Patent Application
20110174779
The present invention relates to a switching installation comprising a gas-filled enclosure. The invention also relates to method for use with such switching installation.
Medium and high voltage switching installations, for voltages of over 1000 V, are widely used with SF6 insulation due to its good insulation properties, allowing to obtain compact installations. There is however a strong wish to move away from SF6 as insulation medium, on account of the negative consequences of SF6 for the environment—notably of its decomposition products HF, SOF2 and SO2—. Therefore, air is used more and more as an insulation medium. As a consequence of the factor 2 to 4 less well insulation quality of air, the size of the installation needs to be increased to prevent electrical sparkover or arcing between the various voltage-carrying parts. This in turn leads to an increase in the amount of energy released upon occasional arcing, as the amount of energy is proportional to the size of the arc, which is proportional to the distance between the conductive parts.
Without further measures, the energetic arcing will continue until the voltage is taken of the voltage-carrying parts, which is generally done by switching the installation off of the grid with an external switch further up in the grid in a power supply line feeding the switching installation. Such external switching is generally done after about one second after the misbehaviour of the switching installation has been detected by an external monitoring system in the grid. One second of energetic arcing may however result in a significant danger and damage. The switching installation thus has to be equipped with a measure to take away the energetic arc that is sufficiently fast to reduce the effects to acceptable levels.
A switching installation with an air-filled enclosure with arc protection is described in EP 1 463 172 A1, in which the input conductor is automatically grounded upon the occurrence of an energetic arc in the enclosure, in order to stop the arcing. It relies on a pressure increase in the enclosure upon the occurrence of an energetic arc and the resulting heating of the air. The enclosure comprises a venting panel, which opens upon an increase of the pressure in the enclosure and, via a flexible cable, acts on an earthing switch. The earthing switch short-circuits the conductor to ground, such that the arcing stops.
The known switching installation has the drawback that, although the arcing is stopped, hot gasses are released through the venting panel and may thus comprise a safety risk for operating personnel in the vicinity of the switching installation.
Another example of a switching installation in which pressure generated by an internal arc is used for actuating a grounding switch is shown in EP 0 235 755 A1. Also in this installation, actuation of the grounding switch causes the internal arc to disappear.
A robust arc protection mechanism is also beneficial for systems using SF6 insulation. Although an arc in such a system is shorter, hence less energetic, arcing may still cause damage to the switching installation, which may cause a unwanted release of hot gasses, such as the SF6-decomposition products, and more important a safety risk for operating personnel. Moreover, as SF6 is a greenhouse gas, release of SF6 is unwanted for environmental reasons.
Therefore, the present invention aims to provide a switching installation comprising a gas-filled enclosure with an improved level of safety against the effects of the occurrence of arcing, with a large degree of robustness.
For this purpose, the switching installation comprising the gas-filled enclosure comprises:
an input conductor arranged to carry an input voltage,
the input conductor and the enclosure being insulated from each other by a gas and solid insulation, and
an actuator and an arc initiator,
the actuator being arranged to actuate the arc initiator upon the occurrence of a first arc with a first length in the enclosure,
the arc initiator creating, upon being actuated, a path for a second arc of a second length, the second length being shorter than the first length.
As soon as the path for the second arc is created, the first arc will extinguish and the second arc having a shorter length will appear. This second, shorter, arc will bring less energy into the enclosure compared to the first, longer, arc. The risk that the installation will be damaged is thus reduced. Moreover, if the enclosure would anyhow break, the release of hot gasses and possibly even fire will be less energetic and its effects less severe. As a result, the associated risk for the installation and the people in its vicinity, e.g. the operators, is reduced.
Also the second, shorter, arc will be at a well-defined position, i.e., with the arc initiator, whereas the position of the first energetic arc is unpredictable. This can be beneficially exploited when designing the enclosure, as there is less need to design the complete enclosure to be able to withstand an energetic arc at any position for a significant time.
The gas e.g. comprises substantially air or SF6.
In a further embodiment, the actuator is arranged to react on an increase in pressure in the enclosure upon the occurrence of the first arc.
The occurrence of an energetic arc will lead to an increase of the pressure in the enclosure, as the gas expands upon being heated. This pressure will be referred to as the arc pressure.
