Patent Grant
11273215
This application is a 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/IN2018/050433 filed Jul. 3, 2018, which claims priority to Indian Patent Application No. 201741023411, filed Jul. 3, 2017. These applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for any and all purposes.
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 5, 2021, is named 10833.021520 Substitute Sequence Listing.txt and is 9,494 bytes in size.
The invention relates to a synthetic polypeptide epitope based vaccine composition. More particularly, conserved epitopes selected from EV71 and CVA16 are used to develop a sub-unit bivalent vaccine antigen construct and a vaccine composition is provided using the developed sub-unit bivalent vaccine antigen construct, wherein the vaccine is capable to provide cross protection to diverse EV71 and CVA16 infection causing strains. Further the expression of multi-epitope vaccine antigen coding gene and the purification process involved thereof are disclosed. The invention also discloses vaccine formulations against Hand Foot and Mouth Disease and other enterovirus infections comprising the recombinant vaccine antigen construct of the present invention.
Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric disease caused predominantly by Enterovirus-71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). Both of them are single stranded positive-sense RNA viruses and belong to Picornaviridae family. EV71 also causes numerous neurological complications ranging from aseptic meningitis to acute flaccid paralysis, brain-stem encephalitis and even death. Often these two viruses co-circulate and cause co-infection bringing devastating impact on healthcare system of many Asian countries.
EV71 and CVA16 are the two major etiological agents against Hand Foot and mouth Disease. Both of the viruses are highly polymorphic and antibody(ies) against one will not provide significant cross-protection against the other. Thus, a probable bivalent protein composition against these two viruses immense promise to reduce the global burden of this disease. It is well known that majority of the neutralizing antibody is located in major capsid protein VP1 among enteroviruses. VP1 has lot of sequence variability among different strains due to frequent mutations and recombination events (Leitch E C M et al. J. Virol. 2012; 86:2676-2685). Based on the VP1 sequence variation, EV71 has been classified so far into seven genogroups (GgA-GgG) and genogroups B and C are further subdivided into B1-B5 and C1-C5 (Brown B A et al. J. Virol. 1999; 73:9969-9975).
Thus, development of vaccine against both of these viruses is highly desirable to constrain them. The inventors of this present invention proposes and hereby has developed a vaccine directed mainly against EV71 and CA16 with potentiality to cross protect against other closely circulating HFMD causing serogroups. An unique synthetic gene encoding multiple copies of epitopes derived from capsid protein (VP1) from Enterovirus-71 and Coxsackievirus-A16 have been designed and constructed to be used as a distinct and highly effective recombinant protein construct with potential for immunization as a vaccine candidate against hand foot and mouth infections caused by EV71 and CA16.
Further, the inventors have also developed and disclosed in this invention another vaccine candidate that encompass epitopes regions from the major capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 of EV71 and CVA16.
In one object, the invention provides a synthetic polypeptide epitope based vaccine composition.
In another object, the invention provides a recombinant sub-unit bivalent vaccine antigen construct using conserved epitopes selected from EV71 and CVA16.
In another object, the invention provides a vaccine which is capable to provide cross-protection to diverse EV71 and CVA16 infection causing strains.
In another object, the invention further provides the expression of the multi-epitope vaccine antigen coding gene and the purification process involved thereof.
In another object, the invention provides vaccine formulations against Hand Foot and Mouth Disease and other enterovirus infections comprising the recombinant vaccine antigen construct of the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the schematic structure and the codon optimized genetic and protein sequences of multi-epitope based vaccine antigens against hand foot and mouth disease is disclosed.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the expression of codon optimized sequences of the present invention as inclusion bodies in appropriate host is disclosed.
Further embodiment of the invention describes the method of protein purification comprising lysis with lysis buffer-I and lysis buffer-II, washing with wash buffers I, II, and III, Immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by dialysis and refolding and recovery of the proteins of interest of SEQ ID No. 2 and SEQ ID No. 4 with appropriate refolding buffers, subsequently followed by specific chromatographic purification techniques such as size exclusion chromatography.
