Patent Grant
9717253
The present invention generally relates to the use of synergistic amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole for the control of diamondback moth, beet armyworm, soybean looper, corn earworm, cabbage looper and southwestern corn borer.
Lepidoptera is an order of insects which includes moths and butterflies. It is estimated that there are over 174,000 Lepidopteran species, included in an estimated 126 families. Lepidopteran species undergo a complete metamorphosis during their life cycle. Adults mate and lay eggs. The larvae that emerge from the eggs have a cylindrical body and chewing mouth parts. Larvae undergo several growth stages called instars until they reach their terminal instar and then pupate. Lepidoptera then emerge as adult butterflies or moths.
While some Lepidoptera species are generally considered beneficial organisms due to their aesthetic appeal, many species cause devastating damage to crops. Specifically, diamondback moths, beet armyworms, soybean loopers, corn earworm, cabbage looper and southwestern corn borer are especially problematic to crop growers.
Diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) are a widespread pest that can disperse long distances. Diamondback moth larvae eat the leaves, buds, flowers and seed-buds of cruciferous plants. A heavy infestation can completely remove all foliar tissue from a plant leaving only the leaf veins. Even a lighter infestation can result in the unsuitability of an entire lot of produce for sale. In the past, diamondback moths have been treated with a variety of insecticides including pyrethroids and other insecticides.
Beet armyworms (Spodoptera exigua) are another widespread pest that is difficult to control. The larvae are voracious eaters that defoliate host plants. Older instars can also burrow into the plants. The damage to the host plant renders it unmarketable. Beet armyworms are pests on numerous types of crops.
Soybean loopers (Chrysodeixis includens) are a moth that is prevalent in North and South America. The larvae of soybean loopers can inflict heavy foliage damage resulting in significant crop loss. Soybean loopers are difficult to control with insecticides. Infestation of soybean loopers can be exacerbated after a non-selective insecticide removes the soybean loopers' natural predators.
Corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea) have been referred to as the most costly crop pest in the United States. Corn earworms are difficult to control with insecticides because they can burrow into the plants and avoid exposure to insecticide applications. Corn earworms have numerous natural predators. However, predators and parasitoids alone are not effective at preventing crop plant damage by Helicoverpa zea.
Cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) are a destructive crop pest in North America. During their larval stage, they eat three-times their body weight in plant material a day. Once they are established in a crop field, they are difficult to control.
Southwestern corn borers (Diatraea grandiosella) cause crop damage in the United States and Mexico. It is estimated that southwestern corn borers cause millions of dollars of damage each year. The first larvae that emerge after overwintering feed on the whorl of the plant and can cause total destruction of the plant (dead heart). The second generation that emerge later in the growing season feed on leaf axils and eventually bore into the stalks which can cause girdling and can also lead to death of the plant.
Bacillus thuringiensis is a natural soil bacterium. Many Bacillus thuringiensis strains produce crystal proteins during sporulation called δ-endotoxins which can be used as biological insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis, subspecies aizawai, produces a crystal which paralyzes the digestive system of some larvae within minutes. The larvae eventually die off from the multiple deterious effects from toxin interactions with the gut tissues of the target pest. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is commercially available as XenTari® (available from Valent BioSciences Corporation, XenTari is a registered trademark of Valent BioSciences Corporation).
One advantage of using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is that it is target specific. It does not harm humans or other non-target species. Frequently when plants are treated with a non-selective insecticide, the insecticide also kills natural predators of other pests. This can cause a rebound effect in the target insect or other opportunistic pest species. For example, after applying a non-selective pesticide to kill corn borers, a spider mite infestation might occur because the non-selective pesticide also killed the spider mites' natural predators.
Yet another advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is that it can be used on organic crops. With no mandated pre-harvest interval, it can also be used on crops right before harvest. This provides organic growers, who have few options for pest control, a safe and effective way to manage insect infestations that could ultimately ruin an entire crop.
Chlorantraniliprole is an anthranilic diamide. Chlorantraniliprole has low toxicity to humans and mammals. Further, it is effective at low use rates. Like Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, chlorantraniliprole must be eaten by larvae in order to be effective. Chlorantraniliprole forces muscles within the larvae to release all of their stored calcium, causing the larvae to stop eating and eventually die. Chlorantraniliprole is commercially available, for example, as Coragen® (available from Dupont™, Coragen is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company).
