Patent Application
20180171327
1. Field of the Innovation
The present innovation relates generally to the fields of biophysics, bioelectromechanics, tissue regeneration, tissue culture, and neurophysiology. More specifically, the present innovation relates to the use of an electromagnetic field, and preferably, a time-varying magnetic field, for modifying, potentiating or controlling the growth and specific genetic expression of biological cells and tissue, such as mammalian tissue. More specifically, the present innovation relates to the use of a noninvasive method and apparatus comprising relatively low frequency magnetic fields for modifying the genetic regulation of mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, associated tissue, or any combination.
2. Background and Related Art
Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue existing within many joints and is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular or cartilaginous matrix comprised of actin and collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and elastin fibers. Chondrocytes are the only cells found in cartilage.
Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels or is referred to as avascular. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly.
There are several diseases which can affect the cartilage. Chondrodystrophies are a group of diseases characterized by disturbance of growth and subsequent ossification of cartilage. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease affecting cartilage.
Cartilage has limited repair capabilities, because chondrocytes are bound in lacunae, they cannot migrate to damaged areas. Therefore, if damaged, cartilage is difficult to heal. Also, because hyaline cartilage does not have a blood supply, the deposition of new cartilaginous matrix is slow.
Acetaminophen/paracetamol is generally used as a first line treatment and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are only recommended as add on therapy if pain relief is not sufficient. There is a need to find definitive answers and to develop procedures that relieve arthritis symptoms and produce a durable replacement for damaged cartilage.
Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also called bone tissue, which gives it rigidity and a honeycomb-like three-dimensional internal structure.
There are several types of cells constituting the bone. For example, osteoblasts are mononucleate bone-forming cells that descend from osteoprogenitor cells. They are located on the surface of osteoid seams and make a protein mixture known as osteoid, which mineralizes to become bone. Osteoid is primarily composed of Type I collagen.
In the disease commonly known as osteoporosis, bone demineralizes and becomes abnormally rarefied. Diminished bone density may lead to vertebrae collapse, fractures of hips, lower arms, wrists, ankles as well as incapacitating pains.
Current therapies comprise invasive procedures (e.g. surgery or drug administration) as opposed to the described innovation which is a non-invasive procedure. Alternative nonsurgical therapies for such diseases include electrical bone growth stimulation comprised of electric and magnetic field therapies. However these therapies are moderately invasive as they rely on either skin contact or insertion of probes/electrodes into the tissues.
Nucleus pulposus is the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc that functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus comprises disc chondrocytes (as opposed to articular chondrocytes), collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate.
An electric field is a property that describes the space that surrounds electrically charged particles. Electric fields are created by differences in electric potential or voltage: i.e., the higher the voltage, the stronger will be the resultant electric field. In contrast, magnetic fields that are generated electromagnetically are created when electric current flows: i.e., the greater the current, the stronger the magnetic field. An electric field will exist even when there is no current flowing. In contrast, a magnetic field generated electromagnetically will not exist when there is no current. If current does flow, the strength of the magnetic field that is generated electromagnetically will vary with power consumption but the electric field strength will be constant. Resultant forces are related to both electric and magnetic fields. The force associated with an electric field depends on a stationary or static charge. Conversely, the force exerted on a charged particle associated with a magnetic field (i.e., Lorentz force) depends on a moving charge. Further, electric and magnetic fields are not entirely mutually exclusive. For example, charged particles do not only produce electric fields. As charges move, they generate magnetic fields, and if the magnetic field changes, the change in said magnetic field will generate electric fields. Thus weak metals (ions) such as CA2+, K+, Li+, and Mg2+ are all subject to modulation or resonance effect and can be made to move sub-cellularly due to magnetic flux. Stated differently, a changing magnetic field gives rise to an electric field. In nature lightning is an example of an atmospheric electrical discharge that creates an attendant magnetic field.
Electrical stimulation therapies include: capacitive coupling (CC); and direct current (DC) or direct coupling. The original basis for forms of electric stimulation therapy was the observation that physical stress on bone causes the appearance of tiny electric currents (i.e., a piezo-electric effect) that, along with mechanical strain, were thought to be the mechanisms underlying transduction of the physical stresses (compression and tension) into an electrical signal that promotes bone formation. CC relies on an electric field that is generally generated by 2 capacitive plates or electrodes placed on a patient's skin on opposite ends of a region of interest to apply electrical stimulation in the region of interest. DC-based therapies require the placement of opposing electrodes in direct contact with the skin surface surrounding the tissue of interest (Trock, 2000) and generally involve implantation of the electrodes. The region of interest is stimulated by a constant direct current.
Magnetic field therapies include: time-varying magnetic field (TVMF) therapies including pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapies. The general use of time-varying magnetic fields to stimulate the growth of cells has been disclosed in the related art. It has been theorized that the piezo-electric properties in human tissue such as bone and cartilage forms the basis for regulating bone and cartilage formation. Specifically, because a magnetic field imposes a force on magnetic particles and moving electrically charged particles, the magnetic field forces simulate physical stress in human tissue thereby resulting in small, induced currents (Faraday currents) in the tissue's highly conductive extracellular fluid. In general, time-varying magnetic field therapies involve the use of coils to electrically generate a magnetic field. PEMFs are considered a subset of time-varying magnetic field therapies and are generally associated with pulses or bursts in its waveforms. Resultant waveforms used in PEMF therapies can be substantially monophasic, substantially biphasic, substantially square, sinusoidal, or substantially triangular. Further, PEMF therapies are generally comprised of frequencies on the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum such as from 6-500 Hz. Further, waveforms used in PEMF therapies generally have high rising and falling slew rates on the order of Tesla/sec, thereby promoting said pulses or bursts.
