The present application relates generally to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and, more particularly, to operating modes suitable for situational awareness.
A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an imaging radar. The SAR exploits the relative motion of the radar and a target of interest to obtain high azimuthal resolution. High range resolution can be achieved using pulse compression techniques. The SAR is typically flown on an aircraft, a spacecraft, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) such as a drone, or another suitable platform. The target of interest is typically on the ground, and can be a point target or a distributed target. The SAR can be a component of a SAR imaging system, the system also including at least one of data processing and data distribution components.
In conventional operation of the SAR imaging system, the system is tasked to obtain images of a target or a swath. Data is collected on-board the platform. In the case of a spaceborne SAR, the data is collected on-board the spacecraft, and either processed on-board the spacecraft and downlinked to the ground, or downlinked and processed on the ground to generate the images. The images are distributed to the user, typically via a network.
A method of operation of a multi-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) comprising a transceiver and a hardware data processor may be summarized as including causing by the data processor the SAR to enter an interrogation mode, and while in the interrogation mode: transmitting by the transceiver one or more interrogation pulses to the ground at at least one of a first or a second frequency band, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band; determining by the data processor if a response to the one or more interrogation pulses has been received from a ground terminal; determining by the data processor if position information specifying a ground location has been received from the ground terminal; upon determining by the data processor a response to the one or more interrogation pulses has been received from the ground terminal, and position information specifying a ground location has been received from the ground terminal, causing by the data processor the SAR to enter an imaging mode, and while in the imaging mode: transmitting by the transceiver a first transmitted imaging pulse to the ground at the first frequency band; transmitting by the transceiver a second transmitted imaging pulse to the ground at the second frequency band; receiving by the transceiver a first received pulse that includes backscattered energy from the first transmitted imaging pulse; receiving by the transceiver a second received pulse that includes backscattered energy from the second transmitted imaging pulse; encoding by the data processor data from the first and the second received pulses to generate a first subsequent transmitted imaging pulse; and transmitting by the transceiver the first subsequent transmitted imaging pulse to the ground at the first frequency band. Encoding by the data processor data from the first and the second received pulses to generate a subsequent transmitted pulse may include modulating by the data processor a combination of data from the first and the second received pulses by at least one of phase-shift keying (PSK) or amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) to generate a modulated pulse; convolutionally encoding by the data processor the modulated pulse to generate an encoded pulse.
Encoding by the data processor data from the first and the second received pulses to generate a subsequent transmitted pulse may further include encrypting by the data processor the encoded pulse to generate an encrypted subsequent transmitted pulse. Transmitting by the transceiver one or more interrogation pulses to the ground at at least one of a first or a second frequency band may include transmitting by the transceiver one or more pulses in a broad-beam mode of the multi-band SAR. Transmitting by the transceiver one or more interrogation pulses in a broad-beam mode of the multi-band SAR may include transmitting by the transceiver one or more pulses at a pulse repetition frequency in a range of 0.5 Hz to 50 Hz.
The method may further include transmitting by the transceiver a second subsequent transmitted pulse to the ground at the second frequency band; receiving by the transceiver a first subsequent received pulse at the first frequency band that includes backscattered energy from the first subsequent transmitted pulse; receiving by the transceiver a second subsequent received pulse at the second frequency band that includes backscattered energy from the second subsequent transmitted pulse; encoding by the data processor data from the first and the second subsequent received pulses to generate a further subsequent transmitted pulse; and transmitting by the transceiver the further subsequent transmitted pulse to the ground at the first frequency band.
The method may further include transmitting by the transceiver a third transmitted pulse to the ground at the first frequency band before transmitting by the transceiver the first subsequent transmitted pulse to the ground at the first frequency band, wherein the transmitting of the first subsequent transmitted pulse to the ground at the first frequency band does not consecutively follow the transmitting of the first transmitted pulse to the ground at the first frequency band. The multi-band SAR may be a dual-band SAR, and the first frequency band may be L-band and the second frequency band may be X-band. The transmitting of pulses at the first frequency band may be synchronized with the transmitting of pulses at the second frequency band. The transmitting of pulses at the first frequency band may be at a pulse repetition frequency that is substantially the same as for the transmitting of pulses at the second frequency band. The transmitting of pulses at the first frequency band may be interleaved with the transmitting of pulses at the second frequency band.
A method of generating synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images by a ground terminal, the ground terminal comprising a transceiver, a data store, and a hardware data processor may be summarized as including receiving by the transceiver an interrogation pulse transmitted by a multi-band SAR at at least one of a first or a second frequency band, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band; transmitting by the transceiver a response to the interrogation pulse; transmitting by the transceiver position information specifying a ground location; receiving by the transceiver an nth transmitted first-frequency pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the first frequency band; storing the nth transmitted first-frequency pulse in the data store; receiving by the transceiver an mth transmitted pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the first frequency band, wherein m is greater than n, and wherein a radar return received by the multi-band SAR includes backscattered energy from the nth transmitted first-frequency pulse and backscattered energy from an nth transmitted second-frequency pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the second frequency band, and the mth transmitted pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the first frequency band includes an encoding of the radar return received by the multi-band SAR; storing the mth transmitted pulse in the data store; decoding by the data processor the mth transmitted pulse to regenerate the radar return received by the multi-band SAR; and generating a range line by the data processor for a SAR image by range compression of at least a portion of the radar return received by the SAR using a reference function. The generating a range line by the data processor for a SAR image may include using the nth transmitted first-frequency pulse as a reference function. The generating a range line by the data processor for a SAR image may include using a previously transmitted second-frequency pulse, transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the second frequency band, as a reference function.
The method may further include receiving the previously transmitted second-frequency pulse by the ground terminal. Decoding by the data processor the mth transmitted pulse to regenerate the radar return received by the multi-band SAR may include convolutionally decoding by the data processor the mth transmitted pulse to generate a modulated radar return; and demodulating by the data processor the modulated radar return to regenerate the radar return received by the multi-band SAR. The encoding of the mth transmitted pulse may include an encryption of the radar return received by the multi-band SAR, and w decoding the mth transmitted pulse by the data processor to regenerate the radar return received by the multi-band SAR may include decrypting by the data processor the mth transmitted pulse to generate an encoded radar return; convolutionally decoding by the data processor the encoded radar return to generate a modulated radar return; and demodulating by the data processor the modulated radar return to regenerate the radar return received by the SAR. Transmitting by the transceiver position information specifying a ground location may include transmitting by the transceiver position information that includes a location of the ground terminal. Transmitting by the transceiver position information specifying a location to be imaged may include transmitting by the transceiver position information that includes the center of a desired image ground area. The multi-band SAR may be a dual-band SAR, and the first frequency band may be L-band and the second frequency band may be X-band.
A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging system may be summarized as including a multi-band SAR mounted on a SAR platform, the multi-band SAR comprising a SAR antenna that transmits a first and a subsequent transmitted pulse to the ground at a first frequency band, and receives a first received pulse that includes backscattered energy from the first transmitted pulse, and transmits a second transmitted pulse to the ground at a second frequency band, and receives a second received pulse that includes backscattered energy from the second transmitted pulse, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band; a SAR transceiver communicatively coupled to the SAR antenna, the SAR transceiver communicatively coupled to at least one of a SAR data store and a SAR data processor, the SAR data store communicatively coupled to the SAR data processor, the SAR data store which stores the first and the second received pulses, and the SAR data processor which encodes data from the second received pulse to generate the subsequent transmitted pulse for transmission by the SAR antenna to the ground at the first frequency band. The SAR data processor may encode data from the first and the second received pulse to generate the subsequent transmitted pulse for transmission by the SAR antenna to the ground at the first frequency band.
The multi-band SAR selectively operable in an interrogation mode to transmit a plurality of interrogation pulses to a ground at at least one of a first or a second frequency band, may further include a ground terminal, the ground terminal comprising a ground terminal antenna communicatively coupled to a transceiver, the transceiver communicatively coupled to at least one of a ground terminal data store and a ground terminal data processor, wherein the ground terminal is selectively operable to receive an interrogation pulse and respond by transmitting position information specifying a ground location to the SAR, and wherein the SAR imaging system, in response to receiving position information from the ground terminal, generates one or more SAR images of the ground in response to the interrogation pulse at at least one of a first or a second frequency band. The SAR antenna may be a planar phased array antenna.
A method of operation of a radar comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and a set of processor circuitry may be summarized as including transmitting by the transmitter a first pulse at a first frequency band; transmitting by the transmitter a second pulse at a second frequency band, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band; receiving by the receiver a first radar return that includes backscattered energy from the first pulse; receiving by the receiver a second radar return that includes backscattered energy from the second pulse; encoding by the set of processor circuitry data from the first and the second radar returns to generate a subsequent pulse; and transmitting by the transmitter the subsequent pulse at the first frequency band. Receiving by the receiver a radar return that includes backscattered energy from the first pulse may include receiving by the receiver a radar return that includes backscattered energy from the first pulse which is backscattered from a target on a surface of the Earth. The radar may be operable to image the target on the surface of the Earth from at least one of an airborne platform or a spaceborne platform. The radar may include a transceiver, the transceiver including the transmitter and the receiver.
Encoding by the set of processor circuitry data from the first and the second radar returns to generate a subsequent pulse may include sampling data from the first and the second radar returns to generate sampled radar return; modulating by the set of processor circuitry the sampled radar return by at least one of phase-shift keying (PSK) or amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) to generate modulated radar returns; and convolutionally encoding by the set of processor circuitry the modulated radar returns to generate an encoded radar return.
Encoding by the processor circuitry data from the first and the second radar returns to generate a subsequent pulse may further include encrypting by the set of processor circuitry the encoded radar return to generate an encrypted subsequent pulse. The radar may be a multi-band synthetic aperture radar.
A method of operation of a multi-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) comprising a transceiver and a hardware data processor may be summarized as including causing by the data processor the SAR to enter an interrogation mode, and while in interrogation mode; transmitting by the transceiver one or more interrogation pulses to a ground at at least one of a first or a second frequency band, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band; determining by the data processor if a response to the one or more interrogation pulses has been received from a ground terminal; determining by the data processor if position information specifying a ground location has been received from the ground terminal; upon determining by the data processor a response to the one or more interrogation pulses has been received from the ground terminal, and position information specifying a ground location has been received from the ground terminal, causing by the data processor the SAR to enter an imaging mode, and while in imaging mode; transmitting by the transceiver a first transmitted imaging pulse to the ground at the second frequency band; receiving by the transceiver a first received pulse that includes backscattered energy from the first transmitted imaging pulse; encoding by the data processor data from the first received pulse to generate a first subsequent transmitted imaging pulse; and transmitting by the transceiver the first subsequent transmitted imaging pulse to the ground at the first frequency band.