Wakil, et al., applied Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and chlorantraniliprole to Helicoverpa armigera species (Wakil, et al., Effects of Interactions Among Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus Thuringiensis and Chlorantraniliprole on the Mortality and Pupation of Six Geographically Distinct Helicoverpa armigera Field Populations, Phytoparasitica, 2013, 21:221-234). Helicoverpa is another one of the 126 families of Lepidoptera. Based on the results on Helicoverpa armigera, one of skill in the art would not have been able to predict how any of the 174,000+ Lepidoptera species would respond to the treatment with a different subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, with chlorantraniliprole.
Accordingly, there is a need for safe and effective ways to control diamondback moth, beet armyworm, soybean looper, corn earworm, cabbage looper and southwestern corn borer. These methods should be easy to apply, have increased efficacy, and be cost effective.
The present invention is directed to methods for controlling diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens), corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) comprising applying a synergistic amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole to a plant, wherein the ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.00003 to about 1:3.
Applicant discovered that the use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole at a ratio range of from about 1:0.00003 to about 1:3 provided unexpected synergistic effects against specific Lepidopteran species (compare Examples 1 to 3 and 5 to 7 with Example 4 below). This synergy was unexpected because the species' responses to similar treatments has been unpredictable and the species' responses to the treatments herein were varied. Although the use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was not synergistic for sugarcane borer, Applicant was surprised to discover that the synergistic ratios of the present invention provided control of diamondback moth, beet armyworm, soybean looper, corn earworm, cabbage looper and southwestern corn borer.
The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole synergistic mixtures are also safe to use on edible plants. Further, the components of the mixtures are target specific and pose low to no risk to beneficial insects or animals.
Another advantage of the present invention is that the combination of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole aligns with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles and will reduce the ability of the insects to develop resistance to chlorantraniliprole. By combining two different products with different modes of action, the ability of the insects to dominantly express mutations which overcome both Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai toxins and chlorantraniliprole is very unlikely. This means that the mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole can be applied repeatedly in the same season and year after year with minimal risk of resistance developing.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is that it allows for less chlorantraniliprole and less Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to be applied to the plant. For example, within label rates, sub-lethal doses of each can be applied to achieve a lethal dose and control of the larvae. This allows for a significant cost saving to the grower.
A further advantage is that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are target-specific. This means that humans and other, non-target organisms—such as natural predators of diamondback moth, beet armyworm, soybean looper, corn earworm, cabbage looper, and southwestern corn borer—will not be harmed by the methods of the present invention.
In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling a crop plant pest selected from the group consisting of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens), corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) comprising applying a synergistic amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole to a plant, wherein the ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.00003 to about 1:3.
As used herein, “crop plant pest” only refers to diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens), corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella)
In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.001 to about 1:1. In a more preferred embodiment, the ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.04 to about 1:0.8.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling a crop plant pest wherein the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 50 to about 4,000 grams per hectare. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 100 to about 1,300 grams per hectare. In a more preferred embodiment, the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 150 to about 1,250 grams per hectare.
In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling a crop plant pest wherein the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 7,000 to about 200,000 IU/mg. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 20,000 to about 170,000 IU/mg. In a more preferred embodiment, the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 25,000 to about 100,000 IU/mg.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling a crop plant pest wherein the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 5,000 to about 100,000 Spodoptera U/mg. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 20,000 to about 90,000 Spodoptera U/mg. In a more preferred embodiment, the amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 40,000 to about 70,000 Spodoptera U/mg.
Although in some embodiments, the rates of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai are expressed in grams/hectare, IU/mg, or Spodoptera U/mg, the invention is not limited to these methods of measuring potency. If other products are developed or marketed with other potency measurements, it is within the knowledge of one of skill in the art, based on Applicant's teaching herein, to convert the rates to effective amounts consistent with the invention herein to achieve synergistic control of the target crop plant pest.