In U.S. Pat. No. 7,179,217 an apparatus for enhancing tissue repair in mammals is disclosed. The disclosed apparatus comprises: a sleeve for encircling a portion of a mammalian body part, said sleeve comprising an electrically conductive coil capable of generating a magnetic field when an electrical current is applied thereto, means for supporting the sleeve on the mammalian body part; and a means for supplying the electrically conductive coil with a square wave time-varying electrical current sufficient to create a time-varying magnetic force of from approximately 0.05 G to 0.5 G within the interior of the coil in order that when the sleeve is placed on a mammalian body part and the time-varying magnetic force of from approximately 0.05 G to 0.5 G is generated on the mammalian body part for an extended period of time, tissue regeneration within the mammalian body part is increased to a rate in excess of the normal tissue regeneration rate that would occur without application of the time-varying magnetic force. The electrically conductive coil is preferably a ferromagnetic material, such as wire, with approximately ten windings per inch. The sleeve can be placed on a body part, e.g. an arm or a leg, of the mammal and the body part exposed to the 0.05 G to 0.5 G time-varying magnetic force for an extended period of time to enhance tissue repair, such increasing the healing rate of bone fracture repair or increased healing rate of ulcerated skin. It is preferable that the treated mammal is provided an increased level of calcium ions (Ca+ or Ca++) during the application of the time-varying magnetic force.
In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some effects have been discovered, including cytokines or paracrine and autocrine factors which are the products of genomic up or down regulations. Further specific genes and some molecules work in concert with each other or in gene cascades (chaperones) which facilitate the end goal of tissue remodeling, with processes such as glucose metabolism fluctuating to match an animal's normal periods of activity throughout the day (Ramsey, et al., 2007).
Similarly, known biomolecules such as vitamins are useful in perpetuating the process of normal cartilage and bone maintenance. Vitamin D (specifically D3) and Vitamin K are known to a degree in relation to normal mammalian (specifically human) physiology (Atkins, 2009), (Koshihara, 1997). The inventors postulate that due to the facilitated stimulation of important gene expressions (specifically osteocalcin up-regulation which was unanticipated as part of the responding cascade) that addition of increased concentrations of these two vitamins during treatment of the affected area (ROI) in any outlined regime or matrix will further enhance and accelerate the formation of new bone and differentiate the expression of bone from cartilage in the subject tissue as mineralization will produce bone and not cartilage.
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways or genomic and protein responses that construct molecules from smaller units (de Bolster, 1997). These reactions require an energy system which in the case of cells is derived from other genomic responses in the breakdown of energy “packets” in the cell. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular, organ or organism level is as anabolic or as catabolic, which is the opposite of anabolic.
Catabolism is the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy (de Bolster, 1997). In catabolism, large molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, and are broken down into smaller units such as amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, and fatty acids, respectively. For the purposes herein, “catabolic” will be associated with a reparative function and specifically, the breakdown, reorganization, or the degeneration of tissue from an organic perspective.
Currently, full advantage is not being taken of the use of these biophysical and electrical stimuli. However, as the underlying mechanisms at the molecular and cellular level become understood, medical instrumentation using this medical technology will become more widely implemented. Currently, the related art primarily depends on frequency and B-Field magnitude associated with an electromagnetic field waveform for the stimulated growth of biological cells and associated tissue. In fact, related art publications indicate that a B-Field magnitude is the primary control variable for affecting biological cell and tissue growth. At some point, the B-field magnitude's effect becomes more of a thermal effect as compared to a physical force imparted at the cellular level. For example any magnetic field greater than 30 kHz falls into the radio frequency range and is known to result in thermal heating effects at the sub-cellular level. The related art is deficient in discovery of a specific stimulation field profile necessary for up-regulating and down-regulating specific genes, wherein said profile is comprised of not only frequency and B-Field magnitude, but also waveform shape, rise time, rising slew rate, fall time, falling slew rate, duty cycle, dwell time, time of exposure, and other possible factors. The therapeutic implications of the discovery of specific profiles associated with stimulating specific genes will be explained herein. Thus, it would be desirable to provide an apparatus and method of use which would promote the stimulation of specific genes by a specific stimulation field of predetermined profile.
The present invention relates to a system and method to modifying the genetic regulation of mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, associated tissue, or any combination. There are multiple embodiments with respect to what comprises “associated tissue”. For example, associated tissue may comprise cartilaginous tissue, osseous tissue, connective tissue, cancellous tissue, tendon and muscle, or any combination, etc. More specifically, the act of modifying may be comprised of promoting the retention, repair of and reduction of compromised cartilage, bone, and associated tissue in a mammalian system by preferential stimulation of the aforementioned cell types in the mammalian physiology in a specific order or sequence. A stimulation field generator may be used to deliver a tuned time-varying stimulation field profile of predetermined performance characteristics or Figures of Merit (FOM) to the targeted tissue for a predetermined tuned exposure time or plurality of tuned exposure time sequences wherein said FOMs may comprise B-Field magnitude, frequency, wavelength, rising slew rate, falling slew rate, rise time, fall time, and duty cycle(s). The apparatus may include several components comprising: 1) a power source, 2) control component, and 3) a transmission component. The power source supplies the electricity necessary to produce an electromagnetically generated time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile that is controlled and governed by the control component of the apparatus wherein said time-varying stimulation field is induced to a target tissue or region of interest (ROI) by a transmission component. The transmission component may take the embodiment of standard transmission antennae, magnetic coils, a complexed array that consists of multiple coils, antennae to deliver the correct magnetic field to the ROI in the proper field density, or any combination. In an embodiment, the apparatus delivers a tuned time-varying stimulation field comprising at least one tuned predetermined profile to preferentially stimulate (up-regulate, down-regulate, or a combination of both) the biochemical cellular and sub-cellular molecular responses to trigger the activation of known mammalian genes responsible for the regeneration, restoration, repair, maintenance, or any combination of cartilage, bone, or both.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for biomedical therapeutic applications based on the application of time-varying magnetic fields, and more particularly to TVMFs produced in a device which utilizes a tuned electrical signal capable producing a tuned predetermined time-varying stimulation field comprised of at least one tuned predetermined profile at a treatment site for cartilage, bone, and soft tissue therapy.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a multi-functional, modular device using wire coils that create a tuned predetermined time-varying stimulation field of at least one tuned predetermined profile designed for penetration into cartilage, bone, associated tissue, or any combination for the treatment of osteoarthritis, fractures, osteoporosis, and the like.
