Patent Application
20150133349
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for inhibiting or preventing silicate scaling, and more particularly relates, in one non-limiting embodiment, to chemical blends of at least two components, which blend inhibits or prevents magnesium and calcium silicate scaling synergistically better than either of the two components used separately.
Alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) floods in sandstone reservoirs are associated with silicate scaling of production wells for oil (petroleum). Silicate scaling has been a significant problem in ASP-flooded fields in China and Canada.
ASP flooding is a tertiary enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method designed to lower interfacial tension (IFT), water wet the formation, and decrease water mobility necessary to produce residual oil. The ASP flood uses a combination of alkali, surfactant and polymer to achieve these results. The flood requires extensive surface equipment used for mixing the components and injection through strategically placed wells.
ASP floods often induce silicate scaling as the alkaline phase increases the pH to a level that some naturally occurring silicon species dissolve. Common types of silica deposit encountered is the precipitation of magnesium silicate and calcium silicate. This deposition is strongly dependent on the pH and the temperature of the system as well as the actual concentration of magnesium and/or calcium itself. In systems above pH 9, magnesium silicate is very likely to form due to the presence of magnesium hydroxide and silicate ions. Other hydroxide salts such as calcium, strontium and sodium can react with silicate ions; however, the resulting products are much more soluble and will revert back to the ionic phase more readily. Additionally, if calcium is present in the connate water then contact in the production well with high pH ASP water will promote the formation of calcium carbonate scale (calcite). Calcium, similarly to magnesium, can serve as a nuclei or bridge to aid in the formation of colloidal silicate particles and increase silicate scale.
Silicate scale is very difficult to remove from oil wells once it has formed and traditionally has required mechanical removal. Various polymers and other chemicals have been developed that act as inhibitors of amorphous silica and magnesium silicate scales.
In summary, the type and amount of silicate scale observed is dependent on several factors including pH, magnesium concentration, and the magnesium to calcium ratios. Over the lifetime of an ASP flood these factors will change across the field and individual wells giving varying scale precipitations with time and from well to well.
It would be desirable to develop new and/or alternative compositions and methods that would inhibit or prevent the formation of silicate scales.
There is provided, in one non-limiting version, a method for inhibiting or preventing the formation of silicate scales, which method comprises adding to a fluid having a potential for silicate scaling an amount of a chemical blend effective to inhibit or prevent the formation of silicate scales, where the chemical blend includes, but is not necessarily limited to, at least one first chemical that is a polyamine phosphonate and at least one second chemical that is a lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate.
In another non-restrictive embodiment, there is provided a chemical blend for inhibiting or preventing the formation of silicate scales in a fluid having a potential for silicate scaling, where the chemical blend includes, but is not necessarily limited to, at least one first chemical that is a polyamine phosphonate and at least one second chemical that is a lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate.
It has been discovered that two intermediate chemicals that have known benefits for preventing carbonate scale formation, such as calcium carbonate scale and magnesium carbonate formation, as well as for preventing barite formation (barium sulfate) were discovered to have a synergistic effect for preventing or inhibiting silicate scaling when used together. Each of the intermediates is ineffective at preventing silicate scaling when used alone. However, when used in combination, they have a synergistic benefit.
In one non-limiting embodiment the components in the silicate scale inhibiting blend include at least one first chemical, including, but not necessarily limited to, a polyamine phosphonate, and the like, and at least one second chemical, including, but not necessarily limited to, a lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate. A suitable polyamine phosphonate is diethylenetriamine (DETA) phosphonate. A suitable lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate is lysine tetra(methylene)phosphonate (LTMP). Other potential candidates for the second chemical include, but are not necessarily limited to, arginine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate and/or histadinetetra(alkylene)phosphonate. One particularly suitable LTMP is DEQUEST® FS0250 liquid, available from Thermphos Dequest UK Ltd. Other liquids that may be used in addition to or in place of DEQUEST® FS0250 liquid include, but are not necessarily limited to, DEQUEST® 3000S, DEQUEST® FS0531, DEQUEST® 9510, and DEQUEST® FS9513 liquids.
In the silicate scale inhibiting blend, the amount of polyamine phosphonate ranges from about 0.1 independently to about 50 wt %, and the amount of lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate ranges from about 0.1 independently to about 50 wt %. Alternatively, the amount of polyamine phosphonate ranges from about 1 independently to about 36 wt %, and the amount of lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate ranges from about 1 independently to about 36 wt %. In another non-limiting embodiment, the amount of polyamine phosphonate ranges from about 2 independently to about 25 wt %, and the amount of lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate ranges from about 2 independently to about 25 wt %. The word “independently” as used herein with respect to a range means that any lower threshold may be combined with any upper threshold to form a suitable alternative range.