Further, the present invention is not limited to a specific type of formulation. For example, in the examples herein, a dry flowable granular formulation was used as the source of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. However, other types of formulations may be used, including but not limited to wettable powder formulations, water dispersible granules, granules, and emulsifiable suspension concentrates. Technical grade powders may also be used.
Suitable Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai subspecies strains include, but are not limited to, VBTS-1857, GB413, GC-91, and transconjugated, recombinant and/or genetically engineered subspecies thereof.
Suitable Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai commercial products include, but are not limited to, XenTari® (as indicated above, available from Valent BioSciences Corporation, XenTari is a registered trademark of Valent BioSciences Corporation), Solbit (available from Green Biotech Company), Bacchus® (available from Certis, Bacchus is registered trademark of Certis USA, L.L.C.), Agree® (available from Certis, Agree is registered trademark of Certis USA, L.L.C.), Jackpot® (available from Certis, Jackpot is registered trademark of Certis USA, L.L.C.), and Turex® (available from Certis, Turex is registered trademark of Certis USA, L.L.C.).
In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling a crop plant pest wherein the amount of chlorantraniliprole is from about 20 to about 150 grams per hectare. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of chlorantraniliprole is from about 30 to about 130 grams per hectare. In a more preferred embodiment, the amount of chlorantraniliprole is from about 50 to about 110 grams per hectare.
The examples herein used a commercial product of chlorantraniliprole but the invention is not limited to the use of this commercial product. Suitable chlorantraniliprole products include, but are not limited to, Coragen® (as indicated above, available from Dupont™, Coragen is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), Acelepryn™ (available from Dupont™), and Rynaxypyr® (also available from Dupont™, Rynaxypyr is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company).
In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for controlling a crop plant pest comprising applying a synergistic amount of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole to a plant, wherein the ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.00003 to about 1:3, and wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of root and tuber vegetables, bulb vegetables, leafy non-brassica vegetables, leafy brassica vegetables, succulent or dried legumes, fruiting vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits, berry and small fruits, tree nuts, cereal grains, forage and fodder grasses and hay, non-grass animal feeds, herbs, spices, flowers, bedding plants, ornamental flowers, artichoke, asparagus, coffee, cotton, tropical fruits, hops, malanga, peanut, pomegranate, oil seed vegetables, sugarcane, tobacco, turf, and watercress.
In another embodiment, the crop plant is genetically modified. A “genetically modified” crop plant is one that has had specific genes removed, modified or additional gene copies of native or foreign DNA. The change in the crop plant's DNA may result in can result in changes in the type or amount of RNA, proteins and/or other molecules that the crop plant produces which may affect its response to abiotic (e.g. herbicide) or biotic (e.g. insects) stresses, and/or affect its growth, development, or yield.
When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to cotton to control beet armyworm, the most preferred rate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 600 to about 1,250 grams per hectare. When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to cotton to control beet armyworm, the most preferred rate of chlorantraniliprole is from about 50 to about 110 grams per hectare. Accordingly, when Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to cotton to control beet armyworm, the most preferred ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.04 to about 1:0.2.
When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop except cotton to control beet armyworm, the most preferred rate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 600 to about 1,250 grams per hectare. When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop except cotton to control beet armyworm, the most preferred rate of chlorantraniliprole is from about 50 to about 75 grams per hectare. Accordingly, when Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop except cotton to control beet armyworm, the most preferred ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.04 to about 1:0.15.
When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop to control diamondback moth, corn earworm, cabbage looper, and/or southwestern corn borer the most preferred rate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 150 to about 1,250 grams per hectare. When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop to control diamondback moth, and/or corn earworm, the most preferred rate of chlorantraniliprole is from about 50 to about 75 grams per hectare. Accordingly, when Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop to control diamondback moth, and/or corn earworm, the most preferred ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.04 to about 1:0.05.
When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to cotton to control soybean looper, the most preferred rate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 150 to about 1,250 grams per hectare. When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to cotton to control soybean looper, the most preferred rate of chlorantraniliprole is from about 50 to about 110 grams per hectare. Accordingly, when Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to cotton to control soybean looper, the most preferred ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.04 to about 1:0.8.
