Patent Application
20130180004
The present invention relates to the field of plant breeding and, more specifically, to the development of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and the inbred sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044.
The goal of vegetable breeding is to combine various desirable traits in a single variety/hybrid. Such desirable traits may include any trait deemed beneficial by a grower and/or consumer, including greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, sugar content, uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate and maturity, among others.
Breeding techniques take advantage of a plant's method of pollination. There are two general methods of pollination: a plant self-pollinates if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant or plant variety. A plant cross-pollinates if pollen comes to it from a flower of a different plant variety.
Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type over many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny, a homozygous plant. A cross between two such homozygous plants of different genotypes produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that are heterozygous for many gene loci. Conversely, a cross of two plants each heterozygous at a number of loci produces a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and are not uniform. The resulting non-uniformity makes performance unpredictable.
The development of uniform varieties requires the development of homozygous inbred plants, the crossing of these inbred plants, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are examples of breeding methods that have been used to develop inbred plants from breeding populations. Those breeding methods combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more plants or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new lines and hybrids derived therefrom are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new lines and hybrids are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a plant of the sweet corn hybrid designated EX 08745857 R, the sweet corn line SYY 093-682 or sweet corn line SHW 084-5044. Also provided are corn plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of such a plant. Parts of these corn plants are also provided, for example, including pollen, an ovule, and a cell of the plant.
In another aspect of the invention, a plant of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 comprising an added heritable trait is provided. The heritable trait may comprise a genetic locus that is, for example, a dominant or recessive allele. In one embodiment of the invention, a plant of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 is defined as comprising a single locus conversion. In specific embodiments of the invention, an added genetic locus confers one or more traits such as, for example, male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, sugar content, nematode or viral disease, and altered fatty acid, phytate or carbohydrate metabolism. In further embodiments, the trait may be conferred by a naturally occurring gene introduced into the genome of a line by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques into the plant or a progenitor of any previous generation thereof. When introduced through transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more genes integrated at a single chromosomal location.
The invention also concerns the seed of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. The corn seed of the invention may be provided, in one embodiment of the invention, as an essentially homogeneous population of corn seed of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. Essentially homogeneous populations of seed are generally free from substantial numbers of other seed. Therefore, seed of hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 may, in particular embodiments of the invention, be provided forming at least about 97% of the total seed, including at least about 98%, 99% or more of the seed. The seed population may be separately grown to provide an essentially homogeneous population of sweet corn plants designated EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a tissue culture of regenerable cells of a sweet corn plant of hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 is provided. The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating corn plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the starting plant, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as the starting plant. Examples of some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 include those traits set forth in the tables herein. The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures may be derived, for example, from embryos, meristematic cells, immature tassels, microspores, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, or stalks, or from callus or protoplasts derived from those tissues. Still further, the present invention provides corn plants regenerated from a tissue culture of the invention, the plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044.
In still yet another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for producing corn seeds, plants and parts thereof, which processes generally comprise crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent corn plants is a plant of sweet corn line SYY 093-682 or sweet corn line SHW 084-5044. These processes may be further exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid corn seed or plants, wherein a first corn plant is crossed with a second corn plant of a different, distinct genotype to provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, a plant of sweet corn line SYY 093-682 or sweet corn line SHW 084-5044. In these processes, crossing will result in the production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first step in “crossing” comprises planting seeds of a first and second parent corn plant, often in proximity so that pollination will occur for example, naturally or manually. Where the plant is self-pollinated, pollination may occur without the need for direct human intervention other than plant cultivation. For hybrid crosses, it may be beneficial to detassel or otherwise emasculate the parent used as a female.
A second step may comprise cultivating or growing the seeds of first and second parent corn plants into mature plants. A third step may comprise preventing self-pollination of the plants, such as by detasseling or other means.
A fourth step for a hybrid cross may comprise cross-pollination between the first and second parent corn plants. Yet another step comprises harvesting the seeds from at least one of the parent corn plants. The harvested seed can be grown to produce a corn plant or hybrid corn plant.