The further embodiments of the invention also establish immunogenicity of the invention through appropriate animal studies. The SEQ ID Nos. 2 and 4 is capable to generate sufficient immune response against Hand Foot and Mouth disease caused by enterovirus and coxsackievirus. The vaccine antigens of the present invention are also capable to induce cross-protection against any strains of enterovirus and coxackievirus causing hand foot and mouth disease in humans.
Specific vaccine formulations comprising SEQ ID No. 2 and SEQ ID No. 4 with multiple adjuvants have also been made available as one of the embodiments of the present invention optionally in presence of other stabilizers like polyols, sugar or amino acids or combinations.
In another aspect of the instant invention there is provided a vaccine composition for prophylaxis against Hand Foot and Mouth Disease caused by EV71 and CA16 comprising: (a) vaccine antigen, the said vaccine antigen is a synthetic construct selected from the recombinant protein sequences as represented by SEQ ID No. 2 (named as MEV1) and SEQ ID No. 4 (named as MEV2); (b) adjuvants; (c) stabilizers; and (d) any physiologically acceptable buffer selected from phosphate, and citrate, wherein the said vaccine formulation is stable for at least 2 years at 5±3° C. and up to 2 weeks at 37° C.
The file of this patent or application contains at least one drawing/photograph executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
1A: The schematic representation of MEV1 showed that four copies of the three epitopes are present in tandem. Linker separates the epitopes to add flexibility. NdeI and BamHI sequences are present at the 5′ and 3′ end respectively.
1B: The schematic representation of MEV2 showed that three copies of six epitopes are present in tandem followed by one copy of three more epitopes. Linker separates the epitopes to add flexibility. NdeI and BamHI sequences are present at the 5′ and 3′ end respectively.
2B: From Left, Lane1: Un-induced BL21 (DE3) cells transformed with pET11b-MEV2 (in absence of IPTG), Lane 2-4: Induction of BL21 (DE3) cells transformed with pET11b-MEV2 using 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM and 0.75 mM IPTG
Conclusion: The results from the figure showed that expression of MEV1 and MEV2 can be induced using wide range of IPTG concentration.
(3A):—From left Lane 1: Un-induced cells (in absence of IPTG), Lane 2: Molecular weight protein marker as described in
(3B):—From left Lane 1: Un-induced cells (in absence of IPTG, Lane 2: Cells induced with IPTG at 37° C., Lane 3-4: Cell pellet (P) and cell lysate (S) respectively after induced with 0.2 mM IPTG at 37° C. and followed by lysis, Lane 5: Cells induced with IPTG at 25° C., Lanes 6-7: Cell pellet (P) and cell lysates (S) respectively after induced with 0.2 mM IPTG at 25° C. and followed by lysis, Lane 8: Molecular weight protein marker as described in
(3C): From left Lane1: Un-induced MEV2 gene transformed Rosetta cells (in absence of IPTG), Lane 2: Rosetta cells induced with 0.2 mM IPTG at 18° C., Lane 3: Rosetta cells induced with 0.2 mM IPTG at 37° C., Lane4: Un-induced MEV2 gene transformed BL21 (DE3) cells, Lane 5: BL21 (DE3) cells induced with 0.2 mM IPTG at 37° C., Lane 6: BL21 (DE3) cells induced with 0.2 mM IPTG at 18° C., Lane 7: Molecular weight protein marker.
