Patent Application
20050282770
The present invention is directed to glycosulfopeptides, methods of their synthesis, and methods of their use in treating inflammation.
Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury. This injury can have a variety of causes, including infections and direct physical injury. The inflammatory response can be considered beneficial, since without it, infections would go unchecked, wounds would never heal, and tissues and organs could be permanently damaged and death may ensue. However, the inflammatory response is also potentially harmful. Inflammation can generate pathology associated with rheumatoid arthritis, myocardial infarction, ischemic reperfusion injury, hypersensitivity reactions, and some types of fatal renal disease. The widespread problem of inflammatory diseases has fostered the development of many “anti-inflammatory” drugs. The ideal drug would be one that enhances the good effects resulting from the inflammatory response, and at the same time prevents the potentially harmful side-effects of this response.
The inflammatory response in regard to blood cells is accompanied by adhesion of circulating neutrophils, the most abundant phagocytic cell in the blood, to activated endothelial cells that line the vessels and make up the vessel walls. The adherent neutrophils are subsequently activated and the activated neutrophils emigrate from the blood into the surrounding tissue in a process termed diapedesis. The cells then begin engulfing microorganisms in a process termed phagocytosis and they also degranulate, releasing a variety of degradative enzymes, including proteolytic and oxidative enzymes into the surrounding extracellular environment. The mechanisms by which neutrophils adhere, become activated, and emigrate from the blood are currently major topics of research around the world. It is hoped that a fundamental understanding of these mechanisms will give rise to a new generation of anti- and pro-inflammatory drugs and treatments.
The initial attraction of circulating leukocytes to sites of inflammation is due to binding of the cells to a class of adhesion molecules termed selectins. The three currently identified selectins are L-selectin, which is constitutively expressed on the surfaces of all circulating leukocytes; E-selectin which is inducibly expressed on the surfaces of endothelial cells; and P-selectin, which is inducibly expressed on the surfaces of platelets and endothelial cells. The selectins recognize counter-receptors on other cells and thereby mediate cell-to-cell adhesive contacts. For example, P-selectin binds to a constitutively expressed, mucin-like glycoprotein counter-receptor on neutrophils termed the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). the interaction between P-selectin and PSGL-1 promotes tethering and rolling adhesion of neutrophils on the vessel wall leading to neutrophil activation and eventual tight adhesion and diapedesis via integrins and their counter-receptors. Since it is well established that the selectin-mediated adhesion is an essential prelude to neutrophil activation and emigration during the inflammatory response, a tremendous amount of research has been done to identify compounds that inhibit neutrophil adhesion.
There have been attempts to use sialyl Lewisx mimetics to control or regulate the inflammatory response via inhibition of selectin-mediated adhesion [Lowe, “Therapeutic Inhibition of Carbohydrate-protein Interactions In Vivo,” J. Clin. Invest., 100(11 Suppl):S47-51, 1997]. These are modified simple carbohydrates (<2,000 daltons) that contain the sialyl Lewisx or sialyl Lewisa antigen [Varki, “Sialic Acids As Ligands In Recognition Phenomena,” FASEB Journal, 11(4):248-55, 1997]. The sialyl Lewisx mimetics have been made as either free carbohydrates or as adduct between the carbohydrates and lipids to alter their solubility properties. Synthesis of these mimetics has been by one of two routes. In one common method the carbohydrate mimetics have been produced by entirely chemical steps beginning with commonly available precursors and organic chemical approaches. In the other common method the carbohydrate portions of the sialyl Lewisx mimetics have been synthesized primarily using recombinant or partly purified glycosyltransferases, including sialyltransferases, galactosyltransferases, fucosyltransferases and sugar nucleotide donors, such as cytosinemonophosphate sialic acid, uridinediphospho galactose and guanosinediphospho fucose. In all cases, the efficacy of these sialyl Lewisx mimetics has been poor and high doses (>0.5 mM) of the compounds are required, because they do not accurately reflect the structure of the appropriate selectin counter-receptor, e.g., PSGL-1, for P-selectin.
PSGL-1 on human leukocytes contains at its extreme amino terminus tyrosine residues that can potentially be sulfated and threonine residues that are potential binding sites for attachment of O-glycans containing N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, fucose and sialic acid with the sequence of the sialyl Lewis x antigen (McEver et al., “Leukocyte Trafficking Mediated by Selectin-Carbohydrate Interaction”, J. of Biol. Chem., 270:11025-8, 1995. McEver et al. , “Role of PSGL-1 Binding to Selectins in Leukocyte Recruitment”, J. of Clin. Invest., 100:485-491, 1997).
The co-expression of sulfated tyrosine residues and the O-glycan appears to be required for high affinity interactions between PSGL-1 and P-selectin. However, naturally-occurring quantities of PSGL-1 are limited and it is not feasible to produce PSGL-1 from human neutrophils in a form suitable for administration as an anti-inflammatory compound. Moreover, recombinant means of synthesis of PSGL-1 are tedious and expensive and require animal cell culture and the consequent problems and uncertainties of proper post-translational modifications of the PSGL-1 peptide backbone, of which tyrosine sulfate and O-glycan addition are examples. It would be desirable to have a process which enables the formulation and production of compounds which overcome these problems.
The present invention contemplates a new class of synthetic glycosulfopeptides (GSPs) which mimic the extreme amino terminus of PSGL-1 in that they comprise one or more sulfated tyrosine residues and a glycan comprising a sialyl Lewisx group or a sialyl Lewisa group. In a preferred embodiment the GSPs further comprise an O-glycan comprising a β1,6 linkage to a GalNAc. The present invention further contemplates in vitro methods of the synthesis of these GSPs without the use of cells and methods of their use in vivo as powerful anti-inflammatory antithrombotic, or anti-metastatic compounds which are able to block the selectin-mediated adhesion of cells.