The present invention also provides the corn seeds and plants produced by a process that comprises crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent corn plants is a plant of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. In one embodiment of the invention, corn seed and plants produced by the process are first generation (F1) hybrid corn seed and plants produced by crossing a plant in accordance with the invention with another, distinct plant. The present invention further contemplates plant parts of such an F1 hybrid corn plant, and methods of use thereof. Therefore, certain exemplary embodiments of the invention provide an F1 hybrid corn plant and seed thereof.
In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing a plant derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044, the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044, wherein said preparing comprises crossing a plant of the hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 with a second plant; and (b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. In further embodiments, the method may additionally comprise: (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant; and repeating the steps for an additional 3-10 generations to produce a plant derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. The plant derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 may be an inbred line, and the aforementioned repeated crossing steps may be defined as comprising sufficient inbreeding to produce the inbred line. In the method, it may be desirable to select particular plants resulting from step (c) for continued crossing according to steps (b) and (c). By selecting plants having one or more desirable traits, a plant derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 is obtained which possesses some of the desirable traits of the line/hybrid as well as potentially other selected traits.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing food or feed comprising: (a) obtaining a plant of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044, wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity, and (b) collecting at least one corn from the plant.
In still yet another aspect of the invention, the genetic complement of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 is provided. The phrase “genetic complement” is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype of, in the present case, a sweet corn plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents the genetic makeup of a cell, tissue or plant, and a hybrid genetic complement represents the genetic make up of a hybrid cell, tissue or plant. The invention thus provides corn plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the corn plant cells disclosed herein, and seeds and plants containing such cells.
Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood that hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 could be identified by any of the many well known techniques such as, for example, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1 8:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).
In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides hybrid genetic complements, as represented by corn plant cells, tissues, plants, and seeds, formed by the combination of a haploid genetic complement of a corn plant of the invention with a haploid genetic complement of a second corn plant, preferably, another, distinct corn plant. In another aspect, the present invention provides a corn plant regenerated from a tissue culture that comprises a hybrid genetic complement of this invention.
In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of determining the genotype of a plant of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 comprising detecting in the genome of the plant at least a first polymorphism. The method may, in certain embodiments, comprise detecting a plurality of polymorphisms in the genome of the plant. The method may further comprise storing the results of the step of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium. The invention further provides a computer readable medium produced by such a method.
Any embodiment discussed herein with respect to one aspect of the invention applies to other aspects of the invention as well, unless specifically noted.
The term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the mean for the device or method being employed to determine the value. The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive. When used in conjunction with the word “comprising” or other open language in the claims, the words “a” and “an” denote “one or more,” unless specifically noted otherwise. The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and also covers other unlisted steps. Similarly, any plant that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more traits is not limited to possessing only those one or more traits and covers other unlisted traits.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and any specific examples provided, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The invention provides methods and compositions relating to plants, seeds and derivatives of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R, sweet corn line SYY 093-682 and sweet corn line SHW 084-5044. The hybrid EX 08745857 R was produced by the cross of parent lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. The parent lines show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence. By crossing the parent lines, uniform seed hybrid EX 08745857 R can be obtained.
EX 08745857 R is a bicolor supersweet sweet corn hybrid homozygous for the recessive sh2 gene and heterozygous for the su1 gene which at harvest provides 25% su1su1sh2sh2 kernels for added sweetness. Relative maturity index is 76 days (868 degrees C.). The ears are typically 7.5-8 inches (19-20 cm)×1.9 inches (4.8 cm) in diameter with 16-18 kernel rows.
SHW084-5044 is a white sweet corn inbred line. The line is homozygous for the sh2 gene and for the Rp1I gene.
The development of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and its parent lines is summarized below.
. The hybrid EX 08745857 R was produced by the cross of parent lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044.
Inbred SYY093-682 is a sweet corn inbred which has the recessive endopsperm mutant genes sh2, su1, and se. The inbred also has the dominant Ht1 gene which gives a cholorotic lesion reaction to Exserohilum race 0.
The inbred line was developed from an open pollinated ear of Supersweet Jubilee. The origin of the inbred line was Jubilee sh20P-3 from source 45-9110-0P.