Silicate scales that may be inhibited or prevented from forming in fluids include, but are not necessarily limited to, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, strontium silicate, sodium silicate, iron silicate, aluminum silicate, and combinations thereof. It is expected that most of the fluids in which the silicate scale inhibitor blends will find utility are aqueous, such as in the oilfield (e.g. in the ASP flooding process) or in industrial waters (e.g. in boiler water). It is not expected that the silicate scale inhibitor blends and methods will have as much use with respect to liquids that are largely non-aqueous, e.g. hydrocarbonaceous liquids, however, they may find utility in preventing silicate scale formation in oil/water or water/oil emulsions in some contexts. In the oilfield context, fluids that may be suitable to be treated are those in locations that include, but are not necessarily limited to, a surface tank, a surface conduit, a wellbore, a subterranean formation, and combinations thereof. The chemical blends may be applied by any number of methods used for delivery of chemicals into a reservoir stream or other stream, including, but not necessarily limited to a capillary string, or injection down the annulus of a well with or without a backside flush. The silicate scale inhibition blend may also be used via an umbilical for deep water applications.
It can be difficult to determine in advance what the amount of the chemical blend is to add to a fluid having the potential for silicate scaling which will be effective to inhibit or prevent the formation of silicate scales in that fluid, since a number of factors can affect silicate scale formation including, but not necessarily limited to, pH, polyvalent cation concentration, temperature, and the ratio of calcium to magnesium.
Laboratory screening experiments, trial-and-error iterative processes and the like may be necessary to find the optimum dosage level for any particular application. Nevertheless to give some idea of suitable dosages, the effective amount of the chemical blend in the liquid ranges from about 10 ppm independently to about 10,000 ppm. Alternatively, the dosage may range from about 300 ppm independently to about 1650 ppm, in another non-limiting embodiment from about 400 ppm independently to about 1500 ppm, and in a different non-restrictive embodiment from about 500 ppm independently to about 1000 ppm.
Suitable solvents and additives may be used in the chemical blends herein including, but not necessarily limited to, methanol (MeOH) and monoethylene glycol (MEG), for instance to lower the freezing point to “winterize” the blend.
As mentioned, it has been discovered that the methods and compositions described herein give synergistic results. Synergistic results are described herein as where silicate scaling is inhibited or prevented better than the added results from identical methods where only the first chemical is used alone and only the second chemical is used alone.
Since the water chemistry from wells in different phases of an ASP flood has significantly differing pH, silicon, and other influencing ion concentrations, a brine chemistry that would give a high precipitation of silicate scale was chosen for laboratory testing to make the differences in chemistry performance more visible. Field brine from troubled wells was not severe enough to easily distinguish differences in test chemistries.
The water chemistry used in the testing was meant to represent a highly aggressive scaling tendency for both silicates and carbonates. The test water was formulated by making three waters and then combining them in equal amounts. The Cation Water (CW) contained the predominant scaling cations of calcium and magnesium. The Anion Water (AW) contained the predominant scaling anions for carbonate scale and allowed the water to be pH buffered to the test pH of 10. The ASP Water (ASPW) contained the silicon ion (from Na2SiO3.5H2O) for the silicate scale. Compositions are given in Table I.
A Design of Experiment (DOE) project was undertaken to statistically evaluate contributions and interactions of several known scale inhibitors, raw materials and/or intermediates. A number of candidates were chose for the DOE as others were removed for compatibility reasons or underperformance in preliminary performance evaluations. The DOE software was used to produce 31 different blends using four active materials: ACCENT™ 1131 carboxylic sulfonated nonionic terpolymer scale inhibitor available from Dow Chemical Company, VERSENE™ 100 chelating agent available from Dow Chemical Company, DEQUEST FS0520 and diethylenetriamine (DETA) phosphonate. To evaluate these blends a TURBISCAN™ AGS screening system was used to scan each sample for a four hour period recording the percent transmission on a time and depth profile. The test procedure used the test brine composite by adding a known volume of the AW and the same volume of the ASPW to a clean glass container. The blend was then added at a concentration of 300 ppm of the total volume. The CW was then added and the container was sealed and shaken before the solution was transferred into the test container. The DOE produced a model showed the influences of the constituents that were tested and how the scaling tendency was affected. The model that was produced was shown to be statistically significant. The actual and predicted values matched up very well.
