Patent Application
20080232606
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to acoustic sensors, including microphone arrays, and in particular, to amplifier circuits for differential microphone arrays.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the seemingly ever increasing popularity of cellular telephones, as well as personal digital assistances (PDAs) providing voice recording capability, it has become increasingly important to have noise canceling microphones capable of operating in noisy acoustic environments. Further, even in the absence of excessive background noise, noise canceling microphones are nonetheless highly desirable for certain applications, such as speech recognition devices and high fidelity microphones for studio and live performance uses.
Such microphones are often referred to as pressure gradient or first order differential (FOD) microphones, and have a diaphragm which vibrates in accordance with differences in sound pressure between its front and rear surfaces. This allows such a microphone to discriminate against airborne and solid-borne sounds based upon the direction from which such noise is received relative to a reference axis of the microphone. Additionally, such a microphone can distinguish between sound originating close to and more distant from the microphone.
For the aforementioned applications, so called close-talk microphones, i.e., microphones which are positioned as close to the mouth of the speaker as possible, are seeing increasing use. In particular, multiple microphones are increasingly configured in the form of a close-talking differential microphone array (CTDMA), which inherently provide low frequency far field noise attenuation. Accordingly, a CTDMA advantageously cancels far field noise, while effectively accentuating the voice of the close talker, thereby spatially enhancing speech quality while minimizing background noise. (Further discussion of these types of microphones can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,473,684, and 5,586,191, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.)
Optimum performance of a CTDMA system using multiple microphones is obtained when all the microphones have the same frequency characteristics. However, in practice, the frequency characteristics of microphones tend to vary from each other due to process variations in their production. For example, typical electret microphones can have variations of as much as 3 dB in the telephony frequency range. The performance of a CTDMA system degrades greatly if variations among the microphones exceed a range of 0.5-1.0 dB. Thus, extra measures are needed to calibrate such variations. While technically suitable calibration systems and methods are known, they tend to be costly in terms of hardware and time needed for operation, both of which are unacceptable for use in manufacture and test of low cost consumer electronics, such as cellular telephone handsets. Additionally, existing solutions are typically implemented with one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) which couple the microphones to power consuming digital signal processor (DSP) systems performing powerful signal processing algorithms that, in turn, unavoidably degrade battery operating times.
In accordance with the presently claimed invention, a synchronous detection and calibration system provides for expedient calibration of differential acoustic sensors in a manufacturing and testing environment. By processing a series of sequentially received tones, respective portions of a system using differential acoustic sensors are tuned for optimum individual operation, following which corresponding control data are generated and stored for use in selecting among predetermined calibration vectors which establish and maintain optimum system operation.
In accordance with one embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a synchronous detection and calibration system for a close-talking differential microphone array (CTDMA) includes:
a plurality of input electrodes to convey a plurality of microphone signals each of which corresponds to a source audio signal having a plurality of frequencies;
controllable amplifier circuitry coupled to the plurality of input electrodes and responsive to a plurality of amplifier control signals and the plurality of microphone signals by providing a plurality of selectively amplified signals at each of the plurality of frequencies;
controllable filter circuitry coupled to the controllable amplifier circuitry and responsive to a plurality of filter control signals and the plurality of selectively amplified signals by providing a plurality of selectively filtered signals at each of the plurality of frequencies;
signal combining circuitry coupled to the controllable filter circuitry and responsive to the plurality of selectively filtered signals by providing a combination signal at each of the plurality of frequencies, wherein the combination signal has a plurality of values each of which is related to a difference between corresponding ones of the plurality of selectively filtered signals;
synchronous signal detection circuitry coupled to one of the plurality of input electrodes and the signal combining circuitry, and responsive to one of the plurality of microphone signals and the combination signal by providing an error signal indicative of respective ones of the plurality of combination signal values; and
calibration circuitry coupled to the synchronous signal detection circuitry, the controllable amplifier circuitry and the controllable filter circuitry, and responsive to the error signal by providing the plurality of amplifier control signals and the plurality of filter control signals such that the error signal, for each of the plurality of frequencies, is indicative of a minimum difference between the corresponding ones of the plurality of selectively filtered signals.