The method may further include transmitting by the transceiver a second subsequent transmitted imaging pulse to the ground at the second frequency band; receiving by the transceiver a subsequent received pulse at the second frequency band that includes backscattered energy from the second subsequent transmitted imaging pulse; encoding by the data processor data from the subsequent received pulse to generate a further subsequent transmitted pulse; and transmitting by the transceiver the further subsequent transmitted pulse to the ground at the first frequency band.
A method of generating synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of a ground by a ground terminal, the ground terminal comprising a transceiver, a data store, and a hardware data processor may be summarized as including receiving by the transceiver an interrogation pulse transmitted by a multi-band SAR at a first frequency band; transmitting by the transceiver a response to the interrogation pulse; transmitting by the transceiver position information specifying a ground location; receiving by the transceiver an nth transmitted first-frequency pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the first frequency band; storing the nth transmitted first-frequency pulse in the data store; receiving by the transceiver an mth transmitted pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the first frequency band, wherein m is greater than n, and wherein a radar return received by the multi-band SAR includes backscattered energy from an nth transmitted second-frequency pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at a second frequency band, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band, and the mth transmitted pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the first frequency band includes an encoding of data from the radar return received by the multi-band SAR; storing the mth transmitted pulse in the data store; decoding by the data processor the mth transmitted pulse to regenerate the radar return received by the multi-band SAR; and generating a range line by the data processor for a SAR image by range compression of at least a portion of the radar return received by the SAR using a reference function. Generating a range line by the data processor for a SAR image by range compression of at least a portion of the radar return received by the SAR may include generating a range line by the data processor for a SAR image by range compression of at least a portion of the radar return received by the SAR using a previously transmitted second-frequency pulse transmitted by the multi-band SAR at the second frequency band as the reference function.
The method may further include receiving the previously transmitted second-frequency pulse by the ground terminal. Receiving the previously transmitted second-frequency pulse by the ground terminal may include receiving a previously transmitted first-frequency pulse and decoding the previously transmitted first-frequency pulse to generate the reference function.
The multi-band SAR may be a dual-band SAR, and the first frequency band may be L-band and the second frequency band may be X-band.
A method of operation of a radar comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and a set of processor circuitry may be summarized as including transmitting by the transmitter a pulse at a second frequency band; receiving by the receiver a radar return that includes backscattered energy from the pulse at the second frequency band; encoding by the set of processor circuitry data from the radar return to generate a subsequent pulse at a first frequency band, the second frequency band different from the first frequency band; and transmitting by the transmitter the subsequent pulse at the first frequency band.
A multi-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system may be summarized as including a SAR antenna, SAR transceiver communicatively coupled to the SAR antenna, a SAR data processor and a SAR data store, the SAR transceiver communicatively coupled to at least one of a SAR data store and a SAR data processor; and a ground terminal comprising a ground terminal transceiver, a data store, and a hardware data processor communicatively coupled to the ground terminal transceiver and the data store; wherein the multi-band synthetic aperture radar SAR system is selectively operable to perform the method of any of claims 1 through 20 and 25 through 32.
In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not necessarily drawn to scale, and some of these elements may be arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not necessarily intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and may have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.
The technology described in this application is a SAR mode for applications requiring real-time or near real-time situational awareness on demand, such as search and rescue. It is particularly suitable for circumstances where a person in the field needs to know what is in the immediate vicinity, say, in a local 5 km to 10 km square area. The technology is suitable for a SAR imaging system mounted on a spacecraft, an aircraft or a drone, for example. The person in the field requires a ground terminal for receiving signals from the SAR and for transmitting signals to the SAR.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”
Reference throughout this specification to “one implementation” or “an implementation” or “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the implementation or embodiment is included in at least one implementation or at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “one implementation” or “an implementation” or “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same implementation or the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more implementations or one or more embodiments.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its broadest sense, that is as meaning “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
The Abstract of the Disclosure and headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.
Spaceborne platform 110a can be, for example, a satellite, a spacecraft, or a space station. In some implementations, spaceborne platform 110a can be replaced by an aircraft or an unmanned aircraft such as a drone, for example (see
Spaceborne platform 110a flies along trajectory 130. Dashed line 140 indicates a ground track of spaceborne platform 110a. Line 150 and line 155 indicate a near-side and a far-side of a swath, respectively. Shaded region 160 represents a main lobe of a SAR antenna beam pattern on the ground. As spaceborne platform 110a flies along trajectory 130, ground terminal 120 will first enter and then leave the SAR antenna beam, as represented by shaded region 160.
The SAR imaging system of
SAR 210 comprises one or more antennas 212, transceiver 214, nontransitory SAR data storage media 216, and SAR data processor 218 (e.g., hardware circuitry). Antenna 212 is bi-directionally communicatively coupled to transceiver 214. Transceiver 214 is bi-directionally communicatively coupled to data storage 216 and data processor 218. Transceiver 214 can include one or more transceiver circuits, for example operable to transmit pulses and receive returned pulses in respective ones of two or more different frequency bands via one or more antenna 212. The transceiver circuits can, for example be commonly housed or on a common circuit board, or housed individually or on respective individual circuit boards. In some implementations, transceiver 214 includes, or consists of, a separate transmitter and receiver, commonly housed or separately housed. Data storage 216 is bi-directionally communicatively coupled to data processor 218.
Data storage 216 can take the form of one or more computer- or processor-readable memories or storage media, for instance volatile memory (e.g., RAM), nonvolatile memory (e.g., ROM, FLASH, EEPROM), or spinning media (e.g., magnetic disk, optical disk) with associated readers and/or writers.
Data processor 218 can comprise one or more data processing elements such as a modulator, an encoder, an encrypter and the like. Data processor 218 can also comprise one or more control elements such as a controller to determine when to switch modes of operation, to command the SAR to switch operation and to synchronize operations in each mode.
Data processor 218 can take the form of one or more circuits or circuitry or hardware, for instance one or more microprocessors (single or multicore), central processor units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), graphic processing units (GPUs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable gate arrays (PGAs), or programmable logic units (PLUs).
Ground terminal 220 comprises antenna 222, transceiver 224, terminal data storage 226, terminal data processor 218, and terminal display 219. Antenna 222 is bi-directionally communicatively coupled to transceiver 224, and transceiver 224 is communicatively coupled to data storage 226. Data received at antenna 222 can be communicated to transceiver 224, and stored in data storage 226. Transceiver 224 can transmit data via antenna 222. In some implementations, transceiver 224 includes, or consists of, a separate transmitter and receiver, commonly housed or separately housed. Data storage 226 is bi-directionally communicatively coupled to data processor 228. Display 229 can receive data for display from data storage 226 and data processor 228.
Data storage 226 can take the form of one or more computer- or processor-readable memories or storage media, for instance volatile memory (e.g., RAM), nonvolatile memory (e.g., ROM, FLASH, EEPROM), or spinning media (e.g., magnetic disk, optical disk) with associated readers and/or writers. Data processor 228 can take the form of one or more circuits or circuitry or hardware, for instance one or more microprocessors (single or multicore), central processor units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), graphic processing units (GPUs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable gate arrays (PGAs), or programmable logic units (PLUs).
In some implementations, SAR 210 has a sufficiently large transmit power that antenna 222 of ground terminal 220 can be relatively small. For example, antenna 222 of ground terminal 220 can be small enough that ground terminal 220 is man-portable, and consequently easily deployed, such as in search and rescue operations. Terminal data processor 218 typically has sufficient processing power to generate SAR images by SAR data processing in near real-time, for example within an hour of reception of the raw SAR data by ground terminal 220.
The SAR imaging system transmits interrogation pulses at periodic intervals when the SAR imaging system is at various positions 330A, 330B, 330C, and 330D (collectively 330) in its transit, before and during its overflight of region of interest 310. The interrogation pulses can be generated using a broad-beam mode of the SAR imaging system.
In an example implementation, the SAR transmits pulses at a low pulse repetition frequency in the range 0.5 Hz to 50 Hz (e.g., 20 Hz) when in the broad-beam mode. Each pulse can be an indication to the ground terminal, or to a user on the ground, that the SAR is approaching, and ready to be commanded into an imaging mode by the ground terminal. The SAR antenna beam in the broad-beam mode can be generated, for example, by decreasing the active antenna area, or by beam shaping, either in range or azimuth, or both.
In some implementations, the SAR antenna includes more than one panel. For example, the SAR antenna may include six panels. The SAR antenna beam in the broad-beam mode can be generated by reducing the number of panels used. For example, the SAR antenna beam in broad-beam mode can be generated from a single antenna panel of a multi-panel antenna.
A ground terminal (not shown in
In an example implementation, the SAR transmits at L-band (A=24 cm) and has along-track antenna dimension D=6 m. In this example, the broad-beam mode of the SAR transmits a beam having a cross-track beamwidth (defined as the angle of the half-power points of the main lobe) of θCT=20°, and an along-track beamwidth λ/D of θAT=2.3°. At a range of approximately 450 km, the along-track beamwidth on the ground is approximately 18 km.
The pulses transmitted by the SAR in the broad-beam mode can be narrow-band pulses, selected so that there is sufficient link margin for the ground terminal (such as ground terminal 220 of
In response to receiving the set of coordinates from the ground terminal, the SAR switches to a narrow-beam mode (the narrow-beam mode having a beamwidth narrower than the broad-beam mode), and starts data transmission and collection for imaging.
At time t1, the SAR imaging system switches to an interrogation mode and starts to transmit interrogation pulses (such as pulses 330 of
Cross-track beamwidth θCT undergoes a stepwise increase as the SAR imaging system changes from a narrow-beam mode to a broad-beam mode. At time t1, cross-track beamwidth θCT changes from a value of θCT1 to a value of θCT2.
At time t1, incidence angle of the beam center θi can change from a value of θi1 to a value of θi2.
At time t2, the SAR imaging system receives a response from the ground terminal. The along-track and cross-track beamwidths, and the incidence angle of the beam center remain unchanged.