When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop except cotton to control soybean looper, the most preferred rate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is from about 150 to about 1,250 grams per hectare. When Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop except cotton to control soybean looper, the most preferred rate of chlorantraniliprole is from about 50 to about 75 grams per hectare. Accordingly, when Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied to any crop except cotton to control soybean looper, the most preferred ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole is from about 1:0.04 to about 1:0.5.
In a preferred embodiment, the root and tuber vegetables are selected from the group consisting of arracacha, arrowroot, Chinese artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke, garden beet, sugar beet, edible burdock, edible canna, carrot, bitter cassava, sweet cassava, celeriac, root chayote, turnip-rooted chervil, chicory, chufa, dasheen (taro), ginger, ginseng, horseradish, leren, turnip-rooted parsley, parsnip, potato, radish, oriental radish, rutabaga, salsify, black salsify, Spanish salsify, skirret, sweet potato, tanier, turmeric, turnip, yam bean, true yam, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In another preferred embodiment, the bulb vegetables are selected from the group consisting of fresh chive leaves, fresh Chinese chive leaves, bulb daylily, elegans hosta, bulb fritillaria, fritillaria leaves, bulb garlic, great-headed bulb garlic, serpent bulb garlic, kurrat, lady's leek, leek, wild leek, bulb lily, Beltsville bunching onion, bulb onion, Chinese bulb onion, fresh onion, green onion, macrostem onion, pearl onion, potato bulb onion, potato bulb, tree onion tops, Welsh onion tops, bulb shallot, fresh shallot leaves, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In a further embodiment, the leafy non-brassica vegetables are selected from the group consisting of Chinese spinach Amaranth, leafy Amaranth, arugula (roquette), cardoon, celery, Chinese celery, celtuce, chervil, edible-leaved chrysanthemum, garland chrysanthemum, corn salad, garden cress, upland cress, dandelion, dandelion leaves, sorrels (dock), endive (escarole), Florence fennel, head lettuce, leaf lettuce, orach, parsley, garden purslane, winter purslane, radicchio (red chicory), rhubarb, spinach, New Zealand spinach, vine spinach, Swiss chard, Tampala, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In another embodiment, the leafy brassica vegetables are selected from the group consisting of broccoli, Chinese broccoli (gai lon), broccoli raab (rapini), Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage (bok choy), Chinese napa cabbage, Chinese mustard cabbage (gai choy), cauliflower, cavalo broccoli, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mizuna, mustard greens, mustard spinach, rape greens, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In yet another embodiment, the succulent or dried vegetable legumes are selected from the group consisting of Lupinus beans, Phaseolus beans, Vigna beans, broad beans (fava), chickpea (garbanzo), guar, jackbean, lablab bean, lentil, Pisum peas, pigeon pea, soybean, immature seed soybean, sword bean, peanut, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the Lupinus beans include grain lupin, sweet lupin, white lupin, white sweet lupin, and hybrids thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the Phaseolus beans include field bean, kidney bean, lima bean, navy bean, pinto bean, runner bean, snap bean, tepary bean, wax bean, and hybrids thereof. In yet another preferred embodiment, the Vigna beans include adzuki bean, asparagus bean, blackeyed bean, catjang, Chinese longbean, cowpea, Crowder pea, moth bean, mung bean, rice bean, southern pea, urd bean, yardlong bean, and hybrids thereof. In another embodiment, the Pisum peas include dwarf pea, edible-podded pea, English pea, field pea, garden pea, green pea, snow pea, sugar snap pea, and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the dried vegetable legume is soybean. In a more preferred embodiment, the dried vegetable legume is genetically modified soybean.
In a further embodiment, the fruiting vegetables are selected from the group consisting of bush tomato, cocona, currant tomato, garden huckleberry, goji berry, groundcherry, martynia, naranjilla, okra, pea eggplant, pepino, peppers, non-bell peppers, Scout tomato fields roselle, eggplant, scarlet eggplant, African eggplant, sunberry, tomatillo, tomato, tree tomato, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the peppers include bell peppers, chili pepper, cooking pepper, pimento, sweet peppers, and hybrids thereof.