Conclusion: The results obtained from
4A: From left Lane 1: Cell lysate after induced with 0.2 mM IPTG and followed by lysis, Lane 2: Supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea, Lane 3: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea, Lane 4: Supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 3M urea, Lane 5: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 3M urea, Lane 6: Molecular weight protein marker as described in
4B: From left, Lane1: Supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 3M urea, Lane 2: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 3M urea, Lane 3: Supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 3M urea in presence of 10 mM DTT, Lane 4: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 3M urea in presence of 10 mM DTT, Lane 5: Supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea, Lane 6: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea, Lane 7: Supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea in presence of 10 mM DTT, Lane 8: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea in presence of 10 mM DTT, Lane 9: Molecular weight protein marker as described in
4C: From Lane 1: Cell lysate after induced with 0.2 mM IPTG and followed by lysis in Lysis buffer I (ph7.4), Lane 2: supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea in lysis buffer II (ph7.4) in presence of 20 mM DTT, Lane 3: cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea in Lysis buffer II (ph7.4) in presence of 20 mM DTT, Lane 4: Cell lysate after induced with 0.2 mM IPTG and followed by lysis in lysis buffer (50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1% TritonX-114, 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme, 1 mM AEBSF, at pH 8), Lane 5: supernatant after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea in lysis buffer 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1% TritonX-114, 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme, 1 mM AEBSF, at pH 8) in presence of 20 mM DTT, Lane 6: Cell pellet after insoluble cell aggregates was treated with 6M urea in lysis buffer 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1% TritonX-114, 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme, 1 mM AEBSF, at pH 8) in presence of 20 mM DTT, Lane 7: Molecular weight protein marker as described in
Conclusion: The figure concludes that the 3M and 6M urea treatment can be recovered with significant amounts of MEV1 with higher purity when compared to the untreated samples whereas presence of 6M urea and DTT is required to achieve significant amount of soluble MEV2 protein.
(5A): Expressed MEV1 was purified by affinity chromatography with IMAC technology using Ni-NTA resins and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed). From left Lane 1: Un-induced cell pellet (in absence of IPTG), Lane 2: Supernatant from inclusion bodies (IB) like cell aggregates treated with 3M urea, Lane 3: Purified protein after IMAC mediated purification using N-NTA resin, Lane 4: Molecular weight protein marker as described in
(5B): The specific expression of MEV1 was detected by Western Blot using anti-his antibody. From left Lane 1: (UP)—Unpurified protein in supernatant derived from inclusion bodies (IB) like cell aggregates after treatment with 3M urea, Lane 2: (P)—Purified protein after IMAC mediated purification using Ni-NTA resin.
Conclusion: The results from
Conclusion: CFA/IF And Alum adjuvanted MEV1 immunization generated much higher IgG1 antibody indicating predominant Th2 type immune response while Poly(I:C), AddaVax and MPLA+ Alum generated slightly higher IgG2a antibody indicating overall balanced Th1/Th2 response with slight bias for Th1 type immune response.
In the present invention, four copies of each epitope was connected by linkers to construct the recombinant antigen Multi-epitope Enterovirus antigen 1 (MEV1) that functions as a vaccine antigen gene construct. The target gene (MEV1) as disclosed in SEQ ID No.1 and the resultant protein as disclosed in SEQ ID No. 2 is designed to possess four copies of each of one enterovirus A71 epitope, one coxsackievirus A16 epitope and one extremely conserved epitope having 100% homology to enterovirus A71 strains and high homology to Coxsackievirus A16 and some other Coxsackievirus strains and thus will provide cross protection. All the epitopes are present in VP1 capsid gene of either Enterovirus A71 or Coxsackievirus A16. The target gene with NdeI and BamH1 restriction sites at 5′ and 3′ end respectively was used as insert to be introduced in NdeI-BamHI cloning site of the expression vector pET11b. The insert also include C-terminal 6× histidine for easy detection and purification of the expressed protein. The presence of poly-histidine tag enables the protein to be purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography in the subsequent steps and also aids in the detection of the expression using poly-histidine specific antibody. 6× histidine tag has several advantages including smaller size, low toxicity and immunogenicity and thus doesn't interfere with the immunogenicity of the antigen. The vector with the insert was transformed in the E. coli DH5α (specifically for cloning) and BL21 (DE3) cells for expression of the said gene construct of the present invention.