At time t3, the SAR imaging system receives the coordinates from the ground terminal and switches to an imaging mode. Along-track beamwidth θAT may change from θAT2 to θAT3 at time t3. In some examples, θAT3 can be the same as θAT1.
Cross-track beamwidth θCT undergoes a stepwise decrease as the SAR imaging system changes from a broad-beam mode to a narrow-beam imaging mode. At time t3, cross-track beamwidth θCT changes from a value of θCT2 to a value of θCT3.
At time t3, incidence angle of the beam center θi can change from a value of θi2 to a value of θi3 that accommodates the coordinates of the ground terminal and the desired image ground area. Incidence angles of the beam center θi1, θi2, and θi3 are incidence angles within the incidence angle capability of the SAR.
At time t4, the SAR imaging system begins imaging of the desired image ground area, centered on the coordinates provided by the ground terminal.
In an example implementation, values of along-track beamwidth, cross-track beamwidth, and incidence angle at beam center are as follows:
θAT1=2.3°,θAT2=2.3°
θCT1=8°,θCT2=20°,θXT3=8°
θi1=25°,θi2=30°,θi3=35°
The first transmitted pulse in the narrow-beam mode is a linear FM chirp. The ground terminal receives and stores the transmitted pulse for use as a reference function.
The transmitted pulse is backscattered and received at the SAR. The SAR digitizes the received pulse, encodes it, and (optionally) encrypts it. The received data is used as the next transmitted pulse. It is generally noise-like, and has a desirable autocorrelation function.
The ground terminal receives the second transmitted pulse, which is the encrypted encoded return from the first pulse. The ground terminal decrypts the second transmitted pulse, decodes the decrypted second transmitted pulse, and processes the decoded and decrypted second transmitted pulse with the linear FM reference pulse that was captured from the first transmission. The ground terminal now has the first range line of a SAR image, and the reference function for the next range line, where the reference function for the next range line is derived from the second transmitted pulse.
The second transmitted pulse (the encrypted encoded return from the first transmitted pulse) is backscattered and received at the SAR. As before, the SAR digitizes the second transmitted pulse, encodes the second transmitted pulse, and (optionally) encrypts the encoded second transmitted pulse. Then the SAR uses the new “data” as the next transmit pulse. It too is generally noise-like, and has a desirable autocorrelation function.
The ground terminal receives the encrypted encoded return from the second pulse, decrypts the encrypted encoded return, decodes it, and processes it with the encrypted transmission that was captured from the second transmission. The ground terminal now has the second range line as well as the reference function for the next range line derived from the third transmitted pulse. This process is repeated for the range lines needed to form a SAR image.
More detail is provided with reference to
At 510, the SAR imaging system switches to an interrogation mode, and, at 520, broadcasts an interrogation signal. In some implementations, the interrogation signal can be a sequence of interrogation pulses (such as pulses 330 of
At 522, the SAR imaging system determines if a response to the interrogation signal from a ground terminal has been received. In response to determining that a response to the interrogation signal has been received (YES) at 522, control in method 500 proceeds to 524. In response to determining that a response to the interrogation signal has not been received (NO) at 522, control in method 500 returns to 520. The loop defined by 520 and 522 causes method 500 to wait until a response from a ground terminal to an interrogation signal from the SAR has been received at the SAR, or until the SAR imaging system exits the interrogation mode, for example upon satisfying a timeout condition.
At 524, the SAR imaging system determines if position information from the corresponding ground terminal, such as the center of the desired image ground area, has been received. In response to determining that position information has been received (YES) at 524, control in method 500 proceeds to 530. In response to determining that position information has not been received (NO) at 524, control in method 500 returns to 524. The loop defined by 524 causes method 500 to wait until position information for the responding ground terminal has been received, or until the SAR imaging system exits the interrogation mode, for example upon satisfying a timeout condition.
At 530, the SAR imaging system switches to an imaging mode and initiates generation of an image. At 535, the SAR imaging system determines the self-image is complete. In response to determining that the image is complete (YES) at 535, control in method 500 proceeds to 540. In response to determining that the image is not complete (NO) at 535, control in method 500 returns to 535. The loop defined by 535 causes method 500 to wait until the self-image is complete, or until the SAR imaging system terminates the generation of the image, for example upon satisfying a timeout condition and/or exiting the imaging mode.
At 540, the SAR imaging system switches to a normal mode of operation or back to interrogation mode, depending on the SAR imaging system's tasking plan, or in response to a request from an operator or a command from another system, and method 500 terminates at 550, for example until called or invoked again.
At 710, the SAR imaging system transmits a first linear FM pulse (such as transmitted pulse 612 of
At 730, the SAR imaging system samples the first received pulse, for example to generate 8-bit in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) samples, and, at 735, generates an uncompressed range line. The uncompressed range line can typically be a quasi-stationary Gaussian signal, for example where the pulse has been backscattered from a distributed target.
In a first encoding operation, at 740, the SAR imaging system encodes the data, for example to 8PSK (Phase-Shift Keying using 8 phases). PSK is a digital modulation technique in which a base signal is phase-modulated to represent the data. In a second encoding operation, at 745, the SAR imaging system convolutionally encodes and (optionally) encrypts the 8PSK-encoded data. Other encoding schemes can be used.
For example, 16PSK modulation can be used. The selected encoding scheme can depend, for example, on the size of the power of the SAR antenna and the antenna gain-to-noise-temperature (G/T) of the ground terminal antenna. A 16PSK scheme may be more suitable for a high power SAR transmitter and/or a high ground terminal antenna G/T. An 8PSK scheme may be more suitable for a lower power SAR transmitter and/or a lower ground terminal antenna G/T. If the transmitter has amplitude modulation capability, then the transmitted pulse can be encoded, at least in part, using amplitude modulation. Amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) can be used as a modulation scheme. In an example scheme, 8PSK is augmented by four additional vectors at half-amplitude at phase angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
The goal of encoding the data is usually to achieve a uniform power spectral density within the SAR operating bandwidth. A uniform power spectral density is typically associated with pseudo-random noise, which is desirable for the encoded data because the autocorrelation function (also known as the range point spread function) will be close to an ideal sin(x)/x curve for pseudo-random noise.
At 750, the SAR imaging system transmits the encoded first received pulse as a second transmitted pulse. Method 700 terminates at 760, for example until called or invoked again.
At 810, the SAR imaging system transmits the nth pulse, for example using PR 8PSK encoding as described above, and, at 820, receives the nth pulse reflected from the ground.
At 830, the SAR imaging system samples the nth received pulse, for example to generate 8-bit in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) samples, and, at 835, generates an uncompressed range line.
In a first encoding operation, at 840, the SAR imaging system encodes the data, for example to 8PSK (Phase-Shift Keying using 8 phases).
PSK is a digital modulation technique in which a base signal is phase-modulated to represent the data. In a second encoding operation, at 845, the SAR imaging system convolutionally encodes and (optionally) encrypts the 8PSK-encoded data.
At 850, the SAR imaging system transmits the encoded nth received pulse as the n+1th transmitted pulse. Method 800 terminates at 860, for example until called or invoked again.
At 910, the ground terminal retrieves a copy of TX1, the first transmitted pulse. In some implementations, as described above, TX1 is a linear FM pulse. At 920, the ground terminal retrieves a copy of TX2, the second transmitted pulse built from the first received pulse RX1 (see for example
At 930 and 935, the ground terminal decodes and demodulates TX2 in a first and a second act, respectively. The first act can include decryption and decoding, and the second act can include demodulation. At 940, the ground terminal regenerates RX1, the first received pulse, and, at 950, the ground terminal performs range compression using TX1 and RX1, the replica and the first received pulse, respectively.
At 960, the ground terminal stores the first range line (RX1 range-compressed).
At 1010, the ground terminal retrieves a copy of TX2, the first transmitted pulse. In some implementations, as described above, TX2 is a transmitted pulse built from RX1. At 1020, the ground terminal retrieves a copy of TX3, the third transmitted pulse built from the second received pulse RX2 (see for example
At 1030 and 1035, the ground terminal decodes TX3 in a first and a second act, respectively. At 1040, the ground terminal regenerates RX2, the second received pulse, and, at 1050, the ground terminal performs range compression using TX2 and RX2, the replica and the second received pulse, respectively.
At 1060, the ground terminal stores the second range line (RX2 range-compressed).
At 1110, the data processor performs range compression on the first received pulse (RX1). At 1120, the data processor performs range compression on the next received pulse. At 1125, the data processor determines whether there are more range lines to compress. In response to determining there are more range lines to compress, control of method 1100 returns to 1120. In response to determining there are no more range lines to compress, control of method 1100 proceed to 1130. The loop defined by 1120 and 1125 causes method 1100 to range compress lines needed to form a desired SAR image from the data.
At 1130, the data processor optionally performs range cell migration correction (as indicated by the dashed box). Range cell migration correction may be required depending on the azimuth beamwidth and the range resolution. At 1140, the data processor performs azimuth compression using the range compressed (and optionally range cell migration corrected) data.
At 1150, the data processor outputs a SAR image for storage, transfer over a network, and/or display on the ground terminal.
Method 1100 is usually referred to as a range-Doppler method for generating SAR images. Other approaches can be used that also include building a transmitted pulse from a backscattered and previously received pulse. Range cell migration correction can be included, as described above, as required by the azimuth beamwidth and the range resolution.
In some radars, such as airborne synthetic aperture radars, an echo of a transmitted pulse (e.g., the transmitted pulse backscattered by a target such as the ground) is received directly after the transmitted pulse, and before the next pulse is transmitted. In other radars, such as spaceborne SARs, an echo of the transmitted pulse is received after one or more subsequent pulses have been transmitted. The intervening pulses are in flight between the radar and the target—on their way to the target or on their way back from the target. The number of intervening pulses can depend on the viewing geometry of the radar.
When there are intervening pulses in flight between a transmitted pulse and its received echo, the systems and methods in the present disclosure describe the transmission of an nth pulse, the encoding of the echo of the nth pulse, and the transmission of the encoded echo of the nth pulse as the mth transmitted pulse, where m>n. If there are no intervening pulses, then m=n+1.
In some implementations, the radar is a pulse radar. In other implementations, the radar is a SAR.
At 1210, the radar transmits an nth pulse in a sequence of N pulses. The nth pulse may be a linear FM pulse (such as transmitted pulse 612 of
At 1220, the radar receives the nth pulse reflected from a target. The target can be a point target or a distributed target. The radar transmission can be directed at the ground from an airborne or spaceborne vehicle, for example, and the target can be the ground.