In accordance with another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a synchronous detection and calibration system for a close-talking differential microphone array (CTDMA) includes:
input means for conveying a plurality of microphone signals each of which corresponds to a source audio signal having a plurality of frequencies;
controllable amplifier means for responding to a plurality of amplifier control signals and the plurality of microphone signals by providing a plurality of selectively amplified signals at each of the plurality of frequencies;
controllable filter means for responding to a plurality of filter control signals and the plurality of selectively amplified signals by providing a plurality of selectively filtered signals at each of the plurality of frequencies;
signal combiner means for responding to the plurality of selectively filtered signals by providing a combination signal at each of the plurality of frequencies, wherein the combination signal has a plurality of values each of which is related to a difference between corresponding ones of the plurality of selectively filtered signals;
synchronous signal detector means for responding to one of the plurality of microphone signals and the combination signal by providing an error signal indicative of respective ones of the plurality of combination signal values; and
calibration means for responding to the error signal by providing the plurality of amplifier control signals and the plurality of filter control signals such that the error signal, for each of the plurality of frequencies, is indicative of a minimum difference between the corresponding ones of the plurality of selectively filtered signals.
In accordance with another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a synchronous detection and calibration system for a close-talking differential microphone array (CTDMA) includes:
a plurality of input electrodes to convey a plurality of microphone signals, including a selected input electrode to convey a selected microphone signal, wherein each one of the plurality of microphone signals corresponds to a source audio signal having a plurality of frequencies;
first controllable amplifier circuitry coupled to at least one of the plurality of input electrodes and responsive to at least a first amplifier control signal and at least one the plurality of microphone signals by providing at least a first selectively amplified signal at each of the plurality of frequencies;
second controllable amplifier circuitry coupled to the first controllable amplifier circuitry and responsive to at least a second amplifier control signal and the first selectively amplified signal by providing a second selectively amplified signal at each of the plurality of frequencies;
signal combining circuitry coupled to the selected input electrode and the second controllable amplifier circuitry, and responsive to the selected microphone signal and the second selectively amplified signal by providing a combination signal at each of the plurality of frequencies, wherein the combination signal has a plurality of values each of which is related to a difference between corresponding ones of the selected microphone signal and second selectively amplified signal;
synchronous signal detection circuitry coupled to the selected input electrode and the signal combining circuitry, and responsive to the selected microphone signal and the combination signal by providing an error signal indicative of respective ones of the plurality of combination signal values; and
calibration circuitry coupled to the synchronous signal detection circuitry, the first controllable amplifier circuitry and the second controllable amplifier circuitry, and responsive to the error signal by providing the at least a first amplifier control signal and the at least a second amplifier control signal such that the error signal, for each of the plurality of frequencies, is indicative of a minimum difference between the corresponding ones of the selected microphone signal and second selectively amplified signal.
In accordance with another embodiment of the presently claimed invention, a synchronous detection and calibration system for a close-talking differential microphone array (CTDMA) includes:
input means for conveying a plurality of microphone signals, including a selected input electrode to convey a selected microphone signal, wherein each one of the plurality of microphone signals corresponds to a source audio signal having a plurality of frequencies;
first controllable amplifier means for responding to at least a first amplifier control signal and at least one the plurality of microphone signals by providing at least a first selectively amplified signal at each of the plurality of frequencies;
second controllable amplifier means for responding to at least a second amplifier control signal and the first selectively amplified signal by providing a second selectively amplified signal at each of the plurality of frequencies;
signal combiner means for responding to the selected microphone signal and the second selectively amplified signal by providing a combination signal at each of the plurality of frequencies, wherein the combination signal has a plurality of values each of which is related to a difference between corresponding ones of the selected microphone signal and second selectively amplified signal;
synchronous signal detector means for responding to the selected microphone signal and the combination signal by providing an error signal indicative of respective ones of the plurality of combination signal values; and
calibration means for responding to the error signal by providing the at least a first amplifier control signal and the at least a second amplifier control signal such that the error signal, for each of the plurality of frequencies, is indicative of a minimum difference between the corresponding ones of the selected microphone signal and second selectively amplified signal.
The following detailed description is of example embodiments of the presently claimed invention with references to the accompanying drawings. Such description is intended to be illustrative and not limiting with respect to the scope of the present invention. Such embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the subject invention, and it will be understood that other embodiments may be practiced with some variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject invention.
Throughout the present disclosure, absent a clear indication to the contrary from the context, it will be understood that individual circuit elements as described may be singular or plural in number. For example, the terms “circuit” and “circuitry” may include either a single component or a plurality of components, which are either active and/or passive and are connected or otherwise coupled together (e.g., as one or more integrated circuit chips) to provide the described function. Additionally, the term “signal” may refer to one or more currents, one or more voltages, or a data signal. Within the drawings, like or related elements will have like or related alpha, numeric or alphanumeric designators. Further, while the present invention has been discussed in the context of implementations using discrete electronic circuitry (preferably in the form of one or more integrated circuit chips), the functions of any part of such circuitry may alternatively be implemented using one or more appropriately programmed processors, depending upon the signal frequencies or data rates to be processed.