It is a further object of the invention to provide at least one tuned electrical signal based on frequency, amplitude, rise time, rising slew rate, fall time, falling slew rate, duty cycle, dwell cycle(s), or any combination to a stimulation field generator apparatus in order to generate and emit a tuned time-varying stimulation field of at least one tuned predetermined profile to modify the genetic regulation of the aforementioned mammalian cells.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide time-varying magnetic field neuromuscular stimulation utilizing a predetermined time-varying stimulation field for reducing muscle atrophy as a countermeasure to body unloading effects. These effects may be encountered in a hospital while bead ridden or in another type of environmental challenge such as human spaceflight.
In an embodiment, the apparatus may emit and deliver to the target area or tissue a substantially square wave between about 9 Hz to about 200 Hz; with a rise time between about 125 μs to about 1 ms; a rising slew rate of between about 2.0 kG/s to about 50.0 kG/s; a fall time between about 125 μs to 1 ms; a falling slew rate of between about 2.0 kG/s to about 500.0 kG/s, or any combination. Additionally, the apparatus may operate on a duty cycle of between about 65% to about 80% (and a subsequent dwell time of between about 35% to about 20%, respectively). Still further, the apparatus may operate for a predetermined tuned exposure time from about 1 hour to about 1200 hours in a continuous manner or based on a predetermined time schedule. Deviations from these FOMs may elicit deferential responses with regard to mammalian cells, ion transport, and thus genetic and protein expression.
In an embodiment, the innovation is a method comprising the steps of positioning an apparatus in a predetermined proximate spatial relationship to a region of interest comprising damaged chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, or any combination, wherein said apparatus is capable of producing a time-varying stimulation field; generating a predetermined time-varying stimulation field in the form of a substantially square waveform with a B-Field magnitude from about 0.6 G to about 50 G, a frequency from about 9 Hz to about 200 Hz, a rise time of from about 0.75 ms to about 1 ms, rising slew rate from about 2.0 kG/s to about 20.0 kG/s, a fall time from about 125 μs to about 300 μs, a falling slew rate from about 0.5.0 kG/s to about 50.0 kG/s, and a duty cycle from about 65% to about 80%, and wherein said stimulation field promotes the growth of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, or any combination.
In an embodiment, the innovation is a method comprising the steps of providing an apparatus comprising a power source, control component, and a transmission component; positioning a region of interest comprising damaged chrondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, or any combination in proximate spatial relationship to said apparatus; operating said apparatus to generate time-varying stimulation filed comprised of a substantially square wave with a frequency from about 9 Hz to about 200 Hz, a rise time of from about 0.75 ms to about 1 ms, rising slew rate from about 2.0 kG/s to about 20.0 kG/s, a fall time from about 125 μs to about 300 μs, and a falling slew rate from about 5.0 kG/s to about 50.0 kG/s, wherein the duty cycle of said square wave is from about 65% to about 80%, wherein the operation of said apparatus produces said time-varying stimulation field, and wherein the stimulation field promotes the growth of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, or any combination. With particular reference to
In an embodiment, a pulsed stimulation field of predetermined profile may be used in combination with (either serially or in parallel) a time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile for determining differential matrix signaling for accomplishing various therapeutic applications. In another embodiment, the control component controls predetermined characteristics of one or more fields. In another embodiment, the control component is comprised of a conductor, an amplifier, or both.
In an embodiment, the stimulation field is comprised of a magnetic field of a predetermined profile capable of accomplishing CA2+ ionic transport modulation for mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, associated tissues, or any combination. In another embodiment, the stimulation field is comprised of a magnetic field of a predetermined profile capable of modifying the genetic regulation of mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, associated tissue, or any combination. In still another embodiment, the stimulation field is capable of producing or suppressing specific biomolecules that are associated with and necessary and responsible for the growth, retention, regeneration and repair of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and nucleus pulposus.
In an embodiment, the predetermined time-varying simulation field is capable of modifying the genetic regulation of mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, associated tissues, or any combination to increase the growth rate of these cells and tissues greater than the normal physiological rates of growth. In another embodiment, the predetermined time-varying stimulation field is capable of being regulated to enhance the growth, retention, restoration, and repair of cells associated with activating gene families including, but not limited to: BMP, actin, thrombospondins, lamanins, proteoglycans, collagens, tumor necrosis factors, transforming growth factors, and cytoskeletal families.
As used in this paper, a “stimulation field” refers to a magnetic field generated electromagnetically wherein the magnetic field is comprised of a B-Field wherein a particle having an electric charge, q, and moving in said B-field with a velocity, v, experiences a physical force. Further, as used in this paper, a “region of interest” is defined as an area targeted to be exposed to a stimulation field. A region of interest can be, for example; a rotating wall vessel containing biological materials or a predetermined area on a patient's body. Still further, as used in paper, a “profile” refers to a waveform. In addition, “figures of merit” refer to measurable performance characteristics or values. Still further, “anabolic” refers to the building of tissue or the regeneration of tissue from an organic perspective. “Catabolic” refers to a reparative function and specifically, the breakdown, reorganization, or the degeneration of tissue from an organic perspective. HCH as used herein refers to human chondrocytes. HOB as used herein refers to human osteoblasts. As used herein, NDR refers to no or zero differential regulation. As used herein, NRE refers to no regulated effect. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word “comprising”, the words “a” or “an” mean one or more.
So that the matter in which the above-recited features, advantages and objects of the invention, as well as others that will become clear, are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular descriptions of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by reference to certain embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings form a part of the specification. The appended drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and therefore are not to be considered limiting in their scope.
The innovation utilizes stimulation fields of at least one predetermined profile to modify the genetic regulation of mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, associated tissues, or any combination. In an embodiment, the at least one predetermined profile is tuned in accordance with empirical techniques. Various embodiments of the apparatus and method are applicable but are not limited to the diseases of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis as well as to be used to treat and resolve damaged structures of the skeletal and soft or connective tissues of the physiology. The innovation described herein uses a completely non-invasive method and protocol to affect the desired results outlined above. The innovation also relates to a method of treating diseased tissue in a human through the exposure of a tuned or tunable stimulation field of at least one tuned predetermined profile to diseased tissue in a human, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteopenia, and other cartilage/bone diseases, defects, and injuries.
