described for the fasteners 30, 44, and 46 of
General Considerations
For purposes of this description, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the embodiments of this disclosure are described herein. The disclosed methods, apparatuses, and systems should not be construed as limiting in any way. Instead, the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in various combinations and sub-combinations with one another. The methods, apparatuses, and systems are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combination thereof, nor do the disclosed embodiments require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved.
Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The invention is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.
Although the operations of some of the disclosed methods are described in a particular, sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement, unless a particular ordering is required by specific language. For example, operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed methods can be used in conjunction with other methods. As used herein, the terms “a”, “an”, and “at least one” encompass one or more of the specified element. That is, if two of a particular element are present, one of these elements is also present and thus “an” element is present. The terms “a plurality of” and “plural” mean two or more of the specified element.
As used herein, the term “and/or” used between the last two of a list of elements means any one or more of the listed elements. For example, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means “A”, “B,”, “C”, “A and B”, “A and C”, “B and C”, or “A, B, and C.”
As used herein, the term “coupled” generally means physically coupled or linked and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled items absent specific contrary language.
In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the scope of the disclosure is at least as broad as the following claims. I therefore claim all that comes within the scope of the following claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/847,690, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,863,980, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/439,868, filed Dec. 28, 2016, the entire disclosure of each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
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| Parent | 15847690 | Dec 2017 | US |
| Child | 17119924 | US |