The present invention also includes another construct MEV2 that includes nine epitopes from VP1-3 proteins of EV71 CVA16 (MEV2). These epitopes includes both B cell and T cell epitopes. The target gene (MEV2) sequence is disclosed in SEQ ID no 3 and the resultant protein sequence is disclosed in SEQ ID no 4.
CATATGGCTGCAGGTTCTGGTTACGACGGTTACCCGACCTTCGGTGAACA
CATCATCACCATCACCACTAAGGATCC
Furthermore, the recombinant genetic constructs of the present invention of the said vaccine antigen disclosed in this invention may comprise B cell or T cell epitopes from any enterovirus including but not limiting to EV71, EVD68, Coxsackievirus A16, Coxsackievirus A4-6, Coxsackievirus A10, echoviruses etc. The multi-epitope construct(s) mentioned in this invention may also include carrier protein(s) for better immunogenicity that may include any toxoids, TLR ligands like flagellin either as whole protein or truncated protein, CTL epitopes, T helper epitopes, immunomodulants, virus like particles etc. The antigen gene may also include one or more tags like poly-histidine tags, V5 tag, GST tag, signal sequences etc.
The proposed recombinant genetic constructs of the present invention can be expressed in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cell or virus. The vector may be plasmid or viral vector. In one embodiment, the expression system is Escherichia coli. Codon optimization is an essential step for successful production of heterologous protein in E. coli. In the present invention, MEV1 and MEV2 gene have been codon optimized for successful production in E. coli. In E. coli expression system, the heterologous protein often forms insoluble aggregates and remains inside the cells as inclusion bodies even after lysis with bacterial lysis buffer. Inclusion Body (IB) Proteins. All inclusion body proteins are highly specific in their bio-chemical properties, Each inclusion body forming protein needs specific experimental combinations such as specific combination of wash buffers for washing and cell lysis, denaturation components of the protein followed by refolding in specific refolding buffers of the said target protein for appropriate functional protein structure. Downstream processing including cell lysis, denaturation and refolding of any inclusion body forming protein generated from a synthetic recombinant genetic construct is far more difficult and unpredictable since the natural properties of the said protein are not at all known initially as compared to those proteins already available in nature but produced as inclusion body forming proteins through human intervention.
In the present invention, phosphate buffer has been used for MEV1 as it is non-toxic and a common component of physiological fluids. Its pH alters little with temperature. It is colourless and thus doesn't interfere with light absorbance during protein quantitation. Further, NaCl is used to reduce the nonspecific hydrophobic protein interactions. Lysozyme was used as it enhances cell lysis by acting on bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. In the present invention, freeze thaw cycles and sonication has been used for disruption of bacterial cell leading to complete lysis. Short pulse of sonication has been used with chilling in ice in between to avoid high temperature generation that will degrade the protein. 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF) is a broad spectrum serine protease inhibitor and is non-toxic. AEBSF has been used in this invention to prevent the serine protease mediated degradation of MEV1. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride or AEBSF is a serine-protease inhibitor that prevent serine proteases mediated degradation of protein. In another embodiment either phosphate buffer (ph7.4-8) or Tris buffer (ph8-8.5) have been used for lysis and solubilization of MEV1 and MEV2. Tris lysis buffer consists of 20-50 mM Tris, 0.3M NaCl, 1% TritonX-114, 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme, 1 mM AEBSF, at ph8-8.5.
TritonX-114 is a mild non-ionic detergent. It is used in cell lysis. It also has role in endotoxin reduction by phase separation at temperature higher than 20° C. Imidazole is a competitor for histidine to bind IMAC resins. Thus, in low concentration, it prevents non-specific binding and thus added in wash buffers. In higher concentration (varies between different proteins), it will release the tagged proteins and the desired protein will come in the elutes. The function of these specific components have been strategically optimized at each specific step that would best suit the present invention for these new proteins from the novel genetic construct of the present invention MEV1, MEV2 or similar constructs comprising enterovirus epitopes. These components are included as part of purification procedure in this present invention.