In an embodiment, the method includes steps associated with tuning or selecting a tuned predetermined time-varying stimulation field of at least one tuned predetermined profile for at least one predetermined time period wherein different profiles may be employed for different periods of time. It is well known that an electrical current flowing through a wire generates a magnetic field. The resultant magnetic field is produced by the motion of electrical charges, i.e., electrical current. However, the specific manner of tuning electrical signal characteristics or FOMs and to produce a tuned predetermined time-varying stimulation field to optimize the re-growth of tissue based on cellular and sub-cellular observations is not well-known in the related art. The innovation described herein attempts to solve at least some of the problems described above.
In an embodiment, the innovation is comprised of a device that can be wrapped around a ROI such as, for example, joints where damaged cartilage is located. The device may produce at least one stimulation field at a pre-determined frequency, wavelength, magnitude, rise time, rising slew rate, fall time, falling slew rate, duty cycle, or any combination that will result in tissue modification. For example, this embodiment addresses problems associated with invasive surgical techniques by non-invasively applying a TVMF to the affected areas to regenerate and re-grow cartilage cells, bone cells, or both.
As an example in an embodiment, the inventors have determined that successful reproducible transmission of electrically generated stimulation fields of predetermined frequency are comprised of five factors: (1) the profile or waveform of the stimulation field comprising predetermined FOMs; (2) a sufficient field flux to overcome the ambient environment; (3) design of a transmission component (antennae); (4) change of slew rate and rise and fall time; and (5) exposure time of the ROI to the stimulation field. The innovation described herein results from laboratory studies at the cellular level designed to elucidate the fundamental underlying mechanisms that link stimulation field exposure to biological effects. Specifically, the results of the inventors' research identify mechanisms based on molecular or cellular changes that are brought about by stimulation fields of predetermined profile thereby providing clues as to how a physical force is converted or transduced into a biological action within a mammalian physiology.
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In an embodiment, a substantially square wave signal with a frequency from about 10 Hz to about 200 Hz can be induced to a ROI via a transmission component with the intent of influencing and thereby modifying the sub-cellular molecular components of mammalian chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, nucleus pulposus, (and associated tissue) thereby affecting the genomic and proteomic output or expression of these cells. The expression deltas are directly responsible, as compared to controls (untreated cells), for signaling differences at the sub-cellular and nuclear levels of the cells. The inventors have determined through laboratory tests that various embodiments of a stimulation field with a predetermined profile via manipulation of an electrical signal's FOMs, with specific ranges of electrical signal characteristics used to generate a stimulation field of predetermined profile, result in modification of cartilage and bone cells. For example, a time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised of a particular B-Field magnitude, frequency, rise time, fall time, slew rate, and wavelength for a predetermined exposure time or plurality of exposure time sequences (i.e., an exposure time schedule) may be used to preferentially excite specific sub-cellular organelles within the subject cells resulting in the desired events previously enumerated. The resultant profile may be a substantially square waveform.
Laboratory tests were comprised of exposing separate ROIs to a time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile and a PEMF of predetermined profile wherein the ROIs was comprised of a rotating wall vessel (RWV). The RWV was inserted into a transmission component (see
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In an embodiment, the stimulation field generator apparatus 30 is tuned to deliver a stimulation field of predetermined profile 10 to preferentially stimulate the biochemical cellular and sub-cellular molecular responses to trigger the activation of known mammalian genes responsible for the restoration, repair, modification, and maintenance of cartilage and bone. Production of the desired profile is accomplished by controlling the electricity transferred within the stimulation field generator apparatus 30. As discussed, the electricity or electrical flow is controlled by the control component 32. The control component 32 manages the electricity in terms of an electrical signal. An electrical signal may be representative of a voltage, current, or both and conveys time-based information. Further, in an embodiment, additional management of the electrical signal may be conducted to normalize the total energy; to selectively modulate the resultant profile or waveform; to normalize the profile's duty cycle, rising slew rate, falling slew rate, etc.; or any combination.
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In the laboratory tests, the HCH's were comprised of articular chondrocytes from donors ranging in age from 50-85, and both male and female donors. These are primary cell populations not established or immortalized cultures. Seven male lines and seven female lines were studied. Each individual donor was cultured in 2D and expanded until a minimum of 5×107 cells could be cryopreserved. Following initial, individual expansion, one vial of each donor was combined into a pool, keeping male donors separate from female donors, and expanded in 2D until an additional 1×108 cells in pool could be cryobanked. This combined pool never exceeded passage 7. One should not lose the primary characteristics of the cells in culture and therefore effort was expended into maximizing the number of cells available while minimizing the number of ex-vivo passages. Additionally, by banking as individuals first, then creating a pool, this technique provides the capability to “go back” and create additional vials of pooled cells if experimentation focus expands. The result of this effort was an additional 4.5×108 cells per sex or 9×108 total cells.
In laboratory testing, human osteoblasts (HOBs) were cryopreserved. Again, the HOBs were received from older donors, in this case ranging in age from 50 to 59 and from both male and female donors. Like the HCH, each lot/donor was expanded and banked as an individual, and then combined by sex into multi-donor pools, yielding a pool of five male donors and an additional pool of five female donors.
Cell growth media, GTSF-2 is a tri-sugar, double-buffered media custom formulated on an L-15/Alpha-MEM base. Cells grown in two dimensions (2D) in standard flasks or plates are exposed to such an unnatural condition that their growth requirements are skewed as compared to in vivo. Hence, just about any glucose-containing, single-buffered isotonic salt solution will sustain them with minor exceptions as to primary, transformed, transfected or immortalized cell status. The RWV however creates a more in-vivo like environment. Cells are largely free from the pull of gravity and fluid shear, and are able to fully express their natural DNA encoded characteristics. That is, they are able to differentiate and develop cellular structures similar to or even exactly like their in-vivo counterparts. With a more complete growth capability, the need for a more complete media arises. GTSF-2 provides this complete media utilizing glucose, galactose and fructose as simple and increasingly complex energy sources, as well as HEPES and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) to ensure pH remains as close to physiologic normal as possible even in the most growth-active cultures. GTSF-2 is available in commercial formulations via their “specialty media” group as DPMI 40% MEM ALPHA MOD/60% L-15, catalog number SH3A099.01.