At 1230, the radar samples the received pulse, for example to generate in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) samples. The I and Q samples can be 8-bit samples, for example. In a synthetic aperture radar, the samples can be used to generate an uncompressed range line. The uncompressed range line can be a quasi-stationary Gaussian signal, for example where the pulse has been backscattered from a distributed target.
The sampled pulse can be encoded. Encoding can be performed in a single operation or in multiple operations. In the example illustrated in the
Other suitable encoding and/or modulation schemes can be used. For example, 16PSK modulation can be used. The selected encoding scheme can depend, for example, on the size of the power of the radar antenna and the antenna gain-to-noise-temperature (G/T) of a ground terminal antenna used to receive the transmitted pulses. In the case of a synthetic aperture radar, a 16PSK scheme may be more suitable for a high power SAR transmitter and/or a high ground terminal antenna G/T. An 8PSK scheme may be more suitable for a lower power SAR transmitter and/or a lower ground terminal antenna G/T. If the transmitter has amplitude modulation capability, then the transmitted pulse can be encoded, at least in part, using amplitude modulation. Amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) can be used as a modulation scheme. In an example scheme, 8PSK is augmented by four additional vectors at half-amplitude at phase angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
The goal of encoding the data is usually to achieve a uniform power spectral density within the radar's operating bandwidth. A uniform power spectral density is typically associated with pseudo-random noise, which is desirable for the encoded data because the autocorrelation function (also known as the range point spread function) will be close to an ideal sin(x)/x curve for pseudo-random noise.
At 1260, the radar generates an mth transmitted pulse based at least in part on the encoded, and optionally encrypted, received nth pulse. At 1270, the radar transmits the mth transmitted pulse.
Method 1200 terminates at 1280, for example until called or invoked again.
At 1310, the ground terminal retrieves a copy of TXn, the nth transmitted pulse. At 1320, the ground terminal retrieves a copy of TXm, the mth transmitted pulse built from the nth received pulse RXn.
In some implementations, TXm is encrypted, and, at 1325, the ground terminal decrypts TXm. Dashed lines are used in 1325 of
At 1360, the ground terminal stores a compressed range line (RXn range-compressed).
While the foregoing description refers, for the most part, to satellite platforms for SAR and optical sensors, remotely sensed imagery can be acquired using airborne sensors including, but not limited to, aircraft, unmanned aircraft, and drones. The technology described in this disclosure can, for example, be applied to imagery acquired from sensors on spaceborne platforms and/or airborne platforms.
A single frequency SAR can generate images of the ground (e.g., land, water, ice, snow, targets or objects) by transmitting radar pulses in a frequency band centered on a single frequency. Multi-band SAR can be used to acquire SAR images at different frequency bands at the same time. Simultaneous, or near-simultaneous acquisition of SAR images at more than one frequency band (for example, at L-band and X-band) can provide a more complete understanding of the ground than acquisition of SAR images at a single band. In some implementations, acquisition of SAR images at more than one frequency band can at least partially overlap in time, or can be within seconds of each other, within the same pass, or within the same acquisition window. Acquired multi-band SAR images can overlap in geographic coverage. With multi-band SAR, data acquired at each of the different frequency bands can be single-polarization or multi-polarization SAR data.
An X-band SAR typically operates at frequencies in the range of 8 GHz to 12 GHz. An L-band SAR typically operates at frequencies in the range of 1 GHz to 2 GHz.
Some multi-band SAR systems, operate at more than one frequency band using separate apertures. Others can operate using a shared aperture. Phased array antennas can comprise an array of constituent antennas or radiating elements. Each radiating element can be fed by a signal whose phase and amplitude, relative to the phase and amplitude of the signal fed to the other radiating elements, can be adjusted so as to generate a desired radiation pattern for the phased array antenna. Phased array antennas are described, for example in published PCT International Application No. PCT/US2016/037666 (International Publication No. WO/2017/044168). In implementations of SAR imaging systems in accordance with the present systems, devices, methods, and articles, where the SAR is a dual-band or multi-band SAR, pulses are transmitted in two or more frequency bands, and pulses transmitted in at least one of the frequency bands can include encoded returns from the backscattering of transmitted pulses in the same frequency band as the transmitted pulse or in another frequency band.
For example, in some embodiments, using a dual-band SAR, data is collected at a first frequency band and at a second frequency band, for example concurrently. Data from the backscattered energy of the pulses transmitted at first frequency band and the second frequency band is encoded, and the encoded data from both frequency bands is transmitted in subsequent pulses of at least the first frequency band. Thus, data can be collected at two or more frequency bands via one set of pulses, encoded into and transmitted together in one or more subsequent pulses, for instance, encoded in a subsequent pulse of one of the frequency bands. As well as being used to collect subsequent data, subsequent pulses can also concurrently transmit previously collected data to the ground in a same pulse that is being used to collect subsequent data.
In some embodiments using a dual-band SAR, data is collected at second frequency band (and optionally a first frequency band), and data from backscattered energy of the pulse transmitted at the second frequency band is encoded, and the encoded data from only the second frequency band is transmitted from the SAR platform in subsequent pulses at the first frequency band.
The data collected via a returned pulse or a set of returned pulses can be encoded in a very next pulse to be transmitted after either transmission or return of the pulse or set of pulses which collected the instance of data. Alternatively, in some implementations, the data collected via a returned pulse or a set of returned pulses can be encoded in a subsequent pulse to be transmitted after either transmission or return of the pulse or set of pulses which collected the instance of data, with one or more intervening pulses being transmitted between the pulse or set of pulses which resulted in the collection of a given instance of collected data, and a subsequent pulse that encodes the instance of collected data. Those intervening pulses may not encode any data, or may encode data collected via returns of one or more previously transmitted pulses or sets of pulses. For instance, an nth instance of data collected via an nth pulse or set of pulses to be transmitted may be encoded in a pulse of an nth+i pulse or set of pulses to be transmitted, where i is an integer equal to or greater than 1. Encoding data may include modulating collected data to generate modulated data, and convolutionally encoding modulated data to generate encoded data.
Spaceborne platform 1410 can be, for example, a satellite, a spacecraft, or a space station. In some implementations, spaceborne platform 1410 can be replaced by an aircraft or an unmanned aircraft such as a drone. In some implementations, ground terminal 1420 is mobile. In other implementations, ground terminal 1420 is fixed. In some implementations, ground terminal 1420 is man-portable. Ground terminal 1420 can be located on a surface of the Earth, for example, on land, water, or ice. Ground terminal 1420 can also be located in the air. For example, ground terminal 1420 could be located on a ship, submarine, floating platform, buoy or other water-borne vessel or structure; on an aircraft, drone, balloon or other airborne vessel or structure; or on a land vehicle, building or other terrestrial vessel or structure.
In the illustrated implementation, spaceborne platform 1410 flies along trajectory 1430. Dashed line 1440 indicates the ground track of spaceborne platform 1410. Shaded region 1460a represents a main lobe of a SAR antenna beam pattern on the ground for a first frequency band (for example, L-band). Line 1450 and line 1455 indicate a near-side and a far-side, respectively, of a swath at the first frequency band.
Shaded region 1460b represents a main lobe of a SAR antenna beam pattern on the ground for a second frequency band (for example, X-band). In
In the configuration illustrated in
At 1510a, the radar transmits an nth pulse, at a first frequency band, in a sequence of N pulses. At 1510b, the radar transmits an nth pulse, at a second frequency band, in a sequence of N pulses. The nth pulses at the first and second frequency bands can be transmitted simultaneously, or the relative timing of their transmission can be synchronized or coordinated as desired. Each pulse may be a respective linear FM pulse, or other suitable pulse such as an unmodulated pulse or a pulse that includes encoded information. The encoded information can include a received return from one or more previously transmitted pulses, for example. The radar transmission can be directed to the ground from an airborne or spaceborne vehicle or platform, for example. Directing the radar transmission to the ground, and receiving backscattered energy, can include directing the radar transmission to targets on the ground, and receiving backscattered energy from the targets. Targets may include man-made structures, vehicles, and the like.
At 1520a, the radar receives the nth first-frequency pulse backscattered from the ground, for example, from a target or region on the Earth's surface, for example, on land, water, snow or ice. At 1520b, the radar receives the nth second-frequency pulse backscattered from the ground.
At 1530a, the radar samples the received first-frequency pulse, backscattered from the ground. At 1530b, the radar samples the received second-frequency pulse, backscattered from the ground. For example, the radar may generate in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) samples from each received pulse. The I and Q samples can be 8-bit samples, for example. In a synthetic aperture radar, the samples can be used to generate an uncompressed range line. The uncompressed range line can be a quasi-stationary Gaussian signal, for example where the pulse has been backscattered from a distributed target.
The sampled pulses can be encoded. Encoding can be performed in a single operation or in multiple operations. In the example illustrated in the
Other suitable encoding and/or modulation schemes can be used. For example, 16PSK modulation can be used. The selected encoding scheme can depend, for example, on the size of the power of the radar antenna and the antenna gain-to-noise-temperature (G/T) of a ground terminal antenna used to receive the transmitted pulses. In the case of a synthetic aperture radar, a 16PSK scheme may be more suitable for a high power SAR transmitter and/or a high ground terminal antenna G/T. An 8PSK scheme may be more suitable for a lower power SAR transmitter and/or a lower ground terminal antenna G/T. If the transmitter has amplitude modulation capability, then the transmitted pulse can be encoded, at least in part, using amplitude modulation. Amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) can be used as a modulation scheme. In an example scheme, 8PSK is augmented by four additional vectors at half-amplitude at phase angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
The goal of encoding the data is usually to achieve an approximately uniform power spectral density within the radar's operating bandwidth. A uniform power spectral density is typically associated with pseudo-random noise, which is desirable for the encoded data because the autocorrelation function (also known as the range point spread function) will be close to an ideal sin(x)/x curve for pseudo-random noise.
At 1560, the radar generates an mth transmitted pulse at a first frequency band based at least in part on the encoded, and optionally encrypted, received nth pulses at each of the first and the second frequency bands. At 1570, the radar transmits an mth transmitted pulse at the first frequency band. The mth transmitted pulse sent at the first frequency band contains information from pulses previously transmitted and received at both the first and the second frequency bands.
Method 1500 terminates at 1580, for example until called or invoked again, or can be repeated for a plurality of subsequent pulses.