The glycosulfopeptides generated herein could not have been derived easily by expression of recombinant glycoproteins. Precise definition of the glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation in recombinant glycoproteins is exceedingly difficult, because of the inherent heterogeneity in glycan structures and the variable efficiency of tyrosine sulfation. Furthermore, cellular initiation of O-glycosylation by α-GalNAcT is complex. Each of the many different enzymes in this family may require a slightly different peptide motif for initiation of O-glycosylation in cells. The novel technology contemplated herein for synthesis of glycosulfopeptides allows the complete control of the O-glycan sites and structures without regard to O-glycosylation motifs. The in vitro synthesis of these glycosulfopeptides as contemplated herein also allows the introduction of modified monosaccharides, e.g., sialic acid derivatives, precise modifications of glycan structures, and modifications in the peptide length.
While the invention will now be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments in the following examples so that aspects thereof may be more fully understood and appreciated, it is not intended to limit the invention to these particular embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Thus, the following examples, which include preferred embodiments will serve to illustrate the practice of this invention, it being understood that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of preferred embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of formulation procedures as well as of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention.
In one embodiment, represented in
The glycosulfopeptide preferably comprises at least one sulfated tyrosine residue, more preferably two sulfated tyrosine residues, and most preferably three sulfated tyrosine residues. Each tyrosine residue is preferably separated by at least one additional amino acid residue.
In this embodiment, the peptide is synthesized on a commercial peptide synthesizer using the f-moc or t-boc derivative of tetraacetylated GalNAc in α linkage to the hydroxyl group of the O-linking residue. This α-linked derivative of the O-linked amino acid is inserted at the desired position of the peptide during synthesis of the peptide thereby adding a tetraacetylated GalNAc with the O-linking residue.
The tetraacetylated GalNAc is then “unblocked” in step (1) by deacetylating with a weak base in organic solvent, such as sodium methoxide. The specific introduction of a GalNAc residue at the desired position ensures that the sugar-linked amino acid is present in quantitative and stoichiometric levels and that no other O-linked residue in another position in the peptide is modified.
In the next step (2), Gal is β-linked to the GalNAc via β1,3-GalT in the presence of UDPGal. In the next step (3), GlcNAc is β-linked to the GalNAc via β1,6-GlcNAcT in the presence of UDPGlcNAc. In the next step (4), Gal is β-linked to the GlcNAc via β1,4-GalT in the presence of UDPGal. In the next step (5), NeuAc is α-linked to the Gal via α2,3-ST in the presence of CMPNeuAc. In the next step (6), fucose is α-linked to the GlcNAc via α1,3-FT in the presence of GDPfucose. In the last step (7) of the synthesis, a sulfate group is added to each of the one or more tyrosine residues in the peptide via recombinant or at least partially purified TPST in presence of PAPsulfate. These steps are described in more detail in the experimental procedures section below. The result of the synthetic process in this embodiment is a peptide comprising a sulfated tyrosine and a sialyl Lewisx group having a β1,6 linkage to a GalNAc residue in O-linkage to a serine or threonine (or a similarly O-linkable amino acid). As noted above, in this embodiment, it is not possible to preferentially link a GalNAc to a specific threonine (or serine) residue (if there is more than one in the peptide). Further, although N-acetyl neuraminic acid is the preferred sialic acid to be used, other sialic acids which function in a similar manner are contemplated to be used in the glycosulfopeptides claimed herein. These alternative sialic acids include other sialic acids which can be transferred via the enzyme α2,3-ST, including N-glycolylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 9-0-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid, 9-0-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid and other sialic acids described in Varki et al., “Sialic Acids As Ligands In Recognition Phenomena”, FASEB Journal, 11(4):248-55, 1997, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
In this embodiment, it is also not possible to specifically sulfate only a particular tyrosine residue if the peptide comprises more than one tyrosine residue. Embodiments wherein it is possible to specifically sulfate particular tyrosine residues are described below.
A key to the abbreviations used herein is provided below.
Crude glycopeptide 1 (GP-1) was synthesized at the Protein Resource Facility of Oklahoma State University. Tri-O-acetylated GalNAc was incorporated into the peptide during the solid phase synthesis using tri-O-acetyl-GalNAcαFmoc Thr derivative (Oxford GlycoSciences, Oxford, UK). The crude GP-1 (2 mg) was de-O-acetylated with 6 mM methanolic sodium methylate as described in Medal et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 43:529-536, 1994. The deacetylated peptide was purified by reversed phase HPLC. The retention time of deacetylated GP-1 (34.6 min) was clearly different from the tri-O-acetylated GP-1 (45.3 min). The yield of the pure GP-1 was 1.1-1.5 mg. In matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra, the observed m/z for the [M—H]− molecular ion was 2952.9 (calc m/z 2953.2). In addition, the [M—H]− molecular ion of oxidized GP-1 (m/z 2969.5) was present where the methionine residue had been oxidized.