In order to preserve as many vials of low passage cells as possible and extend the life of the cryo-pool of cells to accommodate any future needs, a single vial of frozen HCH or HOB pooled cells is thawed to initiate cells for bioreactor experiments. From a single 1×107 cells/vial unit, we are able to expand into as many as 2×108 cells, enough cells to populate twelve STLVs, without passage beyond p7. Standard culturing techniques are used. T-flasks purchased from Corning and GTSF-2 media with 10% FBS are used to expand the HOB or HCH cells sufficiently to meet the required numbers for the designed experiment. As the cell population within the flask reaches a cell density of approximately 75-80%, cells are passaged into a new flask using standard trypsinization techniques at a density roughly 25% of the previous flask. In other words, one flask is passaged into four. This continues until enough flasks are available to yield the necessary number of cells. It should be noted that continued growth of primary cells is difficult and time consuming as normal cells are not known to be sustained in 2D culture for prolonged periods.
Several different microcarrier substrates are available to suit the need of the tissue being recapitulated. For example, PGA (polyglycolic acid), cyclodextran, collagen and gelatin are exemplary forms of microcarrier substrates. In an embodiment, gelatin microcarriers, from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.), called Cultispher were employed. Cultispher is a macroporous gelatin bead, coated with gelatin and the increased surface area allows for better cell density with a lighter cell load. Cultispher is provided as a dry powder and weighed out in milligrams based on the culture. Roughly 3 mg/ml into a 55 ml STLV is sufficient growth space for HCH and HOB cultures. Once the desired amount is weighed, the microcarriers are placed into a small, autoclavable jar and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is added in sufficient quantity so that they can rehydrate properly. The microcarriers are allowed to “soak” in PBS overnight. The following day the microcarriers are autoclaved to ensure sterility. After autoclaving, they must be refrigerated overnight before use.
The quantity of cells and microcarriers used in any of the culture vessels is dependent on a number of factors. For the laboratory tests, the HCH and HOB are primary cells. As such they require a starting cell density considerably higher than that of a transformed or transfected cell lines. Additionally, in order for the RWV to work properly, cell density in relation to spatial and fluid limitations must be considered. The balance is adding enough cells for the crucial, initial cell-cell interactions that will establish the culture but not adding so many such that towards the end of the culture period the cell density is too great to be supported in the fluid volume and head space of the vessel. After a few limited trials, it was determined that an initial seeding density of 3×105 cells/ml/vessel was a good balance for HCH and HOB cells. Using standard trypsinization techniques, the HCH or HOB cells were removed from the 2D flasks used to expand the HCH or HOB. The HCH or HOB cells were stored in media while performing cell counts. In an embodiment, hemacytometers and trypan exclusion techniques were used to determine cell counts. Once the number of cells per mL is determined, a predetermined amount of the cells were loaded into the vessel to equal the desired concentration. Next, pre-measured, pre-sterilized microcarriers were added. Finally, the remaining volume with GTSF2 media was added. After all culture components are loaded, air and all subsequent air bubbles were removed, and the vessel pressurized. This is accomplished via the syringe ports on the top of the vessel. By filling a syringe with media and repetitively squirting that media into the vessel while pulling air out, all dead/air space in the vessel can be filled. After all the bubbles have been removed in this manner, putting pressure on the fluid in the syringe creates pressure within the vessel. The vessels were subsequently pressurized and capped off. The vessel is now ready to be mounted on the base unit of the RWV.
Generally speaking, the cultures are not fed within the first 48 hours after initiation. This allows the cells time to bind with the microcarriers and begin to produce the proteins responsible for cell-cell communication and adhesion. Feedings thereafter are determined via i-Stat® (Abbott Labs, Princeton, N.J.), a hand-held portable blood gas analyzer which is used in hospitals and clinics worldwide. The analysis it performs is dependent on the cartridge used. For culturing purposes, Na+ and Cl+ ions present in the supernatants are an indicator of cell metabolism in that NaCl is cleaved during uptake. Glucose is also notable. Glucose is one of three sugars in GTSF-2 and the only one that can currently be analyzed consistently. It is a primary energy source for the cells and the quantity used in any period of time between feedings provides information on the activity level of the cells. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) readings on the i-Stat® correlate with stress levels within the culture. NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) levels provide information about the quantity of acid produced as a result of metabolic activity. These various ions plus other parameters the i-Stat® measures, are essential to making good decisions as to quantity and frequency of feeding of the cultures. The ultimate goal is to maintain as physiologic normal within the bioreactor. A pH of 7.2, roughly 80-100 mg/dL of glucose, and adequate but not excessive salt and bicarbonate to balance the solution are achieved to maintain proper isotonicity. Deviations measured each 24 hour period from normal and the time it takes for them to occur is how the maintenance schedule for the cultures are determined.
Light microscopy is also used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cells are embedded in a paraffin matrix, then thin layers are cut and mounted on slides. These slices are then stained with an antibody conjugated to a color of some kind or to a flourochrome to make the binding site visible. The antibodies can be to a cell type specific antigen found only in that specific cell. The antibodies can also be to a protein or cytokine product being produced by the cell. The slides with the tissue slices mounted on them are then viewed via a microscope—either light or confocal—and photographed for analysis and publication. Concentration of the color or flourochrome on the cell is indicative of the quantity of the antigen or protein in question. Dark coloring means high binding and high presence whereas light coloring is a reduced presence and low binding. IHC is generally considered a “qualitative” assessment however and other techniques are used to “quantify” marker expression. A portion of tissue like assemblies are aliquoted, washed 3× with filter-sterilized water, aspirated, and fixed in a final concentration of 2% Glutaraldehyde/3% Formaldehyde prepared in PBS. The samples are fixed for a minimum of 24 hrs at 4° C. overnight. The samples are flushed in triplicate with filter-sterilized deionized water to remove salts and then transferred for observation and imaging to a FEI XL30 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope. Genetic array analyses are performed on experiments after each major change in parameters or change in cell type.