SHW084-5044 is a white supersweet sweet corn inbred, which was selected for good eating quality, standability, and the Rp1I gene which provides resistance to some races of Puccinia sorghi (common rust). The breeding history of parent line SHW084-5044 is as follows:
Winter Year 1-Year 2: The inbred line SEPN 2 (a proprietary Seminis inbred) was grown in the Seminis Molokai, Hawaii nursery row 9791 and was cross pollinated by B144 (the Seminis accession number given to an R168Rp1I stock obtained from Dr. Jerald Pataky of the University of Illinois) in nursery row 227 to make an F1. The nursery was grown for Seminis by Hawaiian Research Ltd. who were paid for their services. The source of H00: 9791×9766/3 was given to this F1 cross. Because the B144 stock was a field corn inbred it did not contain the recessive su1 gene so all kernels on the ear were starchy.
Summer Year 2: The inbred line SEW084-SESMG228W (a proprietary Seminis inbred) from source A96: 4844/* was grown in the Seminis Deforest, Wis. nursery in row 3911 and was cross pollinated by the F1 from source H00: 9791×9766/3 which was grown in the Seminis Deforest, Wis. nursery in row 4194. The source of N00: 3911×4194/1 was given to one ear selection of this BC1 cross.
Winter Year 2-Year 3: The inbred line SEW084-SESMG228W from source 98652 MF was grown in the greenhouse at the Seminis Deforest, Wis. station in plot 125.
Plants from the F1 source N00: 3911×4194/1 were also grown in the same greenhouse in plot 126. The F1 plants were inoculated with Puccinia sorghi and susceptible plants were removed. Plants of plot 125 were pollinated by rust resistant plants in plot 126 to make a BC1 cross. The source of L01: 125×126/2 was given to one ear selection of this BC1 cross.
Summer Year 3: The BC1 from source L01: 125×126/2 was grown in the Seminis DeForest, Wis. nursery in row 4204. Plants in the row were inoculated with Puccinia sorghi. Rust resistant plants in row 4204 were pollinated by SEW084-SESMG228W grown in row 4202 to make the BC2. The source designation of N01: 4204×4202/1 was given to one of the ear selections of this cross.
Winter Year 3-Year 4: White kernels of the BC2 from source N01: 4204×4202/1 were planted in the Seminis Homestead, Florida nursery row 493 and plants in row 493 were cross pollinated with SHW084-SH7272AW (a proprietary Seminis inbred) in nursery row 492 to make an F1. The nursery was grown for Seminis by 27 Farms who were paid for their services. One of the ears of the F1 cross was given a source of C02: 493×492/1. Because this was a cross of a white su1 BC2 by a white sh2 inbred, all F1 kernels were white but were heterozygous for both the su1 and sh2 recessive genes and the phenotype was starchy.
Summer Year 4: The F1 from source C02: 493×492/1 was grown in the Seminis DeForest, Wis. nursery in row 5046. Plants in the row were inoculated with Puccinia sorghi. Rust resistant plants in row 5046 were self pollinated to make the F2 generation. The F2 ears were given the name designation AN8729. The source of N02: 5046/2. was given to one of the F2 ears. These F2 ears segregated for both the sh2 and su1 genes.
Winter Year 4-Year 5: Kernels of the F2 from source N02: 5046/2 were planted in row 8107 of the Seminis Melipilla, Chile nursery. Some plants in this row were self pollinated to make the F3. The source designation E03: 8107/4. was given to one of the selfed ears harvested from row 8107 which had both starchy and sh2 kernels.
Summer Year 5: Kernels of the F3 with sh2 phenotype from source E03: 8107/4. were planted in the Seminis Deforest, Wis. nursery in row 5079. Plants in the row were inoculated with Puccinia sorghi. All 11 plants in row 5079 were resistant to common rust and some plants were self pollinated. The source designation N03:-5079/1. was given to one of the harvested F4 ears.
Winter Year 5-Year 6: The F4 from source N03:-5079/1. was grown in row 5253 of the Seminis Melipilla, Chile nursery. Some plants were self pollinated to make the F5. The source designation E04: 5253/3. was given to one of the selfed ears harvested from row 5253.
Sumer Year 6: The F5 from source E04: 5253/3. was grown in row 4261 of the Seminis Deforest, Wis. nursery. Plants in the row were inoculated with Puccinia sorghi. All 8 plants in row 4261 were resistant to common rust and some plants were self pollinated to make the F6 generation. The source designation N04:-4261/1. was given to one of the harvested F5 ears and the name AN8729NT1 was given to this ear selection.