In an embodiment, the cucurbit vegetables are selected from the group consisting of Chayote, Chayote fruit, waxgourd (Chinese preserving melon), citron melon, cucumber, gherkin, edible gourds, Momordica species, muskmelons, pumpkins, summer squashes, winter squashes, watermelon, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, edible gourds include hyotan, cucuzza, hechima, Chinese okra, and hybrids thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the Momordica vegetables include balsam apple, balsam pear, bittermelon, Chinese cucumber, and hybrids thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the muskmelon include true cantaloupe, cantaloupe, casaba, crenshaw melon, golden pershaw melon, honeydew melon, honey balls, mango melon, Persian melon, pineapple melon, Santa Claus melon, snake melon, and hybrids thereof. In yet another preferred embodiment, the summer squash include crookneck squash, scallop squash, straightneck squash, vegetable marrow, zucchini, and hybrids thereof. In a further preferred embodiment, the winter squash includes butternut squash, calabaza, hubbard squash, acorn squash, spaghetti squash, and hybrids thereof.
In another embodiment, the citrus fruits are selected from the group consisting of limes, calamondin, citron, grapefruit, Japanese summer grapefruit, kumquat, lemons, Mediterranean mandarin, sour orange, sweet orange, pummel, Satsuma mandarin, tachibana orange, tangelo, mandarin tangerine, tangor, trifoliate orange, uniq fruit, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the limes are selected from the group consisting of Australian desert lime, Australian finger lime, Australian round lime, Brown River finger lime, mount white lime, New Guinea wild lime, sweet lime, Russell River lime, Tahiti lime, and hybrids thereof.
In an embodiment, the pome fruits are selected from the group consisting of apple, azarole, crabapple, loquat, mayhaw, medlar, pear, Asian pear, quince, Chinese quince, Japanese quince, tejocote, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In another embodiment, the stone fruits are selected from the group consisting of apricot, sweet cherry, tart cherry, nectarine, peach, plum, Chicksaw plum, Damson plum, Japanese plum, plumcot, fresh prune, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In a further embodiment, the berries and small fruits are selected from the group consisting of Amur river grape, aronia berry, bayberry, bearberry, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, lowbush blueberry, highbush blueberry, buffalo currant, buffaloberry, che, Chilean guava, chokecherry, chokeberry, cloudberry, cranberry, highbush cranberry, black currant, red currant, elderberry, European barberry, gooseberry, grape, edible honeysuckle, huckleberry, jostaberry, Juneberry (Saskatoon berry), lingonberry, maypop, mountain pepper berries, mulberry, muntries, native currant, partridgeberry, phalsa, pincherry, black raspberry, red raspberry, riberry, salal, schisandra berry, sea buckthorn, serviceberry, strawberry, wild raspberry, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the blackberries include Andean blackberry, arctic blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry, brombeere, California blackberry, Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry, Cheyenne blackberry, common blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry, evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry, lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry, Lucreliaberry, mammoth blackberry, marionberry, mora, mures deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry, olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry, ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry, youngberry, zarzamora, and hybrids thereof.
In another embodiment, the tree nuts are selected from the group consisting of almond, beech nut, Brazil nut, butternut, cashew, chestnut, chinquapin, hazelnut (filbert), hickory nut, macadamia nut, pecan, pistachio, black walnut, English walnut, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In a further embodiment, the cereal grains are selected from the group consisting of barley, buckwheat, pearl millet, proso millet, oats, corn, field corn, sweet corn, seed corn, popcorn, rice, rye, sorghum (milo), sorghum species, grain sorghum, sudangrass (seed), teosinte, triticale, wheat, wild rice, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the cereal grain is corn. In a more preferred embodiment, the cereal grain is genetically modified corn.
In yet another embodiment, the grass forage, fodder and hay are selected from the group consisting of grasses that are members of the Gramineae family except sugarcane and those species included in the cereal grains group, pasture and range grasses, and grasses grown for hay or silage. In further embodiments, the Gramineae grasses may be green or cured.