The inventors have conducted several studies on the effects of time-varying stimulation fields on cellular processes. For example, in a study, a mixed population of human chondrocytes (HCH) was created and banked from patient samples ranging in age from 58 through 81 years. These samples were selected due to their indications of early stage osteoarthritis. A male test population was exposed to a stimulation field of predetermined profiles comprising a predetermined B-Field magnitude and waveform shape, produced by an electrical signal in a continuous manner for about 30 days in a RWV.
In an embodiment, a mixed population of human chondrocytes described above was expanded in culture flasks. First, tissue-like-assemblies (TLAs) were constructed from normal human chondrocytes. From these TLAs, cell samples were grown (i.e., expanded) in two-dimensional (2D) culture flasks. The cell sample population was derived from several patient samples wherein these samples were pooled and gender isolated. The subsequent cultures were established in a GTSF-2 growth medium. GTSF-2 growth medium is a basal cell culture medium. In addition to traditional growth-factors, GTSF-2 contains a blend of three sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose) at their physiological levels. The cultures were removed from the 2D flasks by trypsin-EDTA and counted.
Exposures of these chondrocyte cell samples to a predetermined time schedule of stimulation fields of predetermined profiles were performed in the following manner. A known cell volume was inoculated into at least three rotating wall vessels (RWVs) for each sample set and a control sample set wherein the RWVs are associated with a rotating bioreactor, such as a RCCS-1 system, which is a commercial unit manufactured by Synthecon, Inc. RWVs were inserted into a predetermined coil designed to deliver a stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised of a predetermined set of FOMs. The RWVs contained a predetermined volume of microcarriers. Electricity was subsequently supplied to the coil in accordance with a predetermined profile. In the simulated microgravity environment of the RWV, the human chondrocyte and human osteoblast cells adhered to new growth matrices and began to multiply in cell-bead aggregates. The cell-bead aggregates developed for a predetermined exposure time or plurality of exposure time sequences wherein multiple embodiments exist thereto (e.g., for about 30 days; between about 1 hour and about 720 hours; for 24 hours on, 24 hours off, repeat for a total of 30 days; etc.).
Cell growth observations and analyses were then performed using the sample set(s) which were contained in at least 3 RWVs per sample set and a control sample set also comprised of samples contained in at least 3 RWVs. Gene analyses were accomplished by an Affymetrix® GeneChip® Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array, RT-PCR, or Luminex® Assay. A survey of the entire human genome of approximately 47,000 human genes exposed to multiple stimulation field profiles as regulated by multiple electrical signals was conducted.
Similar experiments were performed with human osteoblasts. In addition, the same result in regard to stimulation fields of different profiles inducing regenerative (e.g., anabolic) vs. reparative (e.g., catabolic) genes was observed but with increased genetic activity. A sample set of experimental results is as follows wherein said sample set are provided for the purpose of illustrating the development of the innovation as well as various embodiments of the innovation and are not meant to limit the present innovation in any fashion.
In a first experiment, a first set of HCH cell samples contained in at least 3 RWVs were exposed to a first time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised of substantially a biphasic, square wave with a frequency of about 10 Hz; a wavelength of about 500 ms; a rising slew rate between about 0.2 T/s (2.0 kG/s) to about 0.45 T/s (4.5 kG/s); a falling slew rate between about 0.45 T/s (4.5 kG/s) to about 1.5 T/s (15.5 kG/s); a dwell time of about 10% after each burst; a duty cycle of about 80% on and about 20% off; and a resultant B-Field magnitude of about 5.9 μT (0.059 G). The experiment was conducted at 10 Hz. For reference purposes, the frequency of Earth's geomagnetic field is 7.83 Hz, thus the experiment satisfies the criteria of being appreciably different from the background magnetic field. Exposure was continuous for the length of this experiment wherein said length was about 30 days or about 720 hours. Gene analysis comprising a fold change analysis as describe above was conducted for the HCH cell samples exposed to the first time-varying stimulation field. Exemplary results from said gene analysis associated with the first time-varying stimulation field are provided in Table 2 below.
Generally, the related art consensus teaches that a field strength (either electric or magnetic) should be sufficiently powerful enough to penetrate deep enough inside cells to cause the desired effect. In order for this to happen the applied energy levels must be sufficiently high to penetrate deep enough inside cells, otherwise only a minimal and superficial effect can be expected. Electric fields are more susceptible to shielding effects as compared to magnetic fields. As described above, the laboratory set-up comprised the use of at least 3 RWVs for the first set of HCH samples wherein the at least 3 RWVs were each enclosed within wire coils designed to generate a magnetic field. Thus, the level of interference was minimized and the relatively low B-Field magnitude of the first time-varying stimulation field did result in the regulation of over 2000 genes. However, consideration as to applying an equivalent “effective” B-Field magnitude to a mammalian subject may require increasing the B-Field magnitude by a predetermined amplification factor of predetermined value or “gain” thereby requiring the creation of a dose response curve. This amplification factor or gain may be required due to differences in the level of interference associated with the inventors' laboratory set-up and a mammalian physiology (e.g., skeletal structure comprised of bone). The inventors stipulate that translation of the “optimum” effective field and conditions must take into account the systemic dampening encountered by the application to an entire physiology.
An unanticipated observation was made in regard to the type of genes that were regulated in that genes normally associated with a regenerative function (i.e., anabolic genes) were up-regulated at a much higher percentage as compared to genes associated with a reparative function (i.e., catabolic genes). In some cases, genes exposed to the first time-varying stimulation field were down-regulated thereby resulting in a catabolic effect or up-regulated thereby resulting in an anabolic effect, or vice-versa. In an embodiment, a set of genes may be selected based on known function(s). The fold change for each gene is said set may be analyzed and determined to be consistent with up-regulation, down-regulation, or no regulation. Each regulated gene may be subsequently analyzed for an anabolic effect, catabolic effect, or no differential regulation (NDR). In a further embodiment, a relative value for each anabolic and catabolic effect may be assigned. And, the entire set of anabolic and catabolic effects may be compared in terms of the relative values of each effect. Thus, the resultant anabolic vs. catabolic effects may be determined. It should be noted that many of the genes (anabolic) up-regulated in this experiment are associated with embryonic development (Lanza, 2000). Table 1 provides a summary of said effects for the first experiment.