One example use case of the method illustrated in
Images in two bands can provide complementary information about the scene being imaged. Use of images in two bands can improve classification, for example. Images in two bands can also be fused to provide an improved picture of the scene for a user of the data such as the search and rescue unit in this case.
At 1610a, the radar transmits an nth pulse, at a first frequency band, in a sequence of N pulses. At 1610b, the radar transmits an nth pulse, at a second frequency band, in a sequence of N pulses. The nth pulses at the first and second frequency bands can be transmitted simultaneously, or the relative timing of their transmission can be synchronized or coordinated as desired. Each pulse may be a respective linear FM pulse, or other suitable pulse such as an unmodulated pulse or a pulse that includes encoded information. The encoded information can include a received return from one or more previously transmitted pulses, for example. The radar transmission can be directed to the ground from an airborne or spaceborne vehicle or platform, for example.
At 1620, the radar receives the nth second-frequency pulse backscattered from the ground, for example, from a target or region on the Earth's surface, for example, on land, water, snow or ice.
At 1630, the radar samples the received second-frequency pulse. For example, the radar may generate in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) samples from a received pulse. The I and Q samples can be 8-bit samples, for example. In a synthetic aperture radar, the samples can be used to generate an uncompressed range line. The uncompressed range line can be a quasi-stationary Gaussian signal, for example where the pulse has been backscattered from a distributed target.
The sampled pulse can be encoded. Encoding can be performed in a single operation or in multiple operations. In the example illustrated in the
At 1660, the radar generates an mth transmitted pulse at a first frequency band based at least in part on the encoded, and optionally encrypted, received nth pulse at the second frequency band. At 1670, the radar transmits an mth transmitted pulse at the first frequency band. The mth transmitted pulse sent at the first frequency band contains information from the illumination by the other beam.
Method 1600 terminates at 1680, for example until called or invoked again, or can be repeated for a plurality of subsequent pulses.
When the ground terminal is not in (e.g., illuminated by) the second beam, the first transmitted pulse in the second band can be encoded in the first transmitted pulse in the first band. In this way, the ground terminal receives a reference function to use in range compression of the data in the second band. Alternatively, the first transmitted pulse in the second band can be received at the ground terminal by another suitable method.
The acquisition of SAR data in the second band can use the same scheme for transmitted pulses as the first band as described above i.e., the SAR encodes each received pulse in a subsequent transmitted pulse in the second band. This is in addition to encoding each received pulse in a subsequent transmitted pulse in the first band.
An example use case of the method illustrated in
The foregoing description describes, for the most part, that a pulse transmitted at at least one of the frequency bands includes an encoded return from the backscattering of a single transmitted pulse at another frequency band, or from the backscattering of a single transmitted pulse in the same frequency band and a single transmitted pulse in one or more other frequency bands. In other example implementations, a pulse transmitted at at least one of the frequency bands can include encoded returns from the backscattering of multiple transmitted pulses at another frequency band, or from the backscattering of multiple transmitted pulses at the same frequency band and/or at one or more other frequency bands. Similarly, with a radar operating at a single frequency band, a subsequent transmitted pulse can include encoded returns from the backscattering of more than one previously transmitted pulse.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/260,063, filed Nov. 25, 2015; International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2016/063630, filed Nov. 23, 2016; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/510,123, filed May 23, 2017 are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
As used herein and in the claims, the term transceiver includes one or more transceiver circuits (e.g., an assembly of transceiver circuits), for example operable to transmit pulses and receive returned pulses in respective ones of two or more different frequency bands via one or more antenna. The transceiver circuits can, for example be commonly housed or reside on a common circuit board, or the transceiver circuits can be individually housed or on reside on respective individual circuit boards.
Reference to a first frequency band and a second frequency band typically includes two different frequency bands, which may be either partially overlapping frequency bands, or which may be mutually exclusive, non-overlapping frequency bands.
As used herein and in the claims, the term ground means any one or more of land, water, ice, or snow, or targets located on the ground or in close proximity to the ground.
In some implementations, the SAR platform and ground terminal may each include one or more communications antennas and communications transceivers that are dedicated to communications and control, and which are not used to transmit or receive imaging pulses. Such may, for example, be used to send commands that cause the SAR platform to enter into, and out of, an imaging mode of operation.
The foregoing detailed description has, for instance, set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of taught herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs, digital tape, and computer memory; and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links using TDM or IP based communication links (e.g., packet links).
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2018/033970 | 5/22/2018 | WO |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
WO2018/217814 | 11/29/2018 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3193830 | Provencher | Jul 1965 | A |
3241140 | Raabe | Mar 1966 | A |
3460139 | Rittenbach | Aug 1969 | A |
3601529 | Dischert | Aug 1971 | A |
3715962 | Yost, Jr. | Feb 1973 | A |
3808357 | Nakagaki et al. | Apr 1974 | A |
4163247 | Bock et al. | Jul 1979 | A |
4214264 | Hayward et al. | Jul 1980 | A |
4246598 | Bock et al. | Jan 1981 | A |
4404586 | Tabei | Sep 1983 | A |
4514755 | Tabei | Apr 1985 | A |
4583177 | Meyer | Apr 1986 | A |
4656508 | Yokota | Apr 1987 | A |
4803645 | Ohtomo et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
4823186 | Muramatsu | Apr 1989 | A |
4924229 | Eichel et al. | May 1990 | A |
4951136 | Drescher et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
4989008 | Fujisaka et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
5057843 | Dubois et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
5059966 | Fujisaka et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
5093663 | Baechtiger et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
5173949 | Peregrim et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
5248979 | Orme et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
5313210 | Gail | May 1994 | A |
5486830 | Axline, Jr. et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
5489907 | Zink et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
5512899 | Osawa et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5546091 | Haugen et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5552787 | Schuler et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5646623 | Walters et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5745069 | Gail | Apr 1998 | A |
5760732 | Marmarelis et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5760899 | Eismann | Jun 1998 | A |
5790188 | Sun | Aug 1998 | A |
5821895 | Hounam et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5883584 | Langemann et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5926125 | Wood | Jul 1999 | A |
5945940 | Cuomo | Aug 1999 | A |
5949914 | Yuen | Sep 1999 | A |
5952971 | Strickland | Sep 1999 | A |
5973634 | Kare | Oct 1999 | A |
6007027 | Diekelman et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6122404 | Barter et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6241192 | Kondo et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6259396 | Pham et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6347762 | Sims et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6359584 | Cordey et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6502790 | Murphy | Jan 2003 | B1 |
6573856 | Obenshain | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6577266 | Axline | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6614813 | Dudley et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
6633253 | Cataldo | Oct 2003 | B2 |
6653970 | Mitra | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6678048 | Rienstra et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
6741250 | Furlan et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
6781540 | MacKey et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
6781707 | Peters et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6831688 | Lareau et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
6861996 | Jeong | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6864827 | Tise et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
6870501 | Beard | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6914553 | Beadle et al. | Jul 2005 | B1 |
6919839 | Beadle et al. | Jul 2005 | B1 |
6970142 | Pleva et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
7015855 | Medl et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
7019777 | Sun | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7034746 | McMakin et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
7064702 | Abatzoglou | Jun 2006 | B1 |
7071866 | Iny et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7095359 | Matsuoka et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7123169 | Farmer et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7149366 | Sun | Dec 2006 | B1 |
7158878 | Rasmussen et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7167280 | Bogdanowicz et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7212149 | Abatzoglou et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
7218268 | VandenBerg | May 2007 | B2 |
7242342 | Wu et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7270299 | Murphy | Sep 2007 | B1 |
7292723 | Tedesco et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7298922 | Lindgren et al. | Nov 2007 | B1 |
7327305 | Loehner et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7348917 | Stankwitz et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7379612 | Milanfar et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
7385705 | Hoctor et al. | Jun 2008 | B1 |
7412107 | Milanfar et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7414706 | Nichols et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7417210 | Ax, Jr. et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7423577 | McIntire et al. | Sep 2008 | B1 |
7468504 | Halvis et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7475054 | Hearing et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
7477802 | Milanfar et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
7486221 | Meyers et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
7498994 | Vacanti | Mar 2009 | B2 |
7536365 | Aboutalib | May 2009 | B2 |
7545309 | McIntire et al. | Jun 2009 | B1 |
7548185 | Sheen et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7570202 | Raney | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7599790 | Rasmussen et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7602997 | Young | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7623064 | Calderbank et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7646326 | Antonik et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
7698668 | Balasubramanian et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7705766 | Lancashire et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7733961 | O'Hara et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7746267 | Raney | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7769229 | O'Brien et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7769241 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7781716 | Anderson et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7825847 | Fujimura | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7830430 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7844127 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7855740 | Hamilton, Jr. et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7855752 | Baker et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7876257 | Vetro et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
7884752 | Hellsten et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7897902 | Katzir et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7911372 | Nelson | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7924210 | Johnson | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7933897 | Jones et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7936949 | Riley et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7940282 | Milanfar et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7940959 | Rubenstein | May 2011 | B2 |
7944390 | Krieger et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7991226 | Schultz et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8013778 | Grafmueller et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