GP-1 was galactosylated overnight at 37° C. in 100-200 nmol aliquots by using 3-4 times molar excess of UDPGal (Sigma) and 13 nmol/h of purified core-1 β1,3-GalT (core-1 β1,3-galactosyl transferase) in a total volume of 100 μl of 50 mM MES, pH 6.5, 2 mM ATP, 15 mM MnCl2, 0.2% Triton X-100. The complete amino acid sequence of core-1 β1,3-GalT is shown in SEQ ID NO:1. After removing proteins and Triton X-100 by chloroform-methanol (2:1) extraction (deproteination), the reaction mixture was analyzed by HPLC. The retention time of the galactosylated product, GP-2, was 32.9 min and the degree of galactosylation was >95%. MALDI-TOF analysis of GP-2 revealed m/z 3115.4 for the [M—H]− molecular ion (calc. m/z 3115.3).
GP-2 (0.4-0.6 mM) was incubated at 37° C. with 1-2 mM UDPGlcNAc (Sigma) and affinity purified recombinant core-2 β1,6-GlcNAcT (100 nmol/h) in a total volume of 100 μl of 50 mM Na-cacodylate, pH 7.0. A method for obtaining core-2β1,6-GlcNAcT is described below. After 24 h incubation a small aliquot from the reaction mixture was analyzed by HPLC. GP-2 was converted quantitatively into a faster moving product, GP-3 (retention time 31.3 min). MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of GP-3 showed m/z 3318.2 for the [M—H]− molecular ion (calc. m/z 3318.5). The reaction mixture was taken directly to a β1,4-GalT reaction. Alternatively, UDP[3H]GlcNAc (American Radiolabeled Chemicals Inc., St. Louis, Mo.) (12,000 cpm/nmol) was used as a donor in the core-2 β1,6-GlcNAcT reaction to get [3H]GP-3.
GP-3 (0.4 mM) (core-2 β1,6GlcNAcT reaction mixture) was galactosylated using 125 mU of bovine milk β1,4-GalT (Sigma) and UDPGal (1.5 mM) in a total volume of 160 μl of 40 mM Na-cacodylate, pH 7.0, 20 mM MnCl2 and 0.02% NaN3. After 20 h incubation at 37° C. a sample from the reaction mixture was analyzed by HPLC, which showed that all GP-3 had been converted into a faster moving product, GP-4 (retention time 30.4 min). In MALDI-TOF analysis the observed m/z for the [M—H]− molecular ion of GP-4 was 3480.4 (calc. m/z 3480.7). Glycopeptide samples were deproteinated and desalted in a Sephadex G-50 column (10 ml, 0.7×25 cm) using water or 25 mM NH4HCO3 as an eluant. 0.5 ml fractions were collected and the glycopeptides were detected by measuring either UV absorbance at 215 nm or radioactivity of the fractions. After desalting and deproteination the sample was taken directly to an α2,3-sialylT reaction. Radiolabeled [3H]GP-3 was galactosylated using UDP [3H]Gal (Amersham, Buckinhamshire, England) (10,000 cpm/nmol) as a donor.
GP-4 (1 mM) was sialylated using 20 mU of α2,3-(N)-sialylT (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) and 3 mM CMPNeuAc (Sigma) in a total volume of 50 μl of 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.4, 0.1% BSA and 0.02% NaN3. After 14 h incubation at 37° C. a 1 μg sample was analyzed by HPLC, which showed that GP-4 had been converted completely into a faster moving product, GP-5 (retention time 29.7 min). In MALDI-TOF analysis the observed m/z for the [M—H]− molecular ion of GP-5 was 3770.6 (calc. m/z 3771.9). The reaction mixture was used directly for the α1,3-FucT reaction. Radiolabeled [3H]GP-4 (0.1 mM) was also sialylated using the donor CMP[3H]NeuAc (0.2 mM, 31,500 cpm/nmol) (NEN, Boston, Mass.).
GP-5 (0.4 mM) was α1,3-fucosylated for 16 h at 37° C. with 2 mU of α1,3-FucT-VI (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) and GDPFuc (0.8 mM) (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) in a total volume of 120 μl of 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.4, 20 mM MnCl2 and 0.02% NaN3. A deproteinated and desalted sample was analyzed by HPLC which showed that GP-5 was converted completely into the product GP-6 (retention time 29.1 min). In MALDI-TOF analysis the observed m/z for the [M—H]− molecular ion of GP-6 was 3917.5 (calc. m/z 3918.1). Starting with 185 μg of GP-2 the overall recovery of GP-6 was 88 μg, as determined by UV absorbance at 275 nm during the HPLC runs. Radiolabeled [3H]GP-4 was fucosylated using GDP[14C]Fuc (83,000 cpm/nmol) (Amersham) as the donor.
Several aliquots of GP-6 (0.02 mM) were sulfated for 35 h at 37° C. using 0.15 mM PAPS (Sigma) or [35S]PAPS (NEN, Boston, Mass.) (specific activity 30300 cpm/nmol) and 0.85 nmol/h of recombinant human TPST-1 (SEQ ID NO:2). Alternatively, hTPST-2, (SEQ ID NO:3) could be used or any other functional tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase. The total reaction volume was 100 μl per aliquot in 40 mM PIPES, pH 7.0, 0.05 M NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100 and 5 mM EDTA. After chloroform-methanol (2:1) extraction to remove protein and detergent, the reaction mixture was desalted by gel filtration and subjected to HPLC. The retention time of the product, GSP-6, was 15.6 min and the conversion of GP-6 to GSP-6 was >95%. Electrospray mass spectrum analysis showed the molecular mass of GSP-6 as 4158.0 (calc. 4159.2), confirming that three sulfate groups were present.