As observed in Table 1, the results for the first time-varying stimulation field are indicative of anabolic or regenerative effects. Table 2 provides additional details with respect to this observation wherein anabolic and catabolic effects are identified.
Table 2 shows several select genes experienced up or down-regulation in the first experiment. For example, BMPs are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines originally discovered for their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage and are also considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body. BMP2 was down-regulated in the first experiment. BMP2 acts as a disulfide-linked homodimer and induces bone and cartilage formation and plays a key role in osteoblast differentiation. Further, BMP2 is beneficial in the treatment of a variety of bone-related conditions including delayed union and non-union. In this experiment, the down-regulation of BMP2 represents a catabolic effect. Particularly as the goal was to enhance the growth of human chondrocytes. A similar application of a set of FOMs will result in the up-regulation of BMPs. Thus, this experiment demonstrated that changes in FOMs as well as overall B-Field can significantly change outcomes. As another example, the up-regulation of the genes in the collagen family represents an anabolic effect.
In a second experiment, a second set of HCH cell samples contained in at least 3 RWVs were exposed to a second time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised of substantially a biphasic, square wave with a frequency of about 10 Hz; a wavelength of about 500 ms; a rising slew rate between about 0.2 T/s (2.0 kG/s) to about 0.45 T/s (4.5 kG/s); a falling slew rate between about 0.45 T/s (4.5 kG/s) to about 1.55 T/s (15.5 kG/s); a dwell time of about 10% after each burst; a duty cycle of about 80% on and about 20% off; and a resultant B-Field magnitude of about 65 μT (0.65 G). A third set of HCH cell samples contained in at least 3 RWVs were also separately exposed to a third time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised of a substantially monophasic, delta wave with a frequency of about 15 Hz; a duty cycle of about 30% on and about 70% off; and a resultant B-Field magnitude of about 250 μT (2.5 G). The third time-varying stimulation field is generally illustrated in
These results were indicative of varying cellular effects due to substantive differences in the B-Field magnitudes with respect to the second and third time-varying stimulation fields as well as between the first and second time-varying stimulation fields. Hence, the results of the second experiment were, on its face, consistent with consensus related art publications that described a B-Field magnitude as comprising the determinative control factor for cellular effects. In other words, as can be observed in Table 4 and Table 2, there are substantive differences in the resultant gene expressions between human chondrocyte cellular exposure to the second and third time-varying stimulation fields as well as between the first and second time-varying stimulation fields. For example, the total number of regulated genes between the first and second time-varying stimulation fields (2021 vs. 1097) constituted a 46% decrease in regulated genes. It was not anticipated that such a substantive decrease in regulated genes would occur. Rather, because consensus related art publications disclose that a B-Field magnitude is the determinative control value and a high enough B-Field magnitude is required to stimulate cellular effects, it was anticipated that the total number of regulated genes would increase. The inventors hypothesized that the substantive decrease in regulated genes was related to the fact that different transmission components were used in regard to the first and second experiments. In terms of net effects, the results of the second experiment validated the inventors' observations in regard to anabolic vs. catabolic effects associated with the second time-varying stimulation field. Table 3 represents a summary of the second experiment in regard to gene expression.
As can be observed in Tables 3 and 4, the anabolic and catabolic effects associated with the second and third time-varying stimulation fields were substantively different. Yet there is a commonality between the first and second stimulation fields or specifically, the disproportionally large number of anabolic vs. catabolic gene responses. The exemplary results for the second time-varying stimulation field are indicative of anabolic or regenerative effects. Conversely, the exemplary results from the third time-varying stimulation field are relatively neutral in regard to anabolic vs. catabolic effects while the total B-Field is much higher (65 μT vs. 250 μT). This result is not expected given prior art publications and was therefore unanticipated. Specifically there should be much greater effects at 250 μT as compared to 65 μT, however this was not the case. A comparison of the exemplary results associated with the two field profiles are provided in Table 4 below:
As can be observed in Table 4, several select genes of interest experienced up or down-regulation in the second experiment. It is noted that ADAMTS genes are generally considered to be anabolic when up-regulated but catabolic when down-regulated. As can be observed in Table 4, ADAMTS1 and 5 were both up-regulated with respect to exposure to the second time-varying stimulation field. Conversely, ADAMTS1 and 5 were down-regulated with respect to exposure to the third time-varying stimulation field. MMPs proteases are generally considered catabolic because they breakdown tissue (a process associated with remodeling and repair). When MMPs are down-regulated, catabolic effects are suppressed thereby having in a net anabolic effect. Conversely, when MMPs are up-regulated their catabolic effects are enhanced. As can be observed in Table 4, MMP1, 3, and 13 were down-regulated with respect to exposure to the second time-varying stimulation field. Conversely, MMP 1, 3, and 13 were up-regulated with respect to exposure to the third time-varying stimulation field. BMP1 is involved in cartilage development and is related to a regenerative function or anabolic in nature. Table 4 shows that BMP1 was up-regulated with respect to exposure to the second time-varying stimulation field. Conversely, BMP1 was down-regulated with respect to exposure to the third time-varying stimulation field.