8031258 | Enge et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8040273 | Tomich et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8045024 | Kumar et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8049657 | Prats et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8053720 | Han et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8059023 | Richard | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8068153 | Kumar et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8073246 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8078009 | Riley et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8090312 | Robinson | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8094960 | Riley et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8111307 | Deever et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8115666 | Moussally et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8116576 | Kondo | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8125370 | Rogers | Feb 2012 | B1 |
8125546 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8134490 | Gebert et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8138961 | Deshpande | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8169358 | Bourdelais et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
8169362 | Cook et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
8179445 | Hao | May 2012 | B2 |
8180851 | CaveLie | May 2012 | B1 |
8194296 | Compton et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
8203615 | Wang et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
8203633 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
8204966 | Mendis et al. | Jun 2012 | B1 |
8212711 | Schultz et al. | Jul 2012 | B1 |
8258996 | Raney | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8274422 | Smith et al. | Sep 2012 | B1 |
8299959 | Vossiek et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
8350771 | Zaghloul | Jan 2013 | B1 |
8358359 | Baker et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8362944 | Lancashire | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8384583 | Leva et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8411146 | Twede | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8441393 | Strauch et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
8482452 | Chambers et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8487996 | Mann et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8493262 | Boufounos et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8493264 | Sasakawa | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8502730 | Roche | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8532958 | Ingram et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8543255 | Wood et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8558735 | Bachmann et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8576111 | Smith et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8594375 | Padwick | Nov 2013 | B1 |
8610771 | Leung et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8633851 | Vacanti et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
8698668 | Hellsten | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8711029 | Ferretti et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8723721 | Moruzzis et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
8724918 | Abraham | May 2014 | B2 |
8760634 | Rose | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8768104 | Moses et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8803732 | Antonik et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8823813 | Mantzel et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8824544 | Nguyen et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8836573 | Yanagihara et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8854253 | Edvardsson | Oct 2014 | B2 |
8854255 | Ehret | Oct 2014 | B1 |
8860824 | Jelinek | Oct 2014 | B2 |
8861588 | Nguyen et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
8879793 | Peterson | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8879865 | Li et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8879996 | Kenney et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8891066 | Bamler et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8903134 | Abileah | Dec 2014 | B2 |
8912950 | Adcook | Dec 2014 | B2 |
8957806 | Schaefer | Feb 2015 | B2 |
8977062 | Gonzalez et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
8988273 | Marianer et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
9013348 | Riedel et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
9019143 | Obermeyer | Apr 2015 | B2 |
9019144 | Calabrese | Apr 2015 | B2 |
9037414 | Pratt | May 2015 | B1 |
9063544 | Vian et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
9071337 | Hellsten | Jun 2015 | B2 |
9106857 | Faramarzpour | Aug 2015 | B1 |
9126700 | Ozkul et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
9134414 | Bergeron et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
9148601 | Fox | Sep 2015 | B2 |
9176227 | Bergeron et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
9182483 | Liu et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
9210403 | Martinerie et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
9223015 | Kojima | Dec 2015 | B2 |
9244155 | Bielas | Jan 2016 | B2 |
9261592 | Boufounos et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
9291711 | Healy, Jr. et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
9329263 | Haynes et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
9389311 | Moya et al. | Jul 2016 | B1 |
9395437 | Ton et al. | Jul 2016 | B2 |
9400329 | Pillay | Jul 2016 | B2 |
9411039 | Dehlink et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9417323 | Carande et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9426397 | Wein | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9523768 | Rincon | Dec 2016 | B1 |
9529081 | Whelan et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
9531081 | Huber et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
9535151 | Lynch | Jan 2017 | B2 |
9684071 | Wishart | Jun 2017 | B2 |
9684673 | Beckett et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
9865935 | Miraftab et al. | Jan 2018 | B2 |
9945942 | Guy | Apr 2018 | B2 |
9947128 | Korb et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
9978013 | Kaufhold | May 2018 | B2 |
10132920 | Hintz | Nov 2018 | B2 |
10203405 | Mazzaro et al. | Feb 2019 | B2 |
10209346 | Malinovskiy et al. | Feb 2019 | B2 |
10230925 | Maciejewski et al. | Mar 2019 | B2 |
10283866 | Luo et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
10490079 | Schild | Nov 2019 | B2 |
10663571 | Halbert et al. | May 2020 | B2 |
10955546 | Fox | Mar 2021 | B2 |
20010013566 | Yung et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
20020003502 | Falk | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020147544 | Nicosia et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20030006364 | Katzir et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20040021600 | Wittenberg | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040104859 | Lo | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040150547 | Suess et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040227659 | Woodford et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20050288859 | Golding et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060164288 | Voelker | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20070024879 | Hamilton, Jr. et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070051890 | Pittman | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070080830 | Sacks | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070102629 | Richard et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070120979 | Zhang et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070146195 | Wallenberg et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070164894 | Sherman | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070168370 | Hardy | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070192391 | McEwan | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070279284 | Karayil Thekkoott Narayanan | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20080123997 | Adams et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080240602 | Adams et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20090011777 | Grunebach et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090021588 | Border et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090046182 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090046995 | Kanumuri et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090051585 | Krikorian et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090087087 | Palum et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090147112 | Baldwin | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090226114 | Choi et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090256909 | Nixon | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20090289838 | Braun | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20100039313 | Morris | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100045513 | Pett et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100063733 | Yunck | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100128137 | Guidash | May 2010 | A1 |
20100149396 | Summa et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100194901 | van Hoorebeke et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100207808 | Prats et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100232692 | Kumar et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100302418 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100309347 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100321235 | Vossiek et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100328499 | Sun | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20110052095 | Deever | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110055290 | Li et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110098986 | Fernandes Rodrigues et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110115793 | Grycewicz | May 2011 | A1 |
20110115954 | Compton | May 2011 | A1 |
20110134224 | McClatchie | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110156878 | Wu et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110175771 | Raney | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110187902 | Adams, Jr. et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110199492 | Kauker et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110279702 | Plowman et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20110282871 | Seefeld et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20120019660 | Golan et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
20120044328 | Gere | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120076229 | Brobston et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120105276 | Ryland | May 2012 | A1 |
20120127331 | Grycewicz | May 2012 | A1 |
20120133550 | Benninghofen et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
20120146869 | Holland et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120154584 | Omer et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120182171 | Martone et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20120200703 | Nadir et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120201427 | Jasinski et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120257047 | Biesemans et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120268318 | Jin et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120271609 | Laake et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120274505 | Pritt et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120293669 | Mann et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120323992 | Brobst et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20130021475 | Canant et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130050488 | Brouard et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130063489 | Hourie et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130080594 | Nourse et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130120205 | Thomson et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
20130169471 | Lynch | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130234879 | Wilson-Langman et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130257641 | Ronning | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130321228 | Crockett, Jr. et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20130321229 | Klefenz et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20130335256 | Smith et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140027576 | Boshuizen et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140062764 | Reis et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140068439 | Lacaze et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140078153 | Richardson | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140149372 | Sankar et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140191894 | Chen et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140232591 | Liu et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140266868 | Schuman | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140282035 | Murthy et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140307950 | Jancsary et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
20140313071 | McCorkle | Oct 2014 | A1 |
20140344296 | Chawathe et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140372421 | Seacat DeLuca et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
20150015692 | Smart | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150080725 | Wegner | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150145716 | Woodsum | May 2015 | A1 |
20150160337 | Muff | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150168554 | Aharoni et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150247923 | LaBarca et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
20150253423 | Liu et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
20150280326 | Arii | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20150323659 | Mitchell | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150323665 | Murata | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150323666 | Murata | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150324989 | Smith et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150331097 | Hellsten | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20150346336 | Di Giorgio et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20150369913 | Jung et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20150378004 | Wilson-Langman et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20150378018 | Calabrese | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20150379957 | Roegelein et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20160012367 | Korb et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160020848 | Leonard | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160033639 | Jung et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160109570 | Calabrese | Apr 2016 | A1 |