In one embodiment, the actuator comprises a mechanical link with the enclosure and the actuator is arranged to transfer an expansion of a part of the enclosure to the arc initiator using the mechanical link.
Upon the occurrence of an energetic arc, the arc pressure generates an expansion of the enclosure, or a section thereof. This expansion can be directly transferred by a mechanical link connected to the expanding section. The mechanical link will thus move with the expansion of the enclosure, and actuate the arc initiator.
The arc initiator may be mechanically connected to the actuator. The arc initiator may alternatively be positioned at a small distance from the actuator, such that the actuator can freely move over a small distance before actuating the arc initiator.
In an alternative embodiment, the actuator comprises a pressure box with a flexible input surface and a flexible output surface connected to the arc initiator, and the arc pressure generates an inward movement of the flexible input surface of the pressure box, generating an outward movement of the flexible output surface.
The arc pressure will act upon the pressure box, and will thus be transferred by the pressure box to a movement of the arc initiator.
In another alternative embodiment, the actuator comprises an arc detector sensing the occurrence of an arc.
The arc detector may detect a level of light originating from the first arc or a level of ionization originating from the first arc. Also, the arc detector may actively sense the pressure increase using a pressure sensor. Once the arc detector senses the occurrence of an arc, the actuator will be operated to drive the arc initiator.
In embodiments, the second length is at most half of the first length. In further embodiments, the second length is at most one quarter of the first length.
As arc energy is proportional to arc length, this reduction of the arc length will thus directly result in a reduction of the arc energy with the same fraction, i.e., a reduction of the arc length with a factor of two will reduce the arc energy with substantially the same factor of two.
The arc is thus effectively moved to a position where the length of the arc is much reduced. Moreover, the length and position of the arc are also well controlled, as they are determined by the well-defined path for the second arc.
In embodiments, the actuator and the arc initiator are situated inside the enclosure.
This has the advantage that no additional space is required around the enclosure, so as not to increase the space required to fit the enclosure.
In a further embodiment, the solid insulation comprises a solid cable isolation for insulating the input conductor, and the arc initiator is arranged to create, upon being actuated, the path for the second arc through a section of the solid cable insulation.
The path for the second arc is thus created in an environment comprising solid insulating material in stead of an environment comprising a gas. The path of the second arc is thus well-controlled and located at a relatively safe location.
In a further embodiment, the arc initiator comprises a driving peg and an insulating plug with a first surface and an second surface,
the insulating plug being inserted in a hole in the solid cable isolation around the input conductor,
the driving peg being arranged to, when actuated by the actuator, perforate the insulating plug from the first surface to the second surface,
in order to create a channel for the path for the second arc.
The driving peg may be in contact with the enclosure, e.g., via a conductive mechanical connection to the enclosure. The driving peg may be conductive. The driving peg may be grounded, directly, via the enclosure or indirectly.
The insulating plug may be positioned in a hole in a solid insulation around the cable connector. The solid insulation and the insulating plug assure that the part of the switching installation where all high voltage parts are positioned at close distance to the enclosure and other parts is well insulated from the enclosure and other parts during normal operation. The insulation is broken once the arc initiator is actuated by the actuator upon an expansion of the expanding section of the enclosure when a high-energetic arc occurs.
The driving peg may be in substantially direct contact with the input conductor in operation shortly after having perforated the insulating plug, thus short-circuiting the cable connector to ground.
The driving peg will burn upon being in direct contact with the cable connector, as it is dimensioned such that it cannot withstand the short circuit current. This breaks the direct contact, and leaves a channel for the path for the second arc. The insulating plug may also burn, partly or completely.
In other words, once the peg will get in contact with the cable connector, or get very close to it, the peg will burn. After the peg has burned, the contact will be lost but an arc path will remain.
The arc protection thus does not rely on the presence of a non-interrupted, metallic grounding path, but in stead continues to work by providing the second arc path. This makes the arc protection more robust than a mechanism which relies on a non-interrupted, metallic grounding path as in the EP 1 463 172 A1 document discussed above.
Alternatively, the driving peg may perforate the insulating plug and come to a close distance to the input conductor, separated by a thin gap only. The thin gap may be sufficiently small to allow the current to flow from the input conductor to the driving peg, substantially immediately forming an arc between the input conductor and the driving peg. The driving peg may then burn, and an arc path may remain between the input conductor and ground.