When evaluating the DOE model it was seen that DEQUEST FS0520 and diethylenetriamine (DETA) phosphonate worked well in conjunction with each other and seemed to give the highest positive interactions. In order to attempt to produce blends that would be both winterized and gas lift qualified, 30% monoethylene glycol (MEG) was added to each of the two resulting laboratory blends Chemical A and Chemical B, which were further evaluated. Chemical A consisted of 30.0 wt % ethylene glycol solvent, 36.0 wt % DEQUEST FS0620, and 34.0 wt % diethylenetriamine (DETA) phosphonate. Chemical B consisted of 30.0 wt % ethylene glycol solvent, 46.0 wt % DEQUEST FS0620, and 24.0 wt % diethylenetriamine (DETA) phosphonate.
In order to attempt to prove that the two new lab blends (Chemical A and Chemical B) were more effective at inhibiting silicate and carbonate scale than the incumbent Baker Hughes Incumbent A silicate scale inhibitor the Test Brine was once again utilized along with a single sample Turbiscan. The testing sequence was as shown in Table II.
Each test run was converted from percent transmission to Absorbance (AU) and graphed alongside similar blends based on concentration of active components for ease of comparison. Additionally, a “Separability Number” was calculated for each test run to give a measure of how much scaling there was by looking at the relative standard deviation of the percent transmission over time and depth. In general, the lower the Separability Number the lower the scaling tendency. As can be seen in Table II, the lowest two Separability Numbers correspond to Chemical A and Chemical B, respectively.
The blends of Chemical A and Chemical B consistently have lower Separability Numbers and lower absorbance values. When evaluating these graphs it is important to note that the crest of the line is important as this can be indicative of a large amount of scaling (increase in turbidity) before the scale began to settle to the bottom of the test container. As can be seen in
Subsequent testing was undertaken to show that the chosen synergistic lab blend, Chemical A, would be able to outperform not only Incumbent A with the DOE test brine but also outperform all the incumbent products at their known usage ranges. Using a Decision Model, a test matrix was developed in order to ensure that Chemical A would be tested against each of the incumbent products at or near their strength as designated by this model. To do this testing nine solutions were made. Forty eight tests were run mixing these nine brines in a way to attempt to cover as much of the Decision Model as possible. Absorbance was observed after four hours. All testing was done at 37° C. using a CARY® 100 UV-Vis thermal block spectrophotometer with 12 sample multi-cell with individualized stir bars in each cuvette to keep the solution intermixed throughout the testing duration.
Looking at graphical representations of comparisons of Chemical A versus the incumbent at a particular pH, magnesium concentration, or SiO2 concentration, makes it much clearer as to how this new blend performs. In this follow up testing, just as before, the concentration of Chemical A is consistently half of the incumbent during testing.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, and it is expected to be effective in inhibiting and preventing the formation of silicate scales. However, it will be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. For example, specific first and second chemicals, other than those specifically exemplified or mentioned, and/or in different proportions, falling within the claimed parameters, but not specifically identified or tried in a particular application to inhibit or prevent silicate scales, are within the scope of this invention. The terms “first chemical” and “second chemical” are used herein for the purpose of simplifying the categories of chemicals that may be added to the chemical blend and are not intended to limit the order by which the chemicals may be added to the chemical blend. The arrangement as listed within each combination is also not intended to limit the order by which the chemicals may be added to the chemical blend. More than one chemical may be used from the first chemical group and/or from the second chemical group. Similarly, it is expected that the inventive compositions will find utility in inhibiting and preventing the formation of silicate scales for other fluids besides those in the oil field.
The terms “comprises” and “comprising” in the claims should be interpreted to mean including, but not limited to, the recited elements.
The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. For instance, there is provided a method for inhibiting or preventing the formation of silicate scales, which method consists essentially of or consists of adding to a fluid having a potential for silicate scaling an amount of a chemical blend effective to inhibit or prevent the formation of silicate scales, where the chemical blend comprises, consists essentially of or consists of at least one first chemical that is a polyamine phosphonate; and at least one second chemical that is a lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate.
There may also be provided in a non-limiting embodiment a chemical blend for inhibiting or preventing the formation of silicate scales in a fluid having a potential for silicate scaling, where the chemical blend consists essentially of or consists of at least one first chemical that is a polyamine phosphonate; and at least one second chemical that is a lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/902,438 filed on Nov. 11, 2013, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61902438 | Nov 2013 | US |