In general, the denaturating agents like urea or Guanidine HCl are used to denature any IB protein. In this process, the protein will get denatured and will come out in the solution. But, later protein can be renatured and refolded by stepwise or gradient decrease of urea concentration. However often, some specific additional components are required those technically assist in refolding and/or thereby prevent the aggregation of the varied category of IB proteins depending upon there bonding and three dimensional structures. L-Arginine and L-Arginine HCl has been found to be essential in preventing the aggregation of MEV1 and MEV2 of this present invention. Reducing agents like DTT or DTE is suitable for solubilizing MEV2.
The purification steps may involve affinity purification, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography or any of the combinations thereof. The buffer(s) used for washing and purification of the recombinant protein derived from the recombinant genetic construct in this present invention includes phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, MOPS buffer etc.
The recombinant protein(s) in this invention can be formulated with adjuvants that includes but not limited to alum (aluminium phosphate, aluminium hydroxide), squalene based adjuvants like MF59, montanide etc, RIBI adjuvants, Complete Freud's adjuvant and Incomplete freud's adjuvant for immunogenicity testing, adjuvant involving bacterial cell components or modified versions such as MPL, muramyl dipeptide etc, all oil-in-water emulsions, all water-in-oil emulsions, TLR ligand based adjuvants, CpG and non CpG containing oligonucleotides, saponins including but not limited to QS-1, ISCOM, ISCOMATRIX etc, vitamins, immunomodulants including cytokines.
The route of administration of the vaccine can be oral or parenteral where parenteral route includes but not limiting to intramuscular, intranasal, subcutaneous, tropical, intradermal or transdermal.
The plasmid pET11b and pET11b-MEV1 was transformed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) chemically competent cells. The transformed BL21 (DE3) cells were incubated with shaking at 37° C. until OD600 reaches 0.4 to 0.6, and then induced with different concentration of Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 37° C. for 4 hours. IPTG is a molecular mimic of a lactose metabolite that triggers the transcription of lac operon and thus induces the expression of the recombinant protein where the gene is controlled by the lac operator. The optimum concentration of IPTG for expression was determined and then the induction of the multi-epitope gene (MEV1) for expression was also determined at various temperature settings (
The cell pellet of MEV1 transformed BL21 (DE3) after IPTG induction was collected by centrifuging the cells at 10,000 rpm for 5 mins. The cells were suspended in suspension/lysis buffer-I, the said lysis buffer-I was prepared by making a solution containing 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1% TritonX-114, 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme, 1 mM AEBSF, at pH 7.4. Cell lysis was performed first by performing three rounds of freeze thaw cycles and subsequently by ultrasonicating for 20 seconds thrice with 30 sec interval in between. The location of the desired protein was again checked by SDS-PAGE. The majority of the desired protein was found in cell debris indicating formation of insoluble inclusion/inclusion like bodies. The cells were then lysed in Lysis Buffer-II with different concentrations of urea (3-6M) in presence of 5-10 mM imidazole, 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, and 1 mM AEBSF at 4° C. for 3-16 hours to recover the insoluble protein.