Alternatively, a radiolabeled form of GSP-6 was generated by incubating GP-6 (0.01 mM) for 14-17 h with 0.06 mM [35S]PAPS (107,000-559,000 cpm/nmol) and 0.36 nmol/h of TPST-1 in a total volume of 50 μl. The conversion of GP-6 to 35SO3-GSP-6 was >85%. GP-2 (0.08 mM) was sulfated for 35 h at 37° C. by using 0.6 mM PAPS (Sigma) and 4.8 nmol/h of affinity purified recombinant TPST-1 in a total reaction volume of 400 μl. After deproteination and desalting the sample was analyzed by HPLC. The retention time of the product was 21.4 min and the conversion of GP-2 to GSP-2 was 98%. Electrospray mass spectra of GSP-2 showed the molecular mass as 3356.0 (calc. 3356.5), which confirmed that three sulfate groups were present. Alternatively, GP-2 (0.04 mM) was sulfated for 18 h at 37° C. using [35S] PAPS (0.2 mM, 30300 cpm/nmol) (Sigma) and TPST-1 (0.7 nmol/h) in a total volume of 56 μl. The conversion of GP-2 to 35SO3-GSP-2 was >95%. GP-5 was sulfated in a similar fashion as GP-6 using [35S]PAPS (30300 cpm/nmol) as a donor. The conversion of GP-5 to 35SO3-GSP-5 was >90%. The retention time of 35SO3-GSP-5 was 17.5 min in HPLC (not shown).
Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Glycopeptide samples were filtered on a Spin-X membrane (Corning Costar, Cambridge, Mass.) and were subsequently analyzed in a reversed phase C-18 HPLC column (Vydac, Hesperia, Calif.) on a Beckman System Gold HPLC. The following solvent system was used at a flow rate of 1 ml/min: 1-10 min, 20% acetonitrile-80% water-0.1% TFA; 10-70 min, linear acetonitrile gradient from 20% to 45% in water-0.1% TFA; 10-70 min, linear acetonitril gradient from 20% to 45% in water-0.1% TFA. The UV absorbance at 215 nm or 275 nm was monitored and/or the radioactivity of the collected fractions was measured. The pooled fractions were dried under vacuum.
Equilibrium Gel Filtration Chromatography
Equilibrium gel filtration experiments were conducted in a Sephadex G-75 column (0.5×10 cm, 2 ml) equilibrated with 4 ml of 20 mM MOPS, pH 7.5, containing 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, and 0.02% NaN3 (buffer A), and 35SO3-GSP-6 (10,000 cpm/ml, specific activity 1700 cpm/pmol). Different amounts of soluble P-selectin (sPS) (25-1000 pmol) (Ushiyama et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:15229-15237, 1993) were preincubated for 30-60 min in 120 μl of buffer A containing 35SO3-GSP-6 and applied to the column. Samples were eluted with buffer A (including 35SO3-GSP-6), and 140 μl fractions were collected at a flow rate of 70 μl/min. Radioactivity in the fractions was determined by liquid scintillation counting. Control experiments to test inhibitors of binding between sPS and GSP-6 were performed using 400 pmol of sPS and 5,000 cpm/ml of 35SO3-GSP-6. The EDTA concentration was 1 mM in 20 mM MOPS, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN3. Anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibodies (G1 and S12) (800 pmol each) were preincubated for 30 min with sPS in buffer A before 35So3-GSP-6 was added. Elution was performed by using buffer A with 35SO3-GSP-6.
P-selectin Affinity Chromatography
Soluble P-selectin was coupled to Ultralink™ Biosupport Medium (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) according to manufacturer's instructions. P-selectin columns (0.8 ml, 0.6×2.7 cm) of different densities (0, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0 mg/ml) were equilibrated with 25 ml of buffer A. Radiolabeled glyco(sulfo)peptides (800-1000 cpm, 1-10 cpm, 1-10 pmol) were dissolved in 200 μl of buffer A and applied to the sPS-columns. Bound material was eluted with Buffer B (20 mM MOPS, pH 7.5, containing 10 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN3). Fraction size was 0.5 ml and the flow rate was 200-250 μl/min. All fractions were counted for radioactivity.
Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was performed in the linear negative ion delayed extraction mode with a Biflex™ time-of-flight instrument (Bruker-Franzen Analytik, Germany) equipped with a nitrogen laser operating at 337 nm. HPLC purified glycopeptide samples, except GSP-2 and GSP-6, were dissolved in 30% aqueous acetonitrile, and a 0.5 μl aliquot (about 2.5 pmol) was mixed with 0.5 μl of 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone matrix (3 mg/ml in acetonitrile/20 mM aqueous diammonium citrate, 1:1, by vol.) and immediately dried under reduced pressure. The spectra were externally calibrated with insulin [M—H]− and [M-2H]2− signals. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra were collected in the negative ion mode using a Q-TOF hybrid quadrupole/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Micromass Ltd., UK). GSP-2 and GSP-6 were dissolved in 50% aqueous acetonitrile and injected into the mass spectrometer with a nanoelectrospray ion source. Instrument calibration was performed with sodium trifluoroacetate ion clusters.
Desialylation of GSP-6
35SO3-GSP-6 (6,000 cpm) was desialylated by treatment with 8.4 mU of Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidase (Sigma) in 100 μl of 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 5.5 for 13 h at 37° C. The reaction mixture was desalted and deproteinated before analysis by chromatography on sPS-columns.