In an embodiment, the non-grass animal feeds are selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, velvet bean, trifolium clover, melilotus clover, kudzu, lespedeza, lupin, sainfoin, trefoil, vetch, crown vetch, milk vetch, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In another embodiment, the herbs and spices are selected from the group consisting of allspice, angelica, anise, anise seed, star anise, annatto seed, balm, basil, borage, burnet, chamomile, caper buds, caraway, black caraway, cardamom, cassia bark, cassia buds, catnip, celery seed, chervil, chive, Chinese chive, cinnamon, clary, clove buds, coriander leaf, coriander seed, costmary, culantro leaves, culantro seed, cilantro leaves, cilantro seed, cumin, dillweed, dill seed, fennel, common fennel, Florence fennel seed, fenugreek, grains of paradise, horehound, hyssop, juniper berry, lavender, lemongrass, leaf lovage, seed lovage, mace, marigold, marjoram, mint, mustard seed, nasturtium, nutmeg, parsley, pennyroyal, black pepper, white pepper, poppy seed, rosemary, rue, saffron, sage, summer savory, winter savory, sweet bay, tansy, tarragon, thyme, vanilla, wintergreen, woodruff, wormwood, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the mints are selected from the group consisting of spearmint, peppermint, and hybrids thereof.
In yet another embodiment, artichokes are selected from the group consisting of Chinese artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In an embodiment, the tropical fruits are selected from the group consisting of anonna, avocado, fuzzy kiwifruit, hardy kiwifruit, banana, plantain, caimito, carambola (star fruit), guava, longan, sapodilla, papaya, passion fruit, mango, lychee, jackfruit, dragon fruit, mamey sapote, coconut cherimoya, canistrel, monster, wax jambu, pomegranate, rambutan, pulasan, Pakistani mulberry, langsat, chempedak, durian, fig pineapple, jaboticaba, mountain apples, pineapple, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
In a further embodiment, the oil seed vegetables are selected from the group consisting of borage, calendula, castor oil plant, tallowtree, cottonseed, crambe, cuphea, echium, euphorbia, evening primrose, flax seed, gold of pleasure, hare's ear, mustard, jojoba, lesquerella, lunaria, meadowfoam, milkweed, niger seed, oil radish, poppy seed, rosehip, sesame, stokes aster, sweet rocket, tallowwood, tea oil plant, vermonia, canola, or oil rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, and cultivars, varieties and hybrids thereof.
The synergistic amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole may be applied to seeds, foliage, or an area where a plant is intended to grow.
The synergistic amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole may be applied once or many times during a growing season. If Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole are applied more than one time, the total amount applied should not exceed a yearly maximum rate as determined by environmental protection agencies.
As used herein, “plant” refers to at least one plant and not a plant population.
As used herein, “control” or “controlling” means a decline in the amount of damage to the plants from the larvae, reduction of pest population, interference with life cycle development or other physiological or behavioral effect that results in plant protection.
As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weight percentages and the like, are defined as “about” or “approximately” each particular value, plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase “at least 5.0% by weight” is to be understood as “at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight.” Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed values are encompassed by the scope of the claims.
The disclosed embodiments are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein and should not be considered as limiting, unless so stated.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use the invention. They are not intended to be limiting in any way.
The following examples illustrate the synergy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole when controlling diamondback moth, beet armyworm, soybean looper, corn earworm, cabbage looper, and southwestern corn borer. Xentari® was used as the source of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and Coragen® was used as the source of chlorantraniliprole. The present invention is not limited to the products or formulation types used herein. In each example below, the studies were conducted as follows.
For these tests, standardized laboratory leaf dip methods were used to inoculate plant material with treatment(s). Dry, treated leaves were placed into Petri dishes (100×25 mm) containing filter paper wetted with 500 μl of distilled H2O (“dH2O”). Each dish was then infested with between 5 and 10 larvae, dependent on species. Efficacy ratings were taken at specified intervals. Synergy ratings were calculated for each test.
In this study, the response of diamondback moth larvae to synergistic amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (“Bta”) and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study can be seen below in Table 1.