Results showed that the recombinant enterovirus vaccine gene (MEV1) was induced best using 0.2 mM IPTG at 37° C. The protein was found to be expressed ˜31 kDa region (
MEV-2 was also found to be expressed well in presence of 0.2-0.75 mM IPTG at ˜47 kDa region (
The urea denatured protein solution in presence of 5-10 mM imidazole was added to the Ni-NTA IMAC columns after equilibrating with lysis buffer-II and incubated for proper binding at 4° C. for 3-16 hrs. The column was then washed with Wash Buffer-I, the said Wash Buffer-I was prepared by making a solution containing 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1 mM AEBSF, 3M urea at pH7.4 with 0.1% Triton X-114 and 5-10 mM Imidazole. Next wash was performed in Wash Buffer-II, the said Wash buffer-II was prepared by making a solution containing the components 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1 mM AEBSF, 3-6M urea at pH7.4 with 0.1% Triton X-114 and 20 mM imidazole. Subsequently depending upon the initial concentration of urea used in example 2, further at least two or more washes were performed with Wash Buffer-III in presence of gradual decreasing urea concentrations, the said Wash Buffer-III was prepared by making a solution containing 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3 M NaCl, 1 mM AEBSF additionally with 20 mM imidazole with decreasing concentrations of urea. The said Wash buffer III did not contain TritonX-114 unlike Wash Buffer-II. The target protein of interest of the present invention was finally washed in the column using Wash Buffer III containing 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1 mM AEBSF under gradual decrease in concentration of urea and thereafter eluted from the column through an elution buffer 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1 mM AEBSF by increasing concentrations of imidazole (250-500 mM) with or without any urea at all.
Alternatively, during IMAC purification, washes are performed with Wash Buffer-III containing 50 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3M NaCl, 1 mM AEBSF in presence of 3-6M urea and subsequently the target protein of interest of the present invention is eluted from the column with an elution buffer comprising increasing concentration of imidazole (250-500 mM) in presence of 3-6M urea, 50 mM Na2HPO4, 1 mM AEBSF, 0.3 M NaCl.
Ni-NTA column based affinity purified protein (MEV-1) was further dialyzed against PBS (phosphate buffered saline) in presence of refolding buffers comprising 0.1-0.3M NaCl, 10% glycerol and 0.2-0.5 M Arginine or 0.2-0.5 M Arginine-HCl using 10 kDa cut off dialysis bag to remove imidazole. Size exclusion chromatography was performed if necessary as final polishing step using sephacryl 200 or superdex 200 with automated chromatography system. Alternatively, urea denatured protein solution (of MEV-1) is either purified by IMAC purification and subsequently or directly refolded by dialysis using 10 kDa dialysis bag in presence of refolding buffers with gradual decreasing urea concentration and ending at zero or negligible urea concentration, 0.2-0.5 M Arginine or 0.2-0.5M Arginine-HCl, 10%-20% Glycerol. The refolded recombinant protein MEV1 is purified by size exclusion chromatography as single step purification or if required as final step of purification for IMAC purified protein using sephacryl 200 or sephadex 200 or superdex 200 with AKTA (automated chromatographic purifier, GE). On the other hand, MEV2 protein was refolded in decreasing urea (from 6M to 0.1 M) and DTT (from 20 mM to negligible concentrations or 0.1 mM or even less) concentration in presence of 0.2-1M Arginine or Arginine-HCL and/or redox pair reagents like Cysteine/Cystine or GSSG/GSH or oxidized DTT/reduced DTT or cystamine/cysteamine with concentrating between 0.05 mM to 10 mM. MEV2 protein is purified with size exclusion chromatography as mentioned above. Up to 96% pure protein of MEV2 can be achieved.
The protein was stored in polyols or sugars like 5-40% Glycerol or 5-60% sucrose or 5-40% Trehalose or 5-40% Sorbitol at −20° C. to (avoid repeated freeze thaw which can be detrimental for the protein) protect from thermal stress given in Table 4.
The SDS-PAGE run of the eluted fractions from Ni-NTA columns (
All mice experiments were carried out strictly maintaining the procedure that will be approved by the Animal Experiment Committee. Groups of 6-week-old female BALB/c mice was inoculated with the recombinant protein alone, in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) Sigma), alum, MPLA and Alum, Ribi adjuvant, PolyIC, AddaVax (MF59 like) or PBS.