Construction, Expression and Purification of Recombinant, Soluble Core-2 β1,6-GlcNAcT
A fusion protein was constructed that contained the catalytic and stem region of human core 2 β1,6-GlcNAcT with the 12-amino acid HPC4 epitope at both the N- and C-termini. The epitope is bound in a Ca2+-dependent manner by the monoclonal antibody HPC4. The catalytic and stem region of the core 2 β1,6-GlcNAcT was amplified by PCR using a pcDNA3 plasmid containing the full length cDNA of the human core 2 β1,6-GlcNAcT (type L) as a template (Bierhizen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:9326-9330, 1992). The following primers were used for amplification:
5′ primer containing BamHI cleavage site, 5′-GCCTGAATTTGTAAGGGATCCACACTTAGAGCTTGCTGGGGAGAATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) and 3′-primer containing EcoRI site and HPC4 epitope, 5′-GTAGAATTCTTATCACTTGCCGTCGATCAGCCTGGGGTCCACCTGGTCCTCGTGTTTTAATGTCT CCAAAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5). The PCR product (1.2 kb) was cloned into pCR-TOPO 2.1 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and used to transform E. coli strain JM109 for plasmid preparation. The construct was released from pCR-TOPO 2.1 vector by digestion with BamHI and Eco RV and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The construct (1.2 kb) was ligated into a BamHI/Eco RV site of modified pcDNA 3.1(+) vector (pcDNA 3.1 (+)TH) which contains an NH2-terminal transferrin signal sequence and HPC4 epitope (Ouyang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 95:2896-2901, 1998) and used to transform E. coli strain DH5α. The resulting plasmid, pcDNA 3.1(+)TH-sC2 (6.7 kb), was isolated, sequenced and used to transfect CHO/dhfr− cells using lipofectamine (Life Technologies, Inc.) Clonal selection was carried out under neomycin resistance, and the cells were maintained in low salt DME (Cellgro, Herndon, Va.) containing 10% fetal calf serum and G418 (600 μg/ml). Stable clones of cells expressing core 2 β1,6-GlcNAcT activity in the media (50 nmol/h/ml) were selected and grown to 100% confluency. The media was changed to low salt DME containing 2% fetal calf serum and incubated for 2-3 days. The media was collected and adjusted to 1 mM CaCl2 and 5 mM benzamidine. Soluble core-2 β1,6-GlcNAcT containing an HPC4 epitope tag was purified from the conditioned medium (60 ml) using a HPC4-mAb affinity column (3.5 ml column of 5 mg/ml HPC4-mAb coupled to Ultralink™ Biosupport Medium) at 4° C. as described in Mehta et al., Blood, 90:2381-2389, 1997. The purified enzyme was stabilized by adding 0.1% BSA and the enzyme was concentrated using Centricon-30 ultrafiltration tubes (Amicon, Beverly, Mass.). The purified enzyme was used directly or aliquoted and stored at −20° C. The activity (8.2 μmol/h/ml) was stable at −20° C. for at least 2 months. Core-2 β1,6-GlcNAcT assays were performed using 1 mM Galβ1→3GalNAcα-pNp (Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., Canada) and 1 mM UDP-[3H]GlcNAc (specific activity 1000 cpm/nmol). The assays were carried out at 37° C. with 2.5-10 μl of the purified enzyme for 30 min or 25 μl of cell culture media for 2-3 h in a total volume of 50 μl of 50 mM Na-cacodylate, pH 7.0. The radiolabeled reaction product was separated from the radiolabeled donor using Sep Pak cartridges (Waters, Milford, Mass.).
Neutrophil Isolation and Labeling
Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers as described in Zimmerman et al., J. Clin Invest., 76:2235-2246, 1985, and labeled with Calcein-AM (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Neutrophil Adhesion Assay
The adhesion assay was performed essentially as described in Ushiyama et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268-15229-15237, 1993, with the following modifications. Calcein-labeled neutrophils were used. sPS was coated directly on wells of Immulon 1 microtiter plates by incubating the wells with 2 μg/ml of sPS in 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer at 4° C. overnight (100 μl/well). For GSP-6 inhibition, the wells were preincubated with 50 μl of different dilutions of GSP-6 in HBSS containing 0.1% HSA at room temperature for 15 min. In control experiments, wells were preincubated with mAbs against P-selectin. In other controls, mAbs against PSGL-1 or fluid-phase sPS were preincubated with 25 μl of the cell suspension at room temperature for 15 min. The neutrophils (25 μl) were then added to the sPS-coated wells. The number of adherent cells was quantified using an fmax fluorescence plate reader (Molecular Devices).
In a second embodiment, the series of synthesis steps are the same as Example 1 except for the first step. In this embodiment of the invention, represented in
In an alternative embodiment, represented in
In an alternative embodiment, represented in
In an alternative embodiment a sulfate can be added to a specific tyrosine residue. The process shown in
This peptide is treated using the same steps described in Example 1, including treating the glycophosphopeptide with a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase to add a sulfate group (SO3−) to the unoccupied tyrosine residue. The glycosulfophosphopeptide which results is then treated with alkaline phosphatase in a manner well known in the art. This treatment removes the phosphate groups from the tyrosines thereby leaving the sulfate group on the tyrosine to provide the final product, the glycosulfopeptide.