20160131739 | Jinkins et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
20160139259 | Rappaport et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
20160139261 | Becker | May 2016 | A1 |
20160170018 | Yamaoka | Jun 2016 | A1 |
20160216372 | Liu et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
20160223642 | Moore et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20160306824 | Lopez et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
20160320481 | Ling et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20170160381 | Cho et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170161638 | Garagic et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170293019 | Caldwell | Oct 2017 | A1 |
20170315234 | Steenstrup et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
20180074185 | Capraro et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
20180165121 | Rights et al. | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180172823 | Tyc | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180172824 | Beckett et al. | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180252807 | Fox | Sep 2018 | A1 |
20180335518 | Fox | Nov 2018 | A1 |
20180348361 | Turbide | Dec 2018 | A1 |
20180366837 | Fox et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
20190101639 | Rincon et al. | Apr 2019 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2 428 513 | Feb 2008 | CA |
2 488 909 | Jul 2010 | CA |
2 553 008 | Aug 2011 | CA |
2 827 279 | Apr 2014 | CA |
101907704 | Dec 2010 | CN |
102394379 | Mar 2012 | CN |
102983410 | Mar 2013 | CN |
103414027 | Nov 2013 | CN |
103679714 | Mar 2014 | CN |
296 155 | Nov 1991 | DE |
10 2005 010155 | Sep 2006 | DE |
10 2007 039 095 | Feb 2009 | DE |
20 2009 003 286 | May 2009 | DE |
10 2015 221439 | May 2017 | DE |
0924534 | Jun 1999 | EP |
0846960 | Mar 2004 | EP |
1504287 | Feb 2005 | EP |
1698856 | Sep 2006 | EP |
1509784 | Feb 2008 | EP |
1746437 | Sep 2008 | EP |
2230533 | Sep 2010 | EP |
2242252 | Oct 2010 | EP |
2416174 | Feb 2012 | EP |
2392943 | Nov 2012 | EP |
2560144 | Feb 2013 | EP |
2610636 | Jul 2013 | EP |
2762916 | Aug 2014 | EP |
2778635 | Sep 2014 | EP |
2828685 | Jan 2015 | EP |
2875384 | May 2015 | EP |
2662704 | Jan 2016 | EP |
2743727 | Jan 2016 | EP |
2759847 | Jan 2016 | EP |
2762917 | Jan 2016 | EP |
2767849 | Jan 2016 | EP |
2896971 | Mar 2016 | EP |
3012658 | Apr 2016 | EP |
3032648 | Jun 2016 | EP |
3056922 | Aug 2016 | EP |
3060939 | Aug 2016 | EP |
2784537 | Oct 2016 | EP |
3077985 | Oct 2016 | EP |
3077986 | Oct 2016 | EP |
1966630 | Apr 2017 | EP |
3214460 | Sep 2017 | EP |
56108976 | Aug 1981 | JP |
60257380 | Dec 1985 | JP |
2001122199 | May 2001 | JP |
4917206 | Apr 2012 | JP |
10-2010-0035056 | Apr 2010 | KR |
10-2012-0000842 | Jan 2012 | KR |
10-1461129 | Nov 2014 | KR |
10-2016-0002694 | Jan 2016 | KR |
2 349 513 | Mar 2009 | RU |
WO 0055602 | Sep 2000 | WO |
WO 0218874 | Mar 2002 | WO |
WO 03005059 | Jan 2003 | WO |
WO 03040653 | May 2003 | WO |
WO 03055080 | Jul 2003 | WO |
WO 03096064 | Nov 2003 | WO |
WO 2007076824 | Jul 2007 | WO |
WO 2009025825 | Feb 2009 | WO |
WO 2009030339 | Mar 2009 | WO |
WO 2009085305 | Jul 2009 | WO |
WO 2010052530 | May 2010 | WO |
WO 2010122327 | Oct 2010 | WO |
WO 2011138744 | Nov 2011 | WO |
WO 2011154804 | Dec 2011 | WO |
WO 2012120137 | Sep 2012 | WO |
WO 2012143756 | Oct 2012 | WO |
WO 2012148919 | Nov 2012 | WO |
WO 2013112955 | Aug 2013 | WO |
WO 2013162657 | Oct 2013 | WO |
WO 2014012828 | Jan 2014 | WO |
WO 2014089318 | Jun 2014 | WO |
WO 2014097263 | Jun 2014 | WO |
WO 2015059043 | Apr 2015 | WO |
WO 2015112263 | Jul 2015 | WO |
WO 2015130365 | Sep 2015 | WO |
WO 2015192056 | Dec 2015 | WO |
WO 2016022637 | Feb 2016 | WO |
WO 2016132106 | Aug 2016 | WO |
WO 2016153914 | Sep 2016 | WO |
WO 2016202662 | Dec 2016 | WO |
WO 2016205406 | Dec 2016 | WO |
WO 2017031013 | Feb 2017 | WO |
WO 2017044168 | Mar 2017 | WO |
WO 2017048339 | Mar 2017 | WO |
WO 2017091747 | Jun 2017 | WO |
WO 2017094157 | Jun 2017 | WO |
Entry |
---|
“ISR Systems and Technology,” Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, archived Jan. 19, 2017, URL=https://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/isr/israccomplishments.html, download date Oct. 8, 2018, 2 pages. |
“Northrop's SABR radar completes auto target cueing capability demonstration,” May 20, 2013, URL=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsnorthrops-sabr-radar-completes-auto-target-cueing-capability-demonstration/, download date Oct. 8, 2018, 3 pages. |
Amendment, filed Jan. 17, 2019, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/101,336, Lopez et al., “Systems and Methods for Earth Observation,” 25 pages. |
Amendment, filed Sep. 5, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/316,469, Maciejewski et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Providing Terrestrial and/or Space-Based Earth Observation Video,” 9 pages. |
Analog Devices, “Fundamentals of Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS),” MT-085 Tutorial, Oct. 2008, 9 pages. |
Beckett et al., “Systems and Methods for Enhancing Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/180,449, filed Jun. 16, 2015, 34 pages. |
Beckett, “UrtheCast Second-Generation Earth Observation Sensors,” 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Berlin, Germany, May 11-15, 2015, pp. 1069-1073. |
Bickel et al., “Effects of Magneto-Ionic Propagation on the Polarization Scattering Matrix,” Proceedings of the IEEE 53(8):1089-1091, Aug. 1965. |
Bidigare, “MIMO Capacity of Radar as a Communications Channel,” Adaptive Sensor and Array Processing Workshop, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA, Mar. 11-13, 2003, 19 pages. |
Boccia, “Bathymetric Digital Elevation Model Generation from L-band and X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Images in the Gulf of Naples, Italy: Innovative Techniques and Experimental Results,” doctoral thesis, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, 2015, 161 pages. |
Bordoni et al., “Ambiguity Suppression by Azimuth Phase Coding in Multichannel SAR Systems,” International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, Jul. 24-29, 2011, 16 pages. |
Bordoni et al., “Calibration Error Model for Multichannel Spacebome SAR Systems Based on Digital Beamforming,” 10th European Radar Conference, Nuremberg, Germany, Oct. 9-11, 2013, pp. 184-187. |
Brysk, “Measurement of the Scattering Matrix with an Intervening Ionosphere,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 77(5):611-612, 1958. |
Caltagirone et al., “The COSMO-SkyMed Dual Use Earth Observation Program: Development, Qualification, and Results of the Commissioning of the Overall Constellation,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 7(7):2754-2762, Jul. 2014. |
Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, dated Jun. 4, 2020, for European application No. 16846990.6 5 pages. |
Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, dated Nov. 24, 2017, for European Application No. 14883549.9, 8 pages. |
D'Aria et al., “A Wide Swath, Full Polarimetric, L band spaceborne SAR,” IEEE Radar Conference, May 2008, 4 pages. |
Di Iorio et al., “Innovation Technologies and Applications for Coastal Archaeological sites FP7—ITACA,” 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Berlin, Germany, May 11-15, 2015, pp. 1367-1373. |
El Sanhoury et al., “Performance Improvement of Pulsed OFDM UWB Systems Using ATF coding,” International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 11-13, 2010, 4 pages. |
European Partial Search Report, dated Dec. 21, 2017, for European Application No. 15829734.1, 16 pages. |
European Partial Search Report, dated May 18, 2018, for European Application No. 16846990.6, 16 pages. |
Evans, “Venus, Unmasked: 25 Years Since the Arrival of Magellan at Earth's Evil Twin,” Aug. 10, 2015, URL=http://www.americaspace.com/2015/08/10/venus-unmasked-25-years-since-the-arrival-of-magellan-at-earths-evil-twin/, download date Oct. 8, 2018, 4 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Apr. 25, 2018, for European Application No. 16844829.8, 9 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Aug. 16, 2018, for European Application No. 16846990.6, 16 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Feb. 12, 2021, for European Application No. 18805658.4, 11 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Feb. 18, 2021, for European Application No. 18805871.3, 9 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Jun. 3, 2019, for European Application No. 16869291.1, 5 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Mar. 27, 2018, for European Application No. 15829734.1, 18 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated May 14, 2018, for European Application No. 16812363.6, 8 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Oct. 20, 2021, for European Application No. 18919424.4, 11 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Oct. 24, 2016, for European Application No. 14880012.1, 10 pages. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Oct. 24, 2016, for European Application No. 14883549.9, 10 pages. |
Fard et al., “Classifier Fusion of High-Resolution Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Satellite Imagery for Classification in Urban Area,” 1st International Conference on Geospatial Information Research, Tehran, Iran, Nov. 15-17, 2014, 5 pages. |
Foody, “Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment,” Remote Sensing of Environment, 80:185-201, 2002. |
Forkuor et al., “Integration of Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery for Improving Crop Mapping in Northwestern Benin, West Africa,” Remote Sensing 6(7):6472-6499, 2014. |
Fox et al., “Apparatus and Methods for a Synthetic Aperture Radar With Multi-Aperture Antenna,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/510,182, filed May 23, 2017, 42 pages. |
Fox et al., “Apparatus and Methods for a Synthetic Aperture Radar With Self-Cueing,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/510,132, filed May 23, 2017, 39 pages. |
Fox et al., “Range Ambiguity Suppression in Digital Multibeam,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/590,153, filed Nov. 22, 2017, 19 pages. |
Fox et al., “Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Apparatus and Methods for Moving Targets,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/510,191, filed May 23, 2017, 24 pages. |
Fox, “Apparatus and Methods for Quad-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/035,279, filed Aug. 8, 2014, 52 pages. |
Fox, “Apparatus and Methods for Synthetic Aperture Radar With Digital Beamforming,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/137,934, filed Mar. 25, 2015, 45 pages. |
Fox, “Efficient Planar Phased Array Antenna Assembly,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/180,421, filed Jun. 16, 2015, 33 pages. |
Fox, “Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Apparatus and Methods,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/260,063, filed Nov. 25, 2015, 41 pages. |
Fox, “Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Apparatus and Methods,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/510,123, filed May 23, 2017, 74 pages. |
Freeman et al., “On the Detection of Faraday Rotation in Linearly Polarized L-Band SAR Backscatter Signatures,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42(8):1607-1616, Aug. 2004. |
Freeman et al., “The “Myth” of the Minimum SAR Antenna Area Constraint,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38(1):320-324, Jan. 2000. |
Giuli et al., “Radar target scattering matrix measurement through orthogonal signals,” IEE Proceedings Part F: Communications, Radar & Signal Processing 140(4):233-242, 1993. |
Hadjis, “Automatic Modulation Classification of Common Communication and Pulse Compression Radar Waveforms Using Cyclic Features,” master's thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA, Mar. 2013, 96 pages. |
He et al., “Digital Beamforming on Receive in Elevation for Multidimensional Waveform Encoding SAR Sensing,” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11(12):2173-2177, Dec. 2014. |
Heege et al., “Mapping of water depth, turbidity and sea state properties using multiple satellite sensors in aquatic systems,” Hydro 2010, Rostock, Germany, Nov. 2-5, 2010, 27 pages. |
Hoogeboom et al., “Integrated Observation Networks of the Future,” 4th Forum on Global Monitoring for Environment and Security, Baveno, Italy, Nov. 26-28, 2003, 14 pages. |
Hossain et al., “Multi-Frequency Image Fusion Based on MIMO UWB OFDM Synthetic Aperture Radar,” Chapter 3, in Miao (ed.), New Advances in Image Fusion, InTech, 2013, pp. 37-55. (21 pages). |
Hounam et al., “A Technique for the Identification and Localization of SAR Targets Using Encoding Transponders,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39(1):3-7, Jan. 2001. |
Huang et al., “Analog Beamforming and Digital Beamforming on Receive for Range Ambiguity Suppression in Spacebome SAR,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015:182080, Feb. 2015. (7 pages). |
Huang et al., “ASTC-MIMO-TOPS Mode with Digital Beam-Forming in Elevation for High-Resolution Wide-Swath Imaging,” Remote Sensing 7(3):2952-2970, 2015. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Nov. 26, 2019, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/033970, 12 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion dated Nov. 26, 2019, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/033971, 10 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion, dated Nov. 26, 2019, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/034144, 8 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion, dated Jun. 4, 2020, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/062353, 7 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Dec. 19, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/037675, 8 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Dec. 19, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/037681, 6 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Feb. 14, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2015/043739, 10 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Jun. 7, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2014/068642, 10 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated May 29, 2018, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/063630, 6 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Sep. 26, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/022841, 7 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Dec. 15, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2015/035628, 8 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Dec. 19, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/037666, 6 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Jun. 7, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2014/068645, 14 pages. |