All mice were then boosted twice with the same dose in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA) or other respective adjuvants at a 2-week interval. Two-Three weeks after 1st immunization and/or two weeks after 2nd and 3rd immunization, serum samples were prepared and stored frozen until use. Animals were sacrificed after collecting the serum two weeks after the last immunization.
ELISA plates were coated with 0.5-1 μg of MEV1 antigen or synthetic peptides overnight in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH9.6). Next day, the plates were blocked for 1.5 hrs in 3% skimmed milk. Subsequently, serially diluted immunized sera were added in wells and incubated for 1.5 hrs. After several washes with phosphate buffered saline with Tween20 (PBST), the wells were incubated with 1:2000 diluted anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugated antibody (Thermo Scientific) or anti-mouse IgG1 HRP conjugated antibody (Thermo Scientific) or IgG2a HRP conjugated antibody (Abeam) and incubated for another 1 hr. After several washes with PBST and final wash with PBS, TMB (3, 3′, 5, 5′-Tetraethylbenzidine) substrate for ELISA (Amresco) was added for color development and finally the reaction was stopped with 0.6-1M HCL.
Animal immunogenicity studies performed in presence of different adjuvants and subsequent analysis of the collected serum by ELISA has showed end-point titer ranging from 12500 to 100000 respectively in presence of different adjuvants (
Inventors have also performed Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) quantitative assay which represents Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte specific immune response respectively from splenocytes isolated from the mice immunized with MEV1 formulated with different adjuvants. Splenocytes were plated in the 24 well plate followed by stimulation with antigen or peptides. After 72 hrs, supernatant were collected and cytokine assays were performed using kits. We have found that recombinant antigen formulated with MPLA and Alum is inducing significant Interferon gamma while the formulation with alum is inducing comparatively more IL-4. Interferon gamma is the indicator for Th1 type response while IL4 is the indicator for Th2 type immune response. Thus, the formulation in presence of MPLA and alum is inducing more Th1 type immune response and that with only alum is inducing more Th2 specific immune response.
Immunofluorescence assay: Vero cells were infected with either EV71 or CVA16 virus at 0.1-0.2 MOI. One day post infection, the cells were fixed with methanol-acetone solution (1:1 v/v) for 1 hr. Then, the cells were blocked with 1-3% BSA for 1 hr. Subsequently, the cells were incubated with serially diluted serum for 1.5 hrs at room temperature or overnight at 4° C. After several washes with PBS, the cells were incubated with anti-mouse IgG Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antibody (Thermo Scientific) for 1 hr and observed under fluorescence microscope.
Immunofluorescence assay with virus infected and mock infected Vero cell using serum raised against MEV1 as primary antibody showed that the antibody raised against MEV1 antigen binds with both EV71 and CVA16 viruses (
In vitro neutralization assay: In vitro neutralization was assessed by 50% reduction in Plaque (PRNT50). Vero cells were infected with pre-optimized countable Plaque forming units (PFU) of virus or mixture of virus and serially diluted sera (1:1) in 12 well format. After 1.5 hrs post infection, the cells were overlayered with 0.8% Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (Sigma) in media. The cells were fixed in 10% formalin four days post infection and stained with 0.8% crystal violet solution for plaque visualization. PRNT50 was calculated as the highest sera dilution showing 50% or more reduction in the number of plaques.
It was found that MEV1 adjuvanted with MPLA and alum combination is showing highest neutralization titer against EV71 and CVA16 (Table 3).
The results obtained from immunofluorescence and PRNT50 assay indicated the cross reactivity and cross-protectivity of the elicited antibody against both the viruses. Whole IgG, IgG isotype assay and cytokine assays showed that MEV1 can generate both cellular and humoral immune response significantly in present of appropriate adjuvants.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201741023411 | Jul 2017 | IN | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IN2018/050433 | 7/3/2018 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019/008599 | 1/10/2019 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9109014 | Weiner et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2016073929 | May 2016 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in PCT/IN2018/050433 dated Oct. 15, 2018. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210220466 A1 | Jul 2021 | US |