To test whether a synthetic glycosulfopeptide of the present invention interacts with P-selectin, a series of affinity columns containing recombinant soluble P-selectin (sPS) at different coupling densities were prepared. The different column densities allow estimation of the relative affinities of synthetic glycosulfopeptides for P-selectin. A radiolabeled glycosulfopeptide having the same structure as glycosulfopeptide-6 (GSP-6) in
The dissociation constant (Kd) for binding of GSP-6 to soluble sPS was determined using an equilibrium gel filtration technique. Different amounts of fluid-phase sPS (25-1000 pmol) were loaded into small gel filtration columns equilibrated with 35SO3-glycosulfopeptide-6 in Ca2+-containing buffer. The binding data were plotted to derive the equilibrium binding constant, yielding an estimated Kd of about 350 nM. Binding of GSP-6 to sPS was inhibited with EDTA and with the inhibitory anti-P-selectin mAb G1, which binds to the lectin domain of P-selectin. Binding was not inhibited with anti-P-selectin mAb s12, which binds to one of the consensus repeats of P-selectin. These results demonstrate that GSP-6 binds with relatively high affinity to sPS in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
The ability of GSP-6 to inhibit neutrophil adhesion to P-selectin was tested in microtiter wells coated with sPS (
Examples of various oligosaccharide R groups which may comprise the O-glycan of the glycosulfopeptides contemplated herein are shown in
R2 is like R1 except a NeuAc group has been added in an α2,3 linkage via α2,3-ST in the presence of CMPNeuAc to the Gal linked to the GalNAc.
R3 is like R1 except the Gal has been linked to the GlcNAc in a β1,3 linkage via β1,3-GalT and Fuc has been linked to the GlcNAc in an α1,4 linkage via α1,4-FT.
R4 is like R3 except a NeuAc group has been added in an α2,3 linkage via α2,3-ST in the presence of CMPNeuAc to the Gal linked to the GalNAc.
R5, R6, R7 and R8 are like R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively, except a sulfate group has been linked to the GlcNAc.
R9 and R11 are like R1 and R7, respectively, except they are lacking a Gal in β1,3 linkage to the GalNAc.
R10 is like R9 but has a sulfate group linked to the GlcNAc.
R12 is like R1 but has a sialyl Lewisx group in β1,3 linkage to the terminal Gal group.
R13 is like R12 but has a NeuAc in α2,3 linkage to the Gal linked to the GalNAc.
R14 is like R12 except the terminal NeuAc is replaced with a sialyl Lewisx group in β1,3 linkage to the terminal Gal group.
R15 is like R14 but has a NeuAc in α2,3 linkage to the Gal linked to the GalNAc.
Groups R1-R15 are examples of O-glycans which may comprise the glycosulfopeptide contemplated herein. It will be understood, by a person of ordinary skill in the art that these R groups are only representative of the many O-glycans which may be used to synthesize the glycosulfopeptides of the present invention.
As noted above, the present invention in its most basic form contemplates a dipeptide comprising a sulfate group linked to a first amino acid of the dipeptide and a glycan linked to a second amino acid, wherein the glycan is a sialyl Lewisx group or comprises a sialyl Lewisx group as a portion thereof. Preferably, the glycan is an O-glycan O-linked to the peptide. The first amino acid, to which the sulfate is attached, is tyrosine (Tyr). The second amino acid, to which the O-glycan is linked, is preferably a threonine (Thr) or serine (Ser) residue but may be any other amino acid residue to which an O-glycan can be linked in O-linkage (for example, tyrosine, hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine).
The present invention further contemplates that the glycan may be linked in N-linkage to the peptide via an amino acid such as aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, lysine and cysteine. The present invention contemplates that the peptide may be covalently derivatized to contain the glycan. Examples of such dipeptides defined herein are shown as formulas in
The present invention further contemplates peptides such as those represented as formulas in
A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is shown below as Compound I, wherein the glycosulfopeptide comprises a heptapeptide having a sulfated tyrosine residue at the N-terminal end and an O-glycosylated linking residue (such as Thr or Ser) at the C-terminal end of the peptide. The GSP comprises five intermediate amino acids represented as X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 as shown below. In one embodiment, X1 is aspartic acid, X2 is phenylalanine, X3 is leucine, X4 is proline and X5 is glutamic acid. Preferably, the heptapeptide comprises a component (an amino acid or glycosyl component) which distinguishes it from a fragment of naturally-occurring or recombinantly expressed forms of PSGL-1, i.e., a fragment which could not be obtained from degradation of PSGL-1.
For example, the GSP may comprise fewer than seven amino acids wherein one or more of X1-X5 is not present. Alternatively, any one or more of X1-X5 may be substituted with a different amino acid, preferably one which has similar functional characteristics as the amino acid being substituted for. Alternatively, X1-X5 may comprise repeats of the same amino acid, e.g., five glycine residues. In an especially preferred version the peptide contains one proline residue in the position between tyrosine and the O-linking residue to which the glycan is linked.
The glycosulfopeptides represented by formulas in
Further, it is contemplated herein that the glycosulfopeptide may comprise more than one sulfated tyrosine residue as shown in
Preferably, the glycosulfopeptide comprises an O-glycan comprising a β1,6 linkage to GalNAc. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the O-glycan of the glycosulfopeptide is core-2 based. A preferred embodiment of the compound described herein is shown in SEQ ID NO:41 which is a truncated version of SEQ ID NO:26.
To test whether the specific type of linkage to the GalNAc is important for binding of GSP-6 to immobilized sPS, a novel glycosulfopeptide that is isomeric in structure to GSP-6 was synthesized. This glycosulfopeptide, designated core-1 GSP-6 (
Unexpectedly, core-1 GSP-6 did not bind to immobilized sPS. To confirm the presence of sLex on the extended core-1 O-glycan, ELISAs were performed using 2H5, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the sLex determinant (Sawada et al., Biochem. Biophys. res. Commun., 193:337-347, 1993). 2H5 bound to immobilized GP-6 and core-1 GP-6, but not to a control glycopeptide GP-2, which lacks sLex (data not shown). This verifies the expression of sLex determinants on core-1 GP-6. These results demonstrate that preferably the sLex glycan is β1,6 linked for binding the glycosulfopeptide-6 to immobilized sPS.