The driving peg may be a metallic element with a sharp tip at its end.
The sharp tip allows an easy penetration of the insulating plug.
The arc initiator further may comprise a metallic plug with a guiding channel, the driving peg being arranged to, when actuated by the actuator, move through the guiding channel, and the metallic plug being grounded.
The guiding channel may be a cylindrical hole extending through the metallic plug.
The second arc path that is thus created then extends from the input conductor through the hole in the insulating plug (if still present), to the metallic plug. The metallic plug is designed such as to withstand the short short-circuit current pulse.
The driving peg may be grounded via the metallic plug.
The insulating plug may comprise a conductive layer at the first surface.
This shields the driving peg dielectrically from the input conductor during normal operation of the switching installation.
The insulating plug may be a substantially solid plug made from an insulating material.
The insulating plug may comprise a rubber material.
The rubber allows easy penetration by the driving peg. Moreover, the rubber provides a good dielectric isolation between the voltage carrying input conductor at one side of the insulating plug and the grounded parts at the other side of the insulating plug.
In an embodiment, the insulating plug comprises a vacuum chamber and the first surface comprises a first end cap arranged to maintain a vacuum in the vacuum chamber when the first end cap is intact and to break the vacuum when the first end cap is perforated by the driving peg.
The vacuum chamber provides an insulation when it is intact, i.e. when the first end cap is intact and maintaining a vacuum in the vacuum chamber. Such vacuum provides a very good insulation.
When the first end cap is perforated, the vacuum chamber fills with the gas from the enclosure and the good insulation provided by vacuum is removed. As a result, the driving peg comes into contact with the input conductor or at a sufficiently close distance to the input conductor, thus creating the channel for the path for the second arc.
In a further embodiment, the enclosure is grounded, so as to have a well-defined voltage reference and to minimize interference to and from the outside world.
The path for the second arc may be created, upon actuation of the arc initiator, between the input conductor and ground.
The gas in the enclosure may comprise a gas component selected from the group of air and SF6.
Both air and SF6 can serve as an insulation between the enclosure, the input conductor and possible other conductive elements in the enclosure.
As discussed above, air may be used because of, e.g., environmental reasons. SF6 may be used for maximum compactness of the enclosure.
The switching installation may further comprise a circuit breaker, which is connected to the input conductor, an optional disconnector for making or breaking a conductive connection between the input conductor and a rail system, the disconnector and the rail system running through the enclosure.
The switching installation may be of three-phase design, with three of each of the abovementioned components per functional unit (also referred to as a field), these components being physically and electrically separated from one another for each phase.
The switching installation may further comprise a grounding device with an operating handle, the operating handle being situated at the outside of the enclosure, wherein the grounding device is arranged to be operated by an operator from the operating handle, and to ground at least one of the input conductor and the other conducting elements upon being operated. This allows the operator to manually put the switching installation in a safe mode, e.g., when it needs to be accessed for maintenance.
In a further aspect, the present invention related to a method for use with a switching installation comprising a gas-filled enclosure, which comprises creating upon the occurrence of a first arc with a first length in the enclosure a path for a second arc of a second length, the second length being shorter than the first length.
In a further embodiment, creating the path for the second arc comprises reacting on an increase in pressure in the enclosure.
In an embodiment the method, the path for the second arc is created through a section of a solid cable insulation around an input conductor arranged to carry an input voltage, the input conductor and the enclosure being insulated from each other by a gas and solid insulation comprising the solid cable insulation.
These and other aspects of the invention will be further elucidated and described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts:
a-4c show simplified cross-sectional views after activation of the arc protection;
a shows a simplified cross-sectional view through an enclosure in a switching installation according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
b shows a detail of
a shows a simplified cross-sectional view through the enclosure in the switching installation according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention upon energetic arcing;
b shows a detail of
The top side of the circuit breaker 12, its drive rod 16, the disconnector 14 and its second drive rod 17 and the branch rail 18, ground contact 29 and sections of the rail 15 may be surrounded, as in the exemplary embodiment illustrated, by an electrically insulating barrier 10 which is used for dielectric separation (or insulation) with respect to the adjacent phases and with respect to the closed enclosure 30.