Referring to
During normal operation, incoming acoustic signals 101 are received by the microphones 102a, 102b and converted to corresponding electrical signals 103a, 103b. These signals 103a, 103 are amplified with variable gain amplifiers 104a, 104b, the gains for which are controlled in accordance with control signals 117a, 117b from the lookup table 116. The resulting amplified signals 105a, 105b are filtered by the biquad filters 106a, 106b, the characteristics (e.g., gain Gn, center frequency Fe and quality factor Q) are controlled in accordance with additional control signals 117c, 117d from the lookup table 116. The filtered signals 107a, 107b are differentially summed in the summing circuit 108. The resulting sum signal 109 is further amplified with a variable gain amplifier 110, the gain for which is controlled in accordance with another control signal 117e from the lookup table 116 (e.g., to compensate for other losses elsewhere within the host system) to produce the final output signal 111.
During calibration of the system 100a, a series of sequential tones are provided as the acoustic signals 101, e.g., from a loudspeaker. In accordance with one embodiment, three test tones are used, e.g., 300, 1,000 and 3,000 Hertz. However, any number of tones at any desired frequency can be used for calibrating this system 100a. During calibration, the center frequencies of the biquad filters 106a, 106b are set to the frequency of the test tone being used at that time, and the degree of frequency dependent gain is necessarily set to a minimum to avoid altering the frequency dependent gain mismatch realized between any chosen pair of aforesaid microphones. The sum signal 109, which serves as an error signal (i.e., the difference between the filtered signals 107a, 107b), is processed by the synchronous energy detector 112 in synchronization with one of the incoming microphone signals 103b (discussed in more detail below).
While monitoring the processed error signal 113, the calibration controller 114 provides control signals 115b to the lookup table 116 so as to cause appropriate control signals 117a, 117b to be provided to one or both of the variable gain amplifiers 104a, 104b such that the magnitude of the processed error signal 113, which corresponds to the input error signal 109, to be minimized. This operation is performed for each of the test tones. (The control data for the control signals 117a, 117b, 117c, 117d is based on prior characterization or testing of the system 100a and has been preprogrammed into the lookup table 116.)
Following completion of these tests, i.e., after the appropriate gain control data 117a, 117b have been determined for minimizing the error signal 109 at each test tone, the corresponding control data 115b are provided as index data 115c to the programmable memory 118. This index data 115c is stored in the programmable memory 118 for later use as the control data 119 for the lookup table during normal operation of the system 100a. As will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, coordination and timing of all operations are controlled using system control data 199 provided by a host system controller (not shown).
Referring to
Applying the middle test tone (e.g., 1,000 Hertz), the error signal 121 is minimized by varying the gain G1 of the input amplifier 104a in accordance with its control data 117a, as selected by the control data 115b from the calibration controller 114 based on the processed error signal 113, as discussed above. The gain G1 at which the error signal 121 is minimized is maintained for subsequent testing using the remaining test tones (e.g., 300 and 3,000 Hertz). The remaining test tones are then applied sequentially, as discussed above, with the gain G2 of the calibration amplifier 104c now being controlled, in accordance with its control data 115d, to minimize the error signal 121 for each test tone. Based upon these tests, a gain G2 of the calibration amplifier 104c can be determined that provides for minimization of the error signal 121 for all test tones other than the middle test tone. This gain value G2 can then be mapped into corresponding appropriate gain values for amplifiers within the biquad filters 106a, 106b by selecting the appropriate control data 117c, 117d within the lookup table 116.
Following completion of these calibration tests using the test tones, the calibration control data 115b which produces the desired control data 117a, 117c, 117d for the input amplifier 104a and biquad filters 106a, 106b, as discussed above, is provided as index data 115c to the programmable memory 118 for storage and use as control data 119 for the lookup table 116 during normal operation of the system 100b.
Referring to
To track the polarity of the product signal 205 more effectively, it is integrated within the integrator 206 which attenuates random variations and circuit noise present within the product signal 205. This integrator 206 operates in a periodic manner in accordance with the control data 115a from the calibration controller 114, with the duration of each integration cycle being controlled by the calibration controller 114 (e.g., in accordance with an oscillator). At the beginning of each test cycle, the gain steps are established, as discussed above, and the output 113 of the integrator 206 is reset to a predetermined value (e.g., zero). The product signal 205 is then integrated throughout the remainder of the test cycle. As discussed above, these test cycles are repeated until the optimum gain steps are determined.
Various other modifications and alternations in the structure and method of operation of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the present invention and that structures and methods within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