International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Nov. 26, 2019, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/034146, 6 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 23, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/037681, 8 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Aug. 27, 2015, for International Application No. PCT/US2014/068642, 13 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Dec. 17, 2019, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/062353, 10 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Feb. 13, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/063630, 8 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Feb. 16, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/037675, 10 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Jun. 3, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/022841, 10 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Mar. 27, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/037666, 8 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Nov. 11, 2015, for International Application No. PCT/US2015/043739, 12 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Sep. 13, 2018, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/033970, 15 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Sep. 13, 2018, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/033971, 13 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Sep. 13, 2018, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/034144, 11 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Sep. 13, 2018, for International Application No. PCT/US2018/034146, 8 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Sep. 2, 2015, for International Application No. PCT/US2014/068645, 16 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Sep. 21, 2015, for International Application No. PCT/US2015/035628, 10 pages. |
Kankaku et al., “The Overview of the L-band SAR Onboard ALOS-2,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, Aug. 18-21, 2009, pp. 735-738. |
Kimura, “Calibration of Polarimetric PALSAR Imagery Affected by Faraday Rotation Using Polarization Orientation,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 47(12):3943-3950, 2009. |
Krieger et al., “CEBRAS: Cross Elevation Beam Range Ambiguity Suppression for High-Resolution Wide-Swath and MIMO-SAR Imaging,” International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Milan, Italy, Jul. 26-31, 2015, pp. 196-199. |
Krieger et al., “Multidimensional Waveform Encoding: A New Digital Beamforming Technique for Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46(1):31-46, 2008. |
Larson et al., “Orbit Maintenance,” Space Mission Analysis and Design, pp. 153-154, 177-189, 1997. (15 pages). |
Linne von Berg et al., “Multi-Sensor Airborne Imagery Collection and Processing Onboard Small Unmanned Systems,” Proceedings of SPIE 7668(1):766807, 2010. (11 pages). |
Linne von Berg, “Autonomous Networked Multi-Sensor Imaging Systems,” Imaging Systems and Applications, Monterey, California, USA, Jun. 24-28, 2012, 2 pages. |
Livingstone et al., “RADARSAT-2 System and Mode Description,” Systems Concepts and Integration Symposium, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA, Oct. 10-12, 2005, 22 pages. |
Lombardo et al., “Monitoring and surveillance potentialities obtained by splitting the antenna of the COSMO-SkyMed SAR into multiple sub-apertures,” IEE Proceedings—Radar, Sonar and Navigation 153(2):104-116, Apr. 2006. |
Lopez et al., “Systems and Methods for Earth Observation,” U.S. Appl. No. 61/911,914, filed Dec. 4, 2013, 177 pages. |
Ma, “Application of RADARSAT-2 Polarimetric Data for Land Use and Land Cover Classification and Crop Monitoring in Southwestern Ontario,” Master's Thesis, The University of Western Ontario, Canada, 2013, 145 pages. |
Maciejewski et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Providing Video,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/011,935, filed Jun. 13, 2014, 52 pages. |
Makar et al., “Real-Time Video Streaming With Interactive Region-of-Interest,” Proceedings of 2010 IEEE 17th International Conference on Image Processing, Hong Kong, China, Sep. 26-29, 2010, pp. 4437-4440. |
Meilland et al., “A Unified Rolling Shutter and Motion Blur Model for 3D Visual Registration,” IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Sydney, Australia, Dec. 1-8, 2013, pp. 2016-2023. |
Meyer et al., “Prediction, Detection, and Correction of Faraday Rotation in Full-Polarimetric L-Band SAR Data,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46(10):3076-3086, 2008. |
Mittermayer et al., “Analysis of Range Ambiguity Suppression in SAR by Up and Down Chirp Modulation for Point and Distributed Targets,” IEEE:4077-4079, 2003. |
National Instruments, “Direct Digital Synthesis,” white paper, Dec. 30, 2016, 5 pages. |
Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 18, 2019, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/737,065, Peter Allen Fox et al., “Efficient Planar Phased Array Antenna Assembly,” 9 pages. |
Notice of Allowance, dated Mar. 9, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/101,344, Beckett et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Distributing Earth Observation Images,” 9 pages. |
Notice of Allowance, dated Oct. 18, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/316,469, Maciejewski et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Providing Terrestrial and/or Space-Based Earth Observation Video,” 8 pages. |
Office Action dated Oct. 18, 2019, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/737,016, George Tyc, “Systems and Methods for Remote Sensing of the Earth From Space,” 18 pages. |
Office Action dated Oct. 4, 2019, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/737,044, Keith Dennis Richard Beckett et al., “Systems and Methods for Enhancing Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery,” 14 pages. |
Office Action, dated Apr. 23, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/316,469, Maciejewski et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Providing Terrestrial and/or Space-Based Earth Observation Video,” 21 pages. |
Office Action, dated Aug. 6, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/101,336, Lopez et al., “Systems and Methods for Earth Observation,” 26 pages. |
Office Action, dated Feb. 11, 2019, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/502,468, Fox, “Apparatus and Methods for Quad-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar,” 42 pages. |
Office Action, dated Jan. 13, 2021, for Canadian Application No. 3,064,739, 4 pages. |
Pleskachevsky et al., “Synergy and fusion of optical and synthetic aperture radar satellite data for underwater topography estimation in coastal areas,” Ocean Dynamics 61(12):2099-2120, 2011. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Dec. 15, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/737,016, Tyc, “Systems and Methods for Remote Sensing of the Earth From Space,” 11 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Dec. 15, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/737,044, Beckett et al., “Systems and Methods for Enhancing Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery,” 10 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Dec. 15, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/737,065, Fox et al., “Efficient Planar Phased Array Antenna Assembly,” 8 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Dec. 5, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/316,469, Maciejewski et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Providing Terrestrial and/or Space-Based Earth Observation Video,” 9 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Feb. 7, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/502,468, Fox, “Apparatus and Methods for Quad-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar,” 12 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Jun. 2, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/101,336, Lopez et al., “Systems and Methods for Earth Observation,” 9 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Jun. 2, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/101,344, Beckett et al., “Systems and Methods for Processing and Distributing Earth Observation Images,” 11 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed May 22, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/778,188, Fox, “Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Apparatus and Methods,” 9 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 25, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/561,437, Fox, “Apparatus and Methods for Synthetic Aperture Radar With Digital Beamforming,” 11 pages. |
Raney et al., “Improved Range Ambiguity Performance in Quad-Pol SAR,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing:1-8, Jan. 30, 2011. |
Raney, “Hybrid-Polarity SAR Architecture,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45(11):3397-3404, 2007. |
Raouf et al., “Integrated Use of SAR and Optical Data for Coastal Zone Management,” Proceedings of the 3rd European Remote Sensing Symposium vol. 2, Florence, Italy, Mar. 14-21, 1997, pp. 1089-1094. |
Research Systems Inc., “ENVI Tutorials,” ENVI Version 3.4, Sep. 2000, 590 pages. |
Richardson, “By the Doppler's sharp stare,” Oct. 1, 2003, Armada International, URL=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=111508265, download date Oct. 8, 2018, 7 pages. |
Rosen et al., “Techniques and Tools for Estimating Ionospheric Effects in Interferometric and Polarimetric SAR Data,” International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Jul. 24-29, 2011, pp. 1501-1504. |
Rossler, “Adaptive Radar with Application to Joint Communication and Synthetic Aperture Radar (CoSAR),” doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 2013, 117 pages. |
Rouse et al., “Swathbuckler Wide Area SAR Processing Front End,” IEEE Conference on Radar, Verona, New York, USA, Apr. 24-27, 2006, 6 pages. |
Rudolf, “Increase of Information by Polarimetric Radar Systems,” Doctoral Dissertation, Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik und Elektronik der Universitat Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2000, pp. 26-27. (5 pages). |
Sakiotis et al., “Ferrites at Microwaves,” Proceedings of the IRE 41(1):87-93, 1953. |
Sano et al., “Synthetic Aperture Radar (L band) and Optical Vegetation Indices for Discriminating the Brazilian Savanna Physiognomies: A Comparative Analysis,” Earth Interactions 9(15):15, 2005. (15 pages). |
Souissi et al., “Investigation of the capability of the Compact Polarimetry mode to Reconstruct Full Polarimetry mode using RADARSAT2 data,” Advanced Electromagnetics 1(1): 19-28, May 2012. |
Space Dynamics Laboratory, “RASAR: Real-time, Autonomous, Synthetic Aperture Radar,” Fact Sheet, 2013, 2 pages. |
Stofan et al., “Overview of Results of Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C, X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (Sir-C/X-SAR),” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 33(4):817-828, Jul. 1995. |
Stralka, “Applications of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to Radar,” doctoral dissertaion, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Mar. 2008, 196 pages. |
Tyc, “Systems and Methods for Remote Sensing of the Earth From Space,” U.S. Appl. No. 62/180,440, filed Jun. 16, 2015, 29 pages. |
Van Zyl et al., “Synthetic Aperture Radar Polarimetry,” in Yuen (ed.), JPL Space Science and Technology Series, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 2010, 333 pages. |
Wall et al., “User Guide to the Magellan Synthetic Aperture Radar Images,” Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA, Mar. 1995, 210 pages. |
Walls et al., “Multi-Mission, Autonomous, Synthetic Aperture Radar,” Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 9077: 907706-1-907706-14, 2014. |
Werninghaus et al., “The TerraSAR-X Mission,” 5th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Ulm, Germany, May 25-27, 2004, 4 pages. |
Wolff, “Radar Basics—Exciter,” URL=http://www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/Exciter.en.html, download date Mar. 6, 2018, 2 pages. |
Wright et al., “Faraday Rotation Effects on L-Band Spacebome SAR Data,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41(12):2723-2744, Dec. 2003. |
Wu et al., “Simultaneous transmit and receive polarimetric synthetic aperture radar based on digital beamforming,” 4th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering, Xi'an, China, Dec. 12-13, 2015, pp. 1283-1288. |
Xia et al., “Classification of High Resolution Optical and SAR Fusion Image Using Fuzzy Knowledge and Object-Oriented Paradigm,” Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis vol. XXXVIII-4/C7, Ghent, Belgium, Jun. 29-Jul. 2, 2010, 5 pages. |
Zhang et al., “OFDM Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging With Sufficient Cyclic Prefix,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53(1):394-404, Jan. 2015. |
{hacek over (S)}indelá{hacek over (r)} et al., “A Smartphone Application for Removing Handshake Blur and Compensating Rolling Shutter,” IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Paris, France, Oct. 27-30, 2014, pp. 2160-2162. |
{hacek over (S)}indelá{hacek over (r)} et al., “Image deblurring in smartphone devices using built-in inertial measurement sensors,” Journal of Electronic Imaging 22(1):011003, Feb. 2013. (22 pages). |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20200142055 A1 | May 2020 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62510123 | May 2017 | US |