Utility
The present invention provides a method for the treatment of a patient afflicted with inflammatory diseases wherein such disease states may be treated by the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the present invention to a patient in need thereof.
A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention refers to an amount which is effective in controlling or reducing the inflammatory response. The term “controlling” is intended to refer to all processes wherein there may be a slowing, interrupting, arresting, or stopping of the progression of the disease and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of all disease symptoms.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” is further meant to define an amount resulting in the improvement of any parameters or clinical symptoms characteristic of the inflammatory response. The actual dose will be different for the various specific molecules, and will vary with the patient's overall condition, the seriousness of the symptoms, and counterindications.
As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to a warm blooded animal such as a mammal which is afflicted with a particular inflammatory disease state. It is understood that guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rats, mice, horses, cattle, sheep, and humans are examples of animals within the scope of the meaning of the term.
A therapeutically effective amount of the compound used in the treatment described herein can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as one skilled in the art, by the use of conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the therapeutically effective dose, a number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species of mammal; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of or involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristic of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances.
A therapeutically effective amount of the compositions of the present invention will generally contain sufficient active ingredient to deliver from about 0.1 μg/kg to about 50 mg/kg (weight of active ingredient/body weight of patient). Preferably, the composition will deliver at least 0.5 to 10 mg/kg, and more preferably at least 1 μg/kg to 1 mg/kg.
Practice of the method of the present invention comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient(s), in any suitable systemic or local formulation, in an amount effective to deliver the dosages listed above. An effective, particularly preferred dosage of the glycosulfopeptide (for example GSP-6) for substantially inhibiting activated neutrophils is 1 μg/kg to 1 mg/kg. The dosage can be administered on a one-time basis, or (for example) from one to 5 times per day.
Preferred amounts and modes of administration are able to be determined by one skilled in the art. One skilled in the art of preparing formulations can readily select the proper form and mode of administration depending upon the particular characteristics of the compound selected the disease state to be treated, the stage of the disease, and other relevant circumstances using formulation technology known in the art, described for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co.
Pharmaceutical compositions can be manufactured utilizing techniques known in the art. Typically the therapeutically effective amount of the compound will be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The compounds or compositions of the present invention may be administered by a variety of routes, for example, orally or parenterally (i.e. subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or intratracheally).
For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated into solid or liquid preparations such as capsules, pills, tablets, lozenges, melts, powders, suspensions, or emulsions. Solid unit dosage forms can be capsules of the ordinary gelatin type containing for example, surfactants, lubricants and inert fillers such as lactose, sucrose, and cornstarch or they can be sustained release preparations.
In another embodiment, the compounds of this invention can be tabletted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, and cornstarch in combination with binders, such as acacia, cornstarch, or gelatin, disintegrating agents such as potato starch or alginic acid, and a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate. Liquid preparations are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in an aqueous or non-aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable solvent which may also contain suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, and preservative agents as are known in the art.
For parenteral administration the compounds may be dissolved in a physiologically acceptable pharmaceutical carrier and administered as either a solution or a suspension. Illustrative of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are water, saline, dextrose solutions, fructose solutions, ethanol, or oils of animal, vegetative, or synthetic origin. The pharmaceutical carrier may also contain preservatives, and buffers as are known in the art.
The compounds of this invention can also be administered topically. This can be accomplished by simply preparing a solution of the compound to be administered, preferably using a solvent known to promote transdermal absorption such as ethanol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with or without other excipients. Preferably topical administration will be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir and porous membrane type or of a solid matrix variety.
As noted above, the compositions can also include an appropriate carrier. For topical use, any of the conventional excipients may be added to formulate the active ingredients into a lotion, ointment, powder, cream, spray, or aerosol. For surgical implantation, the active ingredients may be combined with any of the well-known biodegradable and bioerodible carriers, such as polylactic acid and collagen formulations. Such materials may be in the form of solid implants, sutures, sponges, wound dressings, and the like. In any event, for local use of the materials, the active ingredients usually be present in the carrier or excipient in a weight ratio of from about 1:1000 to 1:20,000, but are not limited to ratios within this range. Preparation of compositions for local use are detailed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, (Mack Publishing).
Additional pharmaceutical methods may be employed to control the duration of action. Controlled release preparations may be achieved through the use of polymers to complex or absorb the glycosulfopeptide described herein. The controlled delivery may be achieved by selecting appropriate macromolecules (for example, polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinyl, pyrrolidone, ethylenevinylacetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or protamine, sulfate) and the appropriate concentration of macromolecules as well as the methods of incorporation, in order to control release.
Another possible method useful in controlling the duration of action by controlled release preparations is incorporation of the glycosulfopeptide molecule or its functional derivatives into particles of a polymeric material such as polyesters, polyamino acids, hydrogels, poly(lactic acid), or ethylene vinylacetate copolymers.
Alternatively, instead of incorporating the GSP into polymeric particles, it is possible to entrap these materials in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatine-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,734 describe methods for encapsulating biological materials in liposomes. Essentially, the material is dissolved in an aqueous solution, the appropriate phospholipids and lipids added, along with surfactants if required, and the material dialyzed or sonicated, as necessary. A good review of known methods is by G. Gregoriadis, Chapter 14. “Liposomes”, Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 287-341 (Academic Press, 1979). Microspheres formed of polymers or proteins are well known to those skilled in the art, and can be tailored for passage through the gastrointestinal tract directly into the blood stream. Alternatively, the agents can be incorporated and the microspheres, or composite of microspheres, implanted for slow release over a period of time, ranging from days to months. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,474, 4,925,673, and 3,625,214.