The cable connection or input conductor 33 is equipped with a solid cable insulation 42 which is used for insulation with respect to other conducting elements and the closed enclosure 30. The solid cable insulation 42 comprises an insulating plug 43 fitting a hole in the solid cable insulation 42 close to the input conductor 33. The insulating plug 43 is for example manufactured from rubber or any other suitable material which has electrically insulating properties but which is pierceable at the same time. The upper surface 45 of the insulating plug 43 may be in contact with the input conductor 33, or at a close distance from it. A thin, metal driving peg 51 is located at the lower surface 44 side of the insulating plug 43. The lower surface 44 may be covered with a conductive layer 46 for shielding the driving peg 51 from the input conductor 33 during normal operation of the switching installation. The driving peg 51 is guided by a metal plug 52, also fitted in the hole in the solid cable insulation 42. In the shown example, the metal plug 52 is grounded. Alternatively, the metal plug 52 not grounded itself but provides, when the driving peg 51 is actuated as described below, an electrical contact to the enclosure 30. Instead of using a metal plug, it is also possible to implement a driving peg 51 that is capable of conducting a large current. In such alternative embodiment the driving peg itself may be grounded. The insulating plug 43, the driving peg 51, and possibly the metal plug 52 together form a arc initiator, the functioning of which will be described below.
The enclosure 30 comprises an actuator having a mechanical link 50 with the enclosure 30. The mechanical link 50 connects a section 60 of the enclosure 30 to the driving peg 51.
An alternative embodiment is shown in
Another alternative embodiment is shown in
Another embodiment is shown in
The embodiment differs from the embodiments shown in
The hinged mechanical link 150 is a single, common element for all three fields and all three phases. The hinged mechanical link 150 connects via connectors 158 to the enclosure 30 for each phase and field, i.e. in this example with nine connectors 158 in total connected to the upper part 252 of the hinged mechanical link 150. The hinged mechanical link 150 further comprises a plurality of fingers 250 on the lower part. The plurality of fingers comprises one finger 250 for each arc initiator, each finger 250 being arranged for driving a corresponding driving peg 151 from a corresponding position 258 on the corresponding finger 250.
The part 60 of the enclosure that may expand upon the occurrence of an energetic arc will thus affect the hinged mechanical link 150 to transfer the expansion of the part 60 of the enclosure to each of the driving pegs 151 of the arc initiators via the hinges 156 at positions along a hinge axis 256 and the fingers 250. The fingers 250 have a sufficiently large stiffness to transfer the movement of the hinged mechanical link 150 to the driving pegs 151 and to perforate the insulating plugs 143. Moreover, each of the fingers 250 is sufficiently resilient to allow the movement of the hinged mechanical link 150 to complete until also all other fingers have perforated the corresponding insulating plugs, hence until all fields and phases are provided with a respective current path to ground.
In further embodiments, the insulating plug 43 or 143 is a substantially solid plug made from an insulating material, e.g. rubber.
An alternative embodiment of the insulating plug is shown in
Once the first end cap 254 is perforated and the vacuum is broken, the vacuum chamber 243 fills with the gas, e.g. the air, from the enclosure. As a result, the good insulation earlier provided by the vacuum is lost, and arcing with a second arc 268 occurs between the input conductor 33 and the driving peg 251. In alternative embodiments, arcing will occur between the input conductor 33 and the actuator 250 and/or the metal plug 252. This second arc 268 then carries away the current from the input conductor 33 to ground and the energetic arc 62 is extinguished. The second arc 264 has a smaller length and is lower-energetic than the energetic arc 62 in the enclosure, thus reducing the risk of harm to the installation and/or to operating personnel near the installation.
The present invention has been illustrated on the basis of (simplified) embodiments illustrated in the figures. It will be clear to the person skilled in the art that numerous variations and modifications are possible within the inventive concept of the present invention, e.g., although the embodiments illustrated in the figures employ an air-filling in the enclosure, the enclosure may also be filled with SF6. Elements described in relation with one embodiment may be used in relation with another embodiment, e.g. the different embodiments of actuators may be used with any of the different embodiments of arc initiators.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08165192.9 | Sep 2008 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP09/62454 | 9/25/2009 | WO | 00 | 3/23/2011 |