Winter Year 6-Year 7: The F6 from source N04:-4261/1. was grown in row 8645 of the Seminis Melipilla, Chile nursery. Some plants were self pollinated to make the F7.
The source designation E05: 8645/2. was given to one of the selfed ears harvested from row 8645.
Summer Year 7: The F7 from source E05: 8645/2. was grown in row 6069 of the Seminis Deforest, Wis. nursery. Plants in the row were inoculated with Puccinia sorghi. All 15 plants in row 6069 were resistant to common rust and some plants were self pollinated to make the F8 generation. Seed set was very poor on the pollinated ears and seed from all ears of row 6069 was bulked together. The source designation N05:-6069/B1. was given to one of the harvested F8 ears.
Winter Year 7-Year 8: The F8 from source N05:-6069/B1. was grown in range 3 columns 24-29 of the Seminis Melipilla, Chile nursery. Plants in those rows were observed to be uniform for plant type. All plants were self pollinated to make the F9. Seed from all harvested ears were bulked and the source designation 05 10 6R,6R MSME-E1—00003—00029_@_. was given to that bulk. The bulk was given a LINECODE designation of SHW084-5044.
Seed of inbred SHW084-5044 from the bulk of source 05 10 6R,6R MSME-E1—00003—00029_@_. was sent to Foundation Seed as a Breeder's seed lot.
The F8 generation of corn inbred AN8729NT1 was grown in the Year 7-Year 8 in Melipilla, Chile nursery and judged to be stable. Harvested F9 seed was then given a line code designation of SHW084-5044. A bulk of the harvested F9 seed made up the first Foundation Seed lot. Inbred SHW84-5044 is uniform for all traits observed. SHW084-5044 shows no variants other than what would normally be expected due to environment or that would occur for almost any character during the course of repeated sexual reproduction.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R and the parent lines thereof. A description of the physiological and morphological characteristics of such plants is presented in Tables 1-3.
One aspect of the current invention concerns methods for producing seed of sweet corn hybrid EX 08745857 R involving crossing sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. Alternatively, in other embodiments of the invention, hybrid EX 08745857 R, line SYY 093-682, or line SHW 084-5044 may be crossed with itself or with any second plant. Such methods can be used for propagation of hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or the sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044, or can be used to produce plants that are derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or the sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044. Plants derived from hybrid EX 08745857 R and/or the sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 may be used, in certain embodiments, for the development of new corn varieties.
The development of new varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing hybrid EX 08745857 R followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Once initial crosses have been made, inbreeding and selection take place to produce new varieties. For development of a uniform line, often five or more generations of selfing and selection are involved.
Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of double-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid embryos may be produced from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line.
Backcrossing can also be used to improve an inbred plant. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or non-inbred source to an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate locus or loci for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross are then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny have the characteristic being transferred, but are like the superior parent for most or almost all other loci. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the trait being transferred.
The plants of the present invention are particularly well suited for the development of new lines based on the elite nature of the genetic background of the plants. In selecting a second plant to cross with EX 08745857 R and/or sweet corn lines SYY 093-682 and SHW 084-5044 for the purpose of developing novel corn lines, it will typically be preferred to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of desirable traits may include, in specific embodiments, male sterility, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility, sugar content, and enhanced nutritional quality.
In certain aspects of the invention, plants described herein are provided modified to include at least a first desired heritable trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique. The term single locus converted plant as used herein refers to those corn plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene.
Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the present variety. The parental corn plant which contributes the locus for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental corn plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol.
In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a corn plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent.
The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original variety. To accomplish this, a single locus of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological constitution of the original variety. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered and the genetic distance between the recurrent and nonrecurrent parents. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele, or an additive allele (between recessive and dominant), may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.
In one embodiment, progeny corn plants of a backcross in which a plant described herein is the recurrent parent comprise (i) the desired trait from the non-recurrent parent and (ii) all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn the recurrent parent as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions.
New varieties can also be developed from more than two parents. The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing may be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each.