When the composition is to be used as an injectable material, it can be formulated into a conventional injectable carrier. Suitable carriers include biocompatible and pharmaceutically acceptable phosphate buffered saline solutions, which are preferably isotonic.
The term “inflammation” is meant to include reactions of both the specific and non-specific defense systems. A specific defense system reaction is a specific immune system reaction response to an antigen. Examples of a specific defense system reaction include the antibody response to antigens such as rubella virus, and delayed-type hypersensitivity response mediated by T-cells (as seen, for example, in individuals who test “positive” in the Mantaux test).
A non-specific defense system reaction is an inflammatory response mediated by leukocytes incapable of immunological memory. Such cells include granulocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, etc. Examples of a non-specific defense system reaction include the immediate swelling at the site of a bee sting, the reddening and cellular infiltrate induced at the site of a burn and the collection of PMN leukocytes at sites of bacterial infection (e.g., pulmonary infiltrates in bacterial pneumonias, pus formation in abscesses).
Although the invention is particularly suitable for cases of acute inflammation, it also has utility for chronic inflammation. Types of inflammation that can be treated with the present invention include diffuse inflammation, traumatic inflammation, immunosuppression, toxic inflammation, specific inflammation, reactive inflammation, parenchymatous inflammation, obliterative inflammation, interstitial inflammation, croupous inflammation, and focal inflammation.
It will be appreciated that the present invention will be easily adapted to the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of inflammatory disease processes such as rheumatoid arthritis, acute and chronic inflammation, post-ischemic (reperfusion) leukocyte-mediated tissue damage, acute leukocyte-mediated lung injury (e.g., Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome), and other tissue-or organ-specific forms of acute inflammation (e.g., glomerulonephritis).
For reconstitution of a lyophilized product in accordance with this invention, one may employ a sterile diluent, which may contain materials generally recognized for approximating physiological conditions and/or as required by governmental regulation. In this respect, the sterile diluent may contain a buffering agent to obtain a physiologically acceptable pH, such as sodium chloride, saline, phosphate-buffered saline, and/or other substances which are physiologically acceptable and/or safe for use. In general, the material for intravenous injection in humans should conform to regulations established by the Food and Drug Administration, which are available to those in the field.
The pharmaceutical composition may also be in the form of an aqueous solution containing many of the same substances as described above for the reconstitution of a lyophilized product.
The compounds can also be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid- or base-addition salt, formed by reaction with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid, or by reaction with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as mono-, di-, trialkyl and aryl amines and substituted ethanolamines.
As mentioned above, the products of the invention may be incorporated into pharmaceutical preparations which may be used for therapeutic purposes. However, the term “pharmaceutical preparation” is intended in a broader sense herein to include preparations containing a glycosulfopeptide composition in accordance with this invention, used not only for therapeutic purposes but also for reagent or diagnostic purposes as known in the art, or for tissue culture. The pharmaceutical preparation intended for therapeutic use should contain a “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “therapeutically effective amount” of a GSP, i.e., that amount necessary for preventative or curative health measures. If the pharmaceutical preparation is to be employed as a reagent or diagnostic, then it should contain reagent or diagnostic amounts of a GSP.
Other Utilities
The present invention further comprises a method of producing oligosaccharides. In this method a glycopeptide is synthesized as described previously herein. The glycopeptide is subjected to a β-elimination reaction which causes the cleavage of the linkage between the glycan and the amino acid residue on the peptide to which the glycan was attached thereby producing the free oligosaccharide or glycan. In one version, for example, the β-elimination reaction comprises treating the glycopeptide with 50 mM NaOH and 1 M sodium borohydride at 50° C. for 16 hours. These oligosaccharides can be used, for example, as standards in other analyses.
Another utility of the glycosulfopeptides produced herein is to use specific GSPs with ELISA techniques to enable one to distinguish between monoclonal antibodies which react with core-2 sialyl Lewisx groups versus those which react with core-1 sialyl Lewisx groups.
Thus identified, the monoclonal antibodies can be used to characterize epitopes on glycoproteins, for example, to define glycoproteins which have core-2 SLex groups versus those which have core-1-SLex groups.
Another utility of the GSPs synthesized herein is that the GSPs are excellent acceptors for specific glycosyltransferases. This enables one to assay tissues for the presence therein of specific glycosyltransferases or sulfotransferases.
Another utility of the GSPs synthesized herein is to assay tissues for specific glycosidases which cause release of glycosyl or sulfo groups. HPLC is used to determine whether or not specific GSPs were altered in the assay, thereby indicating the presence or absence of particular glycosidases in the tissue sample.
The present invention may further comprise a method of inhibiting the binding of cells to a selectin comprising exposing the selectin to the a glycosulfopeptide compound described herein in an amount sufficient to bind to a cell binding site on the selectin.
All of the assay methods listed herein are well within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings provided herein.
All references cited herein are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, since such embodiments are intended as but single illustrations of one aspect of the invention and any functionally equivalent embodiments are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Changes may be made in the formulation and the use of the various compositions described herein or in the steps or the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Key to Abbreviations:
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/329,068, filed Dec. 20, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/334,013, filed Jun. 15, 1999 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/089,472, filed Jun. 16, 1998, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
This work was supported in part by NIH grant POIHL 54804. The U.S. Government may have certain rights to this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60089472 | Jun 1998 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09334013 | Jun 1999 | US |
| Child | 10329068 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10329068 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 11121731 | May 2005 | US |