As seen in Table 1, the mixtures of the present invention provided a more than additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was synergistic: % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
% Cexp=A+B−(AB/100), where % Cexp is the expected efficacy and “in which A and B are the control levels given by the single [insecticides]. If the ratio between the experimentally observed efficacy of the mixture Cobs and the expected efficacy of the mixture is greater than 1, synergistic interactions are present in the mixture.” (Gisi, Synergisitic Interaction of Fungicides in Mixtures, The American Phytopathological Society, 86:11, 1273-1279, 1996). Adopting a conservative approach, Applicant determined synergy to be present at ratios of ≧1.15.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm (2.7 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
In order to determine synergy, rates below normal field rate ranges must be used. If normal field rate ranges are used, all of the larvae would die (combining a lethal or near lethal dose of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai with a lethal dose of chlorantraniliprole would most likely lead to larvae death) in every treatment and synergy would not be able to be determined. A synergy ratio that is indicative of synergy is this assay is a predictor of the synergy that will be seen in the field at normal field rates (or at rates that occur naturally as the active ingredients are degraded over time by exposure to rain, UV radiation, and temperature extremes). This assay was chosen for its ability to accurately predict mortality rates of larvae in the field.
The results of this calculation indicated that the synergy ratio was 0.96 at 24 hours and 2.64 at 48 hours. As a finding of higher than 1 is indicative of synergy (per Gisi, or even ≧1.15 per Applicant), the ratio of 2.64 is synergistic. Synergy was shown at a ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole of 1:0.0003.
In this study, the response of beet armyworm larvae to amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study can be seen in Table 2.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm (2.7 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
As seen in Table 2, the mixtures of the present invention provided a more than additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was synergistic: % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
The results of this calculation indicated that the synergy ratio was 1.34 at 24 hours and 1.24 at 48 hours. As a finding of higher than 1 is indicative of synergy, the ratio of 1.24 is synergistic. Synergy was shown at a ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole of 1:0.0003.
In this study, the response of cabbage looper larvae to amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study are below in Table 3.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm (2.7 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
As seen in Table 3, the mixtures of the present invention provided a more than additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was synergistic: % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
The results of this calculation indicated that the synergy ratio was 0.96 at 24 hours and 1.41 at 48 hours. As a finding of higher than 1 is indicative of synergy, the ratio of 1.41 is synergistic. Synergy was shown at a ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole of 1:0.0003.
In this study, the response of sugarcane borer larvae to amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study are in Table 4.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 27 ppm (27 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 27 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
As seen in Table 4, the mixtures of the present invention failed to provide more than an additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was not synergistic: % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
In this study, the response of southwestern corn borer larvae to amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study are in Table 5.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm (2.7 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 2.7 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
As seen in Table 5, the mixtures of the present invention provided a more than additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was synergistic: % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
The results of this calculation indicated that the synergy ratio was 2.15 at 24 hours and 1.17 at 48 hours. As a finding of higher than 1 is indicative of synergy, the ratios of 1.17 and above are clearly synergistic. Synergy was shown at a ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole of 1:0.0003.
In this study, the response of soybean looper larvae to amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study are in Table 6.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 27 ppm (27 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 27 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
As seen in Table 6, the mixtures of the present invention provided a more than additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was synergistic: % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
The results of this calculation indicated that the synergy ratio was 1.35 at 24 hours and 1.48 at 48 hours. As a finding of higher than 1 is indicative of synergy, the ratios of 1.35 and above are synergistic. Synergy was shown at a ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole of 1:0.00003.
In this study, the response of corn earworm larvae to amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and chlorantraniliprole was observed. The results of this study are in Table 7.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was applied at a concentration of 27 ppm (27 μg/ml). Chlorantraniliprole was applied at a concentration of 0.0009 ppm (0.0009 μg/ml). The Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai/chlorantraniliprole mixture was applied at a concentration of 27 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and 0.0009 ppm chlorantraniliprole.
As seen in Table 7, the mixtures of the present invention provided a more than additive effect. By using the following formula, Applicant was able to determine that this response was synergistic % Cexp=A+B−(AB/100).
The results of this calculation indicated that the synergy ratio was 2.02 at 48 hours. As a finding of higher than 1 is indicative of synergy, the finding of a synergy ratio of 2.02 is synergistic. Synergy was shown at a ratio of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai to chlorantraniliprole of 1:0.00003.
In summary, synergy was seen against diamondback moth, beet armyworm, soybean looper, corn earworm, cabbage looper and southwestern corn borer.
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