With the development of molecular markers associated with particular traits, it is possible to add additional traits into an established germ line, such as represented here, with the end result being substantially the same base germplasm with the addition of a new trait or traits. Molecular breeding, as described in Moose and Mumm, 2008 (Plant Physiology, 147: 969-977), for example, and elsewhere, provides a mechanism for integrating single or multiple traits or QTL into an elite line. This molecular breeding-facilitated movement of a trait or traits into an elite line may encompass incorporation of a particular genomic fragment associated with a particular trait of interest into the elite line by the mechanism of identification of the integrated genomic fragment with the use of flanking or associated marker assays. In the embodiment represented here, one, two, three or four genomic loci, for example, may be integrated into an elite line via this methodology. When this elite line containing the additional loci is further crossed with another parental elite line to produce hybrid offspring, it is possible to then incorporate at least eight separate additional loci into the hybrid. These additional loci may confer, for example, such traits as a disease resistance or a fruit quality trait. In one embodiment, each locus may confer a separate trait. In another embodiment, loci may need to be homozygous and exist in each parent line to confer a trait in the hybrid. In yet another embodiment, multiple loci may be combined to confer a single robust phenotype of a desired trait.
Many single locus traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single locus traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, sugar content, male fertility and enhanced nutritional quality. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm. Some known exceptions to this are genes for male sterility, some of which are inherited cytoplasmically, but still act as a single locus trait.
Direct selection may be applied where the single locus acts as a dominant trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are assayed for viral resistance and/or the presence of the corresponding gene prior to the backcrossing. Selection eliminates any plants that do not have the desired gene and resistance trait, and only those plants that have the trait are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations.
Selection of corn plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one can utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely genetically linked to a trait of interest. One of these markers can be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and can be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique is commonly referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant can also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1 8:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).
Many useful traits that can be introduced by backcrossing, as well as directly into a plant, are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Genetic transformation may therefore be used to insert a selected transgene into a plant of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of plants that are well known to those of skill in the art and applicable to many crop species include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts.
To effect transformation by electroporation, one may employ either friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells or embryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryos or other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one would partially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them to pectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues in a controlled manner.
An efficient method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, and preferably, gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate.
An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target cells. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species.
Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is another widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., Bio-Technology, 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation.
In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al., Bio/Technology, 3:629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055).
Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183-188, 1985; Omirulleh et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al., Nature, 312:791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 204:204, 1986; Marcotte et al., Nature, 335:454, 1988). Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al. (Plant Cell Rep., 13: 344-348, 1994), and Ellul et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet., 107:462-469, 2003).
A number of promoters have utility for plant gene expression for any gene of interest including but not limited to selectable markers, scoreable markers, genes for pest tolerance, disease resistance, nutritional enhancements and any other gene of agronomic interest. Examples of constitutive promoters useful for plant gene expression include, but are not limited to, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P-35S promoter, which confers constitutive, high-level expression in most plant tissues (see, e.g., Odel et al., Nature, 313:810, 1985), including in monocots (see, e.g., Dekeyser et al., Plant Cell, 2:591, 1990; Terada and Shimamoto, Mol. Gen. Genet., 220:389, 1990); a tandemly duplicated version of the CaMV 35S promoter, the enhanced 35S promoter (P-e35S); 1 the nopaline synthase promoter (An et al., Plant Physiol., 88:547, 1988); the octopine synthase promoter (Fromm et al., Plant Cell, 1:977, 1989); and the figwort mosaic virus (P-FMV) promoter as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,619 and an enhanced version of the FMV promoter (P-eFMV) where the promoter sequence of P-FMV is duplicated in tandem; the cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter; a sugarcane bacilliform virus promoter; a commelina yellow mottle virus promoter; and other plant DNA virus promoters known to express in plant cells.
A variety of plant gene promoters that are regulated in response to environmental, hormonal, chemical, and/or developmental signals can also be used for expression of an operably linked gene in plant cells, including promoters regulated by (1) heat (Callis et al., Plant Physiol., 88:965, 1988), (2) light (e.g., pea rbcS-3A promoter, Kuhlemeier et al., Plant Cell, 1:471, 1989; maize rbcS promoter, Schaffner and Sheen, Plant Cell, 3:997, 1991; or chlorophyll a/b-binding protein promoter, Simpson et al., EMBO J., 4:2723, 1985), (3) hormones, such as abscisic acid (Marcotte et al., Plant Cell, 1:969, 1989), (4) wounding (e.g., wunl, Siebertz et al., Plant Cell, 1:961, 1989); or (5) chemicals such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, or Safener. It may also be advantageous to employ organ-specific promoters (e.g., Roshal et al., EMBO J., 6:1155, 1987; Schernthaner et al., EMBO J., 7:1249, 1988; Bustos et al., Plant Cell, 1:839, 1989).
Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to plants of this invention include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods rather than classical reproduction or breeding techniques. However, the term “exogenous” is also intended to refer to genes that are not normally present in the cell being transformed, or perhaps simply not present in the form, structure, etc., as found in the transforming DNA segment or gene, or genes which are normally present and that one desires to express in a manner that differs from the natural expression pattern, e.g., to over-express. Thus, the term “exogenous” gene or DNA is intended to refer to any gene or DNA segment that is introduced into a recipient cell, regardless of whether a similar gene may already be present in such a cell. The type of DNA included in the exogenous DNA can include DNA which is already present in the plant cell, DNA from another plant, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic or modified version of a gene.
Many hundreds if not thousands of different genes are known and could potentially be introduced into a corn plant according to the invention. Non-limiting examples of particular genes and corresponding phenotypes one may choose to introduce into a corn plant include one or more genes for insect tolerance, such as a Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) gene, pest tolerance such as genes for fungal disease control, herbicide tolerance such as genes conferring glyphosate tolerance, and genes for quality improvements such as yield, nutritional enhancements, environmental or stress tolerances, or any desirable changes in plant physiology, growth, development, morphology or plant product(s). For example, structural genes would include any gene that confers insect tolerance including but not limited to a Bacillus insect control protein gene as described in WO 99/31248, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,052, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,365 and 5,880,275, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In another embodiment, the structural gene can confer tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate as conferred by genes including, but not limited to Agrobacterium strain CP4 glyphosate resistant EPSPS gene (aroA:CP4) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,435, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, or glyphosate oxidoreductase gene (GOX) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Alternatively, the DNA coding sequences can affect these phenotypes by encoding a non-translatable RNA molecule that causes the targeted inhibition of expression of an endogenous gene, for example via antisense- or cosuppression-mediated mechanisms (see, for example, Bird et al., Biotech. Gen. Engin. Rev., 9:207, 1991). The RNA could also be a catalytic RNA molecule (i.e., a ribozyme) engineered to cleave a desired endogenous mRNA product (see for example, Gibson and Shillito, Mol. Biotech., 7:125, 1997). Thus, any gene which produces a protein or mRNA which expresses a phenotype or morphology change of interest is useful for the practice of the present invention.
In the description and tables herein, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided:
Allele:
Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which alleles relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Backcrossing:
A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F1), back to one of the parents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce one or more single locus conversions from one genetic background into another.
Crossing:
The mating of two parent plants.
Cross-Pollination:
Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.
Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.
Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor or a chemical agent conferring male sterility.
Enzymes: Molecules which can act as catalysts in biological reactions.
F1 Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants.
Genotype:
The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.
Haploid:
A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.
Linkage:
A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.
Marker:
A readily detectable phenotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1.
Phenotype:
The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL):
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.
Resistance:
As used herein, the terms “resistance” and “tolerance” are used interchangeably to describe plants that show no symptoms to a specified biotic pest, pathogen, abiotic influence or environmental condition. These terms are also used to describe plants showing some symptoms but that are still able to produce marketable product with an acceptable yield. Some plants that are referred to as resistant or tolerant are only so in the sense that they may still produce a crop, even though the plants are stunted and the yield is reduced.
Regeneration:
The development of a plant from tissue culture.
Self-Pollination:
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant.
Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant:
Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a corn variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique and/or by genetic transformation.
Substantially Equivalent:
A characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference (e.g., p=0.05) from the mean.
Tissue Culture:
A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant.
Transgene:
A genetic locus comprising a sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a corn plant by transformation.
A deposit of sweet corn line SHW 084-5044, disclosed above and recited in the claims, has been made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. The date of deposit was. The accession number for those deposited seeds of sweet corn line SHW 084-5044 is ATCC Accession No. PTA-Upon issuance of a patent, all restrictions upon the deposit will be removed, and the deposit is intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.801-1.809. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
All references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Appl. Ser. No. 61/584,035, filed Jan. 6, 2012, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61584035 | Jan 2012 | US |