In a third experiment, a first set of HOB cell samples contained in at least 3 RWVs were exposed to substantially the same time-varying stimulation field profile as compared to the second time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile in the second experiment. For clarity purposes, this stimulation field profile will be referred to as a fourth time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised of substantially a biphasic, square wave with a frequency of about 10 Hz; a wavelength of about 500 ms; a rising slew rate between about 0.2 T/s (2.0 kG/s) to about 0.45 T/s (4.5 kG/s); a falling slew rate between about 0.45 T/s (4.5 kG/s) to about 1.55 T/s (15.5 kG/s); a dwell time of about 10% after each burst; a duty cycle of about 80% on and about 20% off; and a resultant B-Field magnitude of about 65 μT (0.65 G). A second set of HOB cell samples contained in at least 3 RWVs were also separately exposed to substantially the same stimulation field as compared to the third time-varying stimulation field previously described. For clarity purposes, this pulsed stimulation field will be referred to as the fifth time-varying stimulation field of predetermined profile comprised substantially of a monophasic, delta wave with a frequency of 15 Hz; a duty cycle of about 30% on and about 70% off; and a resultant B-Field magnitude of about 65 μT (0.65 G), wherein said B-Field magnitude is substantially fixed in one direction (i.e., monophasic). Note that in this experiment, the B-Field magnitudes of the fourth and fifth time-varying stimulation fields were substantially equal. Equivalent equipment was used for the first and second sets of HOB cell samples. Equivalent equipment was used in comparison with the second and third experiments. Exposures were continuous for the length of this experiment wherein said length was about 30 days or about 720 hours. As in the second experiment, the resultant cellular effects between the first and second sets of HOB cell samples were substantively different. It is noted here that two separate gene analyses for the first and second set of HOB cell samples were conducted. For the first set of HOB cell samples, these gene analyses are defined as #1 and #2 Fold Increase/Decrease for Fourth Time Varying Stimulation Field in Tables 6 and 7 below. For the second set of HOB cell samples, these gene analyses are defined as #3 and #4 Fold Increase/Decrease for Fifth Time Varying Stimulation Field in Tables 6 and 7 below. A comparison of exemplary results associated with the two separate gene analyses for each of the two field profiles are provided in the tables below:
Based on consensus related art publications, it was anticipated that the results associated with the fourth and fifth time-varying stimulation fields would be substantially or at least reasonably equal given that the B-Field magnitudes were substantially the same. However, the actual results refuted this expectation. In fact, the actual results of the third experiment indicate that the differences in gene expressions were not substantially the result of B-Field magnitude. Rather, other FOMs related to a field's profile affect cellular activity wherein said other FOMs can overcome the strength (or lack thereof) of a B-Field magnitude. Of the 47,000 genes analyzed, approximately 2500 genes responded to the fourth time-varying stimulation field as compared to approximately 450 genes responding to the fifth time-varying stimulation field which comprises a greater than 550% increase in gene response. The difference in the number of gene responses and associated percentage difference is indicative of the fourth time-varying stimulation field having a significantly greater effect on HOBs as compared to the fifth time-varying stimulation field. Hence, as discussed, the results refute the related art expectation that substantially or at least reasonably similar results were expected due to substantially similar B-Field magnitudes associated with the fourth and fifth time-varying stimulation fields.
Certain types of genes and genomic cascades respond differently to different stimulation fields of predetermined profiles. And, in regard to the fourth time-varying stimulation field, anabolic genes are substantially up-regulated as compared to other types of genes. Further, the inventors realized another unanticipated result in that the percentage of regulated genes associated with the HOB sample exposed to the fourth time-varying stimulation field was much higher as compared to the percentage of regulated genes associated with the HCH sample exposed to the second time-varying stimulation field. Thus, the same stimulation field of predetermined profile affects genetic response in HCH differently as compared to HOB. Thus, the same stimulation field profile can be applied to different tissue wherein different results occur. In regard to different genetic responses in HCH and compared to HOB, the inventors postulate that due to substantial differences in the total CA2+ and K+ density in cartilage vs. mineralized bone, the subcellular transcription signals are different when exposed to the same stimulation field. This presents an unanticipated explanation for the many different results seen in scientific articles using PEMFs. Thus a variety of potential tuning solutions for different mammalian tissues is likely.
Still further, the inventors realized that based on the fact that different stimulation fields can affect cells with regard to regulation of regenerative and reparative genes to produce a net regenerative (i.e., anabolic) or net reparative (i.e., catabolic) effect, different stimulation fields and their associated exposure times or time schedules can be used in combination with each other to design customized therapeutic applications. Multiple embodiments exist for combining stimulation fields and their associated exposure times or time schedules. For example, in an embodiment, a stimulation field (and its associated exposure times or time schedules) tuned to produce a net catabolic effect in HOB cells, HCH cells, or both can be initially used to stimulate a net catabolic effect. After a predetermined amount of catabolic or reparative effect(s) are realized, another stimulation field (and its associated exposure times or time schedules) tuned to produce a net anabolic effect in HOB cells, HCH cells, or both can be utilized until a predetermined amount of anabolic or regenerative effect(s) are realized. The process can be repeated if so desired. Alternatively, in another embodiment, it is conceivable that a therapeutic application may be customized to use a stimulation field (and its associated exposure times or time schedules) tuned to produce a net catabolic effect in HOB cells, HCH cells, or both in combination and simultaneously with a stimulation field (and its associated exposure times or time schedules) tuned to produce a net anabolic effect in HOB cells, HCH cells, or both. Still further, the use of tuned stimulation fields in series, in parallel, or both may be employed.
These results represent a means to tune at least one predetermined profile of a time-varying stimulation field to preferentially stimulate (up-regulate, down-regulate, or a combination of both) the biochemical cellular and sub-cellular molecular responses to trigger the activation of known mammalian genes responsible for the restoration, repair, and maintenance of cartilage and bone. Specifically, said preferential stimulation can be targeted to specific genes, gene families, or a combination of both, responsible for anabolic effects, catabolic effects, or a combination of both. Tables 2, 4, 6, and 7 are incorporated herein as identifying examples of such specific genes and gene families that may be targeted for preferential stimulation by a tuned time-varying stimulation field of at least one tuned predetermined profile. It has been demonstrated that the use of cell samples (such as HOB or HCH, however any kind of biological cell sample can be used depending on the biological matter of interest) and microcarriers encased in RWVs in combination with a stimulation field generator can be used in an empirical manner to tune a time-varying stimulation field of at least one predetermined profile to optimize genetic anabolic effects, catabolic effect, or a combination of both. With particular reference to
One skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the present innovation is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The present examples along with the methods, procedures, treatments, and biological materials described herein are presently representative of embodiments and preferred embodiments; are exemplary; and are not intended as limitations to the scope of the innovation. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the subject innovation as defined by the scope of the claims.
The following references are cited herein:
The invention described herein was made by employees of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 14445995 | Jul 2014 | US |
| Child | 15899069 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 12899815 | Oct 2010 | US |
| Child | 14445995 | US |
